5659:
4928:
1671:
5665:
1816:
4939:
151:
130:
424:
559:
4945:
1742:
5653:
623:
535:
512:("wrist"). Both names refer to anatomical characteristics that it would have had in life. The specimen was thought to be toothless until an isolated tooth was discovered during further attempts to remove rock from between the closed jaws. Since the specimen was too fragile to expose the interior of the jaws, Jian-Dong Huang, Motani, and other colleagues subsequently scanned and rendered the specimen in 3D using
4418:
1865:
807:
638:-like teeth that projected inwards nearly perpendicularly to the long axis of the jaw, therefore making them invisible externally. All of the teeth were either completely flattened or weakly pointed, and many of the teeth bore a constriction between the root and the crown. Unlike other ichthyosauriforms with molariform teeth, all of the tooth crowns were "swollen" to a similar extent. On the
4934:
1841:, Motani and colleagues proposed that the large, flipper-like forelimbs would have enabled it to move on land, thus making it amphibious. The extensive cartilage at the wrist joint would have allowed the flipper to bend without an elbow; juvenile sea turtles have similarly cartilaginous flippers that they use to move on land. Although its flipper would not have been particularly strong,
4412:
670:
457:. The specimen consists of a nearly-complete skeleton missing only part of the tail and some of the bones from the left part of the rear skull. The specimen's preservation likely resulted from it having been deposited in sediment right side down, thus leaving the left side exposed to the elements. It received a field number of MT-II, and later a specimen number of AGB 6257 at the
4424:
550:. The preserved specimen had a length of 21.4 centimetres (8 in); assuming that it had tail proportions comparable to close relatives, Motani and colleagues estimated a full body length of 40 centimetres (1 ft 4 in) and a weight of 2 kilograms (4.4 lb). In 2021, Sander and colleagues produced a much lower weight estimate of 237 g (8.4 oz).
1916:
1640:. It was commonly believed that marine ecosystems did not recover their full diversity until 5 to 10 million years following the mass extinction, and that marine reptiles recovered more slowly from the extinction than other lineages. However, the discovery of multiple diverse faunas of marine reptiles occurring in the Early Triassic — including
1711:
fish), and thus the frequency among ichthyosauriforms is not unusually high. They also observed that Early
Triassic ichthyosauriforms generally had small, rounded teeth; the teeth of Middle Triassic ichthyosauriforms were more diverse in size and shape, which correlates with increased invertebrate
656:
have multiple rows of teeth. The arrangement of the teeth meant that the front-most lower teeth would have had no corresponding upper tooth, and also that the two dentaries forming the lower jaw could not have been tightly fused. This characteristic would have been shared with its close relatives,
1806:
which held up the teeth in life may have been lost, although they conceded that neither hypothesis would explain the wear patterns. Finally, they noted that the lower teeth without corresponding upper teeth were unusual; they show no wear patterns, and there is no evidence of muscular mechanisms
871:
Incorporating nasorostrans into phylogenetic analyses also provided evidence in support of the hupehsuchians as close relatives of the ichthyopterygians. In 2014, Motani and colleagues named the clade formed by
Nasorostra and Ichthyopterygia as the Ichthyosauriformes, and the clade formed by
1774:
had previously been interpreted as suction-feeding ichthyosaurs, but a quantitative analysis of
Triassic and Jurassic ichthyosaurs by Motani and colleagues in 2013 showed that none of them had sufficiently robust hyobranchial bones nor sufficiently narrow snouts to enable suction feeding.
3028:
Paton, M.T.; Ivanov, A.V.; Fiorentini, M.L.; McNaughton, N.J.; Mudrovska, I.; Reznitskii, L.Z.; Demonterova, E.I. (2010). "Late
Permian and Early Triassic magmatic pulses in the Angara–Taseeva syncline, Southern Siberian Traps and their possible influence on the environment".
1757:
which fed by concentrating pressure in its narrow snout. This was further supported by the robustness of its hyoid and hyobranchial element (which would have anchored the tongue), and their incorrect observation of toothlessness. Similar inferences were subsequently made for
1715:
However, hupehsuchians and nasorostrans ultimately went extinct at the boundary between the Early and Middle
Triassic, producing a "taxonomic bottleneck". At the boundary, sea level changes and volcanism led to poorly oxygenated oceans, producing a characteristic
2808:
Benton, M.J.; Zhang, Q.; Hu, S.; Chen, Z.-Q.; Wen, W.; Liu, J.; Huang, J.; Zhou, C.; Xie, T.; Tong, J.; Choo, B. (2013). "Exceptional vertebrate biotas from the
Triassic of China, and the expansion of marine ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction".
1885:(mackerel-like) swimming. It is generally thought that anguilliform swimming is less efficient than carangiform swimming. Indeed, Gutarra and colleagues found that the energetic cost of swimming at 1 metre per second (3.3 ft/s) was 24 to 42 times higher in
646:(lower jawbone), the teeth were arranged in three rows, with the outermost row having the most and largest teeth; the maxillae had seven, five, and probably one teeth each, while the dentaries had ten, seven, and four teeth each. Among ichthyosauriforms, only
394:
was a small animal with a lizard-like body and a short torso; it probably swam in an eel-like manner at slow speeds. Its limbs bore extensive cartilage and could bend like flippers, which may have allowed it to walk on land. The most distinctive features of
1829:
had poorly-ossified limbs in spite of its well-ossified skull and vertebrae. However, Motani and colleagues suggested in 2014 that it was still an adult because many early-diverging members of marine reptile lineages have poorly-ossified limbs through
2947:
Fan, J.-X.; Shen, S.-Z.; Erwin, D.H.; Sadler, P.M.; MacLeod, N.; Cheng, Q.-M.; Hou, X.-D.; Yang, J.; Wang, X.-D.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Chen, X.; Li, G.-X.; Zhang, Y.-C.; Shi, Y.-K.; Yuan, D.-X.; Chen, Q.; Zhang, L.-N.; Li, C.; Zhao, Y.-Y. (2020).
1872:
A 2019 study by Susana
Gutarra and colleagues used computational simulations to estimate the energy cost of swimming in ichthyosauriforms. Early-diverging ichthyosauriforms with lizard-shaped bodies and elongate, flukeless tails, like
876:. Notably, the close relation between these different groups was recovered by their analyses regardless of whether characteristics linked to aquatic adaptations were removed from the analysis. Such characteristics may have developed
2680:
Motani, R.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Tintori, A.; Rieppel, O.; Chen, G.-B.; You, H. (2015). "First evidence of centralia in
Ichthyopterygia reiterating bias from paedomorphic characters on marine reptile phylogenetic reconstruction".
1694:
suggested that they evolved independently three to five times. Huang and colleagues observed that the development of molariform teeth occurred independently many times in aquatic animals (including multiple lineages of
2312:
Zhou, M.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Motani, R.; Tintori, A.; Ji, C.; Sun, Z.-Y.; Ni, P.-G.; Lu, H. (2017). "The cranial osteology revealed by three-dimensionally preserved skulls of the Early
Triassic ichthyosauriform
569:
had an unusually short and constricted snout, which only occupied half of the skull's length, and a deep jaw. The tip of the snout was only 6 millimetres (0.2 in) wide. Unlike most reptiles, its
2269:
Sander, P.M.; Griebeler, E.M.; Klein, N.; Juarbe, J.V.; Wintrich, T.; Revell, L.J.; Schmitz, L. (2021). "Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans".
1790:, feeding on hard-shelled prey. They noted that this did not contradict a suction-feeding lifestyle; some sparid fish are both durophagous and suction-feeding. However, they suggested that
3744:
Li, M.; Ogg, J.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, C.; Hinnov, L.; Chen, Z.Q.; Zou, Z. (2016). "Astronomical tuning of the end-Permian extinction and the Early
Triassic Epoch of South China and Germany".
1907:
would have likely swam at slower speeds requiring less efficiency, and the advantages of carangiform swimming in later, larger ichthyosauriforms were also offset by increased body size.
1834:(the retention of immature traits into adulthood), although they did not completely reject the possibility that it was a juvenile due to the existence of only one specimen.
1794:
would have been restricted to feeding on small prey. As for the horizontal orientation of the teeth, they observed wear surfaces which indicated that the sides of the teeth
2564:"Unexpected skeletal histology of an ichthyosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia: implications for evolution of bone microstructure among secondary aquatic tetrapods"
415:, although how it exactly used its inward-directed teeth is not yet known. It was one of up to five independent acquisitions of molar-like teeth among ichthyosauriforms.
3600:
Ji, C.; Tintori, A.; Jiang, D.; Motani, R. (2017). "New species of Thylacocephala (Arthropoda) from the Spathian (Lower Triassic) of Chaohu, Anhui Province of China".
2430:"New primitive ichthyosaurian (Reptilia, Diapsida) from the Middle Triassic of Panxian, Guizhou, southwestern China and its position in the Triassic biotic recovery"
5820:
3779:
Ji, C.; Zhang, C.; Jiang, D.Y.; Bucher, H.; Motani, R.; Tintori, A. (2015). "Ammonoid age control of the Early Triassic marine reptiles from Chaohu (South China)".
734:
can also be distinguished by its parapophyses, vertebral processes that articulated with the ribs; their front margins were confluent with those of the vertebrae.
1690:
of teeth among ichthyosauromorphs. Probabilistic methods suggested that rounded or flat teeth most likely evolved independently five times, while methods based on
888:(derived from shared ancestry). The persistence of these reconstructed relationships even after the removal of aquatic characteristics points to their robustness.
3956:
782:(carpals) and the digits, suggesting the presence of extensive cartilage in the limbs. This would have made the limbs flipper-like. The forelimb flippers of
786:
were curved backwards, with the digits being tilted 50° relative to the axis of the long bones (zeugopodium), while the hindlimbs were curved forwards. The
1807:
which would have allowed the two jaws to be used against each other. Therefore, they inferred that these teeth were probably not used against other teeth.
3841:
Jiang, D.-Y.; Motani, R.; Tintori, A.; Rieppel, O.; Chen, G.-B.; Huang, J.-D.; Zhang, R.; Sun, Z.-Y.; Ji, C. (2014). "The early Triassic eosauropterygian
5658:
749:
ribs, as is commonly seen in early members of secondarily-aquatic reptile lineages. The Ichthyopterygia lost these flattened ribs with the exception of
5825:
3880:
Sun, Z.; Tintori, A.; Jiang, D.; Motani, R. (2013). "A new perleidid from the Spathian (Olenekian, Early Triassic) of Chaohu, Anhui Province, China".
1644:— subsequently showed that this was not the case. In particular, it appears that ichthyosauriforms first appeared during the Spathian substage of the
5800:
5754:
1798:
with each other, instead of the crowns. However, they noted that teeth are structurally strongest at their tips, not on their sides, under the high
1958:
zone. High-resolution date estimates have been produced for the Olenekian-aged strata exposed in the Majiashan Quarry based on isotopic records of
1941:
located 13 metres (43 ft) above the base of the Upper Member of the Nanlinghu Formation. It is defined above and below by layers of yellowish
2751:
Liu, J.; Hu, S.X.; Rieppel, O.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Benton, M.J.; Kelley, N.P.; Aitchison, J.C.; Zhou, C.; Wen, W.; Huang, J.; Xie, T.; Lv, T. (2014).
5815:
2371:
Jiang, D.-Y.; Motani, R.; Huang, J.-D.; Tintori, A.; Hu, Y.-C.; Rieppel, O.; Fraser, N.C.; Ji, C.; Kelley, N.P.; Fu, W.-L.; Zhang, R. (2016).
1637:
5805:
1720:
from decaying organic material in rock strata at the boundary. Ichthyosauriforms did not recover in diversity after this turnover, with the
2753:"A gigantic nothosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of SW China and its implication for the Triassic biotic recovery"
1712:
diversity. Thus, they suggested that the diversification of ichthyosauriforms was partially driven by the evolution of hard-shelled prey.
2373:"A large aberrant stem ichthyosauriform indicating early rise and demise of ichthyosauromorphs in the wake of the end-Permian extinction"
1857:
would also have aided an amphibious lifestyle, including the short trunk and snout, and the thickened ribs (which would have served as a
3806:
Li, S.Y.; Tong, J.N.; Liu, K.Y.; Wang, F.J.; Huo, Y.Y. (2007). "The Lower Triassic cyclic deposition in Chaohu, Anhui Province, China".
3266:
Vandewalle, P.; Saintin, P.; Chardon, M. (1995). "Structures and movements of the buccal and pharyngeal jaws in relation to feeding in
864:
were united by their short snouts, elongated nasals, deep jaws, frontals lacking expansions, rib-cages deepest near the shoulder, and
5810:
4927:
3064:
Takahashi, S.; Yamasaki, S.I.; Ogawa, K.; Kaiho, K.; Tsuchiya, N. (2015). "Redox conditions in the end-Early Triassic Panthalassa".
1691:
380:
403:-like teeth which grew on the inside surface of its jaw bones. These teeth were not discovered until the specimen was subjected to
1881:(eel-like) swimming, while later ichthyosauriforms with deeper, fish-like bodies and well-defined tail flukes would have employed
3949:
3640:"Pre- versus post-mass extinction divergence of Mesozoic marine reptiles dictated by time-scale dependence of evolutionary rates"
3356:
Mazouchova, N.; Umbanhowar, P.B.; Goldman, D.I. (2013). "Flipper-driven terrestrial locomotion of a sea turtle-inspired robot".
3689:"Eccentricity and obliquity paced carbon cycling in the Early Triassic and implications for post-extinction ecosystem recovery"
824:
The lack of complete fossil remains has resulted in a lack of clarity about the origins of the Ichthyopterygia, including the
1652:
5664:
1969:
logs (which measure the amount of radiation in rocks of astronomical origin); Bed 633 in particular was estimated at 248.41
1686:; such teeth indicate a diet at least partially based on hard-shelled animals. In 2020, Huang and colleagues performed an
2716:
Chen, Z.Q.; Benton, M.J. (2012). "The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction".
150:
3150:"Short-Snouted Toothless Ichthyosaur from China Suggests Late Triassic Diversification of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs"
2014:
is known from Bed 643. Fish diversity in the Majiashan Quarry is poorer than other localities; the most common fish is
4938:
3942:
2212:
Huang, J.-D.; Motani, R.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Ren, X.-X.; Tintori, A.; Rieppel, O.; Zhou, M.; Hu, Y.-C.; Zhang, R. (2020).
581:
also lacked an expansion at its rear outer corner. All of these characteristics were shared with its close relative
5795:
5701:
2849:"Ecomorphological diversifications of Mesozoic marine reptiles: the roles of ecological opportunity and extinction"
1754:
711:
412:
138:
4944:
2214:"Repeated evolution of durophagy during ichthyosaur radiation after mass extinction indicated by hidden dentition"
372:
was part of a diversification of marine reptiles that occurred suddenly (over about one million years) during the
884:) among multiple lineages due to similar lifestyles, which can bias phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct them as
5696:
5652:
1802:
of crushing bites. They suggested that the jaw may have been twisted during preservation, or soft tissues like
1687:
626:
micro-CT scans of the skull, showing constrictions (yellow arrows) and wear surfaces (yellow brackets) on teeth
3548:
Gutarra, S.; Moon, B.C.; Rahman, I.A.; Palmer, C.; Lautenschlager, S.; Brimacombe, A.J.; Benton, M.J. (2019).
710:
falls within the typical range for terrestrial animals, unlike the 40 to 80 pre-sacrals common among the more
3550:"Effects of body plan evolution on the hydrodynamic drag and energy requirements of swimming in ichthyosaurs"
3007:"Global sequence boundaries of the Triassic and their identification in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin"
1636:
The appearance of ichthyosauromorphs was part of the recovery of marine ecosystems following the devastating
798:
had similar limbs, except they were better-ossified and their preserved curvature may not have been natural.
458:
1674:
Taxonomic diversity of Triassic marine reptiles; note the two peaks in diversity and the bottleneck between
5722:
4417:
4411:
3101:"The evolution and extinction of the ichthyosaurs from the perspective of quantitative ecospace modelling"
895:
from the phylogenetic analysis published by Huang, Motani, and colleagues in 2020, in the description of
454:
5767:
5691:
3845:, gen. et sp. nov. (Reptilia, Sauropterygia), from Chaohu, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China".
3407:
Fish, F.E. (2000). "Biomechanics and energetics in aquatic and semiaquatic mammals: platypus to whale".
1795:
1745:
3D reconstruction of the dentaries and maxilla as they would have articulated in life, in multiple views
841:
513:
494:
475:
404:
328:
288:
2170:
562:
3D reconstruction of the skull, viewed from the bottom left, exposing the teeth and internal skull roof
1670:
4765:
4687:
4635:
3815:
3753:
3700:
3365:
3220:
3161:
3073:
3038:
2961:
2875:
2818:
2764:
2725:
2634:
2575:
2477:
2384:
2225:
2124:
2046:
2016:
1934:
1850:
881:
844:
conducted by Motani and colleagues found that the two were closely related to each other — forming a
265:
4423:
3501:"On the role of form and kinematics on the hydrodynamics of self-propelled body/caudal fin swimming"
3209:"Absence of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs and Its Implications for Triassic Mesopelagic Paleoecology"
595:
and postfrontal bones did not meet above the eye socket; and the location of the large hole for the
5051:
4894:
4041:
3006:
1954:
350:, named in 2014 by Ryosuke Motani and colleagues from a single nearly-complete skeleton found near
4908:
1849:. The curved flippers would have allowed them to be kept close to the body, thus increasing their
5164:
4583:
4468:
4218:
4103:
4090:
4053:
3965:
3862:
3617:
3530:
3450:
Tytell, E.D.; Borazjani, I.; Sotiropoulos, F.; Baker, T.V.; Anderson, E.J.; Lauder, G.V. (2010).
3432:
3389:
2987:
2880:
2698:
2599:
2334:
2294:
2148:
2066:
1978:
1900:
1799:
931:
906:
885:
873:
778:(only three digits of the hand were ossified) with widely-spaced bones, particularly between the
685:
547:
522:
427:
Stratigraphic diagram of the Nanlinghu Formation at the Majiashan Quarry (the source locality of
331:
224:
208:
145:
5772:
1845:
was relatively lightweight, with a body mass to flipper surface area ratio smaller than that of
4933:
5482:
5357:
5322:
5278:
4803:
4183:
3726:
3669:
3579:
3522:
3481:
3424:
3381:
3338:
3248:
3189:
3130:
2979:
2929:
2790:
2662:
2591:
2544:
2503:
2410:
2286:
2251:
2175:
2140:
2111:
Motani, R.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Chen, G.-B.; Tintori, A.; Rieppel, O.; Ji, C.; Huang, J.-D. (2014).
1982:
892:
681:
129:
2466:"Lunge feeding in early marine reptiles and fast evolution of marine tetrapod feeding guilds"
745:
had heavily-built ribcages, which were deepest near the shoulder, with broad, flattened, and
5602:
5551:
5519:
5402:
5207:
5063:
5008:
4562:
4499:
3920:
3889:
3854:
3823:
3788:
3761:
3757:
3716:
3708:
3659:
3651:
3609:
3569:
3561:
3512:
3471:
3463:
3416:
3373:
3328:
3320:
3287:
3279:
3238:
3228:
3207:
Motani, R.; Ji, C.; Tomita, T.; Kelley, N.; Maxwell, E.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Sander, P.M. (2013).
3179:
3169:
3120:
3112:
3081:
3046:
2969:
2919:
2911:
2870:
2860:
2826:
2780:
2772:
2733:
2690:
2652:
2642:
2583:
2534:
2493:
2485:
2441:
2400:
2392:
2326:
2278:
2241:
2233:
2132:
2010:
1896:
1815:
1656:
466:
383:, but they were subsequently driven to extinction by volcanism and sea level changes by the
423:
5445:
5437:
5429:
5387:
5291:
5239:
5140:
4901:
4880:
4873:
4751:
4730:
4590:
4300:
4261:
4227:
4199:
4148:
2950:"A high-resolution summary of Cambrian to Early Triassic marine invertebrate biodiversity"
1949:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1725:
1679:
1648:
998:
829:
715:
592:
558:
384:
376:
341:
240:
3907:
Tintori, A.; Huang, J.-D.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Sun, Z.-Y.; Motani, R.; Chen, G. (2014). "A new
2563:
634:
was toothless; however, micro-CT scanning subsequently revealed the presence of rounded,
17:
3911:(Actinopterygii) from the Spathian (Early Triassic) of Chaohu (Anhui Province, China)".
3819:
3704:
3369:
3224:
3165:
3077:
3042:
2965:
2822:
2768:
2729:
2638:
2579:
2481:
2388:
2229:
2128:
5595:
5588:
5560:
5329:
5267:
5260:
5223:
5216:
5195:
5090:
5036:
4793:
4773:
4743:
4695:
4679:
4662:
4615:
4523:
4515:
4508:
4274:
3721:
3688:
3664:
3639:
3574:
3549:
3476:
3451:
3377:
3333:
3308:
3283:
3243:
3208:
3184:
3149:
3125:
3100:
2924:
2899:
2785:
2752:
2657:
2623:
from the Lower Triassic of Hubei, China and the Phylogenetic Affinities of Hupehsuchia"
2618:
2498:
2465:
2405:
2372:
2246:
2213:
2039:
2021:
1977:
relatively far from the coast, which was bordered on the south by shallower waters and
1741:
1696:
1319:
1301:
1284:
1266:
587:. However, unlike the latter, the frontal bone did not contribute to the eye socket in
446:
355:
338:
334:
622:
441:
was discovered in Bed 633 from the second level of the Majiashan Quarry near downtown
5789:
5581:
5459:
5366:
5345:
5149:
5082:
5072:
5029:
4989:
4531:
4483:
4454:
4441:
4371:
4243:
4159:
4141:
3866:
3621:
3452:"Disentangling the functional roles of morphology and motion in the swimming of fish"
2991:
2539:
2522:
2298:
1974:
1721:
1660:
1337:
1245:
652:
635:
600:
400:
80:
3534:
3436:
3393:
2830:
2702:
2338:
5540:
5533:
5512:
5497:
5452:
5422:
5307:
5253:
5126:
4863:
4811:
4711:
4703:
4671:
4628:
4574:
4548:
4329:
4322:
4282:
4250:
4192:
2884:
2603:
2428:
Jiang, D.; Motani, R.; Hao, W.; Schmitz, L.; Rieppel, O.; Sun, Y.; Sun, Z. (2008).
2152:
2060:
1962:
1764:
1664:
1164:
1146:
1090:
1069:
1045:
1024:
1009:
955:
853:
779:
775:
767:, but both lacked another pair of symmetrical elements at the midline of the body.
746:
702:
596:
583:
578:
534:
429:
364:
2464:
Motani, R.; Chen, X.H.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Cheng, L.; Tintori, A.; Rieppel, O. (2015).
2330:
1864:
806:
5745:
3858:
3827:
3792:
3233:
3174:
3085:
2694:
2647:
828:. For many years, their fossils were considered to have abruptly appeared in the
5415:
5380:
5299:
5105:
5098:
4975:
4962:
4887:
4822:
4781:
4718:
4642:
4172:
4128:
4117:
4010:
2026:
1770:
919:
825:
751:
658:
55:
3765:
2446:
2429:
2237:
669:
5609:
5567:
5474:
5467:
5373:
5314:
5181:
5022:
4996:
4758:
4604:
4597:
4349:
4340:
4289:
4026:
3995:
3924:
3893:
3687:
Fu, W.; Jiang, D.; Montañez, I.; Meylers, S.; Motani, R.; Tintori, A. (2016).
3613:
3050:
2587:
2113:"A basal ichthyosauriform with a short snout from the Lower Triassic of China"
1728:
driving a second wave of diversification lasting three to five million years.
1518:
1497:
1472:
1457:
1430:
1409:
1381:
1210:
941:
849:
818:
756:
616:
574:
570:
100:
65:
2030:
and several undescribed fish are also known. Potential invertebrate prey for
5504:
5489:
5337:
5156:
4309:
2974:
2949:
2282:
2042:
1966:
1959:
1938:
1787:
1708:
1700:
1645:
1132:
877:
373:
162:
105:
49:
41:
3730:
3673:
3655:
3583:
3565:
3526:
3485:
3428:
3385:
3342:
3324:
3252:
3193:
3134:
3116:
2983:
2933:
2915:
2794:
2666:
2595:
2548:
2507:
2414:
2290:
2255:
2144:
1973:
in age. During the Middle Triassic, the Chaohu strata were deposited in an
577:, its bony nostrils were located relatively far back on the skull, and its
2900:"Trophic convergence drives morphological convergence in marine tetrapods"
1915:
1655:
in the first million years of their evolution. They occupied a variety of
599:
on the skull roof differed: it was at the contact between the frontal and
5739:
5526:
4650:
4475:
3989:
3467:
1946:
1803:
1704:
723:
689:
643:
517:
182:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
2865:
2848:
2136:
464:
In 2014, the specimen was described by Ryosuke Motani and colleagues in
5759:
5574:
4356:
4001:
3517:
3500:
3309:"How to best smash a snail: the effect of tooth shape on crushing load"
3292:
2035:
1858:
1831:
1717:
1682:
had molariform teeth (shown in the phylogenetic tree above), including
1189:
865:
639:
192:
110:
85:
3712:
2776:
2617:
Chen, X.-H.; Motani, R.; Cheng, L.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Rieppel, O. (2014).
2489:
2396:
520:, China. In 2020, results from their follow-up work were published in
3983:
3934:
2737:
693:
488:
482:
442:
351:
172:
5716:
3638:
Motani, R.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Tintori, A.; Ji, C.; Huang, J.-D. (2017).
2112:
344:, about 248 million years ago. The genus contains a single species,
3420:
1822:
may have used its flippers in a manner akin to juvenile sea turtles
1663:(bottom-dwelling) species like hupehsuchians and nasorostrans, and
453:; the rock strata in this quarry belong to the Upper Member of the
1914:
1863:
1814:
1740:
1669:
845:
805:
787:
730:
were relatively narrow and inclined instead of broad and flanged.
668:
621:
557:
533:
450:
422:
359:
324:
1970:
1942:
5720:
5680:
4960:
4439:
4088:
3976:
3938:
1895:(depending on whether swimming mode is accounted for), and its
868:(shoulder blades) wider at the bottom end than at the top end.
852:— and to the Ichthyopterygia, to which nasorostrans formed the
573:
reached the front of the snout. Due to its likewise elongated
399:
were its short, constricted snout, and its multiple rows of
1868:
Flow velocity simulation; cool colours denote slower flow
1659:
despite relatively low species diversity, including both
763:
were thin and rod-like, unlike the flattened "basket" of
516:(micro-CT), performed at the Yinghua Testing Company in
1853:. Motani and colleagues suggested that other traits of
2004:
is known from the younger Bed 719 (248.16 Ma), while
3148:
Sander, P.M.; Chen, X.; Cheng, L.; Wang, X. (2011).
1929:
Bed 633 of the Majiashan Quarry, the locality where
5729:
5550:
5401:
5356:
5277:
5237:
5206:
5179:
5139:
5124:
5071:
5050:
5006:
4973:
4861:
4821:
4792:
4729:
4661:
4614:
4573:
4546:
4498:
4452:
4370:
4339:
4308:
4299:
4260:
4226:
4217:
4182:
4158:
4127:
4101:
4052:
4025:
2317:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauromorpha) from Anhui, China".
1782:led Huang and colleagues to conclude in 2020 that
832:with strong aquatic adaptations. The discovery of
411:likely preyed on hard-shelled invertebrates using
390:Measuring about 40 centimetres (16 in) long,
3808:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3066:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
794:was straight and not expanded at its bottom end.
3913:Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia
3882:Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia
1861:, stabilizing the animal in near-shore waters).
1749:Motani and colleagues hypothesized in 2014 that
630:Initially, Motani and colleagues inferred that
2523:""Pachyostosis" in aquatic amniotes: a review"
1996:are both found in Majiashan Quarry along with
3950:
3633:
3631:
2842:
2840:
2164:
2162:
2106:
2104:
2102:
1667:(open-water) species like ichthyopterygians.
8:
2459:
2457:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
726:projecting from the top of the vertebrae in
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
507:
501:
5717:
5677:
5407:
5283:
5245:
5234:
5187:
5136:
5132:
5057:
5047:
5014:
4981:
4970:
4957:
4858:
4735:
4620:
4554:
4495:
4460:
4449:
4436:
4314:
4305:
4266:
4223:
4164:
4133:
4109:
4098:
4085:
4031:
4022:
3973:
3957:
3943:
3935:
2008:is found in both beds. The sauropterygian
1678:Many ichthyosauriforms from the Early and
1565:More derived ichthyosaurs — Conical teeth
872:Ichthyosauriformes and Hupehsuchia as the
688:, for a total of 31 pre-sacral vertebrae (
323:(meaning "shortened snout") is an extinct
128:
31:
3720:
3663:
3595:
3593:
3573:
3516:
3475:
3332:
3291:
3242:
3232:
3183:
3173:
3124:
2973:
2923:
2876:1983/c3f9b0fe-6bc2-400c-a770-1d1ab6e8379e
2874:
2864:
2784:
2656:
2646:
2538:
2497:
2445:
2404:
2245:
470:as representing a new genus and species,
3499:Borazjani, I.; Sotiropoulos, F. (2010).
2078:
5821:Early Triassic genus first appearances
3313:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
3011:Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology
3409:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
1778:The discovery of molariform teeth in
755:. On the underside of the chest, the
546:was the smallest-known member of the
7:
3307:Crofts, S.B.; Summers, A.P. (2014).
2562:Talevi, M.; Fernández, M.S. (2012).
2024:, but a species of the wide-ranging
615:also had a characteristically large
437:In 2011, the only known specimen of
3746:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3456:Integrative and Comparative Biology
2847:Stubbs, T.L.; Benton, M.J. (2016).
1489:
1464:
1401:
1373:
1366:
1258:
1251:
1181:
1138:
1128:
1061:
1016:
1004:
947:
937:
912:
902:
3847:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3644:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3554:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3284:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb01101.x
3099:Dick, D.G.; Maxwell, E.E. (2015).
2683:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2319:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2171:"How the ichthyosaur got its fins"
25:
2898:Kelley, N.P.; Motani, R. (2015).
2020:, the oldest known member of the
1638:Permian–Triassic extinction event
607:, but solely on the parietals in
381:Permian-Triassic extinction event
5826:Early Triassic genus extinctions
5663:
5657:
5651:
4943:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4422:
4416:
4410:
3843:Majiashanosaurus discocoracoidis
3358:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
2540:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2009.00146.x
1899:was 15% higher than that of the
362:. Along with its close relative
149:
5801:Early Triassic reptiles of Asia
3505:Journal of Experimental Biology
2831:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.014
1922:is found in the same strata as
3031:Russian Geology and Geophysics
2619:"The Enigmatic Marine Reptile
1933:was found, is a layer of grey
1688:ancestral state reconstruction
542:At the time of its discovery,
137:Holotype specimen (AGB 6257),
1:
5816:Fossil taxa described in 2014
2331:10.1080/02724634.2017.1343831
1046:Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis
379:, soon after the devastating
5806:Prehistoric animals of China
3859:10.1080/02724634.2014.846264
3828:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.043
3793:10.1016/j.palwor.2014.11.009
3378:10.1088/1748-3182/8/2/026007
3234:10.1371/journal.pone.0066075
3175:10.1371/journal.pone.0019480
3086:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.018
2695:10.1080/02724634.2014.948547
2648:10.1371/journal.pone.0102361
2034:include small ammonites and
489:
483:
2434:Progress in Natural Science
1070:Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis
899:, is partially reproduced:
897:Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis
840:partially filled this gap.
817:, with the two forming the
813:is the closest relative of
493:(ῥύγχος, "snout"), and the
5842:
3766:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.017
2447:10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.01.039
2315:Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis
2238:10.1038/s41598-020-64854-z
1952:, this bed belongs to the
1651:and quickly attained high
1091:Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis
700:(with 34 pre-sacrals) and
487:(καρτός, "shortened") and
139:Geological Museum of China
5687:
5676:
5649:
5410:
5286:
5248:
5233:
5190:
5135:
5060:
5046:
5017:
4984:
4969:
4956:
4924:
4857:
4738:
4623:
4557:
4494:
4463:
4448:
4435:
4408:
4317:
4269:
4167:
4136:
4112:
4097:
4084:
4034:
4021:
3972:
3614:10.1007/s12542-017-0347-7
3051:10.1016/j.rgg.2010.08.009
2588:10.1007/s00114-012-0886-4
1563:
1515:
1494:
1487:
1469:
1462:
1427:
1406:
1399:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1334:
1316:
1298:
1281:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1207:
1186:
1179:
1161:
1143:
1136:
1126:
1087:
1066:
1059:
1042:
1025:Chaohusaurus geishanensis
1021:
1014:
1002:
969:
952:
945:
935:
917:
910:
514:micro-computed tomography
472:Cartorhynchus lenticarpus
347:Cartorhynchus lenticarpus
301:Cartorhynchus lenticarpus
294:
287:
146:Scientific classification
144:
136:
127:
34:
27:Extinct genus of reptiles
18:Cartorhynchus lenticarpus
5811:Ichthyosauromorph genera
1981:, and on the north by a
1718:carbon isotope signature
1410:Mixosaurus kuhnschnyderi
1285:Cymbospondylus nichollsi
3925:10.13130/2039-4942/6057
3894:10.13130/2039-4942/6040
3758:2016E&PSL.441...10L
3272:Journal of Fish Biology
2975:10.1126/science.aax4953
2283:10.1126/science.abf5787
1431:Mixosaurus panxianensis
1302:Cymbospondylus piscosus
1267:Cymbospondylus buchseri
706:(with 36 pre-sacrals),
459:Anhui Geological Museum
3656:10.1098/rspb.2017.0241
3566:10.1098/rspb.2018.2786
3325:10.1098/rsif.2013.1053
3117:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0339
2916:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0709
1988:The ichthyosauriforms
1926:
1877:, would have employed
1869:
1823:
1746:
1675:
821:
696:, or hip). Along with
680:appears to have had 5
674:
627:
563:
539:
508:
502:
434:
337:that lived during the
5768:Paleobiology Database
2811:Earth-Science Reviews
2521:Houssaye, A. (2009).
2169:Perkins, Sid (2014).
1918:
1889:than the ichthyosaur
1867:
1818:
1744:
1673:
1382:Mixosaurus comalianus
842:Phylogenetic analyses
809:
672:
625:
561:
537:
500:from the Latin words
481:from the Greek words
426:
4766:Guizhouichthyosaurus
4688:Guizhouichthyosaurus
4636:Guizhouichthyosaurus
3005:Embry, A.F. (1997).
1851:mechanical advantage
1811:Limbs and locomotion
1653:functional diversity
1632:Evolutionary history
1498:Phalarodon callawayi
882:convergent evolution
665:Postcranial skeleton
642:(upper jawbone) and
419:Discovery and naming
5052:Temnodontosauroidea
3820:2007PPP...252..188S
3705:2016NatSR...627793F
3370:2013BiBi....8b6007M
3225:2013PLoSO...866075M
3166:2011PLoSO...619480S
3078:2015PPP...432...15T
3043:2010RuGG...51.1012P
2966:2020Sci...367..272F
2866:10.1017/pab.2016.15
2823:2013ESRv..125..199B
2769:2014NatSR...4E7142L
2730:2012NatGe...5..375C
2639:2014PLoSO...9j2361C
2580:2012NW.....99..241T
2568:Naturwissenschaften
2527:Integrative Zoology
2482:2015NatSR...5E8900M
2389:2016NatSR...626232J
2230:2020NatSR..10.7798H
2137:10.1038/nature13866
2129:2015Natur.517..485M
1985:and deeper basins.
1979:carbonate platforms
848:(group) called the
673:Life reconstruction
474:. They derived the
455:Nanlinghu Formation
280:C. lenticarpus
5682:Related categories
5165:Protoichthyosaurus
4584:Barracudasauroides
4469:Quasianosteosaurus
4219:Ichthyosauriformes
4104:Ichthyosauromorpha
4091:Ichthyosauromorpha
4054:Ichthyosauromorpha
3966:Ichthyosauromorpha
3693:Scientific Reports
3650:(1854): 20170241.
3560:(1898): 20182786.
3518:10.1242/jeb.030932
3468:10.1093/icb/icq057
2757:Scientific Reports
2470:Scientific Reports
2377:Scientific Reports
2277:(6575): eabf5787.
2218:Scientific Reports
2067:Ichthyosauriformes
1927:
1901:bottlenose dolphin
1870:
1824:
1747:
1676:
932:Ichthyosauriformes
907:Ichthyosauromorpha
874:Ichthyosauromorpha
822:
675:
628:
564:
548:Ichthyosauriformes
540:
523:Scientific Reports
435:
225:Ichthyosauriformes
209:Ichthyosauromorpha
5796:Ichthyosauriforms
5783:
5782:
5723:Taxon identifiers
5714:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5702:Triassic reptiles
5672:
5671:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5483:Kazakhstanosaurus
5397:
5396:
5358:Ophthalmosaurinae
5323:Myobradypterygius
5279:Ophthalmosauridae
5175:
5174:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
4952:
4951:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4804:Qianichthyosaurus
4542:
4541:
4431:
4430:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4366:
4365:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4184:Parahupehsuchinae
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
3713:10.1038/srep27793
2960:(6475): 272–277.
2777:10.1038/srep07142
2718:Nature Geoscience
2490:10.1038/srep08900
2440:(10): 1315–1319.
2397:10.1038/srep26232
2123:(7535): 485–488.
1983:continental slope
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1519:Phalarodon fraasi
1473:Phalarodon atavus
1446:
1445:
1353:
1352:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1105:
988:
987:
893:phylogenetic tree
716:ichthyopterygians
506:("flexible") and
433:is marked in red)
316:
315:
268:
16:(Redirected from
5833:
5776:
5775:
5763:
5762:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5718:
5678:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5603:Simbirskiasaurus
5552:Platypterygiinae
5520:Pervushovisaurus
5408:
5403:Platypterygiidae
5284:
5246:
5235:
5208:Stenopterygiidae
5188:
5137:
5133:
5064:Temnodontosaurus
5058:
5048:
5015:
5009:Neoichthyosauria
4982:
4971:
4958:
4947:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4859:
4736:
4621:
4563:Cymbospondylidae
4555:
4500:Cymbospondylidae
4496:
4461:
4450:
4437:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4315:
4306:
4267:
4224:
4165:
4134:
4110:
4099:
4086:
4032:
4023:
4016:
4015:
3974:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3936:
3929:
3928:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3853:(5): 1044–1052.
3838:
3832:
3831:
3814:(1–2): 188–199.
3803:
3797:
3796:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3520:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3462:(6): 1140–1154.
3447:
3441:
3440:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3319:(92): 20131053.
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3236:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3177:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3037:(9): 1012–1020.
3025:
3019:
3018:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2977:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2868:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2738:10.1038/ngeo1475
2713:
2707:
2706:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2650:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2368:
2343:
2342:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2209:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2108:
2011:Majiashanosaurus
1897:drag coefficient
1525:
1504:
1490:
1476:— Conical teeth
1465:
1437:
1416:
1402:
1388:
1374:
1367:
1344:
1323:— Conical teeth
1305:— Conical teeth
1270:— Conical teeth
1259:
1252:
1217:
1196:
1182:
1168:— Conical teeth
1150:— Conical teeth
1139:
1129:
1097:
1076:
1062:
1031:
1017:
1005:
979:
948:
938:
913:
903:
692:in front of its
511:
505:
492:
486:
332:ichthyosauriform
303:
299:
259:
252:
239:
223:
207:
154:
153:
132:
122:
52:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5771:
5766:
5758:
5753:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5725:
5715:
5706:
5697:Marine reptiles
5683:
5668:
5615:
5546:
5446:Brachypterygius
5438:Athabascasaurus
5430:Arthropterygius
5393:
5388:Ophthalmosaurus
5352:
5292:Arthropterygius
5273:
5242:
5240:Ophthalmosauria
5229:
5202:
5184:
5171:
5141:Ichthyosauridae
5129:
5112:
5067:
5042:
5011:
5002:
4978:
4965:
4948:
4914:
4902:Svalbardosaurus
4881:Pachygonosaurus
4874:Barracudasaurus
4837:
4817:
4788:
4752:Californosaurus
4731:Euichthyosauria
4725:
4657:
4610:
4591:Contectopalatus
4569:
4551:
4538:
4490:
4457:
4444:
4427:
4386:
4362:
4335:
4301:Eoichthyosauria
4295:
4262:Ichthyopterygia
4256:
4228:Omphalosauridae
4205:
4200:Parahupehsuchus
4178:
4154:
4149:Nanchangosaurus
4123:
4106:
4093:
4068:
4048:
4017:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3963:
3933:
3932:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3268:Diplodus sargus
3265:
3264:
3260:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3111:(7): 20150339.
3105:Biology Letters
3098:
3097:
3093:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2910:(1): 20140709.
2904:Biology Letters
2897:
2896:
2892:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2621:Nanchangosaurus
2616:
2615:
2611:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2370:
2369:
2346:
2325:(4): e1343831.
2311:
2310:
2306:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2211:
2210:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2110:
2109:
2080:
2075:
2056:
2047:Ankitokazocaris
2040:thylacocephalan
2017:Chaohuperleidus
1950:biostratigraphy
1937:(clay-bearing)
1913:
1892:Ophthalmosaurus
1837:In the case of
1813:
1739:
1734:
1726:Saurosphargidae
1697:monitor lizards
1680:Middle Triassic
1634:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1523:
1502:
1447:
1435:
1414:
1386:
1354:
1342:
1236:
1227:
1215:
1194:
1116:
1107:
1095:
1074:
1029:
999:Ichthyopterygia
989:
977:
830:Middle Triassic
804:
667:
556:
538:Size comparison
532:
421:
413:suction feeding
385:Middle Triassic
312:
305:
297:
296:
283:
258:
250:
237:
221:
205:
148:
123:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5839:
5837:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5788:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5764:
5751:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5596:Plutoniosaurus
5592:
5589:Platypterygius
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5561:Caypullisaurus
5556:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5501:
5494:
5486:
5479:
5471:
5464:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5434:
5426:
5419:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5362:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5342:
5334:
5330:Nannopterygius
5326:
5319:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5268:Macropterygius
5264:
5261:Delphinosaurus
5257:
5249:
5243:
5238:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5224:Stenopterygius
5220:
5217:Magnipterygius
5212:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5196:Chacaicosaurus
5191:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5145:
5143:
5130:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5102:
5095:
5091:Excalibosaurus
5087:
5078:
5076:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5055:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5037:Suevoleviathan
5033:
5026:
5018:
5012:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4993:
4985:
4979:
4974:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4869:
4867:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4799:
4797:
4794:Toretocnemidae
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4778:
4774:Mikadocephalus
4770:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4744:Auroroborealia
4739:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4715:
4708:
4700:
4696:Himalayasaurus
4692:
4684:
4680:Guanlingsaurus
4676:
4667:
4665:
4663:Shastasauridae
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4632:
4624:
4618:
4616:Merriamosauria
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4579:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4558:
4552:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4528:
4524:Thalattoarchon
4520:
4516:Phantomosaurus
4512:
4509:Cymbospondylus
4504:
4502:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4312:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4275:Isfjordosaurus
4270:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4232:
4230:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4113:
4107:
4102:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4035:
4029:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3977:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3930:
3919:(2): 157–164.
3899:
3888:(3): 275–285.
3872:
3833:
3798:
3787:(3): 277–282.
3771:
3736:
3679:
3627:
3608:(2): 171–184.
3589:
3540:
3491:
3442:
3421:10.1086/318108
3415:(6): 683–698.
3399:
3348:
3299:
3278:(4): 623–656.
3258:
3219:(12): e66075.
3199:
3140:
3091:
3056:
3020:
2997:
2939:
2890:
2859:(4): 547–573.
2836:
2800:
2743:
2724:(6): 375–383.
2708:
2689:(4): e948547.
2672:
2633:(7): e102361.
2609:
2574:(3): 241–244.
2554:
2533:(4): 325–340.
2513:
2453:
2420:
2344:
2304:
2261:
2189:
2158:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2055:
2052:
2022:Perleidiformes
1945:. In terms of
1912:
1909:
1832:paedomorphosis
1812:
1809:
1755:suction feeder
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1320:Thalattoarchon
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1003:
1001:
995:
994:
991:
990:
986:
985:
982:
981:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
951:
946:
944:
936:
934:
928:
927:
924:
923:
916:
911:
909:
901:
878:homoplasiously
803:
802:Classification
800:
714:(specialized)
686:back vertebrae
682:neck vertebrae
666:
663:
657:the toothless
601:parietal bones
555:
552:
531:
528:
447:Anhui Province
420:
417:
356:Anhui Province
339:Early Triassic
335:marine reptile
314:
313:
306:
292:
291:
285:
284:
276:
274:
270:
269:
248:
244:
243:
235:
228:
227:
219:
212:
211:
203:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
142:
141:
134:
133:
125:
124:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5838:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5731:Cartorhynchus
5728:
5724:
5719:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5679:
5675:
5666:
5662:
5660:
5654:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5582:Maiaspondylus
5579:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5460:Cryopterygius
5457:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5367:Acamptonectes
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5348:
5347:
5346:Thalassodraco
5343:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5178:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5150:Ichthyosaurus
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5123:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:Eurhinosaurus
5080:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:Leptonectidae
5070:
5066:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5030:Hauffiopteryx
5027:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4990:Hudsonelpidia
4987:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4895:Sphaerodontes
4892:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4534:
4533:
4532:Xinminosaurus
4529:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4485:
4484:Xinminosaurus
4481:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4455:Ichthyosauria
4451:
4447:
4443:
4442:Ichthyosauria
4438:
4434:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4372:Ichthyosauria
4369:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4244:Omphalosaurus
4241:
4239:
4238:
4237:Cartorhynchus
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Hupehsuchidae
4157:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:Eohupehsuchus
4139:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3511:(1): 89–107.
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:(2): 026007.
3363:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3160:(5): e19480.
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3021:
3017:(4): 415–433.
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:Cartorhynchus
2029:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:Cartorhynchus
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:oceanic basin
1972:
1968:
1965:and spectral
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1955:Subcolumbites
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:Cartorhynchus
1925:
1924:Cartorhynchus
1921:
1917:
1911:Palaeoecology
1910:
1908:
1906:
1905:Cartorhynchus
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1887:Cartorhynchus
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:Cartorhynchus
1866:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:Cartorhynchus
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:Cartorhynchus
1840:
1839:Cartorhynchus
1835:
1833:
1828:
1827:Cartorhynchus
1821:
1820:Cartorhynchus
1817:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:Cartorhynchus
1789:
1785:
1784:Cartorhynchus
1781:
1780:Cartorhynchus
1776:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1751:Cartorhynchus
1743:
1736:
1732:Palaeobiology
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:Sauropterygia
1719:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:Cartorhynchus
1681:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:Cartorhynchus
1639:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1436:Rounded teeth
1433:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1415:Rounded teeth
1412:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1387:Rounded teeth
1384:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1338:Xinminosaurus
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:Ichthyosauria
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1216:Rounded teeth
1213:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1195:Rounded teeth
1192:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1096:Rounded teeth
1093:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:Rounded teeth
1072:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:Rounded teeth
1027:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
992:
984:
983:
980:
975:
974:
973:Cartorhynchus
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
957:
950:
949:
943:
940:
939:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
915:
914:
908:
905:
904:
900:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
869:
867:
863:
859:
858:Cartorhynchus
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:Cartorhynchus
831:
827:
820:
816:
815:Cartorhynchus
812:
808:
801:
799:
797:
793:
792:Cartorhynchus
789:
785:
784:Cartorhynchus
781:
777:
773:
772:Cartorhynchus
770:The limbs of
768:
766:
762:
761:Cartorhynchus
758:
754:
753:
748:
744:
740:
739:Cartorhynchus
735:
733:
732:Cartorhynchus
729:
728:Cartorhynchus
725:
724:neural spines
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:Cartorhynchus
705:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:Cartorhynchus
671:
664:
662:
660:
659:hupehsuchians
655:
654:
653:Xinminosaurus
649:
648:Cartorhynchus
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:Cartorhynchus
624:
620:
618:
614:
613:Cartorhynchus
610:
609:Cartorhynchus
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:Cartorhynchus
586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:Cartorhynchus
560:
553:
551:
549:
545:
544:Cartorhynchus
536:
529:
527:
525:
524:
519:
515:
510:
504:
499:
496:
495:specific name
491:
485:
480:
479:Cartorhynchus
477:
473:
469:
468:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Cartorhynchus
432:
431:
425:
418:
416:
414:
410:
409:Cartorhynchus
406:
402:
398:
397:Cartorhynchus
393:
392:Cartorhynchus
388:
386:
382:
378:
375:
371:
370:Cartorhynchus
367:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
343:
340:
336:
333:
330:
326:
322:
321:
320:Cartorhynchus
310:
304:
302:
293:
290:
289:Binomial name
286:
282:
281:
275:
272:
271:
267:
263:
257:
256:
255:Cartorhynchus
249:
246:
245:
242:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
140:
135:
131:
126:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
43:
37:
36:Cartorhynchus
33:
30:
19:
5730:
5692:Ichthyosaurs
5656:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5541:Undorosaurus
5539:
5534:Sveltonectes
5532:
5525:
5518:
5513:Parrassaurus
5511:
5503:
5498:Muiscasaurus
5496:
5488:
5481:
5473:
5466:
5458:
5453:Catutosaurus
5451:
5444:
5436:
5428:
5423:Aegirosaurus
5421:
5414:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5344:
5336:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5308:Jabalisaurus
5306:
5298:
5290:
5266:
5259:
5254:Argovisaurus
5252:
5222:
5215:
5194:
5163:
5155:
5148:
5127:Thunnosauria
5104:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5062:
5035:
5028:
5021:
4995:
4988:
4931:
4909:Tibetosaurus
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4864:Nomina dubia
4862:
4812:Toretocnemus
4810:
4802:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4717:
4712:Shastasaurus
4710:
4704:Ichthyotitan
4702:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4672:Besanosaurus
4670:
4649:
4641:
4634:
4629:Besanosaurus
4627:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:Mixosauridae
4561:
4549:Hueneosauria
4530:
4522:
4514:
4507:
4482:
4474:
4467:
4415:
4355:
4348:
4330:Utatsusaurus
4328:
4323:Parvinatator
4321:
4288:
4283:Chaohusaurus
4281:
4273:
4251:Sclerocormus
4249:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4198:
4193:Eretmorhipis
4191:
4171:
4147:
4140:
4116:
4006:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3647:
3643:
3605:
3601:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2957:
2953:
2942:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2856:
2853:Paleobiology
2852:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2612:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2473:
2469:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2380:
2376:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2221:
2217:
2180:. Retrieved
2174:
2120:
2116:
2061:Sclerocormus
2059:
2045:
2031:
2025:
2015:
2009:
2006:Chaohusaurus
2005:
2002:Sclerocormus
2001:
1997:
1994:Chaohusaurus
1993:
1990:Sclerocormus
1989:
1987:
1953:
1935:argillaceous
1930:
1928:
1923:
1920:Chaohusaurus
1919:
1904:
1890:
1886:
1879:anguilliform
1874:
1871:
1854:
1847:Chaohusaurus
1846:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1765:Shastasaurus
1763:
1760:Sclerocormus
1759:
1750:
1748:
1714:
1683:
1677:
1641:
1635:
1564:
1517:
1516:
1496:
1495:
1471:
1470:
1456:
1429:
1428:
1408:
1407:
1380:
1379:
1336:
1335:
1318:
1317:
1300:
1299:
1283:
1282:
1265:
1264:
1209:
1208:
1188:
1187:
1165:Parvinatator
1163:
1162:
1147:Utatsusaurus
1145:
1144:
1089:
1088:
1068:
1067:
1044:
1043:
1023:
1022:
1010:Chaohusaurus
1008:
972:
971:
970:
956:Sclerocormus
954:
953:
918:
896:
890:
870:
862:Sclerocormus
861:
857:
854:sister group
838:Sclerocormus
837:
833:
826:ichthyosaurs
823:
814:
811:Sclerocormus
810:
796:Sclerocormus
795:
791:
783:
774:were poorly
771:
769:
765:Sclerocormus
764:
760:
750:
747:thick-walled
743:Sclerocormus
742:
738:
736:
731:
727:
720:Sclerocormus
719:
707:
703:Chaohusaurus
701:
698:Sclerocormus
697:
677:
676:
651:
647:
631:
629:
612:
608:
605:Sclerocormus
604:
597:pineal gland
588:
584:Sclerocormus
582:
579:frontal bone
566:
565:
543:
541:
521:
497:
478:
476:generic name
471:
465:
463:
438:
436:
430:Sclerocormus
428:
408:
396:
391:
389:
369:
365:Sclerocormus
363:
346:
345:
319:
318:
317:
308:
300:
295:
279:
278:
261:
254:
253:
231:
215:
199:
48:248.41
35:
29:
5416:Acuetzpalin
5381:Mollesaurus
5300:Gengasaurus
5106:Wahlisaurus
5099:Leptonectes
4976:Parvipelvia
4963:Parvipelvia
4888:Pessosaurus
4823:Parvipelvia
4782:Shonisaurus
4719:Shonisaurus
4643:Pessopteryx
4173:Hupehsuchus
4129:Hupehsuchia
4118:Baisesaurus
4011:Neodiapsida
3909:Saurichthys
3781:Palaeoworld
3293:2268/249857
2817:: 199–243.
2224:(1): 7798.
2027:Saurichthys
1903:. However,
1883:carangiform
1788:durophagous
1771:Shonisaurus
920:Hupehsuchia
891:Below, the
780:wrist bones
752:Mollesaurus
530:Description
498:lenticarpus
405:CT scanning
5790:Categories
5610:Sisteronia
5568:Kyhytysuka
5475:Janusaurus
5468:Grendelius
5374:Baptanodon
5315:Janusaurus
5182:Baracromia
5023:Dearcmhara
4997:Macgowania
4832:see below↓
4759:Callawayia
4605:Phalarodon
4598:Mixosaurus
4381:see below↓
4350:Gulosaurus
4341:Grippiidae
4290:Thaisaurus
4063:see below↓
4042:Sauropsida
4027:Sauropsida
4000:Subclass:
3996:Sauropsida
2073:References
2038:, and the
1701:moray eels
1524:Flat teeth
1503:Flat teeth
1458:Phalarodon
1343:Flat teeth
1211:Gulosaurus
978:Flat teeth
942:Nasorostra
886:homologies
850:Nasorostra
819:Nasorostra
617:hyoid bone
593:prefrontal
575:premaxilla
571:nasal bone
241:Nasorostra
5746:Q18511949
5505:Palvennia
5490:Keilhauia
5338:Palvennia
5157:Malawania
4310:Grippidia
3982:Kingdom:
3867:129828376
3752:: 10–25.
3699:: 27793.
3622:132045789
3072:: 15–28.
2992:210698603
2383:: 26232.
2299:245444783
2043:arthropod
1967:gamma ray
1960:carbon-13
1939:limestone
1692:parsimony
1646:Olenekian
1133:Grippidia
757:gastralia
718:. Unlike
690:vertebrae
273:Species:
169:Kingdom:
163:Eukaryota
5740:Wikidata
5527:Sumpalla
4651:Wimanius
4476:Tholodus
4002:Diapsida
3990:Chordata
3988:Phylum:
3984:Animalia
3731:27292969
3674:28515201
3584:30836867
3535:27365252
3527:20008366
3486:21082068
3437:49732160
3429:11121343
3394:14888521
3386:23612858
3343:24430124
3253:24348983
3213:PLOS ONE
3194:21625429
3154:PLOS ONE
3135:26156130
2984:31949075
2934:25631228
2795:25429609
2763:: 7142.
2703:83576278
2667:25014493
2627:PLOS ONE
2596:22290413
2549:21392306
2508:25754468
2476:: 8900.
2415:27211319
2339:90332288
2291:34941418
2256:32385319
2145:25383536
2054:See also
2036:bivalves
1947:ammonite
1804:collagen
1800:stresses
1796:occluded
1661:demersal
866:scapulae
776:ossified
518:Shanghai
490:rhynchos
377:substage
374:Spathian
193:Reptilia
183:Chordata
179:Phylum:
173:Animalia
159:Domain:
42:Spathian
5760:8613953
5575:Leninia
4357:Grippia
3994:Class:
3816:Bibcode
3754:Bibcode
3722:4904238
3701:Bibcode
3665:5443947
3575:6458325
3477:2981590
3366:Bibcode
3334:3899874
3244:3859474
3221:Bibcode
3185:3100301
3162:Bibcode
3126:4528449
3074:Bibcode
3039:Bibcode
2962:Bibcode
2954:Science
2925:4321144
2885:3722056
2819:Bibcode
2786:4245812
2765:Bibcode
2726:Bibcode
2658:4094528
2635:Bibcode
2604:2223683
2576:Bibcode
2499:4354009
2478:Bibcode
2406:4876504
2385:Bibcode
2271:Science
2247:7210957
2226:Bibcode
2176:Science
2153:4392798
2125:Bibcode
1963:cycling
1859:ballast
1709:cichlid
1665:pelagic
1190:Grippia
712:derived
684:and 26
644:dentary
640:maxilla
311:., 2014
307:Motani
298:†
277:†
260:Motani
247:Genus:
189:Class:
117:↓
5773:341195
3865:
3729:
3719:
3672:
3662:
3620:
3582:
3572:
3533:
3525:
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3435:
3427:
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2244:
2182:May 8,
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2117:Nature
1753:was a
1705:sparid
1703:, and
1657:niches
880:(from
722:, the
694:sacrum
591:; the
509:carpus
503:lentus
484:kartos
467:Nature
443:Chaohu
352:Chaohu
4007:Clade
3863:S2CID
3618:S2CID
3531:S2CID
3433:S2CID
3390:S2CID
2988:S2CID
2881:S2CID
2699:S2CID
2600:S2CID
2335:S2CID
2295:S2CID
2149:S2CID
1943:marls
1649:stage
846:clade
788:femur
737:Both
636:molar
554:Skull
451:China
401:molar
360:China
342:epoch
329:early
325:genus
309:et al
262:et al
232:Clade
216:Clade
200:Clade
5755:GBIF
4040:see
3727:PMID
3670:PMID
3602:PalZ
3580:PMID
3523:PMID
3482:PMID
3425:PMID
3382:PMID
3339:PMID
3249:PMID
3190:PMID
3131:PMID
2980:PMID
2930:PMID
2791:PMID
2663:PMID
2592:PMID
2545:PMID
2504:PMID
2411:PMID
2287:PMID
2252:PMID
2184:2020
2141:PMID
1992:and
1786:was
1768:and
1737:Diet
1724:and
1707:and
860:and
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741:and
650:and
266:2014
56:PreꞒ
3921:doi
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3890:doi
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3855:doi
3824:doi
3812:252
3789:doi
3762:doi
3750:441
3717:PMC
3709:doi
3660:PMC
3652:doi
3648:284
3610:doi
3570:PMC
3562:doi
3558:286
3513:doi
3509:213
3472:PMC
3464:doi
3417:doi
3374:doi
3329:PMC
3321:doi
3288:hdl
3280:doi
3270:".
3239:PMC
3229:doi
3180:PMC
3170:doi
3121:PMC
3113:doi
3082:doi
3070:432
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2970:doi
2958:367
2920:PMC
2912:doi
2871:hdl
2861:doi
2827:doi
2815:125
2781:PMC
2773:doi
2734:doi
2691:doi
2653:PMC
2643:doi
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