Charles Albert of Sardinia - Knowledge (XXG)

1309: 2139: 2110: 2781: 2966: 2362: 500: 2852: 2480:), probably without any specific destination in mind, but after a little while he was stopped at an Austrian roadblock. Charles Albert identified himself as the Count of Barge (a title which he actually possessed) and a colonel of the Piedmontese army. General Georg Thurn Valsassina (1788–1866) interrogated him and it is not clear whether he recognized him or not. Having been confirmed as the Count of Barge by a captured sharpshooter (when asked "can you confirm that this is the Count of Barge?" the soldier responded, "He is the Count of Barge."), Charles Albert was allowed to pass and continued his journey to the southwest. 489: 2934: 2982: 351: 1725:, which placed Louis Philippe's France in conflict with the other European great powers, inspired Charles Albert to begin thinking about a program of territorial expansion in the Po valley. In the same year, a commercial crisis erupted between Turin and Vienna, regarding an old treaty in which the Kingdom of Sardinia undertook not to provide salt to Switzerland. Following the breach of this treaty, Austria increased the customs duty on Piedmontese wine entering Lombardy-Veneto by 100%. Charles Albert's response was to threaten to build a railroad from Genoa to 2244: 1450: 948: 60: 1155: 2449: 2354: 767: 2256: 2571: 835: 935:. They asked Charles Albert to declare war on Austria in order to free Milan, but the prince refused. Instead, he accepted the advice of Cesare Balbo, who reported the discipline of the armed forces, stopped excesses and firmly established the troops loyal to the king. Charles Felix himself, however, had responded very badly to the news of his brother's abdication, which he considered an "abominable act of violence" and, from Modena, he sent an order to Charles Albert, ordering him to come to 2618: 1926: 1026: 2816: 2006: 1593: 1918: 827: 3002: 1941:, proposed to request a constitution from the king. The majority of the ministers were also in favour of the concession of a constitution, and of ensuring that one was not imposed by the people. Charles Albert was not sure what to do, unwilling to make the wrong decision and considered abdicating as Victor Emmanuel I had in similar circumstances. He sent for his son to prepare him for the succession, but his son managed to convince him to retain his position. 1037: 1509:, and eliminated feudalism in Sardinia, in 1838. He enabled the opening of institutes of credit, reformed the public agencies and the state, and reduced the control of the religious hierarchy somewhat. The royal court, however, was full of clerics - at least fifty of them - and the court was sumptuous for such a small kingdom. There were a great number of cooks, butlers, waiters, carpenters, squires, stallers, pages, footmen, masters of ceremonies, etc. 1766: 1123:. Charles Albert fought at the head of the troops crossing the canal - the sole point of entry to the fortress. He plunged into the water holding the flag of the 6th regiment of the royal guards, forded the canal and leapt into the enemy trenches. He sought to prevent the enemy prisoners from being killed, and the French soldiers gave him the epaulettes of an officer killed in the assault, so that he might be distinguished from a regular grenadier. 2872: 1257: 6156: 1200:, where he began preparations for reigning. He began to study a subject which received little attention at court – the economy – and in 1829 he received permission to visit Sardinia. As a result of this visit, he gained an accurate understanding of the conditions on the island. He was a prolific writer. In 1827, along with his wife, he wrote 38 fairy tales for their children in French, the language which the family used at home, entitled 1910: 1349:. The treaty, signed on 23 July 1831 and ratified in 1836, entrusted the defence of the Kingdom of Sardinia to Austria. However, in the event of war, the commander of the joint forces was to be Charles Albert. He wrote to the Austrian ambassador, Ludwig Senfft von Pilsach (1774–1853), "... the most beautiful day of my life will be the day on which there is war with France and I have the good fortune to serve in the Austrian army." 682: 2308:

Milanese, saying that he was delighted that they came to the defence so quickly, and solemnly promising to strive for them with his last drop of blood. A round from a rifle was fired against Charles Albert. At the final words of his speech, the indignant crowd shouted "If you're so wounded from surrendering!" Then the king took a piece of paper from his pocket, which he held up for the people to see, and ripped it to pieces.

1143: 627: 1317: 2563: 1465: 3032: 2632:, whom Victor Emmanuel had sent from Turin. He was no longer able to get out of bed and coughing fits were ever more frequent. He passed the night of 27 July in great difficulty. On the morning of 28 July, he seemed better, but then deteriorated as a result of a third heart attack. The Portuguese priest don Antonio Peixoto, who had assisted him spiritually, met with him and administered 2892: 1667:) and the population would simultaneously rise against the king. But information about this plan was leaked and Charles Albert arranged an ambush. However, the invasion, undertaken on 2 February 1834, failed completely. This was partly due to disorganization, and partially to Swiss efforts to prevent Mazzini's expedition. Only a few conspirators attacked a barracks in 2014: 1758: 1713:, limiting the death penalty as much as possible. Nevertheless, he ordained very severe penalties for those guilty of sacrilege or suicide (whose last wills and testaments had no legal power). In 1842, finally, the commercial code and the code of criminal procedure, with innovative guarantees of the rights of the accused, were promulgated. 794:, Carlo di San Marzano and Guglielmo Moffa di Lisio (all military officers, officials, or sons of ministers) and Roberto d'Azeglio met with Charles Albert. The young liberals were ready to act and had identified the prince as a new type of man for the House of Savoy - one ready to break with the absolutist past. 1648:. They supplied various names and investigations were expanded to other garrisons. Charles Albert, who considered Mazzini's association the "most terrible and bloody," ordered the investigation to continue until it got to the bottom of the matter, acting in accordance with the law, but with the utmost severity. 2196:, where he saw the front lines. The units under his command attacked some Austrians who had been dispersed by a charge of the carabinieri on horseback. On 2 May, in the midst of this triumphant atmosphere, news arrived that Pius IX had withdrawn his military and political support for the Italian cause. 2613:

During this time, Charles Albert suffered from progressive decay, coughing and abscesses. He had two heart attacks, but the doctors considered the condition of his liver the most serious issue, for which the former king abstained from eating very much and fasted on Wednesdays. He read the letters and

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to fight against the Austrians, were ordered by Ferdinand II to return home in light of Pius IX's decision. Then on 25 May, the Austrian reinforcements which had been traveling through Veneto, joined Radetzky's troops at Verona. Charles Albert was ambitious but had only modest strategic abilities and

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was not impressed, "Now that the enemy is in flight, the king wants to come with the whole army. He should have sent us anything - even a single cart of powder - three days ago. There was heard, in Piedmont, for five days, the thundering of the guns which consumed us: The king knew and did not move."

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Although the Kingdom's resources were small, the Piedmontese army began to mobilize. The majority of the troops were deployed on the western border since the eastern border was safeguarded by the treaty of alliance with Austria. But Charles Albert realised that this was a unique opportunity to expand

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The conspirators had no desire to abolish the House of Savoy, but claimed, on the contrary, that they hoped to force it to grant reforms which would grant it the gratitude of the people. During the months of preparation, Charles Albert had assured them of his support and on 6 March he confirmed this,

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In these years, Charles Albert also suffered from a deep religious crisis. This led to a friendship with the French diplomat Jean Louis de Douhet d'Auzers and a visit by the prince to Rome in 1817 to visit the former king Charles Emmanuel IV, who had retired to a monastery. In the years following his

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A strange pathetic being, at odds with himself and his time; compounded of monkish asceticism and soldierly courage; autocratic, but irresolute; holding his honor dearer than his life, yet pursued through life by accusations of dishonor: such was Charles Albert, to whom when he had passed beyond the

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On 23 March 1848, the proclamation of Charles Albert to the people of Lombardy and Veneto was published, in which he assured them that the Piedmontese troops, "... go now to offer, in the final trials, that help which a brother expects from a brother, a friend from a friend. We will comply with your

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Although he had received no guarantee that the Milanese would agree to annexation, Charles Albert accepted the conditions of the Milanese and asked only that the flag of the house of Savoy be placed in the middle of the tricolour (This would henceforth be the flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia and then

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was made legal. Duties on the import of raw materials (coal, metals, textiles) were subsequently reduced and the acquisition of industrial machinery from abroad was supported. Despite having impinged on some minor sources of state income, the balance of the kingdom was positive from 1835, and it was

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to the Spanish throne after he had been captured by Spanish revolutionaries in Cadiz. Charles Albert wished to demonstrate his penitence and therefore asked to be part of the contingent. He wrote to Charles Felix on this subject for the first time on 20 February 1823, but only received permission to

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in 1813 but denied the role by the Pope. Charles Albert replaced the minister of war he had appointed the previous day with Santorre di Rossi, the leader of the armed uprising. On 15 March, in the presence of the Junta, Charles Albert swore to observe the Spanish Constitution, which had been amended

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On 11 March 1821, Victor Emmanuel I called a meeting of the council of the Crown, in which Charles Albert also participated. Along with the majority of those who were present, Charles Albert declared his willingness to grant the constitution. Rumours spread however that armed intervention to restore

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and slept alone on an iron bed, waking at 5:00 am every morning and celebrating two masses per day. He worked from 10:00 am to 5:00 pm every day without interruption. He ate little and suffered from frequent religious crises, but never renounced extramarital affairs even so. The most significant of

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As a result of this decision and the circumstances, Charles Albert decided to disavow his liberal ideas - especially as Charles Felix had entertained the idea of eliminating him from the line of succession and passing the crown straight to his son Victor Emmanuel. Charles Felix asked the opinion of

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as Minister of Foreign Affairs. He tried to negotiate with the rebels, with no results. Terrified, he claimed that it was impossible to make any decisions without the agreement of the new king and therefore sent Charles Felix a letter with an account of the events that had taken place and a request

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Despite my abdication, if ever a new war arises against Austria... I will come running immediately, even if only as a simple soldier, among the ranks of her enemies... I am equally raised up by the thought and the hope that... the day will come which I tried to bring about... The nation could have

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Returning to the Palazzo Bellini in Novara, the king declared, "Bicocca was lost and retaken three or four times, before our troops were forced to yield... the Major General employed all his strength, my sons did everything they could, the Duke of Genoa lost two horses from under himself. Now we

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returned to Milan and negotiated an armistice with the Austrians, known as the Armistice of Salasco, which was signed on 9 August. Charles Albert ratified the armistice despite some opposition, including from Gioberti, who remained confident of aid from France. The king said that the former French

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It was now necessary to make a decision and, at last, Giacinto Borelli, Minister of the Interior, was appointed to draft the Constitution immediately. The document was approved and was named the "Statute." Charles Albert had stated that he would not approve the document if it did not clearly state

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King Charles Felix of Sardinia decided that, as a result of his success, it was time for Charles Albert to return to Turin. The prince was required, however, to swear "to respect and religiously maintain all the fundamental laws of the monarchy when I ascend to power, which have led to fortune and

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On 16 August 1800, Charles Emmanuel of Carignano died suddenly. It was up to Charles Albert's mother to deal with the French, who had no intention of recognizing her rights, titles or property. She nonetheless refused to send her son to the Savoy family in Sardinia for a conservative education. In

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Around 3:30 in the afternoon on 8 February, a royal edict was published in the streets of Turin, which laid out the 14 articles which formed the basis of the Statute for a system of representative government. By 6:00 pm, the city was entirely lit up and massive demonstrations in favour of Charles

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Despite the advice of the French ambassador to exercise prudence, in 1832, Charles Albert loaned Marie-Caroline a million francs and placed a steamer at her disposal for transporting legitimist volunteers to France. The plot was discovered and failed; the steamer was stopped at Marseilles and the

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Although the Austrian proposal had been rejected, his troops ended up having to withdraw to the Adda river anyway, because the Oglio river was held to be an inadequate defensive line. At the river Adda, some manoeuvres taken by a general on his own initiative left a division isolated and made it

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The edict specified that the Catholic faith was the sole state religion, and that executive power belonged to the king, as did command of the armed forces. Legislative power was vested in two chambers, one of which would be elected. The free press and individual liberty were guaranteed. The full

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In the end, twelve people were executed by firing squad, and two committed suicide in jail. Twenty-one were condemned to death but could not be executed because they had escaped or, like Mazzini, had been abroad the whole time. Charles Albert granted no pardons, and the ambassadors of France and

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Notwithstanding this conservatism, Charles Albert established a Council of State of 14 members who were to investigate the laws and make some moves to modernize the country. He abrogated the special exemptions on import duty for members of the royal family and royal officials, abolished torture,

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and told him that he had discovered a revolutionary plot. There was an attempt to halt the conspiracy, which nevertheless continued to grow bolder on the next day, with another visit by di Rossi and di Marzano. Yet, they grew uncertain and gave orders to cancel the insurrection, which was due to

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of 1796 and King Charles Emmanuel IV's flight into exile. There Charles Emmanuel of Carignano and his wife joined the French cause. Despite this, the pair were sent to Paris, where they were placed under surveillance and forced to live in poor conditions in a house in the suburbs. These were the

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He wrote to Francis IV of Modena in November 1833, "I am tired of the state of anxiety that "Young Italy" keeps me in, with its repeated threats of invasion, doubting that there is anything its members won't do... given that the Great Powers have decided not to eliminate the evil at the root, I

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and the fortress of Alessandria, as well as the surrender of all the Lombards who had fought against Austria. Charles Albert asked the generals if it was possible for a final push to open a path to Alessandria. They said it was not: the army was in pieces, discipline had crumbled, many soldiers

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A contingent of the national guard went up to interrogate Charles Albert on the reason for the surrender. He turned them away, but was forced despite himself to follow some deputies onto the balcony, from which he spoke to the people, apologizing for his ignorance of the true feelings of the

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In these circumstances, Charles Albert realized the necessity of granting reforms to make the kingdom more modern and to satisfy the needs of the populace. Immediately on ascending to the throne he had named a commission which had been tasked with creating new civil, criminal, commercial and

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in Paris on 16 May 1814. Among those present at the festivities were Princess Maria Christina di Carignano and her children Charles Albert and Elisabetta. Despite their past, the family was treated well, although Charles Albert had to renounce the title of Count of the Empire, which had been

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for instructions. But he was also afraid that he would become the object of popular anger if he continued to delay and so, on 13 March 1821, Charles Albert published a proclamation conceding the Spanish Constitution, with the reservation that this grant was pending the approval of the king.

2440:. He confessed that he had no choice but to abdicate. They tried to dissuade him, but, in the hope that Victor Emmanuel could get better terms, he ended the discussion, "My decision is the fruit of mature reflection. From this moment, I am no longer the king; the king is Victor, my son." 718:

The young Maria Theresa was very shy and religious - quite different from Charles Albert's temperament. The couple resided in the Palazzo Carignano, to which Charles Albert began to invite young intellectuals with whom he shared liberal ideas. The most intimate of these friends were

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had caught the imagination of the liberals of Italy when he began to dismantle the archaic Vatican institutions: granting a free press, instituting the civic guard in place of foreign mercenaries, and creating a council of ministers. On 12 January 1848, there was a revolt in

2089:. His reactionary past forgotten, the king appeared on the balcony of the royal palace, flanked by the Milanese representatives, waving the tricolour, while the people applauded and shouted, "Long live Italy! Long live Charles Albert. Within a year his reign would be over. 1264:

In 1830, Charles Felix became very ill. He summoned Charles Albert to his sick bed on 24 April 1831. The entire government was present in the room as the king said to the ministers, "Behold my heir and successor, I am sure that he will act for the good of his subjects".

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Nevertheless, the Papal soldiers in the army did not withdraw, choosing to remain to fight as volunteers, but Charles Albert had lost the moral justification for his mission. His dream of becoming the sword of the papacy and king of an Italy united under the Pope, as

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When he was twelve years old, Charles Albert and his mother were finally granted an audience with Napoleon, who granted the boy the title of count and an annual pension. Since it was no longer appropriate for him to be educated at home, Charles Albert was sent to the

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version of the Statute, with all its articles, was finally agreed on 4 March 1848 and approved the same day by Charles Albert. The announcement of the Statute was met with great enthusiasm throughout Piedmont. The first constitutional government, presided over by

2710:, there is nothing to fear; he has for a long time been discredited. Charles Albert, on the other hand, calls himself pompously the "liberator of Italy" while on the very people he is supposed to be liberating he imposes as a condition the yoke of his rule. 1441:, who was in exile in Marseilles, addressed a letter to Charles Albert as "an Italian," in which he encouraged him to focus on the unification of Italy, in vain. For the moment, the new King of Sardinia cleaved to almost the same ideas as his predecessors. 2374:

responded positively. For the imminent resumption of hostilities, the king was convinced to renounce effective command of the army, which he continued to hold formally. Rather than appointing a Piedmontese general, he selected the Polish general

1895:. In Turin there were acclamations for the King of Naples and the Pope, while Charles Albert remained bound by the oath he had sworn to Charles Felix to respect religiously all the fundamental laws of the monarchy, and to retain absolutist rule. 1639:

The Kingdom of Sardinia was also troubled by the plots of revolutionaries in these years, and even by an attempted invasion. In April 1833 in Genoa, two low-ranking officers were arrested for a scuffle and it was discovered that they belonged to

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Only 23 years of age, Charles Albert found himself in charge of resolving a serious political crisis which he himself had been responsible for provoking. The old ministers abandoned him and he was forced to nominate a new government: the lawyer

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Britain in Turin protested at court about the severity of the punishment and the lack of any mercy. The King of Sardinia showed his gratitude to the investigators by granting honours to those who had played a leading role in the repression.

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and yielded the Duchies of Parma and Modena, whose rulers had been forced into exile. Charles Albert, who disagreed with his son Victor Emmanuel on the conduct of the war, exclaimed "I would rather die!" and prepared to make a stand at the

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break out on 10 March. The same day, Charles Albert, full of regret, raced to Moncalieri, where he revealed everything to Victor Emmanuel I and begged for a pardon. The situation had reached a tipping point. In the night, the garrison of

1822:, Charles Albert's secretary, was authorized to write a letter on 2 September, in which the king expressed his hope that God would grant him the power to undertake a war of independence in which he would take command of the army and the 1493:

in 1833 and established the "Royal Foundation for the Study of the History of the Fatherland", which would become the model for all the similar foundations for historical studies established in the nineteenth century, in the same year.

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Charles Albert displayed similar conservativism in internal politics. When the minister of war, Matteo Agnès Des Geneys (1763–1831) died, he replaced him with Carlo San Martino d'Aglie, who was not very popular at the time. He retained

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Among the indigenous princes, the number one enemy of Italian freedom was and is Charles Albert. Italians should bear in mind and repeat every hour the old saying: "God watch over my friends, so that I can watch over my enemies". From

2391:. Chrzanowski made some significant tactical errors and despite the bravery of the Piedmontese and Charles Albert himself, who fought along with his son Ferdinand in the front lines, the Battle of Novara proved a disastrous defeat. 2298:

The next day, the Milanese learned of the agreement and revealed their fury. The crowd protested in front of the Palazzo Greppi and when the King came out on the balcony, they fired their rifles at him. According to the noblewoman

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order in Italy by a joint Austrian and Russian force were imminent. The king decided to wait, therefore, but the next day, the Citadel of Turin fell into the hands of the rebels. Victor Emmanuel I then asked Charles Albert and

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The king was not proud of the campaign and, once he had written a record of the first campaign, Charles Albert decided to break the armistice. On 1 March, at the inauguration of the legislature, he spoke clearly about war and

1789:, who had gone to report on the events, Charles Albert said, "that on the day of conflict with Austria, he would throw himself in with his sons, with his army, with all his substance, to fight for the independence of Italy." 2379:

as commander of the army. On 8 March, the council of war in Turin decided that the armistice would be broken on the 12th. According to the terms of the armistice, hostilities would then begin eight days later on 20 March.

967:, from which he intended to travel to Novara, which remained loyal to the king. At Novara he remained for six days before a dispatch arrived from Charles Felix on the 29th, ordering him to depart immediately for Tuscany. 4638:

who perceived that they would provide fuel for future controversies. The volume sought to demonstrate the bravery of the king, his sons, and the troops, but said almost nothing about the responsibilities of the military

472:. These efforts were continued successfully by his son Victor Emmanuel II, who became the first king of a unified Italy in 1861. Charles Albert received several nicknames including "the Italian Hamlet" (given to him by 6270: 4317:, Mazzini, Bianco , and their other major leaders: ... the possibility of going there myself with considerable forces in a few hours, induces me to attempt this trick in order to capture their major leaders..." 2122:

just requests, trusting in the aid of God, who is clearly with us, of God, who has given Italy Pius IX, of God, whose miraculous prompting places Italy in the position to act for itself." Thus, the war began.

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had been established, which asked Charles Albert to become an ally. Clearly not very enthusiastic about the idea of annexation, the Milanese asked the king to keep his troops outside the city and to adopt the

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These were still only minor disputes and diplomatic relations between the two states continued to be generally good, culminating in the magnificent wedding of Charles Albert's eldest son, Victor Emmanuel and

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You may be assured, sirs, that I am giving every possible provision: that I burn with desire to bring to your aid all that is in my power and that I will grasp even the smallest pretext that presents itself.

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cause. These declarations made Charles Albert far more popular. However, he continued to break up anti-Austrian demonstrations because the court and government remained divided. De La Tour, Foreign Minister

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were opposed to the constitution. During the lunch break, Charles Albert received a delegation from the capital, which asked for the constitution for the good of the people and in order to safeguard order.

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On 16 September 1822, the infant Victor Emmanuel barely escaped from a fire in his cot, exposing the tenuous nature of the line of succession, which was taken out of danger by the birth of a second son,

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Meanwhile, the demands of the people became pressing and were not always accepted. In this period, for example, Charles Albert did not accept a Genoese delegation which called for the expulsion of the

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glory over the centuries." On 29 January 1824, Charles Albert received permission to depart for Turin. At a final meeting with Louis XVIII, he received some advice on rulership and was enrolled in the

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On the afternoon of 2 April 1821, the prince arrived in Florence. His wife and son, who had been in France, followed on the 13th. The Prince's father-in-law, Grand Duke Ferdinand III granted them the

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Charles Albert's father, Charles Emmanuel of Carignano, had studied in France and had been an officer in the French army. Sympathetic to liberalism, he travelled to Turin in 1796, in the wake of the

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Charles Felix died on 27 April at 2:45 pm. Charles Albert closed the corpse's eyes, kissed its hand and then assumed the throne. He received the dignitaries of court and brought his sons into the

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had a better prince than me, but not one that loved her more. To make her free, independent and great... I carried out every sacrifice with a happy heart... I sought death and did not find it...

1003:, on 15 November. In Florence, Charles Albert cultivated various cultural interests. He became a collector of old books, but was also interested in contemporary authors, acquiring the poetry of 591:

in Paris in 1812. He remained at the school for two years, but did not attend regularly; instead, he attended only to sit exams, apparently with success. In the meantime, Albertina had moved to

1130:, his cousin, were freed and embraced him in joy at seeing him. On 2 September there was a grand military parade, after which the Duc d'Angoulême decorated Charles Albert with the Cross of the 2085:

the Kingdom of Italy until the fall of the monarchy in 1946). He was about to enter into a war with a major power, whose troops in Italy were commanded by one of the greatest living generals,

6220: 1709:, was promulgated. The king also participated in the drafting of the new criminal code, which was published on 26 October 1839. During the process, Charles Albert insisted on the concept of 787: 720: 2614:

newspapers which arrived from Italy. He wrote occasionally to his wife, but regularly and with feeling to the Countess of Robilant. He forbade his mother, wife, and children from visiting.

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prohibited the mutilation of the corpses of executed criminals and the confiscation of the property of criminals. He also gave notable attention to culture. In 1832, he established the

1412:. These appointments were made with the intent of restoring a ministerial oligarchy. In 1831 he appointed Gaudenzio Maria Caccia, Count of Romentino (1765–1834) as minister of Finance, 1804:

had been elected as Pope. His first order of business was to grant an amnesty to those condemned of political crimes. The new pope then protested against Austria for having occupied

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on 2 May. But for Charles Albert, things were going sour: the soldiers were angry about the recent defeat and were hungry and exhausted. A council of war suggested seeking a truce.

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in October 1813, the family left Geneva, fearing the arrival of Austrian forces and returned to France. At the beginning of 1814, Charles Albert enrolled in the military school in

2153:. He was preoccupied with the delay of the provisional government of Milan's acceptance of annexation by the Kingdom of Sardinia. The Austrians however had regrouped on the River 2068:

On 23 March 1848, the Piedmontese embassy to Milan returned to Turin with news that the Austrians had been forced to evacuate the city and that a provisional government headed by

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as Minister of Justice, and the reformer, Antonio Tonduti, Count of Escarèna (1771–1856), as minister of the Interior. On 5 April 1832, d'Aglie was replaced as Minister of War by

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At midnight on 21 March 1821, Charles Albert secretly departed from the Palazzo Carignano. His departure was not discovered by the revolutionaries until the next day. From

2295:, ignoring the Milanese desire to resist, he negotiated the surrender of the city to the Austrians in exchange for permitting the safe withdrawal of the army to Piedmont. 1808:, in the Holy See, without its consent. Charles Albert, who saw in Pius IX a way of reconciling his loyalty with his old liberal ideas, wrote to him offering his support. 711:

The wedding was followed by a ball organized by the Sardinian embassy in Florence. After that, on 6 October, the couple departed for Piedmont. On 11 October, they reached

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have withdrawn within the city, on its walls, with the enemy below, with an exhausted army - further resistance is impossible. It is necessary to request an armistice."

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had proposed, was thwarted. Yet the king was undiscouraged and continued to advance towards Verona, where a harsh and indecisive battle was fought with the Austrians at

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the pre-eminent position of the Catholic religion and the honour of the monarchy. Since he had received these things, he approved it. The meeting was dissolved at dawn.

595:, where Charles Albert joined her from March 1812 to December 1813, and she was married to the Protestant Pastor, Jean-Pierre Etienne Vaucher (1763–1841), a follower of 5833: 5756: 2460:

and agreed to an armistice with Radetzky on 24 March 1849 at Vignale, effectively obtaining more favourable terms than previously offered. The Austrians were to occupy

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was established. The revolution spread to Milan on 18 March, then to Venice, and finally to Vienna, where riots forced Metternich to flee and the abdication of Emperor

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Charles Albert accompanied these measures with an economic policy of liberalization of commerce. In 1834, the tax on grain was reduced and the next year, the export of

1222:. Charles Albert regretted all of these and subsequently ordered them to be withdrawn from circulation. He also wrote a great volume of letters and literary exercises. 1000: 277: 6059: 692:

The court decided that marriage would provide the prince with internal equilibrium. The chosen bride, accepted by Charles Albert, was the sixteen-year-old daughter of

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In Milan, it was expected that Charles Albert would take the opportunity to declare war on Austria. A clear message from Turin was delivered by the Milanese liberal,

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as a residence. Given the dynastic situation (neither Victor Emmanuel nor his brother Charles Felix had male children) Charles Albert was now the heir presumptive.

1204:("Moral Tales"). The next year, he tried his hand at comedy and after that, he occupied himself with literary criticism and history. He would publish three works: 6240: 2452:

Charles Albert in Oporto during the exile. In his hands, he holds a work of Gioberti, whose Neo-Guelf ideas he shared. Painting by Antonio Puccinelli (1822–1897).

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Victor Emmanuel I's second child had been male but died at the age of three, and his other four children were daughters who were excluded from the succession by

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But on the morning of the next day, 7 March, Charles Albert had second thoughts and informed the conspirators of this. Indeed, he summoned the Minister of War,

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ordered a secure agent, about six weeks ago, to encourage the heads of "Young Italy" to organize a movement against me, letting them think that a major in the

1948:, and other high dignitaries were present. All of them spoke and the discussion went on for many hours. Charles Albert, pale, listened in silence. De La Tour, 1081: 6255: 5514: 2109: 2030:

and King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies was forced to concede a constitution, but all of Europe was further convulsed when, in February 1848, there was a

6195: 6052: 5494: 5151: 3053: 2792: 2247:

Charles Albert on the balcony of the Palazzo Greppi in Milan on 5 August 1848, attempting to calm forces opposed to the surrender of the city; painting by

1945: 806:

and demand that he grant a constitution and declare war on Austria. Charles Albert was to play the role of mediator between the conspirators and the king.

673:. Although he was better equipped for the task, he was not able to influence the mindset of Charles Albert, who began to suffer from anxiety at this time. 69: 2644:(Into your hands, God, I entrust my spirit). He fell asleep with the crucifix on his chest and died at 3:30 in the afternoon, a little over 51 years old. 2231:

In the meantime, on 8 June, the Milanese and Lombards had voted with an overwhelming majority to join the Kingdom of Sardinia, as had the citizens of the

542:. Since he did not belong to the main line of the House of Savoy his chances at birth of succeeding to the kingdom were slim. Although the reigning king, 5336: 1170:

to Paris, arriving on 3 December 1823. In the French capital, he participated in balls, receptions, and parties, and developed a close relationship with

889:

On 14 March, the regent decided to form a Junta which would be able to act as guardians of the parliament. The head was Canon Pier Bernardo Marentini, a

2682:, presiding along with five Piedmontese bishops, and was well-attended by the people. The day after, the body was solemnly interred in the crypt of the 6275: 5627: 2371: 2104: 697: 685: 350: 245: 5821: 5815: 5809: 4634:, Stamperia Reale, Torino, 1848. Published anonymously, the book was immediately pulled from circulation at the request of the new minister of war, 6185: 6002: 5540: 4988: 4097: 1604:

at the headquarters of "Young Italy" in Marseilles 1833. Both of them plotted against Charles Albert and his kingdom and were condemned to death

1283:, who published the proclamation relating to this. Thus the throne passed to the House of Carignano and the direct line of Savoy came to an end. 583:

1808, Maria Christina married for a second time, to Giuseppe Massimiliano Thibaut di Montléart, whose relationship with Charles Albert was poor.

426:, who had no heir. As king, after an initial conservative period during which he supported various European legitimist movements, he adopted the 6215: 6200: 6020: 5668: 3146: 2065:

his holdings into Lombardy. Thus he told the Milanese that he would intervene on their behalf if they agreed to join the Kingdom of Sardinia.

6026: 6008: 5969: 5719: 5658: 5581: 5256: 3204: 3178: 2946: 786:. The hope of obtaining similar constitutions arose in many European states. Insurrections broke out in Naples and Palermo. On 6 March 1821, 550:

and then to the latter's son Charles Emmanuel. After that in the line of succession, there were two further brothers of Charles Emmanuel IV:

519: 492: 319: 6225: 2733: 2729: 2361: 1828: 1409: 1020: 693: 499: 416: 2785: 371: 4159: 646:

The re-establishment of peace in Europe meant that Charles Albert could return to Turin, and he was advised to do so by his tutor, count

5996: 5896: 5704: 5504: 3385: 2737: 2511:

in France, he dispatched instructions to organize his family affairs, without adding any information for his wife. On 1 April he was at

1526: 1369: 1049: 984: 979:

as a residence. In May, Charles Felix, who had successfully secured Austrian assistance to restore order, met with Victor Emmanuel I at

894: 810: 647: 554:

and Charles Felix. But in 1799, two of these heirs died: the young Charles Emmanuel (aged only three years) and Maurizio Giuseppe (from

551: 527: 2188:

At the opening of hostilities, on 8 and 9 April, Italian sharpshooters had achieved success in the first battle of the campaign at the

1296:

these was his relationship with Maria Antonietta di Robilant (1804–1882), daughter of Friedrich Truchsess zu Waldburg (1776–1844), the

1291:

Thus Charles Albert came to the throne aged 33. His health was poor; he had liver disease. His faith added to his suffering; he wore a

750:

Maria Theresa had two miscarriages – the second in 1819 as a result of a carriage accident – but gave birth to a son on 14 March 1820,

5923: 5663: 5607: 5535: 5473: 1126:

He remained at his post until nightfall and the next day he was among the first to break into Trocadero. King Ferdinand VII and queen

480:) because he hesitated for a long time between the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the reinforcement of absolute rule. 650:, and by Albertina. He left Paris (and his step-father) and arrived in Turin on 24 May. There he was welcomed affectionately by King 6014: 5845: 5782: 5617: 5545: 5468: 5452: 5411: 5083: 4169: 4161:

Maria Alberta Sarti, Barbaroux. Un talento della diplomazia e della scienza giuridica alla corte sabauda, CEDAM, Milano, 2011, p. 71

3591: 3120: 3079: 2838: 2098: 1742: 531: 385: 3266: 2856: 2554:. From there he may have planned to travel to America, but he was forced to stop because he had become ill with a liver complaint. 2515:, near the Atlantic coast, and on 3 April he received a message from Turin in order to get him to legally confirm his abdication. 6235: 5962: 5555: 3999:

The event involved a very large dinner. Charles Albert generally ate very little and noted a certain "terror" at such occasions.

2703: 2300: 1888: 1482: 1454: 744: 446: 434:

in 1848. In the same year, he granted the Albertine Statute, the first Italian constitution, which remained in force until 1947.

2582:, where he remained for two weeks, as his condition worsened. Then he accepted a new residence from a private individual on the 2472:

Charles Albert, however, had left Palazzo Bellini in Novara a few minutes after midnight on 23 March. His carriage travelled to

488: 6245: 5839: 5827: 5586: 5530: 5489: 5192: 2828: 2754: 1403: 670: 38: 2211:

Two further events followed in the next few days. On 21 May, the contingent of 14,000 men from the Neapolitan army which were

1655:

Since the insurrections had failed, Mazzini began to plan a military expedition. In 1834, he attempted to organize a force in

5714: 5673: 5329: 3057: 2534:, which he reached on 10 April, and which was the end of the carriage road. On horseback, suffering from illness, he reached 1954: 1880:

of the Savoyard state on 29 November 1847, which extended the reforms carried out on the mainland to the island of Sardinia.

1866: 1705:

This process of reform took a very long time, but eventually, on 20 June 1837, the new civil code, partially inspired by the

1689:, who was preparing to lead a rising in the city, received a report that it was all over and fled. He was condemned to death 1633: 1226: 1193:, where he received orders to enter Turin by night, in order to avoid protests. Charles Albert did so, probably on the 23rd. 1127: 31: 4221: 2149:

Charles Albert left Turin on the evening of 26 March 1848 for Alessandria, to take command of the army and then advanced to

1913:

Edict of 8 February 1848 which informed the public of the concession of the Statute and outlined its contents in 14 articles

2051: 1685:

was killed in the process, and to honour him Charles Albert instituted the first gold medal in Italian history. Meanwhile,

1052:

assumed command of the French expeditionary force which the European powers had entrusted with the task of suppressing the

5851: 5787: 5622: 4990:

Vicende e personaggi dell'Insigne e reale Ordine di San Gennaro dalla sua fondazione alla fine del Regno delle Due Sicilie

4867: 4859: 2924: 2876: 2407: 2267:

On the evening of 27 July 1848, the Austrians agreed to grant a truce if the Piedmontese withdrew to the west bank of the

1797: 1088:, where he remained until 2 June, and then he set out for the south. At a clash with the enemy during the crossing of the 910: 799: 588: 157: 1398: 1225:

Despite the conservative attitudes of the period, Charles Albert also supported literati who held liberal ideas, such as

6210: 6190: 6075: 5879: 5873: 2762: 2193: 2143: 1949: 783: 4936:[Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578–1830)]. 4834:

Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri

1745:, who was the Austrian Viceroy in Lombardy-Veneto and Charles Albert's brother-in-law, since he had married his sister 1636:. But Austria was able to restore order and Charles Albert decided that his alliance with the Habsburgs was essential. 1521:, the nation was divided into two factions: the anti-liberal reactionaries who supported the legitimist aspirations of 665:

Thus he was assigned a mentor to counter the liberal ideas that he had learned in France. The first of these was Count

5437: 5303: 2939: 2744: 2403:

fighting in the campaign were despoiling the houses in the countryside and they feared an attack on the king himself.

2243: 2046: 1892: 1746: 1325: 576: 4934:"Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578–1830)" 3042: 1109: 2628:

In the month after his arrival, his health had deteriorated irreparably. From 3 July, he was assisted by the doctor

5694: 5442: 5427: 3011: 2860: 2317: 2178: 2086: 1854: 1629: 666: 153: 3061: 3046: 1929:

Celebrations in the Piazza San Carlo in Turin at the proclamation of the Albertine Statute in a contemporary print

1675: 875: 6205: 6126: 5709: 5560: 5396: 5322: 5286: 2357:

Charles Albert reopened hostilities with Austria on 20 March 1849, but the second campaign lasted only four days.

2031: 1843: 1680: 1424: 864: 770:

Charles Albert promised his support to the conspirators behind the 1821 revolution, in a print from 1850 to 1875.

423: 111: 4907: 2224:

on 10 June, dispersing the Papal volunteers and finally obtained a decisive victory over the Piedmontese in the

925: 5985: 5550: 5499: 5432: 5406: 3417: 3240: 2990: 2952: 2880: 2411: 2225: 1960: 1876:

from the Kingdom, whom he had already banned from political writings. He did, however, implement the so-called

1848: 1645: 1592: 1429: 1361: 1183: 947: 880: 869: 571: 535: 378:

from 27 April 1831 until his abdication in 1849. His name is bound up with the first Italian constitution, the

309: 59: 826: 4967: 4959: 4890: 2659:

arrived under the command of his cousin Eugene Emmanuel. On 19 September the corpse was brought on board the

2324: 1178:

held a grand reception for the victors of Trocadero, at which Charles Albert was among the guests of honour.

930: 6250: 5509: 5447: 5114:. L'Italia nei cento anni del secolo XIX (1801–1900) giorno per giorno illustrata. Milano: Antonio Vallardi. 5102:. L'Italia nei cento anni del secolo XIX (1801–1900) giorno per giorno illustrata. Milano: Antonio Vallardi. 4808: 3502: 2426: 2388: 2348: 1823: 1722: 1449: 1273: 1105: 704:

and then to Rome on 18 March 1817 and, after a 6-month engagement, married Maria Theresa on 30 September in

450: 408: 2448: 2416: 2353: 1965: 766: 5591: 5097: 3359: 2970: 2260: 2255: 2165:

in triumph, where he was met by some envoys of the Milanese government. On 2 April, Charles Albert was in

2039: 2035: 1770: 1518: 860: 779: 712: 701: 42: 5124: 2974: 2336: 2205: 1486: 1478: 1413: 1269: 1154: 1004: 834: 596: 396: 5107: 5093: 4997: 4314: 2329: 2284:

necessary to withdraw again, in order to retreat inside the walls of Milan. Charles Albert went to the

914: 2617: 1380:

in a few hours. Marie-Caroline fled, but was soon arrested in Nantes and imprisoned in the Citadel of

1080:

on the 18th. By the time he arrived there, he had been assigned to the division of the French General

658:, by birth a Habsburg archduchess. His property and lands were restored to him and he was granted the 6180: 6175: 6094: 5612: 5380: 5375: 5071: 2802: 2519: 2431: 2387:

and a day later, Radetzy attacked the city from the south with superior numbers, near the village of

2376: 2009:

Charles decided to adhere to the idea of a united Italian federation under the influence of the Pope.

1862: 1842:

considered the anti-Austrian policy exceptionally dangerous, but it was supported by Minister of War

1812: 1786: 1278: 1131: 803: 724: 643:

conferred upon him at the military school in Bourges and the annuity which Napoleon had granted him.

4632:

Memorie ed osservazioni sulla guerra dell'indipendenza d'Italia, raccolte da un ufficiale piemontese

2668: 2285: 1944:

On 7 February, an extraordinary Council of State was convented. Seven ministers, the holders of the

1925: 1832: 1238: 1025: 6110: 5868: 5804: 5689: 5263: 2914: 2904: 2748: 2683: 2570: 2272: 2005: 2000: 1738: 1584:, enjoyed the support of Great Britain and Louis-Philippe's France and were ultimately successful. 1573: 1558: 1490: 1197: 1158:

Charles Albert returns to Turin in February 1824, after the Spanish Expedition in this painting by

1147: 1120: 1041: 1030: 964: 543: 400: 228: 215: 2192:. After crossing the Mincio with his army, Charles Albert achieved another victory on 30 April at 1917: 6142: 6102: 5772: 5751: 5648: 5037: 4635: 2986: 2457: 2078: 1988: 1710: 1686: 1601: 1506: 1502:

possible to entertain ambitions for the improvement of agriculture, roads, railroads, and ports.

1113: 919: 751: 705: 610:, hoping to become an officer in the French army. He was sixteen years old. Napoleon named him a 469: 454: 273: 121: 2547: 2464:

for a while and only half of the fort of Alessandria, with "permission" rather than "by right".

1408:

as Minister of Foreign Affairs until 1835, when he replaced him with the extremely conservative

473: 4933: 1036: 6118: 6086: 5777: 5699: 5576: 5145: 5079: 5020: 4838: 4165: 3586: 2629: 2622: 2587: 2201: 1904: 1884: 1097: 1008: 791: 728: 659: 651: 603: 547: 511: 438: 431: 404: 392: 380: 268: 191: 161: 5054: 2473: 2185:, only four kilometres from the Mincio. After nearly two weeks, he had made it to the front. 1418: 476:

on account of his gloomy, hesitant, and enigmatic character) as well as "the Hesitant King" (

5293: 5247: 5202: 5119: 4832: 4310: 2707: 2694: 2663:, which departed for Genoa that evening. It arrived on 4 October. The funeral took place in 2543: 2488: 2422: 1641: 1612:

At the time of Charles Albert's ascent to the throne in 1831, there were riots in Rome, the

1597: 1438: 1323:, whom Charles Albert assisted in a failed attempt to place a Bourbon on the French throne. 1256: 1093: 363: 77: 4260:, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana fondata da Giovanni Treccani, Milano, 1995, Vol. II. 1580:, who spent time in Piedmont. In this case, too, the liberals, led by Dom Miguel's brother 1272:. At 5:00 pm, the troops rendered their oaths to the new king at the direction of Governor 6155: 5401: 5196: 4894: 2821: 2664: 2648: 2633: 2220:

and the surrender of Peschiera on 30 May were his last successes. The Austrians conquered

2217: 2189: 2182: 2174: 1909: 1706: 1542: 1538: 1346: 1338: 1330: 1053: 639: 339: 165: 2271:(a little more than 20 km east of Milan), surrendered all the fortresses, including 1937:

in Turin, there was a meeting of the city's journalists at which Cavour, director of the

1668: 1561:

supported the constitutionalists. Charles Albert sides with the former group, but in the

983:. The two discussed Charles Albert's conduct for a long time and, although the new queen 739:

marriage, however, Charles Albert had extramarital affairs with several women, including

1765: 681: 403:

in 1821, he granted and then withdrew his support for a rebellion which sought to force

5345: 5225: 2897: 2591: 2527: 2232: 2126: 2114: 1877: 1817: 1664: 1342: 539: 465: 375: 1142: 626: 6169: 5140: 2719:

reach of their praises or their blame, his countrymen gave the epithet 'magnanimous'.

2673: 2437: 2290: 2248: 2074: 2069: 1837: 1726: 1554: 1550: 1534: 1243: 1159: 1089: 1057: 976: 755: 149: 81: 2406:

At 9:30 pm on the same day, Charles Albert summoned his sons, Chrzanowski, generals

1316: 464:

The attempt to free northern Italy from Austria represents the first attempt of the

3596: 2562: 2268: 2158: 1984: 1858: 1801: 1782: 1757: 1617: 1569: 1372:

had renounced the throne. Henri's claim to the throne had been denied by the king.

1365: 844: 798:

declaring that he supported armed action. They were to raise troops, surround King

732: 442: 145: 65: 3653:

In this period, Charles Albert grew a great deal. As an adult, he was 2.03 m tall.

1464: 5175: 5014: 1119:

At the end of August 1823, with the French fleet aiding from the sea, the troops

5036:(1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" 3031: 2679: 2531: 2500: 2492: 1672: 1656: 1562: 1530: 1345:, an ex-revolutionary, and as a result, he decided to make an alliance with the 1207: 1175: 1116:, which was the last remaining refuge of the Spanish constitutional government. 1077: 952: 815: 635: 2594:, who brought him greetings from the Piedmontese government. To them he said: 2320:

carried the king to safety. In the night he departed from Milan with the army.

1729:, in order to capture the German commerce which sustained the Austrian port of 1166:

With the dissolution of the expeditionary force, Charles Albert travelled from

987:

spoke in his defence, they decided that he was responsible for the conspiracy.

735:, Guglielmo Moffa di Lisio Gribaldi and Carlo Emanuele Asinari di San Marzano. 2523: 2383:

The war did indeed resume on that day. On 22 March, Charles Albert arrived at

1793: 1773:, who requested clarification on the policy of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1846 1577: 1522: 1489:, he built several monuments and palaces, refounded the Academy of Art as the 1353: 1230: 1190: 1073: 992: 960: 611: 427: 412: 98: 1040:

Charles Albert in the assault on Trocadero. From a miniature donated by King

838:

The decree by which Charles Albert announced the Spanish Constitution of 1821

17: 5155:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 938–939. 3711: 2461: 2399: 1613: 1581: 1505:

Charles Albert also reformed the army, reformed the law codes, instituted a

1214: 890: 848: 457:. Charles Albert died in exile a few months later in the Portuguese city of 5034:

Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler

2259:

Flag donated by the women of Milan in the summer of 1848. Displayed in the

1377: 2578:

Once his arrival in Oporto became known, Charles Albert was hosted at the

1883:

At the beginning of 1848, news arrived that following the outbreak of the

902:

with a few clauses requested by Victor Emmanuel I's queen, Maria Theresa.

2484: 2477: 2142:

Charles Albert (with the spyglass) and the Piedmontese commanders at the

1498: 1385: 906: 615: 559: 2339:, had declared that the French would only give such aid to Republicans. 2013: 468:

to alter the equilibrium established in the Italian peninsula after the

5954: 3007: 2965: 2539: 2512: 2221: 2170: 2166: 2150: 2027: 2022: 1873: 1805: 1730: 1621: 1546: 1297: 1167: 1069: 607: 555: 304: 1987:, was sworn in on 16 March 1848, two days before the beginning of the 422:

He became king of Sardinia in 1831 on the death of his distant cousin

5144: 2551: 2504: 2496: 2384: 2154: 1778: 1292: 1112:, where he waited for the order to attack the fortress of Cadiz, the 1101: 1085: 936: 852: 700:, a relative of Queen Maria Theresa. Charles Albert travelled to the 592: 575:

circumstances in which their children, Charles Albert and his sister

546:, had no children, at his death the throne would pass to his brother 6044: 4100:, diplomat and Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Kingdom of Italy. 1341:, which had deposed Charles X of France and led to the accession of 37:"Charles Albert" redirects here. For Charles Albert of Bavaria, see 5314: 2117:

criticized Charles Albert's tardiness in deciding to enter the war.

1260:

Charles Albert after his coronation, by Ferdinando Cavalleri (1831)

441:

army in the First Italian War of Independence but was abandoned by

4886: 4313:

shared their views. Then they arrived there in great numbers with

2758: 2637: 2616: 2569: 2561: 2360: 2352: 2277: 2254: 2242: 2162: 2137: 2012: 2004: 1924: 1916: 1908: 1756: 1660: 1625: 1591: 1463: 1448: 1381: 1315: 1307: 1300:

ambassador to Turin and wife of Maurizio di Robilant (1798–1862).

1255: 1141: 1092:, he demonstrated courage and the French made him a member of the 1024: 980: 946: 833: 825: 775: 765: 680: 625: 515: 498: 487: 458: 232: 211: 195: 5076:

Il re che tentò di fare l'Italia. Vita di Carlo Alberto di Savoia

4216: 4214: 4212: 1457:

in the Palazzo Madama, founded by Charles Albert in 1832, as the

1189:

On 2 February, Charles Albert departed and on the 6th he reached

4222:"Carlo Alberto re di Sardegna in Dizionario Biografico Treccani" 2728:

In 1817, Charles Albert married his second cousin once removed,

2535: 2508: 1196:

Once he had returned to Turin, Charles Albert resided mainly at

1186:, the most prestigious chivalrous order of the French monarchy. 295:

Carlo Alberto Emanuele Vittorio Maria Clemente Saverio di Savoia

6048: 5958: 5318: 1749:

in 1820. Victor Emmanuel and Adelaide were thus first cousins.

654:(Charles Emmanuel IV had abdicated in 1802) and his wife Queen 4908:"Caballeros Existentes en la Insignie Orden del Toison de Oro" 3025: 415:

expedition against the Spanish liberals in 1823 known as the "

5051:

Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi

4598:

a cura di A. Bandini Buti, Universale Economica, Milano, 1950

2768:

Princess Maria Cristina of Savoy (1826–1827) died in infancy.

2365:

Charles Albert abdicates in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel

1229:, whose books were banned in Piedmont. He owned the works of 5209: 2280:(about 25 km further east than requested by Radetzky). 1792:

Understandably, on 8 June 1846, on the orders of Chancellor

1076:

on 7 May. The next day, Charles Albert set out, arriving in

430:

idea of a federal Italy, led by the Pope and freed from the

1064:

On 2 May, Charles Albert embarked on the Sardinian frigate

715:

and from there they made their formal entrance into Turin.

6271:

Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Fourth Degree

1671:. Two of them were captured and executed by firing squad. 1356:

position, Charles Albert lent support to his close friend

1235:

Collection of Classic Italian Writers on Political Economy

4864:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des österreichischen Kaiserthumes

1312:

Charles Albert at the time of his accession to the throne

2398:

Austria's conditions were very harsh: occupation of the

4938:

Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de France

2456:

Charles Albert's eldest son became king of Sardinia as

2216:

he could not realistically continue the war alone. The

6266:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

2604:

Charles Albert to Collegno and Cibrario, May 1849, in

6261:

Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa

30:"Carlo Alberto" redirects here. For other uses, see 5911: 5889: 5861: 5797: 5765: 5744: 5728: 5682: 5636: 5600: 5569: 5523: 5482: 5461: 5420: 5389: 5368: 5352: 4252: 4250: 2566:

The death of Charles Albert in a contemporary print

2303:, who participated actively in the riots in Milan: 1360:in December 1823 when she sought to place her son, 1358:

Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchesse de Berry

1321:

Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchesse de Berry

995:on this, who was unexpectedly opposed to the idea. 634:After Napoleon was defeated for good, the new king 526:. His father was the great-great-great-grandson of 411:. He became a conservative and participated in the 345: 335: 325: 315: 303: 289: 267: 239: 221: 201: 178: 174: 127: 117: 107: 97: 87: 76: 52: 5112:L'Italia nei cento anni del secolo XIX (1826–1849) 5099:L'Italia nei cento anni del secolo XIX (1801–1825) 2550:and, finally, on 19 April, at noon, he arrived in 1576:, Charles Albert sided with the absolutists under 1174:, widow of the Duc de Berry. On 15 December, King 1150:, the preferred residence of Prince Charles Albert 855:at the time, Charles Albert was appointed regent. 6221:Grand masters of the Gold Medal of Military Valor 5203:Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy 1364:, on the French throne. She was the widow of the 453:, after which he abdicated in favour of his son, 5163:(University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 1997). 4912:Calendario manual y guía de forasteros en Madrid 3625: 3623: 2915:Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-called 2586:, with a view of the ocean. On 3 May, he hosted 2538:on 15 April and entered Portuguese territory at 2436:(who had negotiated the armistice) and minister 1921:Charles Albert signs the Statute on 8 March 1848 1565:of 1833–1840, the constitutionalists prevailed. 1513:Support for Spanish and Portuguese reactionaries 951:Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano in a French 6231:People of the First Italian War of Independence 5936:*member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy 4268: 4266: 2716: 2699: 2596: 2305: 2058: 4349: 4347: 905:Meanwhile, the representatives of liberals of 6060: 5970: 5330: 4837:(in Italian). Florence: Eredi Botta. p. 2642:In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum 1368:, second son of Charles X, whose eldest son, 8: 2239:Events in Milan and the armistice of Salasco 2017:Italy in 1843, during Charles Albert's reign 1777:In 1845, revolutionary movements erupted in 399:, where he received a liberal education. As 6286:19th-century people from the Savoyard State 4964:Almanacco Reale del Regno Delle Due Sicilie 3060:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2793:Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation 2647:His body was embalmed and displayed in the 70:Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation 6067: 6053: 6045: 5977: 5963: 5955: 5337: 5323: 5315: 5216: 4096:Maria Antonietta i Robilant was mother of 3101: 3092: 437:Charles Albert led his forces against the 58: 49: 5628:Thomas Emmanuel, Prince of Savoy-Carignan 5182:old interpretations but useful on details 4794: 4607: 4437: 4072: 3080:Learn how and when to remove this message 2740:. The couple had the following children: 2105:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 2034:, King Louis Philippe was deposed, and a 1761:Carlo Alberto in the Anti-Austrian period 1572:(1828–1834), which followed the death of 863:as Minister of the Interior, the general 370:; 2 October 1798 – 28 July 1849) was the 3975: 3747: 2476:(on the road halfway between Novara and 2447: 2108: 1764: 1525:and the constitutionalists who defended 1153: 1035: 822:The regency and the Spanish Constitution 669:, and after he had failed, the dragoon, 5541:Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano 4996:(in Italian), p. 9, archived from 4098:Carlo Felice Nicolis, conte di Robilant 3714:. Charles Felix had no children at all. 3607: 3096:Ancestors of Charles Albert of Sardinia 2621:Equestrian statue of Charles Albert at 2574:Charles Albert Square, Oporto, Portugal 2228:, which lasted from the 22 to 27 July. 1475:Pinacoteca Regia e della Galleria Reale 1459:Pinacoteca Regia e della Galleria Reale 762:Participation in the Revolution of 1821 143: 5669:Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano 5644:Vittorio Amedeo Teodoro, Duke of Aosta 3459: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3220: 3147:Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano 3110: 3106: 2343:The second campaign and the abdication 286: 6241:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 5720:Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano 5695:Amadeus Alexander, Duke of Montferrat 5582:Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano 5168:Revolutions of 1848: a social history 3532: 3522: 3518: 3506: 3500: 3490: 3477: 3467: 3463: 3447: 3441: 3431: 3415: 3405: 3401: 3389: 3383: 3373: 3357: 3347: 3343: 3319: 3309: 3296: 3286: 3282: 3270: 3264: 3254: 3238: 3228: 3224: 3208: 3205:Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano 3202: 3192: 3176: 3166: 3162: 3150: 3144: 3134: 3118: 3114: 1304:Conflict with Louis Philippe's France 520:Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano 493:Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano 68:, c. 1832, wearing the collar of the 7: 6281:Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis 4960:"Capitolo XIV: Ordini cavallereschi" 4782: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4672: 4660: 4648: 4619: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4509: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4338: 4326: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4241: 4203: 4191: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4109: 4084: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3987: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3735: 3723: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3641: 3629: 3614: 3058:adding citations to reliable sources 2839:Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen 2734:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 2605: 1811:In the same way, in September 1847, 1796:, the Austrian ambassador to Turin, 1121:launched an assault on the Trocadero 1021:Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis 417:Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis 6256:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 5897:Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples 5505:Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano 4525:, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2011, p. 205. 2738:Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily 2507:, which he reached on 26 March. At 1399:Vittorio Amedeo Sallier della Torre 811:Alessandro Di Saluzzo di Menusiglio 648:Alessandro Di Saluzzo di Menusiglio 630:Youthful portrait of Charles Albert 528:Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano 6196:Burials at the Basilica of Superga 5608:Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont 5536:Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy 5177:The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1 5053:(in French). Vol. 1. p. 4256:"Carlo Alberto re di Sardegna" in 2714:An American historian says he was 1950:Carlo Giuseppe Beraudo di Pralormo 1891:had granted a constitution in the 1743:Ranier Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine 1620:in Modena, and an insurrection in 1138:Visit to Paris and return to Turin 638:celebrated the restoration of the 27:King of Sardinia from 1831 to 1849 25: 5822:Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi 5816:Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin 5810:Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta 5618:Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano 5546:Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons 5495:Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Nemours 5469:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy 5453:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 5161:Modern Italy: A Political History 4797:, pp. 1705, 1710, 1712, 1714 3592:First Italian War of Independence 3121:Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano 2518:Charles Albert continued through 2099:First Italian War of Independence 2093:First Italian War of Independence 1769:The elderly Austrian chancellor, 1337:The new king was affected by the 622:First period in Turin (1814–1821) 532:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy 386:First Italian War of Independence 6276:Italian people of Polish descent 6154: 5613:Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia 5556:Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours 5199: (archived 23 February 2006) 4596:La rivoluzione lombarda del 1848 3030: 3000: 2980: 2964: 2947:Order of St. Ferdinand and Merit 2932: 2890: 2870: 2850: 2814: 2779: 2301:Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso 2161:. On 29 March, the king entered 1933:On 7 January 1848, at the hotel 1717:Beginning of crisis with Austria 1483:Turin City Museum of Ancient Art 1455:Turin City Museum of Ancient Art 1445:Reforms and cultural initiatives 1326:Portrait of the Duchess of Beryy 1050:Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême 1029:Charles Albert as a hero of the 449:and was defeated in 1849 at the 447:Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies 349: 278:Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa 5690:Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia 5587:Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons 5531:Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy 5490:Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy 5174:Thayer, William Roscoe (1911). 4736:. Castro Irmão & C.ª. 1868. 2829:Military Order of Maria Theresa 1287:Pro-Austrian period (1831–1845) 1048:At the beginning of 1823, Duke 893:, who was Vicar-General of the 602:After Napoleon's defeat at the 579:(born 13 April 1800), grew up. 257: 39:Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor 6186:19th-century kings of Sardinia 5674:Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons 5659:Carlo Francesco, Duke of Aosta 5649:Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia 2636:. Charles Albert whispered in 2483:The former king continued via 2021:Elected in 1846, the new pope 1227:Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo Botta 943:Reactionary period (1821–1831) 32:Carlo Alberto (disambiguation) 1: 6216:Military personnel from Turin 6201:19th-century Italian nobility 5700:Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia 5623:Eugenio, Count of Villafranca 5577:Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia 4158:Sarti, Maria Alberta (2011). 2925:Order of St. Alexander Nevsky 2651:. On 3 September, the ships, 2408:Alessandro Ferrero La Marmora 2312:Charles Albert's second son, 1753:Liberal sovereign (1845–1849) 1568:Similarly, in the Portuguese 1084:. on the 24th, he arrived at 911:Giorgio Pallavicino Trivulzio 788:Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo 721:Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo 667:Filippo Grimaldi del Poggetto 530:, youngest legitimate son of 158:Ettore Perrone di San Martino 92:27 April 1831 – 23 March 1849 5805:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 5736:Charles Albert I of Sardinia 5705:Maurizio, Duke of Montferrat 5381:Philip I, Prince of Piedmont 4966:(in Italian), 1829, p. 4887:"A Szent István Rend tagjai" 4734:Archivo pittoresco Volume XI 3179:Christine of Hesse-Rotenburg 2763:Princess Elisabeth of Saxony 2588:Giacinto Provana di Collegno 1676:Giovanni Battista Scapaccino 1376:volunteers were defeated at 792:Giacinto Provana di Collegno 784:Spanish Constitution of 1812 671:Policarpo Cacherano d'Osasco 41:. For the French boxer, see 6226:Claimant kings of Jerusalem 5752:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 5710:Charles Felix I of Sardinia 5664:Benedetto, Duke of Chablais 5438:Philibert II, Duke of Savoy 5221:Charles Albert of Sardinia 4860:"Erster Abschnitt: der hof" 3942:, pp. 123–125, 127–128 2732:, the youngest daughter of 1893:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1844:Emanuele Pes di Villamarina 1628:which led to the flight of 1588:Opposition to "Young Italy" 1425:Emanuele Pes di Villamarina 1248:, a supporter of Napoleon. 1054:liberal revolution in Spain 865:Emanuele Pes di Villamarina 774:After the 1820 uprising in 6302: 5846:Adalberto, Duke of Bergamo 5783:Oddone, Duke of Montferrat 5443:Charles III, Duke of Savoy 5428:Philibert I, Duke of Savoy 4932:Teulet, Alexandre (1863). 4906:Guerra, Francisco (1837), 4812:, No. 73, 12 August 1848). 3453: 3337: 3322:Charles Albert of Sardinia 3214: 3108: 2861:Order of the Golden Fleece 2346: 2318:Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora 2179:Castiglione delle Stiviere 2102: 2096: 2087:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz 1998: 1902: 1855:Cesare Alfieri di Sostegno 1018: 963:, on 23 March he made for 926:Giuseppe Arconati Visconti 506:, mother of Charles Albert 495:, father of Charles Albert 154:Cesare Alfieri di Sostegno 36: 29: 6152: 6082: 5992: 5933: 5919:Prince Emanuele Filiberto 5834:Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa 5654:Prince Emanuele Filiberto 5561:Henri II, Duke of Nemours 5397:Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy 5300: 5291: 5283: 5278: 5270: 5261: 5253: 5246: 5219: 3520: 3512: 3484: 3465: 3461: 3444:Maria Christina of Saxony 3425: 3403: 3395: 3386:Charles, Duke of Courland 3367: 3345: 3341: 3303: 3284: 3276: 3248: 3226: 3222: 3186: 3164: 3156: 3128: 3112: 2755:Prince Ferdinand of Savoy 2412:Carlo Emanuele La Marmora 1961:Luigi Provana di Collegno 1946:order of the Annunciation 1485:) and the library of the 741:Marie Caroline de Bourbon 698:Archduchess Maria Theresa 504:Maria Christina of Saxony 330:Maria Christina of Saxony 320:Charles Emmanuel of Savoy 294: 285: 57: 5840:Filiberto, Duke of Genoa 5828:Umberto, Count of Salemi 5757:Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa 5551:Louis I, Duke of Nemours 5515:Prince Emmanuel Filibert 5474:Jacques, Duke of Nemours 5433:Charles I, Duke of Savoy 5412:Jacques, Count of Romont 5407:Philip II, Duke of Savoy 4893:22 December 2010 at the 4831:Cibrario, Luigi (1869). 4523:Il Risorgimento italiano 3418:Maria Josepha of Austria 3241:Louis, Prince of Brionne 2991:Order of the Black Eagle 2953:Order of Saint Januarius 2881:Order of the Holy Spirit 2730:Maria Theresa of Austria 2542:. From there he went to 1733:for the Ligurian ports. 1517:After the death of king 1352:In accordance with this 1184:Order of the Holy Spirit 1110:El Puerto de Santa María 876:Lodovico Sauli d'Igliano 874:as Minister of War, and 782:was forced to grant the 694:Ferdinand III of Tuscany 686:Maria Theresa of Austria 677:Marriage and personality 524:Maria Cristina of Saxony 246:Maria Theresa of Austria 6236:Modern history of Italy 5715:Giuseppe, Count of Asti 5448:Philip, Duke of Nemours 5152:Encyclopædia Britannica 4809:Neue Rheinische Zeitung 3930:, pp. 135–136, 149 3478:14. Stanisław Krasiński 2686:, where it still lies. 2349:Battle of Novara (1849) 2325:Carlo Canera di Salasco 2157:, at one corner of the 1798:Karl Ferdinand von Buol 1252:Accession to the throne 1106:Jerez de los Caballeros 897:and had been chosen as 688:, Charles Albert's wife 409:constitutional monarchy 281:Princess Maria Cristina 6246:Monarchs who abdicated 5852:Eugenio, Duke of Genoa 5788:Tommaso, Duke of Genoa 5500:Henri, Duke of Nemours 5402:Louis, Count of Geneva 5166:Robertson, Priscilla. 5146:"Charles Albert" 3360:Augustus III of Poland 3010:: Grand Cordon of the 2971:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2773:Orders and decorations 2721: 2712: 2625: 2611: 2575: 2567: 2453: 2427:Luigi Fecia di Cossato 2366: 2358: 2310: 2264: 2261:Royal Armoury of Turin 2252: 2146: 2118: 2062: 2047:Francesco Arese Lucini 2018: 2010: 1930: 1922: 1914: 1829:Solaro della Margarita 1774: 1771:Klemens von Metternich 1762: 1609: 1549:supported Don Carlos; 1519:Ferdinand VII of Spain 1469: 1468:Charles Albert in 1833 1461: 1334: 1313: 1303: 1274:Ignazio Thaon di Revel 1261: 1163: 1151: 1082:Étienne de Bordesoulle 1045: 1033: 956: 847:to negotiate with the 839: 831: 780:Ferdinand VII of Spain 771: 713:Castello del Valentino 702:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 689: 631: 518:on 2 October 1798, to 507: 496: 484:Early life and studies 367: 43:Charles Albert (boxer) 5946:Prince of Savoy-Aosta 5941:Prince of Savoy-Genoa 5902:Amedeo, Duke of Aosta 5880:Aimone, Duke of Aosta 5874:Amedeo, Duke of Aosta 5125:Carlo Alberto inedito 3267:Joséphine of Lorraine 2973:: Grand Cross of the 2757:(1822–1855), Duke of 2747:(1820–1878); married 2620: 2573: 2565: 2451: 2364: 2356: 2337:Alphonse de Lamartine 2323:On 8 August, general 2258: 2246: 2181:, and on 11 April at 2141: 2112: 2016: 2008: 1995:The Spring of Nations 1928: 1920: 1912: 1899:The Albertine Statute 1768: 1760: 1659:, which would attack 1595: 1529:regency on behalf of 1467: 1452: 1319: 1311: 1259: 1157: 1145: 1039: 1028: 1007:and the conservative 1005:Alphonse de Lamartine 950: 837: 829: 769: 684: 629: 597:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 566:The Napoleonic period 534:, and founder of the 502: 491: 6095:Charles Emmanuel III 5986:Princes of Carignano 5376:Louis, Duke of Savoy 5128:. Milano: Mondadori. 4940:(in French) (2): 117 4594:Cfr. C. Belgioioso, 3834:, pp. 85–89, 98 3774:, pp. 52–55, 57 3665:, pp. 28, 31–32 3503:Franciszka Krasińska 3054:improve this section 2803:Civil Order of Savoy 2667:on 13 October, with 2584:rua de Entre Quintas 2558:Final days in Oporto 2377:Wojciech Chrzanowski 2032:Revolution in France 1132:Order of Saint Louis 1061:depart on 26 April. 895:Archdiocese of Turin 861:Ferdinando dal Pozzo 6211:Princes of Carignan 6191:Nobility from Turin 6111:Charles Emmanuel IV 5869:Umberto II of Italy 5264:Prince of Carignano 5170:(1952). pp 309–401. 5159:Mack Smith, Denis, 5078:. Milano: Rizzoli. 5049:H. Tarlier (1854). 4258:La Piccola Treccani 4194:, pp. 178, 181 3750:, pp. 954, 956 3533:15. Aniela Humięcka 3297:11. Louise de Rohan 2975:Order of St. Joseph 2945:Grand Cross of the 2905:Order of St. George 2837:Grand Cross of the 2786:Kingdom of Sardinia 2749:Adelaide of Austria 2724:Family and children 2684:Basilica of Superga 2649:Cathedral of Oporto 2144:Battle of Pastrengo 2001:Revolutions of 1848 1739:Adelaide of Austria 1491:Accademia Albertina 1072:, which arrived in 1056:and restoring King 1042:Charles X of France 1031:Battle of Trocadero 544:Charles Emmanuel IV 510:He was born at the 401:Prince of Carignano 6143:Victor Emmanuel II 6103:Victor Amadeus III 6003:Emmanuel Philibert 5773:Umberto I of Italy 5304:Victor Emmanuel II 5273:Position abolished 5108:Comandini, Alfredo 5094:Comandini, Alfredo 4785:, pp. 271–272 4773:, pp. 270–271 4761:, pp. 268–269 4749:, pp. 266–267 4711:, pp. 260–265 4699:, pp. 258–259 4687:, pp. 251–252 4651:, pp. 245–247 4636:Giuseppe Dabormida 4585:, pp. 240–241 4549:, pp. 234–236 4521:Denis Mack Smith, 4512:, pp. 230–231 4500:, pp. 229–230 4464:, pp. 225–227 4452:, pp. 208–210 4416:, pp. 206–207 4404:, pp. 204–206 4392:, pp. 203–204 4380:, pp. 202–203 4368:, pp. 201–202 4329:, pp. 194–198 4299:, pp. 192–194 4287:, pp. 187–191 4206:, pp. 181–182 4136:, pp. 175–176 4124:, pp. 174–175 4112:, pp. 173–174 4087:, pp. 164–167 4063:, pp. 159–162 4039:, pp. 153–156 4027:, pp. 145–146 4015:, pp. 144–145 4003:, pp. 142–144 3990:, pp. 141–142 3966:, pp. 140–141 3954:, pp. 128–131 3906:, pp. 116–118 3894:, pp. 109–110 3882:, pp. 103–106 2987:Kingdom of Prussia 2745:Victor Emmanuel II 2626: 2576: 2568: 2468:Voyage to Portugal 2458:Victor Emmanuel II 2454: 2367: 2359: 2335:foreign minister, 2265: 2253: 2147: 2119: 2079:Cisalpine Republic 2019: 2011: 1989:Five Days of Milan 1979:Albert were held. 1931: 1923: 1915: 1775: 1763: 1711:corrective justice 1687:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1663:(then part of the 1610: 1507:Court of cassation 1470: 1462: 1414:Giuseppe Barbaroux 1392:Philosophy of rule 1335: 1314: 1262: 1220:Voyage to Sardinia 1164: 1152: 1096:. He proceeded to 1046: 1034: 1015:Spanish Expedition 957: 899:Bishop of Piacenza 840: 832: 772: 706:Florence Cathedral 690: 632: 508: 497: 470:Congress of Vienna 455:Victor Emmanuel II 274:Victor Emmanuel II 122:Victor Emmanuel II 6163: 6162: 6119:Victor Emmanuel I 6087:Victor Amadeus II 6076:Kings of Sardinia 6042: 6041: 6021:Victor Amadeus ΙΙ 5952: 5951: 5778:Amadeo I of Spain 5310: 5309: 5301:Succeeded by 5271:Succeeded by 5208:Marek, Miroslav. 5120:Salata, Francesco 5016:Almanacco toscano 3810:, pp. 65, 76 3587:Statuto Albertino 3577: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3090: 3089: 3082: 2877:Kingdom of France 2630:Alessandro Riberi 2623:Casale Monferrato 2226:Battle of Custoza 2202:Vincenzo Gioberti 1905:Albertine Statute 1885:Spring of Nations 1863:Roberto d'Azeglio 1831:, and Archbishop 1787:Massimo d'Azeglio 1702:procedural laws. 1527:Maria Christina's 1009:Joseph de Maistre 915:Gaetano Castiglia 830:Victor Emmanuel I 800:Victor Emmanuel I 729:Giacinto Collegno 725:Roberto d'Azeglio 660:Palazzo Carignano 652:Victor Emmanuel I 604:Battle of Leipzig 589:Collège Stanislas 552:Maurizio Giuseppe 512:Palazzo Carignano 439:Imperial Austrian 432:House of Habsburg 405:Victor Emmanuel I 393:Napoleonic period 381:Statuto Albertino 374:and ruler of the 357: 356: 299: 298: 192:Palazzo Carignano 162:Vincenzo Gioberti 16:(Redirected from 6293: 6206:Princes of Savoy 6158: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6046: 6027:Charles Emmanuel 6009:Victor Amadeus Ι 5979: 5972: 5965: 5956: 5346:Princes of Savoy 5339: 5332: 5325: 5316: 5298:1831–1849 5294:King of Sardinia 5284:Preceded by 5268:1800–1831 5257:Charles Emmanuel 5254:Preceded by 5248:Italian nobility 5242: 5235: 5217: 5213: 5181: 5156: 5148: 5129: 5115: 5103: 5089: 5072:Bertoldi, Silvio 5059: 5058: 5046: 5040: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5019:. 1832. p. 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 4995: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4914:(in Spanish): 79 4903: 4897: 4889:(in Hungarian), 4884: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4866:, 1848, p. 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4813: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4311:Fenestrelle Fort 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4261: 4254: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4218: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3870:, pp. 97–99 3865: 3859: 3858:, pp. 95–96 3853: 3847: 3846:, pp. 91–95 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3822:, pp. 75–79 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3762:, pp. 46–47 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3738:, pp. 41–44 3733: 3727: 3726:, pp. 36–40 3721: 3715: 3708: 3702: 3701:, pp. 35–36 3696: 3690: 3689:, pp. 34–35 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3644:, pp. 26–27 3639: 3633: 3632:, pp. 25–26 3627: 3618: 3612: 3102: 3093: 3085: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3034: 3026: 3016:2 September 1840 3012:Order of Leopold 3006: 3004: 3003: 2995:22 December 1832 2989:: Knight of the 2985: 2984: 2983: 2969: 2968: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2879:: Knight of the 2875: 2874: 2873: 2859:: Knight of the 2855: 2854: 2853: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2708:House of Bourbon 2695:Friedrich Engels 2678:, Archbishop of 2677: 2609: 2544:Viana do Castelo 2489:Nizza Monferrato 2435: 2423:Giovanni Durando 2420: 2333: 2294: 2177:, on 8 April at 2173:, on 6 April at 2169:, on 5 April at 2134:Initial campaign 2056:on 19/20 March: 2055: 1969: 1958: 1865:, and the young 1852: 1841: 1821: 1684: 1642:Giuseppe Mazzini 1439:Giuseppe Mazzini 1433: 1422: 1407: 1282: 1247: 1198:Racconigi Castle 1148:Racconigi Castle 1094:Legion of Honour 934: 923: 884: 873: 802:'s residence at 451:Battle of Novara 395:, he resided in 372:King of Sardinia 353: 287: 261: 259: 208: 188: 186: 132: 93: 78:King of Sardinia 62: 50: 21: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6150: 6078: 6073: 6043: 6038: 5988: 5983: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5929: 5912:18th generation 5907: 5890:17th generation 5885: 5862:16th generation 5857: 5798:15th generation 5793: 5766:14th generation 5761: 5745:13th generation 5740: 5729:12th generation 5724: 5683:11th generation 5678: 5637:10th generation 5632: 5596: 5565: 5519: 5478: 5457: 5416: 5385: 5364: 5348: 5343: 5312: 5306: 5297: 5289: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5212:. Genealogy.EU. 5207: 5197:Wayback Machine 5189: 5173: 5139: 5136: 5134:Further reading 5118: 5106: 5092: 5086: 5070: 5067: 5062: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5032: 5028: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5003:on 4 March 2016 5000: 4993: 4987:Angelo Scordo, 4986: 4985: 4981: 4972: 4970: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4917: 4915: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4895:Wayback Machine 4885: 4881: 4872: 4870: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4264: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4236: 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2548:Póvoa de Varzim 2470: 2446: 2429: 2414: 2351: 2345: 2327: 2288: 2241: 2218:Battle of Goito 2190:Battle of Goito 2183:Volta Mantovana 2136: 2125:The federalist 2107: 2101: 2095: 2049: 2003: 1997: 1963: 1952: 1907: 1901: 1846: 1835: 1815: 1813:Cesare Trabucco 1755: 1723:Oriental Crisis 1719: 1707:Napoleonic Code 1699: 1678: 1596:The meeting of 1590: 1515: 1447: 1427: 1416: 1410:Clemente Solaro 1401: 1394: 1347:Austrian Empire 1339:July Revolution 1331:Thomas Lawrence 1306: 1289: 1276: 1254: 1241: 1140: 1023: 1017: 985:Maria Christina 973: 945: 928: 917: 878: 867: 824: 764: 752:Victor Emmanuel 743:, widow of the 679: 640:Bourbon dynasty 624: 577:Maria Elisabeth 572:French invasion 568: 548:Victor Emmanuel 486: 474:Giosuè Carducci 407:to institute a 384:, and with the 368:Carlo Alberto I 340:Catholic Church 310:Savoy-Carignano 280: 276: 263: 260: 1817) 255: 251: 248: 235: 226: 225:14 October 1849 210: 206: 190: 184: 182: 170: 166:Agostino Chiodo 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 142: 141: 130:Prime ministers 128: 91: 80: 72: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6299: 6297: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6251:Italian exiles 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6168: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6140: 6135:Charles Albert 6132: 6124: 6116: 6108: 6100: 6092: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6049: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6033:Charles Albert 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5997:Thomas Francis 5993: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5601:9th generation 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5570:8th generation 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5524:7th generation 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5510:Prince Maurice 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5483:6th generation 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5465: 5463: 5462:5th generation 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5421:4th generation 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5390:3rd generation 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5369:2nd generation 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5353:1st generation 5350: 5349: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5319: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5299: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5279:Regnal titles 5276: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5234:2 October 1798 5226:House of Savoy 5223: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5205: 5200: 5188: 5187:External links 5185: 5184: 5183: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5143:, ed. (1911). 5141:Chisholm, Hugh 5135: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5116: 5104: 5090: 5084: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5041: 5026: 5006: 4979: 4951: 4924: 4898: 4879: 4851: 4823: 4814: 4799: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4624: 4612: 4610:, p. 1518 4600: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4442: 4440:, p. 1374 4430: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4370: 4358: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4262: 4246: 4234: 4208: 4196: 4184: 4170: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3992: 3980: 3978:, p. 1222 3968: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3728: 3716: 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3646: 3634: 3619: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3523: 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in the 1446: 1443: 1437:In June 1831, 1393: 1390: 1343:Louis Philippe 1305: 1302: 1288: 1285: 1253: 1250: 1239:Pietro Custodi 1172:Marie Caroline 1146:The facade of 1139: 1136: 1016: 1013: 972: 969: 944: 941: 823: 820: 763: 760: 678: 675: 623: 620: 567: 564: 540:House of Savoy 485: 482: 466:House of Savoy 376:Savoyard state 360:Charles Albert 355: 354: 347: 343: 342: 337: 333: 332: 327: 323: 322: 317: 313: 312: 307: 301: 300: 297: 296: 292: 291: 283: 282: 271: 265: 264: 253: 249: 244: 243: 241: 237: 236: 229:Royal Basilica 227: 223: 219: 218: 209:(aged 50) 203: 199: 198: 189:2 October 1798 180: 176: 175: 172: 171: 169: 168: 137: 136: 135: 133: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 101: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 74: 73: 63: 55: 54: 53:Charles Albert 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6298: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 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5687: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5592:Prince Eugene 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5328: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5288: 5287:Charles Felix 5282: 5277: 5266: 5265: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5193:Carlo Alberto 5191: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5085:88-17-86481-1 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5010: 5007: 4999: 4992: 4991: 4983: 4980: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4925: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4880: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4827: 4824: 4821:Thayer, 1:103 4818: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4795:Comandini, II 4791: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4723:, p. 266 4722: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4678: 4675:, p. 251 4674: 4669: 4666: 4663:, p. 250 4662: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4625: 4622:, p. 244 4621: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4608:Comandini, II 4604: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4576: 4573:, p. 240 4572: 4567: 4564: 4561:, p. 237 4560: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4537:, p. 233 4536: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4491: 4488:, p. 229 4487: 4482: 4479: 4476:, p. 228 4475: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4438:Comandini, II 4434: 4431: 4428:, p. 208 4427: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4356:, p. 203 4355: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4341:, p. 201 4340: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4278: 4275:, p. 184 4274: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4244:, p. 182 4243: 4238: 4235: 4223: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4173: 4171:9788813322502 4167: 4163: 4162: 4154: 4151: 4148:, p. 177 4147: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4075:, p. 290 4074: 4073:Comandini, II 4069: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4054: 4051:, p. 156 4050: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3918:, p. 119 3917: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3617:, p. 252 3616: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3084: 3081: 3073: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3039:This section 3037: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2909:February 1824 2907:, 4th Class, 2906: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2608:, p. 269 2607: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2564: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2438:Carlo Cadorna 2433: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2363: 2355: 2350: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2257: 2250: 2249:Carlo Bossoli 2245: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2113:The Milanese 2111: 2106: 2100: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2082: 2081:as his flag. 2080: 2076: 2071: 2070:Gabrio Casati 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2015: 2007: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1927: 1919: 1911: 1906: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1845: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1767: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1727:Lake Maggiore 1724: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Great Britain 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1535:Holy Alliance 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1487:Palazzo Reale 1484: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1400: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1370:Louis Antoine 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1258: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1206:Notes on the 1203: 1202:Contes moraux 1199: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1161: 1160:Horace Vernet 1156: 1149: 1144: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1128:Maria Josepha 1124: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090:Sierra Morena 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1058:Ferdinand VII 1055: 1051: 1043: 1038: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 996: 994: 988: 986: 982: 978: 977:Palazzo Pitti 970: 968: 966: 962: 955:of the period 954: 949: 942: 940: 938: 932: 927: 921: 916: 912: 909:had arrived: 908: 903: 900: 896: 892: 887: 882: 877: 871: 866: 862: 856: 854: 850: 846: 836: 828: 821: 819: 817: 812: 807: 805: 801: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 768: 761: 759: 757: 756:King of Italy 754:, the future 753: 748: 746: 745:Duke of Berry 742: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 716: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 687: 683: 676: 674: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 656:Maria Theresa 653: 649: 644: 641: 637: 628: 621: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 584: 580: 578: 573: 565: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 505: 501: 494: 490: 483: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 433: 429: 425: 424:Charles Felix 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 388:(1848–1849). 387: 383: 382: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 352: 348: 344: 341: 338: 334: 331: 328: 324: 321: 318: 314: 311: 308: 306: 302: 293: 288: 284: 279: 275: 272: 270: 266: 247: 242: 238: 234: 230: 224: 220: 217: 213: 204: 200: 197: 193: 181: 177: 173: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 150:Gabrio Casati 147: 144: 140: 134: 131: 126: 123: 120: 116: 113: 112:Charles Felix 110: 106: 103:27 April 1831 102: 100: 96: 90: 86: 83: 82:Duke of Savoy 79: 75: 71: 67: 61: 56: 51: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18:Carlo Alberto 6145: 6137: 6134: 6129: 6121: 6113: 6105: 6097: 6089: 6032: 6015:Louis Victor 5945: 5940: 5935: 5735: 5359: 5311: 5292: 5262: 5241:28 July 1849 5238: 5231: 5224: 5176: 5167: 5160: 5150: 5123: 5111: 5098: 5075: 5065:Bibliography 5050: 5044: 5033: 5029: 5015: 5009: 4998:the original 4989: 4982: 4971:, retrieved 4963: 4954: 4942:. Retrieved 4937: 4927: 4916:, retrieved 4911: 4901: 4882: 4871:, retrieved 4863: 4854: 4842:. Retrieved 4833: 4826: 4817: 4807: 4802: 4790: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4733: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4631: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4595: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4542: 4530: 4522: 4517: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4361: 4334: 4322: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4257: 4237: 4225:. Retrieved 4199: 4187: 4175:. Retrieved 4160: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3995: 3983: 3976:Comandini, I 3971: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3803: 3798:, p. 63 3791: 3786:, p. 59 3779: 3767: 3755: 3748:Comandini, I 3743: 3731: 3719: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3677:, p. 33 3670: 3658: 3649: 3637: 3610: 3597:Risorgimento 3321: 3076: 3067: 3052:Please help 3040: 3015: 2994: 2956: 2940:Two Sicilies 2918: 2908: 2884: 2864: 2842: 2832: 2806: 2796: 2727: 2717: 2713: 2700: 2693: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2641: 2627: 2612: 2597: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2517: 2482: 2471: 2455: 2444:Exile (1849) 2405: 2397: 2393: 2382: 2368: 2322: 2316:and general 2311: 2306: 2297: 2282: 2266: 2230: 2212: 2210: 2198: 2187: 2159:Quadrilatero 2148: 2124: 2120: 2083: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2044: 2020: 1985:Cesare Balbo 1981: 1977: 1973: 1943: 1939:Risorgimento 1938: 1934: 1932: 1889:Ferdinand II 1882: 1871: 1867:Count Cavour 1859:Cesare Balbo 1810: 1802:Pope Pius IX 1791: 1783:Papal States 1776: 1735: 1721:In 1840 the 1720: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1669:Les Échelles 1654: 1650: 1638: 1634:Marie Louise 1618:Ciro Menotti 1611: 1605: 1570:Liberal Wars 1567: 1516: 1504: 1496: 1474: 1471: 1458: 1436: 1395: 1374: 1366:Duc de Berry 1351: 1336: 1324: 1290: 1270:Royal Palace 1267: 1263: 1237:, edited by 1234: 1224: 1219: 1212: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1188: 1180: 1165: 1125: 1118: 1065: 1063: 1047: 997: 989: 974: 958: 904: 888: 857: 845:Cesare Balbo 841: 808: 796: 773: 749: 737: 733:Cesare Balbo 717: 710: 691: 664: 645: 633: 601: 585: 581: 569: 538:line of the 509: 477: 463: 443:Pope Pius IX 436: 421: 390: 379: 359: 358: 207:(1849-07-28) 205:28 July 1849 146:Cesare Balbo 138: 66:Pietro Ayres 64:Portrait by 47: 6181:1849 deaths 6176:1798 births 6146:(1849–1861) 6138:(1831–1849) 6130:(1821–1831) 6122:(1802–1821) 6114:(1796–1802) 6106:(1773–1796) 6098:(1730–1773) 6090:(1720–1730) 6035:(1800–1831) 6029:(1780–1800) 6023:(1778–1780) 6017:(1741–1778) 6011:(1709–1741) 6005:(1656–1709) 5999:(1620–1656) 5210:"Home page" 4639:commanders. 3070:August 2012 2672: [ 2501:Ventimiglia 2430: [ 2415: [ 2328: [ 2289: [ 2206:Santa Lucia 2050: [ 2040:Ferdinand I 1964: [ 1953: [ 1847: [ 1836: [ 1816: [ 1781:and in the 1691:in absentia 1679: [ 1673:Carabiniere 1657:Switzerland 1646:Young Italy 1606:in absentia 1563:Carlist War 1531:Isabella II 1428: [ 1417: [ 1402: [ 1277: [ 1242: [ 1213:Records of 1208:Waldensians 1176:Louis XVIII 1078:Boceguillas 965:San Germano 929: [ 918: [ 879: [ 868: [ 816:Alessandria 636:Louis XVIII 478:Re Tentenna 391:During the 108:Predecessor 6170:Categories 4873:14 January 2761:; married 2661:Monzambano 2524:Valladolid 2520:Torquemada 2347:See also: 2208:on 6 May. 2103:See also: 1794:Metternich 1697:Law reform 1630:Francis IV 1616:revolt of 1578:Dom Miguel 1523:Don Carlos 1354:legitimist 1231:Adam Smith 1191:Mont Cenis 1074:Marseilles 1019:See also: 993:Metternich 961:Rondissone 953:lithograph 804:Moncalieri 612:lieutenant 428:neo-Guelph 413:legitimist 185:1798-10-02 99:Coronation 4973:8 October 4227:8 January 4177:8 January 4164:. CEDAM. 3712:Salic law 3041:does not 2704:Ferdinand 2653:Mozambano 2462:Lomellina 2400:Lomellina 2314:Ferdinand 2273:Peschiera 2194:Pastrengo 2075:tricolour 1747:Elisabeth 1614:carbonari 1602:Garibaldi 1582:Dom Pedro 1481:(now the 1215:Andalusia 1114:Trocadero 1066:Commercio 1001:Ferdinand 891:Jansenist 849:Carbonari 618:in 1814. 536:Carignano 346:Signature 118:Successor 5122:(1931). 5110:(1900). 5096:(1900). 5074:(2000). 4944:24 March 4918:17 March 4891:Archived 4783:Bertoldi 4771:Bertoldi 4759:Bertoldi 4747:Bertoldi 4721:Bertoldi 4709:Bertoldi 4697:Bertoldi 4685:Bertoldi 4673:Bertoldi 4661:Bertoldi 4649:Bertoldi 4620:Bertoldi 4583:Bertoldi 4571:Bertoldi 4559:Bertoldi 4547:Bertoldi 4535:Bertoldi 4510:Bertoldi 4498:Bertoldi 4486:Bertoldi 4474:Bertoldi 4462:Bertoldi 4450:Bertoldi 4426:Bertoldi 4414:Bertoldi 4402:Bertoldi 4390:Bertoldi 4378:Bertoldi 4366:Bertoldi 4354:Bertoldi 4339:Bertoldi 4327:Bertoldi 4315:Ramorino 4297:Bertoldi 4285:Bertoldi 4273:Bertoldi 4242:Bertoldi 4204:Bertoldi 4192:Bertoldi 4146:Bertoldi 4134:Bertoldi 4122:Bertoldi 4110:Bertoldi 4085:Bertoldi 4061:Bertoldi 4049:Bertoldi 4037:Bertoldi 4025:Bertoldi 4013:Bertoldi 4001:Bertoldi 3988:Bertoldi 3964:Bertoldi 3952:Bertoldi 3940:Bertoldi 3928:Bertoldi 3916:Bertoldi 3904:Bertoldi 3892:Bertoldi 3880:Bertoldi 3868:Bertoldi 3856:Bertoldi 3844:Bertoldi 3832:Bertoldi 3820:Bertoldi 3808:Bertoldi 3796:Bertoldi 3784:Bertoldi 3772:Bertoldi 3760:Bertoldi 3736:Bertoldi 3724:Bertoldi 3699:Bertoldi 3687:Bertoldi 3675:Bertoldi 3663:Bertoldi 3642:Bertoldi 3630:Bertoldi 3615:Bertoldi 3581:See also 3022:Ancestry 2680:Chambéry 2606:Bertoldi 2602:— 2532:A Coruña 2485:Moncalvo 2478:Vercelli 2213:en route 2036:Republic 1559:Portugal 1499:raw silk 1386:Bordeaux 1298:Prussian 1233:and the 971:Florence 907:Lombardy 616:dragoons 560:Sardinia 336:Religion 216:Portugal 139:See list 5195:at the 4844:4 March 3062:removed 3047:sources 3008:Belgium 2706:of the 2540:Caminha 2513:Bayonne 2474:Orfengo 2389:Bicocca 2372:Chamber 2222:Vicenza 2171:Bozzolo 2167:Cremona 2151:Voghera 2077:of the 2028:Palermo 2023:Pius IX 1874:Jesuits 1806:Ferrara 1731:Trieste 1622:Bologna 1598:Mazzini 1574:John VI 1547:Prussia 1543:Austria 1477:in the 1384:, near 1333:, 1825. 1168:Seville 1098:Córdoba 1070:Livorno 778:, King 608:Bourges 556:malaria 364:Italian 262: 254: 250: 5237: 5082: 4168: 3005: 2937: 2895: 2819: 2736:, and 2690:Legacy 2552:Oporto 2530:, and 2505:Monaco 2497:Savona 2385:Novara 2155:Mincio 1959:, and 1935:Europa 1824:Guelph 1779:Rimini 1555:France 1545:, and 1539:Russia 1533:. The 1378:Vendée 1293:cilice 1162:, 1834 1102:Utrera 1086:Madrid 937:Novara 924:, and 853:Modena 593:Geneva 397:France 326:Mother 316:Father 240:Spouse 222:Burial 5239:Died: 5232:Born: 5038:p. 20 5001:(PDF) 4994:(PDF) 3603:Notes 2857:Spain 2759:Genoa 2676:] 2657:Goito 2638:Latin 2493:Acqui 2434:] 2419:] 2332:] 2293:] 2278:Oglio 2175:Asola 2163:Pavia 2054:] 1968:] 1957:] 1851:] 1840:] 1820:] 1785:. 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