Carlos Fitzcarrald - Knowledge (XXG)

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Casa Fitzcarrald, which was located at the confluence of the Urubamba and Tambo Rivers. In 1915, the Casa Fitzcarrald and two brothers were attacked in an indigenous rebellion; newspapers initially reported the brothers were killed along with their family. The attackers took as many rifles and as much ammunition as they could carry with them. Later reports stated Federico and José survived the attack, and had organized an eighty-two-man retaliatory expedition against natives. Casa Fitzcarrald was one of the few rubber exporting enterprises to survive the revolt in 1915 and continue operating. Human trafficking persisted in the Ucayali and Atalaya areas as late as 1988. In 1987, anthropologist Søren Hvalkof discovered members of the Scharff family related to Carlos Fitzcarrald's foreman Carlos Scharff were still participating in debt bondage. Søren Hvalkof said the local reputation of Fitzcarrald and Scharff in the Ucayali area sanctioned the exploitative treatment of natives in that region. According to Hvalkof:

414: 514: 442: 801:. Valdez denied Fitzcarrald had to use the myth of the "amachengua" to dominate Asháninka natives. Gabriel Sala first reported these rumors in 1897, and they were included in Reyna's biography; Valdez denied this claim but did not offer an explanation of the use of this myth. Anthropologist Michael Fobes Brown said chiefs like Amaringo, who worked for Fitzcarrald, may have used these rumors but he states that whether or not those figures were familiar enough with the concept of an "amachengua" to exploit this belief may never be known. Another biography of Fitzcarrald was published in 2015 by Rafael Otero Mutín; this is regarded as being better documented than Reyna's book. 633:, who was a rubber baron and a senator for the Bolivian department of Beni. Vaca Díez was invited into a developing business network, which would create an association of Peruvian, Bolivian, and Brazilian rubber exporters. Around 300 men were distributed at points ranging from 20 to 30 miles (32 to 48 km) between Mishagua and El Carmen to establish new supply stations, which would support the enterprise's operations in the area. An engineer named Manuel Balbastro was sent to the isthmus to establish a plan for a railway that would extend from Mishagua to the opposite side of the isthmus on the Manu River. Balbastro estimated this project could cost up to four million 602:

bows, fired them at the encampment ... All the tribes rose up to stop Fitzcarrald who, to put an end to the Mashco, prepared a raid with his captains Maldonado, Galdós and Sanchez ... In the Comerjali stream they took many prisoners; they executed, after a brief trial, 30 Mashco and destroyed 46 canoes ... Another day, the Mashco killed more than 100 people and so the rubber barons attacked them, by river and by land, with such violence that the Manu was covered in corpses ... you couldn’t draw water from the river for all the bodies of Mashco and rubber workers, because it was a war to the death. This took place in 1894.

592:, Fitzcarrald, along with a Piro interpreter, attempted to persuade a Mashco chief it would be more advantageous to enter an alliance with Fitzcarrald than to fight. The Mashco chief wanted to see the "arrows" they had brought and was handed a Winchester cartridge. He tried to injure himself with this bullet and after comparing it to an arrow of his own, which he stabbed into his arm, this chief walked away from Fitzcarrald with confidence. After a physical, half-hour-long conflict between the two groups, 100 Mashcos including the chief had been killed. Da Cunha described the small army that accompanied Fitzcarrald as "disparate 386: 299:(Friar) Carlos, who was due to administer the last rites, had met Isaías in San Luis. Fray Carlos did not recognize Isaías at first on account of sickness but recognized his story. During a confession, Fray Carlos was able to verify Isaías was the first-born son of Williams Fitzgerald Jr. Fray Carlos immediately declared under oath the prisoner indeed was Isaías Fermín and he was released. Isaías later changed his first name to Carlos because Fray Carlos had saved his life. Between 1878 and 1897, his last name was 692:

rubber-bearing lands on the Manu River in exchange for navigational rights. Suárez and Fitzcarrald established a company named Suárez y Fiscarrald. Suárez' ships were also permitted to travel through the Urubamba-Ucayali River due to these negotiations. The same year, Vaca Díez traveled to London to register The Orton Rubber Co. and he intended to return to Bolivia with several new migrants who would work for him. Fitzcarrald and Vaca Díez met again in July 1897 near Mishagua, where they discussed business.

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claim to assets owned by Fitzcarrald's enterprise, and began excursions into Peruvian-held territory on the Madre de Dios and Ucayali Rivers. The Orton Rubber Co., which Vaca Díez founded, was absorbed into Suárez's company. Anthropologist Alberto Chirif said a significant factor for the variability of the rubber boom's impacts on the Amazon is due to the 1897 shipwreck that killed Fitzcarrald and Vaca Díez.

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The isthmus was attended to by Piro natives, who took on the portage and the shipment of goods across the route. Walking from one end of the isthmus to the other took around 55 minutes. Shipibo historian José Roque Maina collected oral testimony from Shipibo natives that "clearly describe their participation in the transport of Fitzcarrald's boat from the Ucayali to the Madre de Dios in 1895".

804:"Lizzie: A Victorian Lady's Amazon Adventure" is a collection of letters from Elizabeth Mathys Hessel and her husband Fred Hessel to their family in England. Fred Hessel was hired by Antonio de Vaca Díez and traveled with Díez on his return trip from Europe. This book discusses the partnership between Carlos Fitzcarrald, Vaca Díez, and Nicolas Suarez, and includes an eyewitness account of the 46: 318:. The white figure claimed the "Sun Father" had sent him with a message saying the tribes were to work together. The representative of the Sun to obey on Earth was said to be Carlos Fitzcarrald. Fitzcarrald threatened the natives the rivers would dry up and the game would be chased away if they did not listen to and obey his words. A missionary named 360:, the owner of a Brazilian rubber-exporting firm. There, he fell in love at first sight with Cardozo's stepdaughter Aurora Velazco, who was a widow. They soon married and Fitzcarrald entered a business partnership with Cardozo to extract rubber in the Ucayali. Fitzcarrald already had knowledge and links with the Asháninkas, Humaguacas, 453:, a tributary of the Urubamba River. . In 1893, Fitzcarrald began looking for a portage route across the Mishagua River and another river, he had previously heard about a suitable path from information relayed to him by natives. This was a short, direct route from the Urubamba River to a river that Fitzcarrald believed to be the 742:

Madre de Dios River began attacking canoes and raiding settlements established by Fitzcarrald's enterprise. The Mashcos were able to assume control over the isthmus and burned down rubber stations, killed mules that provided transportation on the route, and damaged infrastructure Fitzcarrald's enterprise had established.

260:, the eldest son of an Irish-American sailor and trader who married a Peruvian woman. Isaías's father and grandfather were American sailors. Isaías's grandfather, Williams Fitzgerald, was the captain of a sail boat and he drowned in a shipwreck. His son Williams Fitzgerald Jr. migrated to Peru and settled in 733:

Perl wrote he saw "oth Vaca-Diez and Fizcarrald swung through the windows into the raging flood". Perl was caught in a whirlpool from which he managed to escape, unlike Fitzcarrald. Fitzcarrald's body was found days later and was buried in the forest. He was reburied two years later in a cemetery in Iquitos.

326:, manipulate the natives into gathering at a specific location using threats or promises. Fitzcarrald employed around fifty men to greet natives and tell them the "Sun Father" wanted to be seen elsewhere. The natives were then coerced into canoes before travelling to the Ucayali River, then either the 783:

In spite of their crimes, these rubber barons are still national heroes today. In Ucayali and Atalaya they are set up as the models of civilised behaviour. Their culture was refined, they were educated, they knew how to conduct themselves and were forceful. Pianos and velvet furniture. Thus the lines

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natives were massacred in this part of the Madre de Dios because they would not extract rubber for Fitzcarrald or permit his enterprise to travel through their territory. An unknown number of their villages were also destroyed. Many Toyeri and Araseri natives fled the area to escape these attacks but

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at the time, for the accident. Tony Morrison, who compiled and edited Lizzie Hessel's letters, speculated the river accident may have been planned and said "convenient accidents" were a business tactic used by rubber barons. After July 1897, some of the remaining Mashco and Guarayo natives along the

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and afterwards the ship lost control to the current. Perl wrote after the ship lost control of the current, it was slammed against rocks and then sank. Fitzcarrald's biographer Reyna stated Fitzcarrald was a "renowned swimmer" and had tried to save his friend Vaca Díez, who did not know how to swim.

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Velazco moved to Paris to oversee the upbringing of the children she had with Carlos Fitzcarrald. At least two of their sons, Federico and José, were educated in that city. Velazco also established a hotel in Paris. In 1915, Federico and José controlled a large workforce of Asháninka natives at the

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After a beating of drums, Fitzcarrald replied, via an interpreter, that if the Mashco opposed him he would give them a good thrashing, right down to the tiniest baby ... the Indians retreated ... they tied objects (gifts brought by the rubber barons) to their arrowheads and, drawing their

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peoples. The Yine are the descendants of natives whom Fitzcarrald forced to work for him and the Mashco are the descendants of natives who fled following Fitzcarrald's arrival. According to Zacarías Valdez Lozano, who worked with Fitzcarrald, pressure from rubber barons had evicted the Mashcos from

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The establishment of the Isthmus of Fitzcarrald route enabled the transportation of rubber from the Madre de Dios region. Rubber was then transferred to ships on the Mishagua that could reach the Urubamba, the Ucayali River, and thereby sail down the Amazon to markets and Atlantic ports for export.

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had broken out. He encountered a group of natives who had been tied up by soldiers, who were taking them to Pasco as "volunteers". Isaías protested, demanding the soldiers release the captives, who were complaining about mistreatment. The soldiers asked Isaías to produce identification; Isaías was

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Scharff acquired control over an unknown number of Piro natives who were initially enslaved by the Fitzcarrald family. Around 1903, a dispute over which location Scharff was shipping his rubber to turned into a conflict between Scharff and the Fitzcarrald family. This issue later escalated into a

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Both Fitzcarrald and Vaca Díez had a business relationship with Suárez, who was the primary benefactor of the accident. Suárez absorbed a substantial portion of Fitzcarrald's fleet, along with many of his Peruvian personnel; Suárez soon became the largest exporter of rubber in Bolivia. Suárez laid

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During the business venture, in 1878, Isaías was severely wounded. The wound was so serious that newspapers in Huaraz and Lima reported that Isaías had perished. Isaías's father travelled to Llamellín to pay for the medical expenses and he died shortly afterwards. Isaías recovered for three months

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along with merchandise, which he offered to the Bolivians at lower rates than Suárez could find along the Madeira and Beni Rivers. The Isthmus provided a safer route for Suárez to export rubber. Suárez decided to invest 500,000 Bolivian pesos for the improvement and further development of the new

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hese were standard routes used by Piro people moving between river systems, and are regularly mentioned in the earlier literature... What the 'discoveries' related in the histories actually relate is the increasingly direct articulation of this trading system with the burgeoning rubber-extraction

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will come down from the sky. The rubber worker, to provide himself with pawns, sent emissaries to the nomadic tribes and scattered in the immensity of the jungle, with the slogan of making it known to his ears that in a certain place the Son of the Sun had appeared ...They used a surprising

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area. Amaringo also organized punitive expeditions against other entrepreneurs with whom Fitzcarrald had disagreements. Fitzcarrald also had alliances with other Asháninka chiefs, who would capture and trade slaves. The rubber firms would advance supplies to Asháninka groups that had agreed to

721:, wrote that Fitzcarrald had boarded the steamship to wish the crew and passengers good morning, however Fitzcarrald did not intend to travel with them as he felt safer with travelling with his natives by canoe. Perl stated that Fitzcarrald was persuaded to stay on board during the journey. 691:

In 1896, the Peruvian government granted Fitzcarrald exclusive navigational rights to the Upper Ucayali, Urubamba, Manu, and Madre de Dios rivers. Suárez and Vaca Díez had to negotiate separately with Fitzcarrald so they could operate on the rivers he controlled. Suárez offered Fitzcarrald

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before travelling to San Luis de Huari to find better treatment and on the way back to his family, he was told that his father had passed away. Isaías decided to move away from his hometown and took his father's maps with him, which contained information about Amazonian regions of Peru.

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not a citizen of Peru and had left his baptismal and school certificates at home. The soldiers found Isaías ' father's maps and accusing him of being a Chilean spy. There was no proof of Isaías's identity for months until the day he was supposed to be executed. A man referred to as

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Some of the raids described by Valdez were not punitive in nature, but instead they were carried out with the intent of exterminating the native population with the exception of children. Anthropologist Klaus Rummenhoeller referred to Fitzcarrald as "the most bloodthirty of the

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There were also raids against natives on other tributaries of the Manu, most notably the Sahuinto, Sotileja, and Fierro. Most of the indigenous men Fitzcarrald's enterprise found during their slave raids along the Manu River were killed. Some of these slave raids were against

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In his 1897 book, Sala did not elaborate on what Balbastro witnessed. Sala wrote "in this matter and in the business of human flesh, there is so much to correct, that it is better not to say anything, until the Supreme Government can operate more quickly on that plethora of

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cunning to convince the Indians to abandon their freedom; by means of seductive words and gifts, they reduced them and fixed their tents on the banks of the rivers, to have them more at hand as cargo ships for collecting rubber or laborers for the cultivation of the

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of the tribes he had subjugated". Dominican missionary José Álvarez provided details of another conflict between Fitzcarrald and a Mashco tribe that may have occurred during the same expedition as the one in the incident described by da Cunha. According to Álvarez:

637:. The project was later abandoned because it was believed to be too expensive. Balbastro was persuaded to stay at Mishagua and work for Fitzcarrald's enterprise for a season; he later told Fray Sala about some of the atrocities and abuses he witnessed white 775:

border conflict between Peru and Brazil. Another brother of Carlos Fitzcarrald, Lorenzo, was murdered by bandits in 1905 on his way back to San Luis. Lorenzo had been managing operations for a rubber enterprise in the years leading up to his death.

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rivers. Fitzcarrald also owned stations and outposts on the Tambo River. Many of the independent merchants around the Tambo and Ucayali rivers eventually began working with Fitzcarrald. By 1891, most of the Piro natives on the Urubamba River were

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natives. Fitzcarrald's captain Maldonado led a campaign in the Sahuinto area, where his group killed many Mashco men before enslaving their women and children. Captain Sanchez destroyed native farms, villages, and canoes on the Sotileja River.

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With a deep knowledge of the mountain, he knew how to use traditional rivalries ... The method is simple: Winchesters are given to the Cunibo who must pay in Kampa slaves and then Winchesters are given to the Kampa who must pay in Cunibo

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in 1900. The establishment of the portage route between the Urubamba and the Purus Rivers was disputed between Delfín Fitzcarrald and Leopoldo Collazos. Delfín was killed in an ambush upon returning from his first trip to the Purus River.

264:. There he met Fermín Lopez, as well as his daughter, with whom Fitzgerald fell in love and married. The marriage resulted in seven children, whose names were: Isaías Fermín, Rosalía, Lorenzo, Grimalda, Delfin, Fernando, and Edelmira. 1495:

A portion of the Fitzcarrald enterprise was acquired by the mother-in-law of Carlos Fitzcarrald. This included large swathes of territory in the Purus and Acre River, which became subject to Brazil due to the actions of Fitzcarrald's

1015:"They would capture women and youths in particular, who formed precious trading objects, whilst adult men were eliminated as they would never form as malleable a workforce as the children, who were more easily and fully assimilated." 364:

and other tribes they could exploit to tap rubber. He made fun of rumors natives of the Ucayali were savage cannibals, stating someone wise made up the tale. Fitzcarrald's new coalition dominated trade and the rubber industry in the

410:(slave raids). Killing of indigenous males and enslavement of the women and children was common practice during these raids. Some of the indigenous groups exploited by Fitzcarrald include Asháninka, Piro, and Harakmbut natives. 736:

Hessel wrote that Fitzcarrald's wife blamed the group of travelers who were accompanying Vaca Díez for Fitzcarrald's death, because he had arranged accommodations for this group. Ernesto Reyna blamed Perl, who was piloting

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José Cardozo de Rosa and Carlos Fitzcarrald's brother, Delfín, were working together on the Urubamba River as early as 1892. At the time of Gabriel Sala's journey, Delfín and two of his cousins were staying at the port of

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trees, which are not suitable for long-term exploitation The most-effective way of extracting rubber from this tree is to cut it down; this incentivized and necessitated constant movement for new sources of rubber trees.

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Fitzcarrald became established as a rubber baron in the late 19th century; he managed rubber operations on the Pachitea, Upper Ucayali, Urubamba, Tambo, Apurimac and Madre de Dios rivers. He became known as the "King of

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was constructed in London and was specifically designed for navigation on Amazon rivers. A second boat was specially constructed in Europe for this enterprise but the source that refers to this boat does not provide a

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In 1897 Gabriel Sala documented an encounter with Amaringo, who was leading an expedition with four large canoes and twenty-five armed men. This group arrested a man who was traveling with Sala and owed money to

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to persuade Vaca Díez to travel on a canoe because Fitzcarrald did not have faith in the new steamship. Fitzcarrald was persuaded to stay on the ship with his business partner. Albert Perl who was navigating the

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the subsequent migrations led to other conflicts among indigenous groups. The atrocities perpetrated on behalf of Fitzcarrald were never subjected to a systematic inquiry or investigation during the rubber boom.

844:(1982), which symbolizes the extremes generated during the rubber boom and takes Fitzcarrald's symbolic transport of a disassembled ship to an explicit hyperbole by dragging an entire steamboat over a mountain. 310:, in northern Peru, with the hope of making a fortune. Isaías disappeared from the historical record for 10 years and multiple rumors arose to explain his absence. In 1888, Fray Carlos reported hearing of an 997:

Gabriel Sala noted that when he traveled through the Gran Pajonal region, he saw many burned-down houses or abandoned and came across numerous bands of indigenous slave hunters and their "white foremen".

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By 1888, Fitzcarrald was already the richest rubber entrepreneur on the Ucayali River. In 1888, he visited Iquitos with a large quantity of rubber and many Asháninka servants. In the city, he visited

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Lorenzo was returning to the family home at San Luis with the money he had made while working in the rubber industry. The exact circumstances of his death are unknown, and his body was never found.

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Federico and José returned to Peru in the early 1910s and assumed operational control over what remained of their father's enterprise. This was after the deaths of their uncles Delfín and Lorenzo.

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took two months to complete. Ernesto de La Combe stated there were 300 Piros, 500 Asháninka, and 200 non-indigenous men on the second expedition. It took 600 men to drag the

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Williams Jr. prioritized the education of his firstborn, Isaías, ensuring that his son went to well-known schools in Peru, such as Colegio La Libertad de Huaraz and later in

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Hessel also stated that after the death of Fitzcarrald, his wife was physically abusing natives, some of whom were chained to her bed at night so they could not run away.

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the Manu River. Valdez also wrote in his memoirs after a skirmish occurred on an unfamiliar river, Fitzcarrald named that river Colorado due to the redness of the water.

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claimed that he was stabbed after confronting someone he was gambling with, as Isaías believed this person was cheating by using loaded dice. This incident occurred in

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Gabriel Sala estimated that there was around forty days worth of traveling between Mishagua and Cachuela Esperanza, which is where Nicolas Suárez had his headquarters.

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Valdez Lozano noted that some of the Piro natives on the Tambo River were exclusively trading with Fitzcarrald, and had stopped dealing with other white merchants.

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Ernesto de La Combe states that around fifty percent of the rubber transported along the Madeira route was lost due to shipwrecks. This was largely due to the

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Fitzcarrald later discovered that this river was the Madre de Dios rather than the Purus River on his second journey, when he reached a Bolivian rubber station.

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On the second expedition in 1894, Fitzcarrald forced Piro and Asháninka natives, as well as around 100 non-natives, under the threat of death to dismantle the

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Ernesto de la Combe corroborated that thirty Mashcos were executed, however his information states that more than ten canoes were destroyed in this incident.

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This was a 180-ton ship which Suárez purchased in Iquitos. Gabriel Sala traveled on this steamship through territory controlled by Fitzcarrald's enterprise.

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to sell merchandise. The trip allowed Isaías to make a large profit from the cargo and familiarize himself with this relatively unexplored region of Peru.

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Stenfao Varese wrote: "Fitzcarrald, , scorning them and killing along the way some who opposed him, has established himself at the center of his domain".

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Valdez was Fitzcarrald's "right-hand man" and published his memoirs in 1944. Valdez began working with Fitzcarrald in 1891, when Valdez was 17 years old.

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Guillermo Reaño stated that the figure of Carlos Fitzcarrald "represented the epitome of cruelty and indigenous exploitation in the Peruvian forests."

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was sold to Fitzcarrald's new Bolivian associates but it sank on the same day of its sale due to unforeseen damage that occurred during its passage.

275:. Williams planned to send Isaías to a nautical school in the United States around 1878. Before this, Williams encouraged Isaías to travel along the 67: 54: 1355:

Vaca Díez recruited around 500 migrants to travel with him across the Atlantic, however only 17 of them continued the journey with him past Iquitos.

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These methods were also practiced against other native groups, and Fitzcarrald had an alliance with at least four Piro chiefs on the Urubamba River.

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was an 8-ton ship, both of which were purchased by Vaca Díez and brought to Iquitos at the beginning of 1897. He also had another ship named the

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sank in the Urubamba River in an accident. They were traveling to Mishagua at the head of a convoy, and were being followed by the steamships

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The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account of the Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein

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Suárez used the fact that both of his partners had died as justification for Suárez acquiring all of the assets belonging to the partnership.

818: 484:. The Asháninka chief Amaringo commanded the flotilla of the first expedition across the isthmus, which consisted of around 100 canoes. The 271:

at Liceo Peruano de Lima. Isaías was a distinguished student and his father encouraged Isaías to pursue a career as a sailor specializing in

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and other native groups, who were then dedicated to the extraction of rubber. In 1897, Fitzcarrald, along with his Bolivian business partner

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Reyna wrote that on the advice of Fray Carlos, Isaías decided to travel to Loreto to seek "the happiness that the civilized had denied him".

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extract rubber; in this way, many natives became indebted to the firms. The Asháninka who did not agree to collect rubber were targets of

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Ernesto Reyna stated that "the crossing from Iquitos to Mishagua took 310 hours, and the return in 86 , carrying 50,000 kilos of rubber.

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Fitzcarrald's disassembly and transport over a mountainous jungle land bridge, as well as his exploits, inspired director and writer

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route Fitzcarrald had established. Fitzcarrald later traveled further down the Madre de Dios River to the Orton River, where he met

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On September 4, 1894, Fitzcarrald arrived at "El Carmen" rubber station on the Madre de Dios River, which the Bolivian rubber baron

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of conduct and rapport with the indigenous population in Atalaya were defined and sanctioned by "public opinion" for many years.

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Fitzcarrald's expeditions into the Madre de Dios region are considered to be the cause of the modern-day division between local

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Fitzcarrald established rubber stations along the Panahua, Sotileja, Cumerjali, and Cashpajali tributaries on the Manu River.

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stated Fitzcarrald had sent natives up river from the Ucayali to search for a path suitable for portage to the Purus River.

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After the death of Fitzcarrald and Vaca Diez, Suárez began to primarily export his rubber through the Madeira route again.

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Roux's information corroborates that the steamship was transported on a "makeshift track" constructed from pieces of wood.

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Ultimas exploraciones ordenadas por la Junta de Vías Fluviales a los ríos Ucayali, Madre de Dios, Paucartambo y Urubamba

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Explotación del caucho-shiringa Brasil - Bolivia - Perú: economías extractivo-mercantiles del Alto Acre - Madre de Dios

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was chartered by Fitzcarrald from Wesche & Compania in 1894. This was the same company that sold the steamship

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On March 21, 1897, Sala wrote:"All these and a thousand other havocs are caused by the rubber business in Ucayali".

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Fitzcarrald died at age 35 on July 9, 1897, together with his Bolivian business partner Vaca Díez, when their ship

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came across a dangerous rapid, which became a fatal obstacle for the ship. Hessel also believed a chain broke on

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In an article titled "'Purús Song': Nationalization and Tribalization in Southwestern Amazonia", anthropologist

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and transported 50,000 kg (110,000 lb) of rubber that year on a voyage to Iquitos. The steamship

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refuted claims Fitzcarrald, and later his brother Delfín, discovered any portage routes. According to Gow:

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Albert Perl said after Fitzcarrald's death, natives around Mishagua became rebellious and were attacking

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Gabriel Sala misspells Manuel's name as Ballarto on page 95 of his book, this is corrected on page 198.

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In 1894, most of the Mashco-Piro demographic was killed by men working for Fitzcarrald. According to

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An important indigenous figure who was a part of Fitzcarrald's network was an Asháninka chief named

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Rivers "so that they become slaves in any way, and never see their land again". According to Sala:

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had a music box, which played throughout the journey and Perl described the atmosphere as festive.

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This was granted to Fitzcarrald by the Minister of War of Peru at the time, Colonel Juan T. Ibarra.

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Ernesto Reyna also stated the rudder chain broke. Perl wrote that he could not control the rudder.

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Transportation on the Madre de Dios for this new partnership would be provided by the steamships

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The Piro and Harakmbut, which includes the Mashco, Toyeri and Araseri demographics, all speak

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described one method of entrapping the natives; a white figure would presented himself as the

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Hessel stated the accident occurred after three days of traveling on the river from Mishagua.

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Gabriel Sala corroborates that Fitzcarrald's father was American and his mother was Peruvian.

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hull across the isthmus; logs were placed underneath the boat so it was easier to transport.

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Euclides da Cunha provides the name of the location this incident happened, "Playa Mashcos".

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Euclides da Cunha emphasized that Mashco-Piro was one of the groups enslaved by Fitzcarrald.

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Fitzcarrald was credited with developing portage routes between the Mishagua River, and the

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Vaca Díez and his group were traveling to the Orton River on the other side of the isthmus.

573: 2520:"Civilization's Aria: Film as Lore and Opera as Metaphor in Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo" 4235: 1486:

corroborates the fact Delfín's death occurred three years after his brother Carlos died.

572:

also implicates Carlos Fitzcarrald with the genocide of Harakmbut natives. Hundreds of

4298: 4281: 956: 893:

In Spanish documents, the name Fitzcarrald is also spelled "Fiscarral" or "Fiscarrald".

874: 859: 854: 759: 680:

launches would facilitate transportation. In 1895, Fitzcarrald chartered the steamship

445:

Photograph of Shipibo natives taken by Charles Kroehle in the Upper Amazon River basin.

374: 361: 287: 245: 237: 217: 141: 4592: 1067:

Delfín is credited with the discovery of a route between the Sepahua and Cujar Rivers.

338:

Fitzgerrald intelligently exploited the belief that the Campas have that one day the

4804: 4762: 4380: 4307: 2962: 2519: 835: 473: 331: 205: 495:

steamship, transport it over a mountain and across the isthmus. The portage of the

2451: 840: 402: 379: 300: 22: 4783:

Salt of the Mountain Campa Asháninka History and Resistance in the Peruvian Jungle

925: 754:

The remainder of Fitzcarrald's enterprise came under the direction of his brother

389:

Piro natives near a tributary of the Pachitea River. This photograph was taken by

225: 4781: 4734: 4713: 4645: 4624: 4603: 4560: 4539: 4466: 4445: 4424: 4337: 4316: 4189: 2824: 2056: 1797: 1720: 1532:

Valdez wrote "n the life of Fitzcarrald, there was nothing of fantasy or legend".

1117:

Toyeri is an extinct ethnic group which was a part of the Harákmbut demographic.

593: 540: 454: 229: 185: 4694:

La frontera domesticada : historia económica y social de Loreto, 1850-2000

4364: 1225: 461: 4522:

Aporias of Mobility: Amazonian Landscapes between Exploration and Engineering

3934: 2456:. Lima, Perú, Oficina Tipográfica de "La Opinión Nacional," 1907. p. 63. 1179:, which were significant obstructions for those navigating the Madeira River. 4761:

Vallve, Frederic (2010). "The Economics of Rubber and the Habilito System".

4412:

Tipiti: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America

1162:

El Carmen is located at the confluence of the Sena and Madre de Dios Rivers.

565: 4492:. New York: Parkwest Publications ; London: British Broadcasting Corp. 45: 4408:""Purús Song": Nationalization and Tribalization in Southwestern Amazonia" 3006: 3004: 2726: 793:

Ernesto Reyna published the first biography of Carlos Fitzcarrald, titled

2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2152: 2150: 1126:"Amongst other things, several hamlets were destroyed with machine guns." 902:

This title is attributed to Fitzcarrald by his biographer, Ernesto Reyna.

608: 4715:

Slavery and Utopia The Wars and Dreams of an Amazonian World Transformer

4672:

Los Pueblos Indígenas de Madre de Dios: Historia, etnografía y coyuntura

4220:"The Acre Territory and the Caoutchouc Region of South-Western Amazonia" 2936: 2924: 4251: 4219: 827:

has a place to view the sunken remains of Fitzcarrald's steamship, the

555:

described a strategy used by Fitzcarrald against the natives, stating:

327: 201: 26: 4583:

Os kaxinawa de felizardo correias trabalho e civilização no alto jurua

4468:

The Scramble for the Amazon and the Lost Paradise of Euclides Da Cunha

4372: 4348: 468:. Fitzcarrald and his enterprise explored the Madre de Dios region of 417:“The only practical method for obtaining the latex of the Caucho tree” 4530: 3612: 3610: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 2884: 2882: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 1172: 4562:

Freedom in Practice Governance, Autonomy and Liberty in the Everyday

4243: 3289: 3287: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 1188:

According to Frederic Vallve's information, Suárez invested £25,000.

2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 1808:. Información, Opinión Pública, Publicidad y Encuestas: 141. 1966c. 1224:

According to Ernesto Reyna, this railway was designed to operate a

4764:

The impact of the rubber boom on the Bolivian Lowlands (1850-1920)

512: 440: 412: 384: 296: 2433: 2431: 2429: 303:

from Fitzgerald to Fiscarrald, which is now spelled Fitzcarrald.

4156: 4154: 3100: 3098: 476:, Madre de Dios, Peru. He is credited with founding the city of 268: 123: 4658:

L'Amazonie Peruvie Ne Un Eldorado dévoré par la forêt 1821-1910

4486:

Hessel, Lizzie; Morrison, Tony; Brown, Ann; Rose, Anne (1987).

3935:"Exploitive By Design: Warning Signs From the Northwest Amazon" 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2384: 2382: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2167: 2165: 1926: 1924: 1565:

Sevillan o, Alfonso Cueva (2004). "Carlos Fermin Fitzcarrald".

4339:

War in the Tribal Zone Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare

39: 4697:. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Fondo Editorial. 4602:

Moore, Thomas; Rummenhöller, Klaus; Chavarría, María (2020).

4318:

War of Shadows The Struggle for Utopia in the Peruvian Amazon

3139: 3137: 4597:(PhD) (in Portuguese). Federal University of Santa Catarina. 3627: 3625: 2248: 2246: 2244: 1473:

arrived at the area of operations after Fitzcarrald's death.

4395:

García Hierro, Pedro; Hvalkof, Søren; Gray, Andrew (1998).

3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3654: 3652: 2477: 2475: 2416: 2414: 2412: 1514:

Together, Aurora and Carlos Fitzcarrald had four children.

184:(6 July 1862 – 9 July 1897) was a Peruvian 3262: 3260: 3258: 3215: 3213: 1841: 1839: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 449:

In 1892, Fitzcarrald established a rubber station on the

4282:"Los dominicos y los pueblos indígenas de Madre de Dios" 4045: 4043: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3750: 3748: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3561: 3559: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1578: 1576: 1569:(in Spanish). A.F.A. Editores Importadores. p. 222. 4133: 3971: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3832: 3830: 3735: 3733: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3522: 3520: 3487: 3471: 3469: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3316: 3314: 3245: 3243: 3230: 3228: 3010: 2806: 2804: 2772: 2770: 2672: 2670: 2325: 2264: 2156: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1259:

was a 60-ton steamship which Suárez ordered from Europe

564:

Yesica Patiachi, an Indigenous educator, stated to the

4503:. The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. 4500:

Indigenous peoples in isolation in the Peruvian Amazon

4401:. The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. 4213:. The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. 3994: 3992: 3367: 3365: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2399: 2397: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 517:

A 1904 map of the isthmus that Fitzcarrald discovered.

4856:

Perpetrators of Indigenous genocides in South America

4691:

Santos Granero, Fernando; Barclay, Frederica (2002).

4594:

Organização e história dos Manxineru do alto rio Iaco

4398:

Liberation through land rights in the Peruvian Amazon

2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 306:

According to author Jean-Claude Roux, Isaías went to

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According to German Albert Perl, who was navigating

4541:

Peru and the United States The Condor and the Eagle

3941:. Harvard Graduate School of Design. pp. 52–53 3293: 3192: 2761: 2727:

Dan James Pantone, PhD., "The Myth of Fitzcarraldo"

2206: 1567:

Diccionario histórico biográfico: peruanos ilustres

1552: 156: 148: 130: 108: 89: 4447:The Arakmbut--mythology, Spirituality, and History 3643: 3616: 3436: 4315:Eduardo, Fernández; Fobes Brown, Michael (1991). 4034: 2061:. Editado e impreso en JL Editores. p. 204. 624:owned. Fitzcarrald had traveled on the steamship 196:. In the early 1890s, Fitzcarrald discovered the 4736:El proceso del Putumayo y sus secretos inauditos 4650:(in Spanish). Taller graf́ico de P. Barrantes C. 3550: 3054: 3052: 3050: 2888: 2861: 2823:Myers, Thomas; Cipolletti, Maria Susana (2002). 2437: 1600:"An Isolated Tribe Emerges from the Rain Forest" 1484:El proceso del Putumayo y sus secretos inauditos 1482:The 1915 edition of judge Carlos A. Valcárcel's 1197:Vaca Díez was also the cousin of Nicolás Suárez. 724:Perl wrote that at around 3:30 in the afternoon 530:industry in the latter half of the 19th century. 212:basin. Fitzcarrald became known as the "King of 781: 599: 336: 33: and the second or maternal family name is 4826:People from Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald Province 4210:Peru: Deforestation in Times of Climate Change 4160: 4121: 4109: 4097: 4085: 2967:Amazonian Languages, an International Handbook 2873: 2795: 2388: 2373: 2337: 2235: 2223: 2171: 1930: 1706: 4172: 3104: 2937:Deforestation in times of climate change 2019 2925:Deforestation in times of climate change 2019 2900: 2605: 2183: 8: 4605:Madre de Dios refugio de pueblos originarios 4580:Manuel Piedrafita Iglesias, Marcelo (2010). 831:which is located in the Madre de Dios River. 426:" rubber, referring to latex extracted from 256:Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald López was born as 4683:Apuntes de viaje del R. P. Fr. Gabriel Sala 4559:Lino e Silva, Moisés; Wardle, Huon (2016). 4489:Lizzie: a Victorian lady's Amazon adventure 4190:"Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima" 3983: 3143: 2252: 369:area, which was near the confluence of the 4207:Chirif, Alberto; Reaño, Guillermo (2019). 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 1593: 1591: 1368:, this meeting took place on July 8, 1897. 480:and he also explored the area that is now 97: 86: 4586:. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. 4525:(Thesis). Columbia University Libraries. 4297: 4195:Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima 3821: 2481: 2420: 1277:This was purchased by Vaca Díez at Orton. 799:El verdadero Fitzcarrald ante la historia 290:to join the military after finding out a 2361: 2300: 1954: 1766: 1582: 224:. His enterprise exploited and enslaved 70:of all important aspects of the article. 4629:(in German). De Gruyter, Incorporated. 3025:"Mounting Drama for Uncontacted Tribes" 2505: 2493: 1545: 886: 656:; while on the Ucayali, the steamships 616:Partnership with Bolivian rubber barons 3920: 3896: 3790: 3695: 3658: 3601: 3577: 3538: 3499: 3413: 3278: 3266: 3219: 3116: 3089: 2912: 2829:. Verlag Anton Saurwein. p. 134. 2810: 2688: 2661: 2593: 2540: 2466: 2349: 1886: 1682: 66:Please consider expanding the lead to 4767:(dissertation). Georgetown University 4145: 4073: 4061: 4049: 3908: 3884: 3867: 3802: 3778: 3754: 3631: 3565: 3526: 3511: 3475: 3392: 3344: 3320: 3234: 3204: 3167: 3155: 3128: 3077: 2849: 2776: 2742: 2676: 2638: 2403: 2288: 2141: 2117: 2105: 2093: 2042: 1990: 1966: 1942: 1898: 1869: 1857: 1845: 1830: 1818: 1745: 1694: 7: 4342:. School of American Research Press. 3855: 3836: 3766: 3739: 3724: 3712: 3670: 3589: 3460: 3448: 3371: 3356: 3332: 3305: 3249: 2995: 2983: 2948: 2626: 2583:. London: Fischer Unwin. p. 95. 2564: 2276: 2129: 2081: 2030: 2007: 1978: 1915: 1665: 1650: 758:, and Carlos Fitzcarralds's foremen 4831:Peruvian people of American descent 4686:(in Spanish). Impr. La "Industria". 4022: 4010: 3998: 3959: 2707: 2552: 955:He had previously worked along the 855:Abuses against the Putumayo Indians 4519:Kozikoski Valereto, Deneb (2018). 4497:Huertas Castillo, Beatriz (2004). 4321:. University of California Press. 4299:10.15381/arqueolsoc.2021n34.e20628 819:Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald Province 14: 4712:Santos-Granero, Fernando (2018). 4591:Marcos de Almeida, Matos (2018). 4514:(in Spanish). Impr. La Industria. 4426:An Amazonian myth and its history 4353:Journal of Latin American Studies 3023:Scott Wallace (31 January 2012). 2826:Artefactos Y Sociedad en Amazonia 16:Peruvian rubber baron (1862–1897) 4836:Peruvian people of Irish descent 4786:. University of Oklahoma Press. 4508:Junta de Vías Fluviales (1904). 4259:Curtis Farabee, William (1922). 535:In the Madre de Dios River basin 244:, drowned in an accident on the 220:) due to his success during the 44: 4544:. University of Georgia Press. 4471:. University of Chicago Press. 192:, in a province that was later 182:Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald López 169: 113:Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald López 58:may be too short to adequately 4647:Fitzcarrald, el rey del caucho 4626:Durch die Urwälder Südamerikas 4280:Dávila Francia, Jesús (2021). 2524:Journal of Latin American Lore 1719:Serier, Jean-Baptiste (2000). 922:Fitzcarrald, el rey del caucho 795:Fitzcarrald, el rey del caucho 68:provide an accessible overview 1: 4718:. University of Texas Press. 4669:Rummenhoeller, Klaus (2003). 4262:Indian Tribes of Eastern Peru 2055:Paredes Pando, Oscar (2013). 1457:This included the steamships 4134:Liberation through land 1998 3972:La frontera domesticada 2002 3488:La frontera domesticada 2002 3011:Liberation through land 1998 2326:Liberation through land 1998 2265:La frontera domesticada 2002 2157:Liberation through land 1998 1298:waiting for him in Bolivia. 1290:was a 5-ton ship, while the 641:perpetrate against natives. 25:, the first or paternal 4429:. Oxford University Press. 2577:Hardenburg, Walter (1912). 672:, a tugboat named Bolivar, 4872: 4733:Valcárcel, Carlos (1915). 4655:Roux, Jean-Claude (1994). 4538:Lawrence, Clayton (1999). 437:The Isthmus of Fitzcarrald 316:Inca Juan Santos Atahualpa 20: 4365:10.1017/S0022216X00005095 1786:(in Spanish). El Peruano. 96: 4780:Varese, Stefano (2004). 4565:. Taylor & Francis. 4336:Ferguson, Brian (2000). 3933:Oyuela-Bonzani, Isabel. 3294:Istmo de Fiscarrald 1904 3193:Istmo de Fiscarrald 1904 2762:Istmo de Fiscarrald 1904 2518:Dolkart, Ronald (1985). 2207:Freedom in practice 2016 1722:Les barons du caoutchouc 1553:Istmo de Fiscarrald 1904 258:Isaías Fermín Fitzgerald 4851:Deaths due to shipwreck 4841:Peruvian businesspeople 4664:. Editions L'Harmattan. 4644:Reyna, Ernesto (1942). 4465:Hecht, Susanna (2013). 4347:Fifer, Valerie (1970). 4218:Church, George (1904). 3644:Kozikoski Valereto 2018 3617:Kozikoski Valereto 2018 3437:Kozikoski Valereto 2018 2961:Van Linden, An (2019). 2731:Iquitos News and Travel 1268:This was a 22-ton ship. 399:Venancio Amaringo Campa 4680:Sala, Gabriel (1897). 4511:El istmo de Fiscarrald 4286:Arqueologia y Sociedad 4035:Marcos de Almeida 2018 3899:, p. 109,229-230. 2450:Hassel, Georg (1907). 786: 604: 562: 532: 518: 482:Manu Biosphere Reserve 466:Isthmus of Fitzcarrald 446: 418: 394: 349: 198:Isthmus of Fitzcarrald 103:Fitzcarrald at age 30. 4846:Explorers of Amazonia 4623:Perl, Albert (1904). 4444:Gray, Andrew (1996). 3551:Huertas Castillo 2004 2889:Huertas Castillo 2004 2862:Huertas Castillo 2004 2438:Huertas Castillo 2004 1798:"Documental del Peru" 1328:to Vaca Díez in 1897. 1226:Decauville locomotive 865:Nicolás Suárez Callaú 622:Nicolás Suárez Callaú 557: 527: 516: 444: 416: 388: 4224:Geographical Journal 3059:Da Cunha, Euclides. 1780:"Fermín Fitzcarrald" 920:Isaías's biography, 821:was named after him. 631:Antonio de Vaca Díez 4739:. Putumayo: IWGIA. 4423:Gow, Peter (2001). 4406:Gow, Peter (2006). 4236:1904GeogJ..23..596C 4161:War of Shadows 1991 4122:Santos-Granero 2018 4110:Santos-Granero 2018 4098:Santos-Granero 2018 4086:Santos-Granero 2018 3029:National Geographic 2874:Dávila Francia 2021 2796:War of Shadows 1991 2389:Santos-Granero 2018 2374:Santos-Granero 2018 2338:Santos-Granero 2018 2236:War of Shadows 1991 2224:War of Shadows 1991 2172:Santos-Granero 2018 1931:War of Shadows 1991 1802:Documental del Peru 1707:Dávila Francia 2021 1598:Anderson, Jon Lee. 1439:and their families. 1238:scrambles ..." 314:(reincarnation) of 210:Madre de Dios River 4450:. Berghahn Books. 4173:Madre de dios 2020 3962:, p. 281,284. 3727:, p. 157-158. 3646:, p. 157-158. 3634:, p. 132-133. 3105:Madre de dios 2020 3080:, p. 435-436. 3035:on 3 February 2012 2951:, p. 223-225. 2901:Rummenhoeller 2003 2691:, p. 602,609. 2606:Madre de dios 2020 2364:, p. 186-187. 2352:, p. 130-131. 2184:Madre de dios 2020 1038:George Earl Church 812:In popular culture 768:Delfín Fitzcarrald 756:Delfín Fitzcarrald 519: 447: 419: 395: 91:Carlos Fitzcarrald 4793:978-0-8061-3512-0 4746:978-9972-9410-9-2 4725:978-1-4773-1643-6 4636:978-3-11-111193-3 4615:978-9972-9753-1-8 4572:978-1-317-41549-7 4551:978-0-8203-2024-3 4478:978-0-226-32283-4 4457:978-1-57181-876-8 4436:978-0-19-924196-5 4328:978-0-520-07435-4 4272:978-0-527-01216-8 4064:, p. 67,156. 3335:, p. 95,198. 2998:, p. 14,266. 2836:978-3-931419-63-9 2068:978-612-46447-0-2 1732:978-2-84586-029-2 1175:locally known as 870:Julio César Arana 764:Leopoldo Collazos 586:Euclides da Cunha 429:Castilla elastica 273:naval engineering 262:San Luis de Huari 242:Antonio Vaca Díez 188:. He was born in 179: 178: 85: 84: 4863: 4797: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4729: 4708: 4687: 4676: 4665: 4663: 4651: 4640: 4619: 4598: 4587: 4576: 4555: 4534: 4531:10.7916/D8QV540Q 4515: 4504: 4493: 4482: 4461: 4440: 4419: 4402: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4343: 4332: 4311: 4301: 4276: 4255: 4214: 4203: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3987: 3984:Os kaxinawa 2010 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3840: 3834: 3825: 3819: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3793:, p. 72-73. 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3743: 3737: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3699: 3693: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3661:, p. 66-67. 3656: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3620: 3614: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3580:, p. 12,21. 3575: 3569: 3563: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3541:, p. 32,91. 3536: 3530: 3524: 3515: 3514:, p. 61-62. 3509: 3503: 3502:, p. 48-49. 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3417: 3411: 3396: 3390: 3375: 3369: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3253: 3247: 3238: 3232: 3223: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3144:Os kaxinawa 2010 3141: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3056: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3031:. Archived from 3020: 3014: 3008: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2891:, p. 51-52. 2886: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2799: 2793: 2780: 2774: 2765: 2759: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2724: 2711: 2705: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2665: 2659: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2515: 2509: 2508:, p. 53,77. 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2424: 2418: 2407: 2401: 2392: 2386: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2253:Os kaxinawa 2010 2250: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2210: 2204: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2160: 2154: 2145: 2144:, p. 23-25. 2139: 2133: 2132:, p. 49-50. 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1993:, p. 19-23. 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1969:, p. 19-22. 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1919: 1913: 1902: 1901:, p. 13-17. 1896: 1890: 1884: 1873: 1872:, p. 12-14. 1867: 1861: 1860:, p. 11,13. 1855: 1849: 1848:, p. 11-12. 1843: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1669: 1663: 1654: 1648: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1595: 1586: 1580: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1480: 1474: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1186: 1180: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1059: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1035: 1029: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1007: 1004: 998: 995: 989: 985: 979: 976: 970: 966: 960: 953: 947: 944: 938: 935: 929: 918: 912: 909: 903: 900: 894: 891: 825:Puerto Maldonado 505: 478:Puerto Maldonado 382:to Fitzcarrald. 190:San Luis, Ancash 173: 171: 137: 101: 87: 80: 77: 71: 48: 40: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4801: 4800: 4794: 4779: 4770: 4768: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4732: 4726: 4711: 4705: 4690: 4679: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4643: 4637: 4622: 4616: 4601: 4590: 4579: 4573: 4558: 4552: 4537: 4518: 4507: 4496: 4485: 4479: 4464: 4458: 4443: 4437: 4422: 4405: 4394: 4385: 4383: 4346: 4335: 4329: 4314: 4292:(34): 225–239. 4279: 4273: 4258: 4244:10.2307/1776006 4217: 4206: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3843: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3702: 3694: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3420: 3412: 3399: 3391: 3378: 3370: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3256: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3058: 3057: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2783: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2725: 2714: 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53:This article's 49: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4869: 4867: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4792: 4777: 4758: 4745: 4730: 4724: 4709: 4703: 4688: 4677: 4666: 4652: 4641: 4635: 4620: 4614: 4599: 4588: 4577: 4571: 4556: 4550: 4535: 4516: 4505: 4494: 4483: 4477: 4462: 4456: 4441: 4435: 4420: 4403: 4392: 4359:(2): 113–146. 4344: 4333: 4327: 4312: 4288:(in Spanish). 4277: 4271: 4265:. Read Books. 4256: 4230:(5): 596–613. 4215: 4204: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175:, p. 138. 4165: 4150: 4138: 4136:, p. 126. 4126: 4124:, p. 110. 4114: 4102: 4090: 4078: 4076:, p. 156. 4066: 4054: 4052:, p. 157. 4039: 4037:, p. 293. 4027: 4025:, p. 282. 4015: 4013:, p. 446. 4003: 4001:, p. 281. 3988: 3986:, p. 281. 3976: 3964: 3952: 3925: 3923:, p. 230. 3913: 3911:, p. 133. 3901: 3889: 3887:, p. 134. 3872: 3870:, p. 123. 3860: 3858:, p. 273. 3841: 3839:, p. 166. 3826: 3822:Valcárcel 1915 3807: 3805:, p. 153. 3795: 3783: 3781:, p. 143. 3771: 3769:, p. 159. 3759: 3757:, p. 130. 3744: 3742:, p. 158. 3729: 3717: 3715:, p. 157. 3700: 3675: 3673:, p. 162. 3663: 3648: 3636: 3621: 3619:, p. 158. 3606: 3594: 3592:, p. 200. 3582: 3570: 3568:, p. 132. 3555: 3543: 3531: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3490:, p. 110. 3480: 3465: 3463:, p. 270. 3453: 3441: 3439:, p. 157. 3418: 3397: 3376: 3361: 3359:, p. 153. 3349: 3347:, p. 116. 3337: 3325: 3310: 3298: 3283: 3281:, p. 103. 3271: 3269:, p. 257. 3254: 3252:, p. 271. 3239: 3224: 3222:, p. 109. 3209: 3197: 3172: 3160: 3148: 3133: 3121: 3119:, p. 604. 3109: 3107:, p. 136. 3094: 3092:, p. 127. 3082: 3070: 3061:"Os Caucheros" 3046: 3015: 3013:, p. 132. 3000: 2988: 2986:, p. 225. 2976: 2953: 2941: 2939:, p. 241. 2929: 2927:, p. 240. 2917: 2915:, p. 106. 2905: 2903:, p. 163. 2893: 2878: 2876:, p. 235. 2866: 2854: 2852:, p. 482. 2842: 2835: 2815: 2800: 2781: 2779:, p. 393. 2766: 2747: 2735: 2712: 2710:, p. 284. 2693: 2681: 2679:, p. 131. 2666: 2664:, p. 602. 2643: 2631: 2629:, p. 266. 2610: 2608:, p. 134. 2598: 2586: 2569: 2567:, p. 166. 2557: 2555:, p. 198. 2545: 2533: 2510: 2498: 2486: 2482:Valcárcel 1915 2471: 2469:, p. 126. 2459: 2442: 2425: 2421:Valcárcel 1915 2408: 2393: 2378: 2366: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2328:, p. 138. 2305: 2303:, p. 187. 2293: 2291:, p. 267. 2281: 2269: 2257: 2240: 2238:, p. 160. 2228: 2211: 2209:, p. 135. 2188: 2186:, p. 137. 2176: 2161: 2159:, p. 137. 2146: 2134: 2122: 2120:, p. 101. 2110: 2108:, p. 394. 2098: 2086: 2084:, p. 223. 2074: 2067: 2047: 2035: 2033:, p. 265. 2012: 2010:, p. 141. 1995: 1983: 1981:, p. 130. 1971: 1959: 1957:, p. 188. 1947: 1935: 1920: 1903: 1891: 1889:, p. 124. 1874: 1862: 1850: 1835: 1823: 1811: 1789: 1771: 1750: 1738: 1731: 1711: 1709:, p. 233. 1699: 1687: 1670: 1655: 1653:, p. 264. 1616: 1604:The New Yorker 1587: 1572: 1557: 1555:, p. 5-6. 1544: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1525: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1496:mother-in-law. 1488: 1475: 1450: 1441: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1388: 1379: 1370: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1314: 1305: 1279: 1270: 1261: 1249: 1240: 1230: 1217: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1181: 1164: 1155: 1146: 1137: 1128: 1119: 1110: 1101: 1087: 1078: 1069: 1060: 1051: 1042: 1030: 1017: 1008: 999: 990: 980: 971: 961: 957:Pachitea River 948: 939: 930: 913: 904: 895: 885: 884: 882: 879: 878: 877: 875:Carlos Scharff 872: 867: 862: 860:Roger Casement 857: 850: 847: 846: 845: 832: 822: 813: 810: 790: 787: 760:Carlos Scharff 747: 744: 697: 694: 635:Peruvian soles 617: 614: 553:Stefano Varese 536: 533: 451:Mishagua River 438: 435: 358:Manuel Cardozo 353: 350: 340:Son of the Sun 292:war with Chile 288:Cerro de Pasco 253: 250: 246:Urubamba River 238:Shipibo-Conibo 218:natural rubber 200:, which was a 177: 176: 165: 162:Aurora Velazco 161: 160: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 142:Urubamba, Peru 140: 138:(aged 35) 132: 128: 127: 118: 112: 110: 106: 105: 102: 94: 93: 90: 83: 82: 62:the key points 52: 50: 43: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4868: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4811:Rubber barons 4809: 4808: 4806: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4766: 4765: 4759: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4704:9972-42-404-9 4700: 4696: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4169: 4166: 4163:, p. 65. 4162: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4115: 4112:, p. 44. 4111: 4106: 4103: 4100:, p. 30. 4099: 4094: 4091: 4088:, p. 52. 4087: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3977: 3974:, p. 73. 3973: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3953: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3824:, p. 47. 3823: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3698:, p. 67. 3697: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3604:, p. 96. 3603: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3553:, p. 50. 3552: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3532: 3529:, p. 68. 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3481: 3478:, p. 67. 3477: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3451:, p. 86. 3450: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3416:, p. 47. 3415: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3395:, p. 59. 3394: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3374:, p. 95. 3373: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3323:, p. 70. 3322: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3308:, p. 94. 3307: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3237:, p. 58. 3236: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3207:, p. 56. 3206: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3170:, p. 55. 3169: 3164: 3161: 3158:, p. 48. 3157: 3152: 3149: 3146:, p. 55. 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3131:, p. 47. 3130: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2864:, p. 51. 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2819: 2816: 2813:, p. 66. 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2798:, p. 63. 2797: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2745:, p. 32. 2744: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2641:, p. 33. 2640: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2596:, p. 54. 2595: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2543:, p. 18. 2542: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2496:, p. 53. 2495: 2490: 2487: 2484:, p. 37. 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2443: 2440:, p. 52. 2439: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2423:, p. 38. 2422: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2406:, p. 86. 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2391:, p. 74. 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2376:, p. 46. 2375: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2362:Ferguson 2000 2358: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2340:, p. 81. 2339: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301:Ferguson 2000 2297: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2279:, p. 96. 2278: 2273: 2270: 2267:, p. 72. 2266: 2261: 2258: 2255:, p. 54. 2254: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2229: 2226:, p. 64. 2225: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2174:, p. 29. 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2096:, p. 23. 2095: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2051: 2048: 2045:, p. 22. 2044: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1955:Ferguson 2000 1951: 1948: 1945:, p. 18. 1944: 1939: 1936: 1933:, p. 62. 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1918:, p. 93. 1917: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1769:, p. 89. 1768: 1767:Lawrence 1999 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1685:, p. 32. 1684: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1668:, p. 49. 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1585:, p. 88. 1584: 1583:Lawrence 1999 1579: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1539: 1529: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1191: 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