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510:, the Royal Geographical Society's librarian, who was present at the Congress, reported reactions to the speech: "His blunt manner and abrupt speech stirred the academic discussions with a fresh breeze of realism. Nobody liked Borchgrevink very much at that time, but he had a dynamic quality and a set purpose to get out again to the unknown South that struck some of us as boding well for exploration". The Congress did not, however, endorse Borchgrevink's ideas. Instead, it passed a general resolution in support of Antarctic exploration, to the effect that "the various scientific societies throughout the world should urge, in whatever way seems to them most effective, that this work be undertaken before the close of the century".
33:
686:, the party's Australian physicist, was later to write: "In many respects, Borchgrevink was not a good leader". Borchgrevink was evidently no autocrat but, Bernacchi said, without the framework of an accepted hierarchy a state of "democratic anarchy" prevailed, with "dirt, disorder and inactivity the order of the day". Furthermore, as winter developed, Borchgrevink's hopes that Cape Adare would escape the worst Antarctic weather proved false; he had chosen a site which was particularly exposed to the freezing winds blown northwards from the inland ice. As time progressed, tempers wore thin; the party became irritable and boredom set in.
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account of the Cape Adare foreshore as a place where a scientific expedition might establish itself for the
Antarctic winter. He described the site as "a safe situation for houses, tents and provisions", and said there were indications that in this place "the unbound forces of the Antarctic Circle do not display the full severity of their powers". He also suggested that the interior of the continent might be accessible from the foreshore by an easy route – a "gentle slope". He ended his speech by declaring his willingness to lead an expedition there himself.
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847:, with enormous loss of life. Borchgrevink visited the island in June, when the main volcanic activity had subsided, and found the mountain "perfectly quiet", and the islanders recovered from their panic. He did not think that Saint-Pierre would ever be inhabited again. He reported a narrow escape when, at the foot of the mountain, a jet of steam came out of the ground over which he and his party had just passed: "If it had struck any one of us we would have been scalded to death." He later presented his report to the NGS in
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676:: "We all watched the life of the penguins with the utmost interest, and I believe and hope that some of us learnt something from their habits and characteristics." On 2 March, the ship departed for New Zealand to winter there, leaving a shore party of ten men with their provisions, equipment and seventy dogs. These were the first dogs brought to the Antarctic; likewise, the expedition pioneered the use of the
779: – about Borchgrevink's acceptance of Newnes's gift. Also, Bruce complained that Borchgrevink had appropriated plans that he had developed but been forced to abandon. Borchgrevink's credibility was not helped by the boastful tone sounded in various articles which were published in Newnes's magazines, nor by the journalistic style of his rapidly written expedition account,
818:. He received honours from Denmark and Austria, but in England his work was for many years largely disregarded, despite Mill's acknowledgement of "a dashing piece of pioneer work, useful in training men for later service". The historian David Crane suggests that if Borchgrevink had been a British naval officer, England would have taken his achievements more seriously.
552:, and it was this that attracted the interest of the learned societies rather than Borchgrevink's more modest proposals. Markham was fiercely opposed to private ventures that might divert financial support from his project, and Borchgrevink found himself starved of practical help: "It was up a steep hill," he wrote, "that I had to roll my Antarctic boulder."
919:... that we were able to realise the improbability that any explorer could do more in the Cape Adare district than Mr Borchgrevink had accomplished. It appeared, then, that justice had not been done at the time to the pioneer work of the Southern Cross expedition, which had been carried out under the British flag and at the expense of a British benefactor."
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896:, according to Scott, spoke of him as a "tremendous fraud". When Amundsen returned from his South Pole conquest in 1912, he paid full tribute to Borchgrevink's pioneering work: "We must acknowledge that in ascending the Barrier, Borchgrevink opened the way to the south and threw aside the greatest obstacle to the expeditions that followed."
391:, later an Antarctic expedition leader in his own right, had intended to join Bull's expedition as a natural scientist but could not reach the ship before it left Norway. This created an opening for Borchgrevink, who met Bull in Melbourne and persuaded him to take him on as a deck-hand and part-time scientist.
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Newnes stipulated that the expedition should sail under a
British flag, and should be styled the "British Antarctic Expedition". In the end, of the total party of 29, only two were British, with one Australian and the rest Norwegian. Despite this, Borchgrevink took steps to emphasise the expedition's
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In hailing his expedition as a great success, Borchgrevink spoke of "another
Klondyke", an abundance of fish, seals and birds, and of "quartz, in which metals are to be seen". In his book, he listed the expedition's main achievements: proof that an expedition could live on Victoria Land over winter;
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Other commentators have observed that the choice of the winter site at Cape Adare had ruled out any serious geographical exploration of the
Antarctic interior. The scientific results of the expedition were less than had been anticipated, due in part to the loss of some of Nicolai Hanson's natural
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Borchgrevink, who had severed relations with Henryk Bull, learned that Bruce was in discussions with him; "I regret therefore that we cannot collaborate," wrote
Borchgrevink to Bruce. He also discovered that the Royal Geographical Society had been planning its own Antarctic expedition since 1893.
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For the next two years
Borchgrevink travelled in Europe and in Australia, seeking support and backing for his expedition ideas without success. One of those with whom he sought to join forces was William Speirs Bruce, who was planning his own Antarctic expedition. Their joint plans foundered when
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To promote his developing ideas for an expedition that would overwinter on the
Antarctic continent at Cape Adare, Borchgrevink hurried to London, where the Royal Geographical Society was hosting the Sixth International Geographical Congress. On 1 August 1895 he addressed the conference, giving an
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It was insufferable inside now, as the smell of the guano deposits was very strong. The wet loose snow which settles in drifts during the recent long gale melted rapidly, and the vapour there-from made the air muggy inside the huts. Besides, our humour always fell with the barometer, and did not
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million in 2008 values). This generosity infuriated Sir
Clements Markham and the geographical establishment, who saw Borchgrevink as a penniless Norwegian nobody who had secured British money which they believed ought to have been theirs. Markham maintained an attitude of hostility and contempt
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There were accidents: a candle left burning caused extensive fire damage, and on another occasion several members of the party were almost asphyxiated by fumes from the stove. Borchgrevink attempted to establish a routine, and scientific work was carried on throughout, but as he wrote himself,
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in June 1910. When news of Scott's death reached the outside world, Borchgrevink paid tribute: "He was the first in the field with a finely organised expedition and the first who did systematic work on the great south polar continent." In a letter of condolence to John Scott Keltie, the Royal
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Carsten
Borchgrevink died in Oslo on 21 April 1934. Despite what one biographer describes as his obsessive desire to be first, and his limited formal scientific training, he has been acknowledged as a pioneer in Antarctic work and as a forerunner of later, more elaborate expeditions. Several
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While ashore at Cape Adare, Borchgrevink collected further specimens of rocks and lichens, the latter of which were of great interest to the scientific community, which had doubted the ability of vegetation to survive so far south. He also made a careful study of the foreshore, assessing its
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When the southern winter ended and sledging activity became possible, Borchgrevink's assumptions about an easy route to the interior were shattered; the glaciated mountain ranges adjoining Cape Adare precluded any travel inland, restricting exploration to the immediate area around the cape.
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The reception afforded to the expedition on its return to
England was lukewarm. Public interest and attention was fixed on the forthcoming national expedition of which Robert Falcon Scott had just been appointed commander, rather than on a venture which was considered British only in name.
665:, Tasmania, reached Cape Adare on 17 February 1899. Here, on the site which Borchgrevink had described to the Congress, the expedition set up the first shore base on the Antarctic continent, in the midst of a penguin colony. It was named "Camp Ridley" in honour of Borchgrevink's mother.
251:. Thereafter he returned to Kristiania, leading a life mainly away from public attention. His pioneering work was subsequently recognised and honoured by several countries, and in 1912 he received a tribute from Roald Amundsen, leader of the first expedition to reach the South Pole.
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on 1 December 1864, the son of a Norwegian lawyer, Henrik Christian Borchgrevink, and an English-born mother Annie, née Ridley. The Borchgrevink family has distant Dutch roots and immigrated to Denmark in the 16th century and Norway in the late 17th century. The family lived in the
723:, discovered by Sir James Clark Ross during his 1839–1843 voyage and later renamed the Ross Ice Shelf in his honour. No one had visited the Barrier since, and Ross had been unable to land. Borchgrevink discovered an inlet in the Barrier edge; this was later named the "
330:. His initial interest in polar exploration developed from reading press reports about the work of local scientists on the first Australian Antarctic Exploration Committee. This organisation, founded in 1886, was investigating the possibility of establishing permanent
875:. On two occasions he apparently considered returning to the Antarctic; in August 1902 he stated his intention to lead a new Antarctic expedition for the NGS, but nothing came of this, and a later venture, announced in Berlin in 1909, was likewise unfulfilled.
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reached Melbourne, Bull and Borchgrevink left the ship. Each hoped to raise funds for a further Antarctic expedition, but their efforts were unsuccessful. An animosity developed between them, possibly because of their differing accounts of the voyage on the
600:, and had pledged financial backing to the National Antarctic Expedition. Newnes was sufficiently impressed by Borchgrevink to offer the full costs of his proposed expedition – around £40,000 (at least £3
465:, who said that he had "leapt out to hold the boat steady". The party claimed this was the first landing on the Antarctic mainland, although they may have been preceded by the Anglo-American sealing captain
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The expedition's successes were received with only moderate interest by the public – and by the British geographical establishment, whose attention was by then focused on Scott's upcoming
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538:, this RGS project was envisaged not only as a scientific endeavour, but as an attempt to relive the former glories of Royal Naval polar exploration. This vision would eventually develop into the
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On January 23rd, the anniversary of my first landing on the Antarctic continent in 1894, I found that the season in regard to climate and ice conditions was not as favorable as in that year
314:, Borchgrevink had a restless nature, with a passion for adventure which took him, after his forestry training, to Australia. For four years he worked with government surveying teams in
438:, where Sir James Clark Ross had planted the British flag in 1841. Bull and Borchgrevink left a message in a canister to prove their presence there. On the island Borchgrevink found a
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Borchgrevink's basic expedition plan – to overwinter on the Antarctic continent and carry out scientific observations there – had been achieved. When
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always rise as quickly, especially now that, while waiting for the vessel, the time hung heavily on our hands, although there were so many matters to be considered and talked over.
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On his return from Washington, Borchgrevink retired into private life. On 7 September 1896, he had married an English woman, Constance Prior Standen, with whom he settled in
383:. A Mr Sanne was appointed captain initially but was quickly replaced by Leonard Kristensen. The ship sailed left Norway in September 1893. When Borchgrevink learned that
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visited other Ross Sea islands before turning for home, reaching New Zealand on 1 April 1900. Borchgrevink then took a steamer to England, arriving early in June.
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returned at the end of January 1900, Borchgrevink decided to abandon the camp, although there were sufficient fuel and provisions left to last another year.
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871:, in Oslo, where two sons and two daughters were born. Borchgrevink devoted himself mainly to sporting and literary activities, producing a book entitled
233:. Some of Borchgrevink's colleagues were critical of his leadership, and his own accounts of the expedition were regarded as journalistic and unreliable.
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which acts as guardian to this hut and to those of Scott and Shackleton elsewhere on the continent. The Borchgrevink hut was designated by the Trust as
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In Norway differing assessments of Borchgrevink were made by the country's polar elite: Roald Amundsen was a long-time friend and supporter, whereas
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neared the cape, conditions were calm enough for a boat to be lowered. A party including Bull, Kristensen, Borchgrevink and others then headed for a
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referring to the general lack of fellowship: "The silence roars in one's ears". Further lowering the group's spirits, their Norwegian zoologist,
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McConville, Andrew (April 2007). "Henrik Bull, the Antarctic Exploration Committee and the first confirmed landing on the Antarctic continent".
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McConville, Andrew (April 2007). "Henrik Bull, the Antarctic Exploration Committee and the first confirmed landing on the Antarctic continent".
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history notes; Borchgrevink may have been responsible for this loss; He was later involved in a dispute with Hanson's former employers,
791:; discoveries of new species of insects and shallow-water fauna; coastal mapping and the discovery of new islands; the first landing on
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Although he remained out of the limelight, Borchgrevink retained his interest in Antarctic matters, visiting Scott shortly before the
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206:(now Oslo) as the son of a Norwegian lawyer and an English-born immigrant mother. He began his exploring career in 1894 by joining a
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below the cape. Exactly who went ashore first was disputed, between Kristensen, Borchgrevink, and a 17-year-old New Zealand seaman,
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were successful, but whales proved difficult to find. Bull and Kristensen decided to take the ship further south, to areas where
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in a cost-sharing venture of a commercial–scientific nature, he returned to Norway to organise his expedition there. He met
2658:"Review of Jackson, Kate: George Newnes and the New Journalism in Britain, 1880–1910 (Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, 2001)"
1503:"Review of Jackson, Kate: George Newnes and the New Journalism in Britain, 1880–1910 (Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, 2001)"
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expedition's achievements, there was still resentment in geographical circles – harboured especially by Sir
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in the early 1890s that gave Borchgrevink the opportunity, in 1894, to sign up for a Norwegian expedition to Antarctica.
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986:(ASPA) No. 159 in 2002. In June 2005 the Trust adopted a management plan for its future maintenance and accessibility.
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was due to visit Melbourne in September 1894, he hurried there hoping to find a vacancy. He was fortunate;
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a year's continuous magnetic and meteorological observations; an estimate of the current position of the
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262:. The Society acknowledged in its citation that justice had not previously been done to the work of the
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expedition, which became the first to overwinter on the Antarctic mainland, and the first to visit the
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Norwegian (Tonsberg) Whaling Expedition 1893–95 in Encyclopedia of the Antarctic, ed. Beau Riffenburgh
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and, finally, scaling the Great Ice Barrier and sledging to "the furthest south ever reached by man".
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First on the Antarctic continent: Being an account of the British Antarctic expedition, 1898–1900
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First on the Antarctic continent: Being an account of the British Antarctic expedition, 1898–1900
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978:. His expedition's accommodation hut remains at Cape Adare, under the care of The New Zealand
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coastline of the Antarctic mainland. Ross's 1841 expedition been unable to land here, but as
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towards Borchgrevink, and chastised Mill for attending the launch of his expedition.
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acknowledged Borchgrevink's contribution to polar exploration and awarded him its
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1083:"This small rock holds the story of Antarctic exploration before the Heroic Age"
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Geographical Society's secretary, Borchgrevink said of Scott: "He was a man!"
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1913:"The Southern Cross Expedition: What of Borchgrevink and the Southern Cross?"
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for, as he put it, "purpose of survey and extension of the British Empire".
334:. These plans were not realised; it was a revival of interest in commercial
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2484:"Complete Story of the San Francisco Horror, by the Survivors and Rescuers"
1940:"Complete Story of the San Francisco Horror, by the Survivors and Rescuers"
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434:, but whales were still elusive. On 17 January 1895, a landing was made at
243:. He was one of three scientists in 1902 to report on the aftermath of the
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In Search of the Last Continent: Australia and Early Antarctic Exploration
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704:, fell ill, failed to respond to treatment, and died on 14 October 1899.
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1010:, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
940:
geographical features in Antarctica commemorate his name, including the
426:
had been reported by earlier expeditions. The ship penetrated a belt of
394:
6016:
5396:
4183:
3661:
3637:
3625:
967:
868:
335:
304:
2339:. Australian Government: Department of the Environment. Archived from
661:
sailed from London on 22 August 1898, and after a three-week pause in
4262:
3587:
662:
439:
371:
300:
85:
3039:
907:. In 1930 came belated recognition from London – the
803:, over these missing notes and other specimens collected by Hanson.
3036:(The first scientific specimens recovered from mainland Antarctica)
2446:
The Royal Navy and Polar Exploration, Vol II from Franklin to Scott
350:, a Norwegian businessman and entrepreneur who, like Borchgrevink,
3648:
926:
831:
In 1902, Borchgrevink was one of three geographers invited by the
758:
633:
517:
393:
442:, the first plant life discovered south of the Antarctic Circle.
366:, the 84-year-old "father of modern whaling" and inventor of the
326:, where he became a teacher in languages and natural sciences at
175:(1 December 1864 – 21 April 1934) was a Norwegian
275:
203:
4839:
3081:
3043:
899:
During his later years Borchgrevink lived quietly. In 1929 the
1770:"The Southern Cross Expedition: First Burial on the Continent"
1062:
647:
With funding assured, Borchgrevink purchased the whaling ship
2921:
William Speirs Bruce: Polar Explorer and Scottish Nationalist
477:
potential as a site where a future expedition might land and
1797:"The Southern Cross Expedition: Departure of the Expedition"
931:
A 1992 photograph of the Southern Cross expedition huts at
1851:"The Southern Cross Expedition: Results of the Expedition"
843:. These eruptions, in May 1902, had destroyed the town of
727:" by Shackleton. Here, on 16 February 1900, Borchgrevink,
346:
The expedition that Borchgrevink joined was organised by
236:
From 1898 to 1900, Borchgrevink led the British-financed
2191:"Mérostomates du Dévonien inférieur et moyen de Sibérie"
960:. His name is also carried by the small Antarctic fish
1676:"The Southern Cross Expedition: Arrival at Cape Adare"
1162:. Australian Government: Department of the Environment
806:
Following his return Borchgrevink was honoured by the
473:
on 7 February 1821, or by other whaling expeditions.
332:
scientific research stations in the Antarctic regions
560:
During his search for backers, Borchgrevink met Sir
5817:
5548:
5135:
4875:
4248:
3779:
3624:
3122:
638:
Expedition member with binoculars, Antarctica, 1899
609:British character, flying the personal flag of the
135:
122:
101:
91:
81:
65:
39:
23:
3022:. Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery. Archived from
2674:
2507:
783:, the English edition of which appeared in 1901.
657:, and had her fitted out for Antarctic service.
445:On 24 January, the ship reached the vicinity of
356:sealing and whaling voyage into Antarctic waters
149:Knight of the Danish Order of the Dannebrog
1487:
1485:
1304:
1302:
812:Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav
688:
592:(later Lord Northcliffe) had recently financed
143:Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav
2753:. Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing.
2448:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing.
1626:
1624:
1622:
3055:
2486:. New York: Herbert D Russell. Archived from
2239:"Management Plan for Cape Adare ASPA No. 159"
1942:. New York: Herbert D Russell. Archived from
1475:
1473:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1310:"The First Landing on the Antarctic Mainland"
155:Knight Commander of the Order of Franz Joseph
8:
2815:. San Diego State University. Archived from
2699:. The Institute for the Measurement of Worth
2482:Fellows, Rev. Samuel (Introduction) (1906).
2138:. Royal Geographical Society. Archived from
1993:"The Structural Effects of Pyroclastic Flow"
1969:. San Diego State University. Archived from
1938:Fellows, Rev. Samuel (Introduction) (1906).
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1541:. The Institute for the Measurement of Worth
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
835:(NGS) to report on the after-effects of the
2923:. Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland.
1906:
1904:
1902:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1004:"Borchgrevink, Carsten Egeberg (1864–1934)"
613:and taking 500 bamboo poles with miniature
161:Royal Geographical Society's Patron's Medal
4849:
4836:
3091:
3078:
3062:
3048:
3040:
3011:
2902:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
2835:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
2720:(2). Cambridge University Press: 143–152.
2573:. University of Canterbury. Archived from
2552:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
2532:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
2244:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
2215:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
2167:. Integrated Taxonomic Information Systems
1915:. University of Canterbury. Archived from
1883:
1881:
1853:. University of Canterbury. Archived from
1799:. University of Canterbury. Archived from
1772:. University of Canterbury. Archived from
1710:
1708:
1706:
1678:. University of Canterbury. Archived from
1634:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
1603:. University of Canterbury. Archived from
1524:
1522:
1520:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1312:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
1283:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
1202:(2). Cambridge University Press: 143–152.
1123:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
534:Under the influence of its president, Sir
354:in the late 1880s. Bull planned to make a
31:
20:
2961:Borchgrevink, Carsten Egeberg (1864–1934)
2530:"First Landing on the Antarctic Mainland"
1040:Borchgrevink, Carsten Egeberg (1864–1934)
944:of Victoria Land, between Cape Adare and
668:In 1901, Borchgrevink published the book
6120:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
2941:. University of Virginia. Archived from
2939:"Structural Effects of Pyroclastic Flow"
2195:Annales de la Société géologique du Nord
1995:. University of Virginia. Archived from
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
903:awarded him a pension of three thousand
680:, invented in Sweden six years earlier.
499:International Geographical Congress 1895
5695:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2165:"ITIS Report: Pagothenia Borchgrevinki"
1397:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget
994:
935:. The accommodation hut is on the left.
859:journal from expert Edmund Otis Hovey.
6213:Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry alumni
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
2213:"Antarctic Specially Protected Areas"
837:catastrophic eruptions of Mount Pelée
672:. He wrote in a chapter dedicated to
322:before settling in the small town of
7:
2964:. Australian Dictionary of Biography
1043:. Australian Dictionary of Biography
839:, on the French-Caribbean island of
715:Instead of returning home directly,
202:Borchgrevink was born and raised in
16:Norwegian polar explorer (1864–1934)
6218:Norwegian people of English descent
5481:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
3678:Norse colonization of North America
2900:"Southern Cross Expedition Members"
2681:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2641:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
2384:Borchgrevink, Carsten (July 1902).
1121:"Southern Cross Expedition Members"
449:, at the northern extremity of the
370:. With Foyn's help he acquired the
197:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
6193:Norwegian expatriates in Australia
5010:United States Exploring Expedition
2619:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
2514:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
2429:"Carsten Borchgrevink (1864–1934)"
1355:"Carsten Borchgrevink (1864–1934)"
1008:Australian Dictionary of Biography
984:Antarctic Specially Protected Area
719:sailed south until it reached the
14:
6084:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
5452:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2133:"List of Past Gold Medal Winners"
1956:(Chapter XXIII by Trumbull White)
377:("North Cape"), which he renamed
274:Carsten Borchgrevink was born in
195:, and others associated with the
6188:Norwegian expatriates in Germany
5978:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5371:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2396:(3, Martinique Supplement): 3–16
2359:First on the Antarctic Continent
781:First on the Antarctic Continent
670:First on the Antarctic Continent
2571:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
2337:"Australian Antarctic Division"
2064:In search of the Last Continent
1601:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1261:In search of the Last Continent
1182:In search of the Last Continent
293:Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry
291:, and later (1885–1888) at the
2856:. London: Constable & Co.
2390:Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly
2356:Borchgrevink, Carsten (1901).
801:Natural History Museum, London
418:sealing activities around the
1:
5357:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
5292:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
3009:Biodiversity Heritage Library
3005:Works by Carsten Borchgrevink
2833:"Norway's Forgotten Explorer"
2784:Mills, William James (2003).
2386:"History's Greatest Disaster"
2281:. London: C. Hurst & Co.
1751:Carsten Borchgrevink (1901).
1657:Carsten Borchgrevink (1901).
1281:"Norway's Forgotten Explorer"
808:American Geographical Society
540:National Antarctic Expedition
414:During the following months,
360:Melbourne's learned societies
5714:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
5530:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
5336:French Antarctic Expeditions
5266:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
5152:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
3270:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
855:drew sharp criticism in the
358:; after failing to interest
222:nearly sixty years earlier.
218:since the expedition of Sir
208:Norwegian whaling expedition
173:Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink
44:Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink
4799:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
4478:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
3343:Andrée's balloon expedition
2790:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
2773:The Siege of the South Pole
2749:McConville, Andrew (2022).
2550:"Forgotten Expedition, The"
2313:"An Explorer's Experiences"
2026:"An Explorer's Experiences"
1160:"The scientific era begins"
975:Borchgrevinkium taimyrensis
833:National Geographic Society
310:According to the historian
6239:
4000:Franklin's lost expedition
3700:Christian IV's expeditions
2813:"Mt Pelée Eruption (1902)"
1967:"Mt Pelée Eruption (1902)"
1632:"The Forgotten Expedition"
952:in Victoria Land, and the
909:Royal Geographical Society
624:
256:Royal Geographical Society
6203:Norwegian polar explorers
4852:
4848:
4835:
4354:Great Northern Expedition
4030:Rae–Richardson expedition
3230:British Arctic Expedition
3094:
3090:
3077:
2877:. London: Lonely Planet.
2787:Exploring Polar Frontiers
2734:10.1017/S0032247407006109
2467:. London: HarperCollins.
1394:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1216:10.1017/S0032247407006109
621:Southern Cross Expedition
479:establish winter quarters
30:
6208:Norway and the Antarctic
5638:British Antarctic Survey
5632:Captain Arturo Prat Base
4877:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
980:Antarctic Heritage Trust
963:Pagothenia borchgrevinki
763:Borchgrevink around 1901
463:Alexander von Tunzelmann
352:had settled in Australia
183:travel. He inspired Sir
6198:Explorers of Antarctica
6114:Pole of inaccessibility
5777:Antarctic Treaty System
4118:2nd Grinnell expedition
2852:Preston, Diana (1997).
2595:The Last Place on Earth
2409:Burton, Robert (2006).
2297:"An Antarctic Timeline"
2094:(subscription required)
1417:"An Antarctic Timeline"
1229:(subscription required)
923:Death and commemoration
886:Scott's last expedition
2978:"Untitled news report"
2639:Scott of the Antarctic
2465:Scott of the Antarctic
2444:Coleman, E.C. (2007).
2279:The South Pole: Vol. I
2077:"Untitled news report"
1479:Borchgrevink, pp. 9–10
1385:"Carsten Borchgrevink"
936:
853:Frank Leslie's Monthly
764:
697:
639:
527:
424:the presence of whales
411:
289:Gjertsen College, Oslo
5784:Transglobe Expedition
5683:Operation Deep Freeze
5092:Challenger expedition
3958:Coppermine expedition
3479:Drifting ice stations
2919:Speak, Peter (2003).
2597:. London: Pan Books.
2463:Crane, David (2005).
2362:. George Newnes Ltd.
1453:Borchgrevink, pp. 4–5
1068:Store norske leksikon
930:
762:
637:
521:
397:
283:neighbourhood, where
96:Royal Forestry School
3020:"Geology Collection"
2871:Rubin, Jeff (2008).
2854:A First Rate Tragedy
2677:The Last Great Quest
2569:Harrowfield, David.
2187:Novojilov, Nestor I.
2145:on 27 September 2011
2122:Amundsen, pp. 25–26.
1911:Harrowfield, David.
1849:Harrowfield, David.
1795:Harrowfield, David.
1768:Harrowfield, David.
1674:Harrowfield, David.
1599:Harrowfield, David.
1437:Borchgrevink, p. iii
1383:Barr, Susan (1999).
1071:. 15 September 2021.
950:Borchgrevink Glacier
901:Parliament of Norway
827:Mount Pelée disaster
822:Post-expedition life
755:Return and reception
643:Winter in Antarctica
430:and sailed into the
420:subantarctic islands
389:William Speirs Bruce
245:Mount Pelée eruption
25:Carsten Borchgrevink
6183:Explorers from Oslo
5954:South magnetic pole
4620:Brusilov expedition
3729:Danish colonization
3167:North magnetic pole
2839:on 20 November 2009
2726:2007PoRec..43..143M
2673:Jones, Max (2003).
2556:on 20 November 2009
2053:Borchgrevink (1902)
1875:Borchgrevink, p. 7.
1803:on 14 February 2012
1776:on 14 February 2012
1682:on 14 February 2012
1638:on 20 November 2009
1607:on 14 February 2012
1287:on 20 November 2009
1250:Burton, pp. 677–678
1208:2007PoRec..43..143M
1108:Last Place on Earth
789:south magnetic pole
567:Westminster Gazette
550:Robert Falcon Scott
471:Antarctic Peninsula
185:Robert Falcon Scott
5645:Operation Windmill
5626:Operation Highjump
4601:Rusanov expedition
4506:A. E. Nordenskiöld
4250:North East Passage
4054:McClure expedition
2984:. 12 February 1913
2982:The New York Times
2320:The New York Times
2219:on 7 December 2009
2083:. 12 February 1913
2081:The New York Times
2033:The New York Times
942:Borchgrevink Coast
937:
873:The Game of Norway
765:
640:
528:
459:shingled foreshore
412:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6149:
5612:Operation Tabarin
5474:Far Eastern Party
5320:Nimrod Expedition
4831:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4390:M. Pronchishcheva
4312:Siberian Cossacks
3781:Northwest Passage
3114:Research stations
3071:Polar exploration
2884:978-1-74059-094-5
2797:978-1-57607-422-0
2769:Mill, Hugh Robert
2536:on 28 August 2008
2455:978-0-7524-4207-5
2369:978-0-905838-41-0
1732:Mills, pp. 94–95.
1714:Crane, pp. 74–75.
1316:on 28 August 2008
810:, and was made a
721:Great Ice Barrier
596:'s expedition to
594:Frederick Jackson
590:Alfred Harmsworth
556:Sir George Newnes
436:Possession Island
328:Cooerwull Academy
216:Great Ice Barrier
189:Ernest Shackleton
179:and a pioneer of
170:
169:
6230:
5659:Ronne Expedition
5144:
5138:
5002:Dumont d'Urville
4850:
4837:
4385:V. Pronchishchev
3092:
3079:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3015:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2934:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2867:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2780:
2764:
2745:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2697:"Measuringworth"
2692:
2680:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2652:
2630:
2613:Huntford, Roland
2608:
2591:Huntford, Roland
2586:
2584:
2582:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2525:
2513:
2504:Fiennes, Ranulph
2499:
2497:
2495:
2478:
2459:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2431:. South-pole.com
2424:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2299:. South-pole.com
2292:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2251:on 26 March 2012
2250:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2030:
2022:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1908:
1897:
1896:Coleman, p. 240.
1894:
1888:
1885:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1830:Coleman, p. 243.
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1628:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1539:"Measuringworth"
1535:
1529:
1526:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1480:
1477:
1468:
1467:Speak, pp. 38–40
1465:
1454:
1451:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1419:. South-pole.com
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1357:. South-pole.com
1351:
1326:
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1323:
1321:
1306:
1297:
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1292:
1277:
1264:
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1248:
1231:
1230:
1227:
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1185:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1087:Museums Victoria
1079:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1034:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1015:
999:
954:Borchgrevinkisen
918:
911:awarded him its
905:Norwegian kroner
777:Clements Markham
771:In spite of the
746:
693:
603:
598:Franz Josef Land
536:Clements Markham
524:Clements Markham
508:Hugh Robert Mill
220:James Clark Ross
72:
53:
51:
35:
21:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6146:
5821:
5813:
5689:McMurdo Station
5558:Modern research
5556:
5544:
5279:O. Nordenskjöld
5142:
5136:
5131:
5047:Ross expedition
4871:
4844:
4823:
4252:
4244:
3785:Northern Canada
3783:
3775:
3628:
3620:
3126:
3118:
3086:
3073:
3068:
3029:
3027:
3026:on 14 June 2011
3018:
3001:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2948:
2946:
2945:on 19 June 2010
2937:
2931:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2906:on 24 June 2012
2898:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2870:
2864:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2783:
2767:
2761:
2748:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2635:Huxley, Elspeth
2633:
2627:
2611:
2605:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2528:
2522:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2490:on 24 July 2008
2481:
2475:
2462:
2456:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2275:Amundsen, Roald
2273:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1999:on 19 June 2010
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1949:
1947:
1946:on 24 July 2008
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:Fiennes, p. 43.
1722:
1718:
1713:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1457:
1452:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1234:
1228:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1127:on 24 June 2012
1119:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1001:
1000:
996:
992:
958:Queen Maud Land
946:Cape Washington
925:
916:
894:Fridtjof Nansen
865:
829:
824:
757:
744:
729:William Colbeck
691:
684:Louis Bernacchi
674:Adélie penguins
645:
632:
623:
601:
585:Strand Magazine
558:
516:
514:Seeking support
501:
496:
344:
320:New South Wales
312:Roland Huntford
272:
166:
118:
92:Alma mater
77:
74:
70:
61:
55:
54:1 December 1864
49:
47:
46:
45:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6236:
6234:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6165:
6164:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6106:Vostok Station
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6057:Cherry-Garrard
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5897:Southern Cross
5893:
5892:
5891:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5827:
5825:
5819:Farthest South
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5780:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5729:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5691:
5686:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5641:
5634:
5629:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5580:
5573:
5568:
5562:
5560:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5516:Ross Sea party
5512:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5477:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5316:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5300:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5210:Southern Cross
5203:Southern Cross
5199:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5147:
5145:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5068:
5062:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4949:Bellingshausen
4939:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4808:
4796:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4258:
4256:
4254:Russian Arctic
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4070:
4065:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4011:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3696:
3691:
3689:Snæbjörn galti
3686:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3591:
3584:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3482:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3124:Farthest North
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3016:
3000:
2999:External links
2997:
2995:
2994:
2974:
2955:
2935:
2929:
2916:
2896:
2883:
2868:
2862:
2849:
2829:
2819:on 12 May 2019
2809:
2796:
2781:
2765:
2759:
2746:
2709:
2693:
2687:
2670:
2653:
2647:
2631:
2625:
2609:
2603:
2587:
2577:on 13 May 2010
2566:
2546:
2526:
2520:
2500:
2479:
2473:
2460:
2454:
2441:
2425:
2419:
2406:
2381:
2368:
2353:
2343:on 31 May 2012
2333:
2309:
2293:
2287:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2230:
2204:
2178:
2156:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2104:Jones, p. 248.
2097:
2068:
2055:
2046:
2010:
1984:
1973:on 12 May 2019
1958:
1930:
1919:on 2 June 2010
1898:
1889:
1877:
1868:
1857:on 2 June 2010
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1787:
1760:
1757:. p. 247.
1743:
1741:Crane, p. 153.
1734:
1725:
1716:
1702:
1693:
1666:
1663:. p. 210.
1649:
1618:
1591:
1589:Preston, p. 14
1575:
1566:
1552:
1530:
1516:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1455:
1439:
1430:
1408:
1368:
1327:
1298:
1265:
1252:
1232:
1186:
1184:) pp. 137-140
1173:
1151:
1138:
1112:
1099:
1074:
1063:"Borchgrevink"
1054:
1020:
993:
991:
988:
924:
921:
913:Patron's Medal
864:
861:
828:
825:
823:
820:
773:Southern Cross
756:
753:
749:Southern Cross
741:Farthest South
717:Southern Cross
710:Southern Cross
702:Nicolai Hanson
659:Southern Cross
654:Southern Cross
651:, renamed her
644:
641:
628:Southern Cross
625:Main article:
622:
619:
557:
554:
515:
512:
500:
497:
495:
492:
343:
342:Whaling voyage
340:
285:Roald Amundsen
271:
268:
264:Southern Cross
260:Patron's Medal
239:Southern Cross
212:Southern Cross
193:Roald Amundsen
177:polar explorer
168:
167:
165:
164:
158:
152:
146:
139:
137:
133:
132:
128:Southern Cross
124:
123:Known for
120:
119:
117:
116:
111:
109:Polar explorer
105:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
75:
73:(aged 69)
67:
63:
62:
56:
43:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6235:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6161:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5237:Discovery Hut
5235:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5141:
5134:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:A. Sibiryakov
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4739:Glavsevmorput
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4041:J. Richardson
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:M. Corte-Real
3801:
3799:
3798:G. Corte-Real
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3721:C. Richardson
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:Georgiy Sedov
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Riiser-Larsen
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2930:1-901663-71-X
2926:
2922:
2917:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2863:0-09-479530-4
2859:
2855:
2850:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2777:Alston Rivers
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2760:9781922669940
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2688:0-19-280483-9
2684:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2659:
2656:Jenks, John.
2654:
2650:
2648:0-297-77433-6
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2626:0-340-25007-0
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2604:0-330-28816-4
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2521:0-340-82697-5
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:Captain Scott
2505:
2501:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2474:0-00-715068-7
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2420:0-415-97024-5
2416:
2413:. Routledge.
2412:
2407:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2322:. 4 June 1902
2321:
2314:
2310:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2288:0-903983-47-8
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2247:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2197:(in French).
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2035:. 4 June 1902
2034:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1887:Mill, p. 403.
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1839:Crane, p. 89.
1836:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1821:Mill. p. 402.
1818:
1815:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1700:Rubin, p. 38.
1697:
1694:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1564:Huxley, p. 25
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1504:
1501:Jenks, John.
1497:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1009:
1005:
1002:Swan, R. A.,
998:
995:
989:
987:
985:
981:
977:
976:
972:
969:
965:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
934:
929:
922:
920:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
890:
887:
883:
882:
876:
874:
870:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
826:
821:
819:
817:
816:King Oscar II
813:
809:
804:
802:
796:
794:
790:
784:
782:
778:
774:
769:
761:
754:
752:
750:
743:record at 78°
742:
738:
735:dog-handler,
734:
730:
726:
725:Bay of Whales
722:
718:
713:
711:
705:
703:
696:
687:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
655:
650:
642:
636:
631:
629:
620:
618:
616:
612:
606:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
574:
569:
568:
563:
562:George Newnes
555:
553:
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
532:
525:
520:
513:
511:
509:
505:
498:
493:
491:
489:
484:
480:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:Victoria Land
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
410:
406:
405:
400:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
381:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
254:In 1930, the
252:
250:
246:
242:
240:
234:
232:
230:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
138:
134:
131:
129:
125:
121:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
69:21 April 1934
68:
64:
59:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
6160:
6112:
6100:Pole of Cold
6098:
6024:
6015:
5983:
5976:
5952:
5923:
5909:
5903:Borchgrevink
5902:
5895:
5882:
5867:
5847:
5832:
5801:
5782:
5775:
5759:
5745:
5736:
5719:
5712:
5693:
5681:
5657:
5643:
5636:
5624:
5610:
5596:
5582:
5575:
5536:
5528:
5514:
5507:
5505:
5487:
5479:
5472:
5459:
5450:
5412:
5404:
5395:
5388:
5376:
5369:
5355:
5343:Pourquoi-Pas
5342:
5334:
5326:
5318:
5313:Orcadas Base
5311:
5303:
5290:
5284:C. A. Larsen
5272:
5264:
5250:
5243:
5230:
5222:
5216:Borchgrevink
5215:
5209:
5201:
5158:
5150:
5125:C. A. Larsen
5118:
5099:
5090:
5072:
5054:
5045:
5032:
5017:
5008:
4995:
4956:
4942:
4935:
4916:
4901:
4811:
4804:
4787:
4780:
4766:
4751:
4737:
4724:
4699:
4685:
4683:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4625:
4618:
4599:
4565:
4563:
4549:
4547:
4529:
4519:
4517:
4497:
4495:
4476:
4352:
4310:
4293:
4261:
4225:
4223:
4203:
4202:
4182:
4181:
4167:
4154:
4139:
4125:
4116:
4103:
4074:
4062:Investigator
4061:
4052:
4028:
4015:
4007:
3998:
3985:
3956:
3933:
3918:
3903:
3873:
3858:
3828:
3747:
3727:
3698:
3694:Erik the Red
3676:
3654:
3647:
3604:submersibles
3601:
3595:Arktika 2007
3593:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3560:
3551:
3548:
3529:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3484:
3477:
3453:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3428:
3394:
3392:
3363:
3360:
3349:S. A. Andrée
3341:
3328:
3303:
3295:
3292:
3268:
3250:
3237:
3228:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3165:
3030:23 September
3028:. Retrieved
3024:the original
2986:. Retrieved
2981:
2966:. Retrieved
2960:
2947:. Retrieved
2943:the original
2920:
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2904:the original
2888:. Retrieved
2873:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:the original
2821:. Retrieved
2817:the original
2801:. Retrieved
2786:
2772:
2750:
2717:
2714:Polar Record
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2676:
2662:. Retrieved
2638:
2616:
2594:
2579:. Retrieved
2575:the original
2560:11 September
2558:. Retrieved
2554:the original
2538:. Retrieved
2534:the original
2509:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:the original
2464:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
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2324:. Retrieved
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2207:
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2127:
2118:
2113:Crane, p. 94
2109:
2100:
2085:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2063:
2062:McConville (
2058:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2032:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1961:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:the original
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1892:
1871:
1861:11 September
1859:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1807:10 September
1805:. Retrieved
1801:the original
1790:
1780:10 September
1778:. Retrieved
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1763:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:the original
1669:
1659:
1652:
1642:11 September
1640:. Retrieved
1636:the original
1611:11 September
1609:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1594:
1573:Jones, p. 60
1569:
1543:. Retrieved
1533:
1528:Jones, p. 59
1507:. Retrieved
1496:
1491:Crane, p. 75
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1392:
1359:. Retrieved
1318:. Retrieved
1314:the original
1289:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1260:
1255:
1199:
1196:Polar Record
1195:
1189:
1181:
1180:McConville (
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1154:
1146:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:the original
1115:
1107:
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:
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1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1039:
1012:, retrieved
1007:
997:
973:
962:
938:
898:
891:
880:
877:
872:
866:
856:
852:
845:Saint-Pierre
830:
805:
797:
785:
780:
772:
770:
766:
748:
716:
714:
709:
706:
698:
689:
682:
678:Primus stove
669:
667:
658:
653:
648:
646:
627:
611:Duke of York
607:
583:
579:Country Life
577:
571:
565:
559:
544:
533:
529:
506:
502:
494:Making plans
487:
482:
475:
454:
444:
415:
413:
403:
384:
378:
374:
345:
309:
273:
266:expedition.
263:
253:
238:
235:
228:
224:
211:
201:
172:
171:
127:
76:Oslo, Norway
71:(1934-04-21)
18:
6178:1934 deaths
6173:1864 births
5803:Lake Vostok
5753:Tryoshnikov
5675:Schlossbach
5566:Christensen
5508:James Caird
5429:E. R. Evans
5195:Dobrowolski
5165:de Gerlache
4867:Expeditions
4753:Aviaarktika
4707:Samoylovich
4578:Kolomeitsev
4472:Middendorff
4432:Gedenshtrom
3852:I. Fyodorov
3614:Chilingarov
3502:E. Fyodorov
3109:Expeditions
2968:6 September
2958:Swan, R.A.
2910:7 September
2843:8 September
2803:10 February
2703:9 September
2540:8 September
2435:8 September
2347:16 November
1545:9 September
1389:Helle, Knut
1361:8 September
1320:8 September
1291:8 September
1259:McConville(
1166:16 November
1131:7 September
1047:6 September
1037:Swan, R.A.
966:and by the
956:glacier in
793:Ross Island
615:Union Jacks
416:Antarctic's
399:Henryk Bull
368:harpoon gun
348:Henryk Bull
281:Uranienborg
276:Christiania
204:Christiania
102:Occupations
82:Citizenship
58:Christiania
6167:Categories
6026:Terra Nova
5931:Shackleton
5874:J. C. Ross
5833:Resolution
5823:South Pole
5598:New Swabia
5522:Mackintosh
5494:Shackleton
5413:Terra Nova
5406:Terra Nova
5140:Heroic Age
5100:Challenger
5060:J. C. Ross
4970:Bransfield
4902:Resolution
4817:icebreaker
4781:Chelyuskin
4522:expedition
4500:Expedition
4442:Matyushkin
4400:Kh. Laptev
4395:Chelyuskin
4289:Heemskerck
4279:Chancellor
4274:Willoughby
4269:Koch boats
4212:Stefansson
4146:McClintock
4110:Inglefield
3952:J. C. Ross
3859:Resolution
3711:Cunningham
3609:Sagalevich
3298:expedition
3257:Stephenson
3217:C. F. Hall
3204:expedition
3178:J. C. Ross
3141:Heemskerck
3128:North Pole
2988:5 February
2949:15 January
2890:24 January
2874:Antarctica
2823:5 February
2775:. London:
2664:14 January
2660:. JHistory
2617:Shackleton
2494:15 January
2400:12 January
2332:PDF format
2326:5 February
2255:20 October
2223:20 October
2201:: 243–258.
2171:14 January
2087:19 January
2039:15 January
2003:15 January
1977:5 February
1950:15 January
1923:20 October
1509:14 January
1505:. JHistory
1147:Shackleton
1145:Huntford (
1106:Huntford (
990:References
933:Cape Adare
884:sailed on
881:Terra Nova
863:Retirement
849:Washington
841:Martinique
630:Expedition
467:John Davis
447:Cape Adare
364:Svend Foyn
316:Queensland
270:Early life
249:Martinique
241:expedition
231:expedition
130:expedition
50:1864-12-01
6125:Tolstikov
5911:Discovery
5881:HMS
5866:HMS
5848:Adventure
5846:HMS
5831:HMS
5767:Tolstikov
5488:Endurance
5273:Antarctic
5258:Drygalski
5231:Discovery
5224:Discovery
5185:Arctowski
5098:HMS
5071:HMS
5065:Abernethy
5053:HMS
5031:USS
5018:Vincennes
5016:USS
4996:Astrolabe
4936:San Telmo
4917:Adventure
4915:HMS
4900:HMS
4895:Kerguelen
4857:Continent
4842:Antarctic
4719:Urvantsev
4677:Vilkitsky
4530:Jeannette
4528:USS
4520:Jeannette
4484:Weyprecht
4462:Pakhtusov
4412:Chichagov
4405:D. Laptev
4348:Permyakov
4323:Stadukhin
4318:Perfilyev
4295:Mangazeya
4233:H. Larsen
4198:Rasmussen
4153:HMS
4124:USS
4073:HMS
4060:HMS
4024:Collinson
4014:HMS
4006:HMS
3984:HMS
3932:HMS
3917:HMS
3902:HMS
3887:Mackenzie
3874:Discovery
3872:HMS
3857:HMS
3829:Discovery
3808:Frobisher
3771:Rasmussen
3684:Gunnbjörn
3630:Greenland
3559:USS
3550:USS
3422:Ellsworth
3364:Roosevelt
3294:Nansen's
3251:Discovery
3249:HMS
3236:HMS
3183:Abernethy
3151:Marmaduke
2742:129255252
2581:10 August
2375:11 August
2303:29 August
2149:24 August
2066:) p. 173
1686:10 August
1423:29 August
1263:) p. 140
1224:129255252
971:arthropod
737:Per Savio
545:Discovery
542:with the
488:Antarctic
483:Antarctic
469:, on the
455:Antarctic
404:Antarctic
385:Antarctic
380:Antarctic
324:Bowenfels
229:Discovery
181:Antarctic
6137:A. Fuchs
6094:V. Fuchs
6074:McKinley
6037:E. Evans
5996:Bjaaland
5991:Amundsen
5941:Marshall
5854:Furneaux
5706:V. Fuchs
5670:E. Ronne
5665:F. Ronne
5604:Ritscher
5458:SY
5446:Filchner
5390:Framheim
5384:Amundsen
5190:Racoviță
5175:Amundsen
5170:Lecointe
5039:Ringgold
5033:Porpoise
4923:Furneaux
4759:Shevelev
4714:Begichev
4693:Amundsen
4655:Nagórski
4633:Brusilov
4627:Sv. Anna
4541:Melville
4511:Palander
4467:Tsivolko
4427:Sannikov
4422:Billings
4365:Chirikov
4284:Barentsz
4226:St. Roch
4217:Bartlett
4191:Amundsen
4175:Sverdrup
4075:Resolute
3964:Franklin
3892:Kotzebue
3759:Sverdrup
3742:Scoresby
3716:Lindenov
3567:Plaisted
3552:Nautilus
3497:Shirshov
3471:Belyakov
3466:Baydukov
3440:Nautilus
3402:Amundsen
3362:SS
3321:Sverdrup
3316:Johansen
3286:Brainard
3281:Lockwood
3136:Barentsz
2771:(1905).
2637:(1977).
2615:(1985).
2593:(1983).
2506:(2003).
2277:(1976).
2189:(1959).
1401:27 April
1149:), p. 27
1110:), p. 28
731:and the
582:and the
573:Tit-Bits
548:, under
432:Ross Sea
428:pack ice
409:pack ice
401:'s ship
297:Tharandt
114:surveyor
60:, Norway
6223:Sealers
6142:Messner
6089:Hillary
6069:Balchen
6017:Polheim
6011:Wisting
5889:Crozier
5861:Weddell
5839:J. Cook
5809:Kapitsa
5790:Fiennes
5732:Klenova
5701:Hillary
5651:Ketchum
5577:BANZARE
5552:·
5397:Polheim
5363:Shirase
5349:Charcot
5159:Belgica
5078:Crozier
4990:Morrell
4985:Weddell
4963:Lazarev
4908:J. Cook
4862:History
4812:Arktika
4788:Krassin
4773:Voronin
4745:Schmidt
4731:Ushakov
4670:Vaygach
4638:Albanov
4607:Rusanov
4588:Kolchak
4583:Matisen
4557:Makarov
4536:De Long
4437:Wrangel
4417:Lyakhov
4370:Malygin
4328:Dezhnev
4155:Pandora
4126:Advance
4093:Kennedy
4088:Belcher
4081:Kellett
4068:McClure
3992:Beechey
3986:Blossom
3979:Simpson
3947:Crozier
3940:Hoppner
3897:J. Ross
3865:J. Cook
3813:Gilbert
3706:J. Hall
3672:Ingólfr
3662:Naddodd
3656:Vikings
3643:Brendan
3638:Pytheas
3626:Iceland
3580:Arktika
3572:Herbert
3537:Badygin
3507:Krenkel
3492:Papanin
3461:Chkalov
3447:Wilkins
3412:Wisting
3356:F. Cook
3262:Markham
3222:Bessels
3211:Polaris
3202:Polaris
3173:J. Ross
3156:Carolus
3104:History
2722:Bibcode
2267:Sources
1391:(ed.).
1204:Bibcode
1092:28 June
1014:30 June
968:extinct
869:Slemdal
857:Science
481:. When
407:in the
375:Kap Nor
336:whaling
305:Germany
6052:Bowers
6047:Wilson
6006:Hassel
6001:Helmer
5970:Mackay
5960:Mawson
5925:Nimrod
5883:Terror
5868:Erebus
5795:Burton
5590:Rymill
5466:Mawson
5460:Aurora
5439:Lashly
5424:Wilson
5327:Nimrod
5304:Scotia
5111:Murray
5086:Cooper
5073:Terror
5055:Erebus
5024:Wilkes
4975:Palmer
4943:Vostok
4890:Bouvet
4814:-class
4794:Gakkel
4662:Taymyr
4643:Konrad
4612:Kuchin
4550:Yermak
4457:Lavrov
4375:Ovtsyn
4360:Bering
4338:Ivanov
4301:Hudson
4263:Pomors
4240:Cowper
4205:Karluk
4104:Isabel
4098:Bellot
4048:Austin
4016:Terror
4008:Erebus
3904:Griper
3880:Clerke
3840:Baffin
3823:Hudson
3754:Nansen
3667:Garðar
3588:Barneo
3455:ANT-25
3431:Italia
3407:Nobile
3376:Henson
3335:Amedeo
3311:Nansen
3276:Greely
3146:Hudson
3084:Arctic
2927:
2881:
2860:
2794:
2757:
2740:
2685:
2645:
2623:
2601:
2518:
2471:
2452:
2417:
2366:
2285:
1222:
948:, the
917:
745:
692:
663:Hobart
649:Pollux
602:
440:lichen
372:whaler
301:Saxony
187:, Sir
163:(1930)
157:(1911)
151:(1906)
145:(1901)
136:Awards
86:Norway
6132:Crary
6079:Dufek
6042:Oates
6032:Scott
5965:David
5946:Adams
5917:Barne
5738:Mirny
5727:Somov
5537:Quest
5434:Crean
5419:Scott
5298:Bruce
5252:Gauss
5245:Gauss
5119:Jason
5106:Nares
4980:Davis
4957:Mirny
4930:Smith
4885:Roché
4805:Lenin
4725:Sadko
4650:Wiese
4595:Sedov
4566:Zarya
4489:Payer
4452:Litke
4447:Anjou
4380:Minin
4343:Vagin
4333:Popov
4306:Poole
4161:Young
3974:Dease
3919:Hecla
3910:Parry
3835:Bylot
3818:Davis
3793:Cabot
3766:Peary
3748:Jason
3735:Egede
3649:Papar
3561:Skate
3542:Wiese
3522:NP-37
3515:NP-36
3395:Norge
3383:Sedov
3371:Peary
3329:Jason
3244:Nares
3238:Alert
3193:Hayes
3161:Parry
3099:Ocean
2738:S2CID
2316:(PDF)
2249:(PDF)
2242:(PDF)
2143:(PDF)
2136:(PDF)
2029:(PDF)
1387:. In
1220:S2CID
747:50′.
303:, in
6064:Byrd
5985:Fram
5936:Wild
5618:Marr
5584:BGLE
5571:Byrd
5499:Wild
5378:Fram
5180:Cook
4701:AARI
4686:Maud
4573:Toll
4498:Vega
4184:Gjøa
4169:Fram
4132:Kane
3969:Back
3934:Fury
3925:Lyon
3847:Munk
3486:NP-1
3388:Byrd
3305:Fram
3296:Fram
3188:Kane
3032:2008
2990:2009
2970:2008
2951:2009
2925:ISBN
2912:2008
2892:2009
2879:ISBN
2858:ISBN
2845:2008
2825:2009
2805:2009
2792:ISBN
2755:ISBN
2705:2008
2683:ISBN
2666:2009
2643:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2583:2008
2562:2008
2542:2008
2516:ISBN
2496:2009
2469:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2437:2008
2415:ISBN
2402:2023
2377:2008
2364:ISBN
2349:2008
2328:2009
2305:2008
2283:ISBN
2257:2008
2225:2008
2173:2009
2151:2015
2089:2009
2041:2009
2005:2009
1979:2009
1952:2009
1925:2008
1863:2008
1809:2008
1782:2008
1688:2008
1644:2008
1613:2008
1547:2008
1511:2009
1425:2008
1403:2011
1363:2008
1322:2008
1293:2008
1168:2008
1133:2008
1094:2024
1049:2008
1016:2022
733:Sami
522:Sir
318:and
66:Died
40:Born
5761:3rd
5747:2nd
5721:1st
5554:IGY
5550:IPY
4140:Fox
4036:Rae
3602:Mir
3578:NS
3007:at
2730:doi
1212:doi
814:by
295:at
247:on
6169::
4666:/
2980:.
2736:.
2728:.
2718:43
2716:.
2394:54
2392:.
2388:.
2318:.
2199:78
2193:.
2079:.
2031:.
2013:^
1901:^
1880:^
1705:^
1621:^
1578:^
1555:^
1519:^
1484:^
1472:^
1458:^
1442:^
1371:^
1330:^
1301:^
1268:^
1235:^
1218:.
1210:.
1200:43
1198:.
1085:.
1065:.
1023:^
1006:,
576:,
570:,
307:.
299:,
199:.
191:,
5143:"
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5080:)
5076:(
5067:)
5058:(
3063:e
3056:t
3049:v
3034:.
2992:.
2972:.
2953:.
2933:.
2914:.
2894:.
2866:.
2847:.
2827:.
2807:.
2779:.
2763:.
2744:.
2732::
2724::
2707:.
2691:.
2668:.
2651:.
2629:.
2607:.
2585:.
2564:.
2544:.
2524:.
2498:.
2477:.
2458:.
2439:.
2423:.
2404:.
2379:.
2351:.
2330:.
2307:.
2291:.
2259:.
2227:.
2175:.
2153:.
2091:.
2043:.
2007:.
1981:.
1954:.
1927:.
1865:.
1811:.
1784:.
1690:.
1646:.
1615:.
1549:.
1513:.
1427:.
1405:.
1365:.
1324:.
1295:.
1226:.
1214::
1206::
1170:.
1135:.
1096:.
1051:.
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
