1990:
2656:
1410:
50:
2316:(1980), literary life and the editorial market have returned to normality and literary production in Catalan is being bolstered with a number of language policies intended to protect Catalan culture. Besides the aforementioned authors, other relevant 20th-century writers of the Francoist and democracy periods include
2235:
did publish in this language in the first years of
Francoist Spain. Those initial political restrictions on publishing in Catalan relaxed over time. By the 1950s publishing in Catalan was no longer extraordinary; by the 1960s it had become possible without restrictions other than the ideological ones
1786:
around the 15th century under the variant of "Valenciano" . The
Catalan language consolidated and clearly differentiated, even in lyrical poetry, from Occitan language. The prose is widely cultivated, with influences from Italian humanism. Authors as the humanist
2284:, possibly the book which paved the way of modern Catalan literature, since it could enjoy wider recognition due to the new media and the spreading of literacy in this language. In 1963, Spain won an international song contest with a piece sung in Catalan.
1512:) have motivated new critical studies of the period, and nowadays a revalorisation of this early modern age is taking place. Catalan literature reemerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries, to experience troubled times from the start of the
1941:. The presumed period of decadence is being contested with the appearance of recent cultural and literary studies showing that there were indeed literary works of note in the period, from authors such as
3132:
2299:, which had been established in 1961, could begin its work in favour of Catalan literature by 1967 onwards. Salvador Espriu, who had published most of his works in Catalan, was a candidate for the
2231:
During the initial years of
Francoist Spain the use of Catalan in the media became frowned upon. Publishing in Catalan never ceased completely, though, even though only a few notable authors like
1717:
genres respectively. During this early period
Occitan literature was patronised by the rulers of Catalonia—not surprisingly considering their wide involvement in Occitanian politics and as
971:
1520:. Catalan was repressed until Francisco Franco's death and the end of his dictatorship in 1975. Then, a development towards officiality and presence in schools and media started to this day.
1679:. Since Occitan and Catalan are often indistinguishable before the 14th century, it is not surprising that many Catalans composed in the Occitan poetic koiné. The first Catalan troubadour (
1759:("Purposes of Composition"). This was the earliest and perhaps most influential Occitan lyric treatise. The troubadour lyric followed the Catalans to Sicily later in the century, where
1917:
by 19th century
Catalan scholars and writers. This "decadent" period in Catalan literature came about because of a general decline in the use of the vernacular language and a lack of
1438:
2689:
273:
1583:(13th century), one of the major medieval Majorcan writers in the Catalan language is not only saluted for starting a Catalan literary tradition clearly separated from the
519:
964:
2927:
1725:
patronised many composers, not just from
Catalonia, and even wrote Occitan poetry himself. The tradition of royal troubadours continued with his descendants
1561:
2094:
traits and influences while focusing on dark themes, such as violence or the dark side of life and nature. As for poetry, it closely followed the style of
2497:
Rossich, Albert. "És valid avui el concepte de decadència de la cultura catalana de l'època moderna? Es pot identificar decadència amb castellanizació?"
1631:
These four major literary works are chronicles written between the 13th and 14th centuries narrating the deeds of the monarchs and leading figures of the
2607:
1545:, when it became a separate language from Latin. Literary use of the Catalan language is generally said to have started with the religious text known as
1431:
957:
1767:("Rules for Composing") modelled on Vidal's earlier work. A third Catalan treatise on the language of the troubadours and composing lyric poetry, the
523:
2545:
1921:
among the nobility as
Aragonese institutions declined. The Catalan-language decadence accompanied the rise of Catalan commercial influence in the
1424:
3442:
1516:
on. Many intellectuals were forced into exile and
Catalan culture was repressed. However, this repression began to temper after the end of
2870:
345:
916:
911:
533:
1508:
literature, was perceived as extremely poor and lacking literary works of quality. Further attempts to explain why this happened (see
106:
2920:
1989:
2365:
906:
503:
1587:-speaking world of the time, but also credited with enriching the language with his coining of a large number of words, and his
2679:
2307:
891:
259:
86:
2146:, whilst raising a conception of literature certainly antagonistic relative to them, and more comparable to classical poetry.
3191:
2600:
2369:
1890:
was among its time's most influential novels, and possibly the last major book in
Catalan literature until the 19th century.
1656:
2878:
1235:
868:
353:
3139:
2913:
1645:
881:
3398:
1887:
1803:
write works now considered as classical models of
Catalan prose. The narrative and the fiction are shown in novels as
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1021:
1810:
2540:
2388:
3410:
3380:
3326:
2345:
1733:
1398:
1393:
1374:
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1343:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1225:
941:
479:
3403:
3321:
3080:
3062:
2726:
2593:
2452:
2300:
2024:
1964:
1285:
1146:
567:
318:
116:
439:
3263:
3159:
3037:
1925:
in which the use of Spanish language was essential after the dynastic union that resulted from the marriage of
1805:
1082:
1046:
509:
1546:
3169:
2957:
2892:
2655:
2053:
1909:
The early modern period (late 15th-18th centuries), while extremely productive for Castilian writers of the
1848:
1737:
1618:
1551:
1383:
1333:
1087:
901:
572:
367:
2134:
were some of its most influential adherents. Furthermore, it is necessary to allude to the seminal work of
1603:
3203:
3072:
2433:
2414:
2291:
published what has been considered the masterpiece of the contemporary literature in Catalan, the seminal
2244:
2135:
1926:
1702:
1592:
1220:
764:
608:
529:
143:
3338:
1933:
in 1474. Today, this is seen as a romantic view made popular by writers and thinkers of the 19th century
3296:
3258:
3243:
3238:
3233:
2992:
2798:
2280:
1930:
1698:
1684:
1651:
1608:
987:
544:
513:
133:
96:
3127:
2776:
1942:
1744:, who left behind more than one hundred works. He was the most prolific troubadour of any nationality.
1740:. The most prolific Catalan troubadour during the ascendancy of Occitan as language of literature, was
1639:
636:
3385:
3311:
3281:
3268:
3218:
3213:
3181:
3176:
3164:
3017:
2972:
2962:
2886:
2771:
2349:
2131:
2029:
2020:
2016:
1934:
1776:
1741:
1722:
1509:
1493:
1245:
1170:
1041:
1002:
615:
361:
148:
91:
3390:
3316:
3301:
3286:
3144:
3117:
3087:
3042:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2952:
2936:
2737:
2696:
2123:
1968:
1840:
1818:
1783:
1726:
1505:
1475:
1294:
1280:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1160:
1132:
1061:
1026:
540:
483:
454:
331:
281:
126:
101:
3343:
2196:." The love of elaborated form, along with its much sought perfection of language, was accused by
2069:
1993:
3415:
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3365:
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3333:
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3273:
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3228:
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3067:
3047:
3032:
3027:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2788:
2783:
2713:
2631:
2620:
1953:
1910:
1796:
1729:
1718:
1275:
1210:
1200:
1122:
1074:
1013:
998:
852:
622:
493:
443:
302:
233:
121:
76:
37:
2487:
2296:
1947:
1831:
735:
689:
3350:
3291:
3208:
3149:
3122:
3107:
3057:
3007:
2987:
2947:
2810:
2793:
2674:
2641:
2325:
2275:
2217:
2200:
of being excessively affected and artificial. Poetry was its preferred genre, as evidenced by
1513:
1414:
1270:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1112:
926:
460:
253:
81:
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3223:
3186:
3154:
3052:
2847:
2835:
2828:
2815:
2765:
2752:
2701:
2684:
2616:
2337:
2321:
2099:
2057:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1904:
1880:
1676:
1584:
1556:
1534:
1479:
1463:
1265:
1107:
1102:
1031:
771:
740:
725:
499:
489:
402:
287:
266:
243:
215:
208:
203:
171:
138:
58:
33:
819:
3253:
2805:
2760:
2706:
2666:
2232:
2221:
1874:
1861:
1760:
1632:
1250:
1092:
1056:
1051:
1036:
876:
669:
294:
248:
191:
186:
176:
166:
111:
54:
2572:
720:
650:
2852:
2821:
2716:
2341:
2267:(1956). Since 1951, the most remarkable literary contest in Catalonia at the time (the
2049:
1922:
1844:
1800:
1792:
1066:
826:
548:
305:
198:
3436:
2731:
2721:
2353:
2333:
2127:
2095:
2065:
2048:
and its will to embellish the language and the need to create a new common standard.
1984:
1938:
1497:
1260:
936:
833:
813:
778:
675:
325:
311:
181:
2562:
1958:
1470:, but literature written in Catalan from anywhere, so that it includes writers from
2329:
2201:
2169:
2139:
2111:
1823:
1788:
1748:
1694:
1689:
1668:
1538:
1517:
931:
2023:, appeared. The foundation of the basis of the movement is most often credited to
730:
682:
17:
2348:. The number of twenty-first century women writers increases like Dolors Miquel,
2044:
most of its traits, but created a style of its own through its admiration of the
2317:
2312:
2205:
2161:
2155:
2143:
2103:
2091:
2045:
2041:
1884:
1672:
1580:
1574:
1542:
1500:, classified Catalan literature in periods. The centuries long chapter known as
1490:
1486:
792:
715:
2557:
2189:
2177:
2173:
2087:
2081:
1972:
1852:
1707:
1614:
1588:
1459:
1240:
785:
629:
49:
2531:
Catalan Poetry Selection (800 poems, 176 poets, 42 bios, 37 English versions)
2288:
2165:
2061:
2056:
deeply influenced later authors. Their most important adherents were indeed
2000:
1918:
1713:
1467:
1230:
424:
396:
1752:
2102:. The movement was subdivided into authors in whose work prevailed darker
2530:
1836:
1570:
1185:
594:
1667:
The first widespread vernacular writing in any Romance language was the
1549:, written either in late 11th or early 12th century, though the earlier
2567:
2239:
Some literary awards in Catalan had been established as early as 1947 (
2185:
2164:
appeared in the early 20th century, a time of great economic growth in
1772:
1471:
1097:
886:
643:
587:
580:
449:
417:
412:
387:
2905:
2585:
2193:
2038:
1255:
696:
601:
433:
429:
392:
2310:(1975–1978) and the restoration of the Catalan regional government
1485:
The Catalan literary tradition is extensive, starting in the early
2225:
2224:(starting in 1939) forced many Catalan leftist intellectuals into
1988:
407:
2536:
LletrA, Catalan Literature Online (Open University of Catalonia)
1835:. In the 15th century the main centre of literary production is
2909:
2589:
2576:
2216:
After what seemed to be a period of hope and rapid growth, the
2181:
1705:, active in the generation after, were noted exponents of the
2508:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, U.K. / Rochester, N.Y.: Tamesis, 2003.
2654:
2243:). Also by the end of the 1940s well known authors such as
2142:, poets who developed their work parallel to the heyday of
2072:, whose plays were translated and performed around Europe.
1782:
The first golden age of this language was developed in the
1482:
and other territories where any Catalan variant is spoken.
1466:. The focus of this article is not just the literature of
2535:
1642:, also known as "The book of deeds" (see External links)
2255:, 1949). Many other literary awards followed, like the
2090:
was the natural follow-up of Renaixença, still showing
1839:: the lyric poetry has outstanding Petrarchian poets:
1559:. Another early Catalan poem is the mid-13th century
1648:, also known as "Book of the king, Peter of Aragon".
2862:
2751:
2665:
2546:
Relazioni fra la cultura catalana e quella italiana
2011:as their language, and did not resort to using the
2541:Catalan literature at the British Library website
2247:were publishing again in Catalan (among others,
2228:, as many of them faced political persecution.
2212:Francoist Spain, exile and political transition
2558:James I the Conqueror's Chronicle (in English)
2513:Le temps dans la poésie catalane contemporaine
2453:"La canción que le metió un gol al franquismo"
2037:or "rebirth". Literary Renaixença shares with
1458:) is the name conventionally used to refer to
2921:
2601:
2494:. 6 vols. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1980.
2160:The cultural and political movement known as
1432:
965:
8:
1771:("Mirror of Composition"), was written by a
2360:Lists of Catalan-language writers and poets
2928:
2914:
2906:
2608:
2594:
2586:
2573:
2477:. Sant Cugat del Vallès: A. Romero, 1986.
1439:
1425:
983:
972:
958:
520:General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales
28:
2295:(1966). The Catalan cultural association
2432:Branchadell, Albert (23 February 2012).
2413:Branchadell, Albert (23 February 2012).
1555:, from 1054–76, may be Catalan or
2380:
1847:, or the elaborate poetry and prose of
1382:
1361:
1332:
1293:
1145:
997:
986:
31:
2578:Articles related to Catalan literature
1562:Augats, seyós qui credets Déu lo Payre
1687:, active around 1150, who wrote only
7:
1755:, composed his poetic grammar, the
2492:Història de la literatura catalana
2389:"S'ha acabat parlar de Decadència"
2110:, and those whose career embraced
500:Government of the Balearic Islands
25:
2871:Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
2563:Muntaner's Chronicle (in English)
2506:A Companion to Catalan Literature
2451:Gámez, Carles (3 November 2013).
2271:) accepted originals in Catalan.
1621:) for more details on his works.
346:Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
2366:List of Catalan-language writers
1879:Written by the Valencian writer
1504:that followed the golden age of
1408:
48:
2236:which applied to all of Spain.
2106:themes, classed under the name
1851:. In fiction could be outlined
1732:, the anonymous known only as "
87:History of the Balearic Islands
2370:List of Catalan-language poets
1496:movement of the 19th century,
1:
1657:Crònica de Pere el Cerimoniós
869:National symbols of Catalonia
2642:Geo-political distribution (
2568:Tirant lo Blanc (in English)
3443:Catalan-language literature
2879:Institut d'Estudis Catalans
2515:, Paris, Éd. du Cygne, 2011
2192:was framed as a "return to
2114:, known as participants of
1747:In the early 13th century,
354:Institut d'Estudis Catalans
3459:
2363:
2269:Premio Ciudad de Barcelona
2153:
2079:
1982:
1902:
1872:
1635:. They are the following:
1626:Les quatre grans cròniques
480:General Council of Andorra
2943:
2652:
2627:
2583:
2484:. London: Penguin, 2002.
2301:Nobel Prize in Literature
2220:and the establishment of
2025:Bonaventura Carles Aribau
2019:movement, kickstarted by
1806:Història de Jacob Xalabín
1652:Crònica de Ramon Muntaner
1646:Crònica de Bernat Desclot
808:Music and performing arts
117:Principality of Catalonia
2690:Spelling-to-sound charts
2482:Imperial Spain 1469-1716
2395:(in Catalan). 2017-06-03
510:Generalitat of Catalonia
274:Spelling-to-sound charts
2308:transition to democracy
2257:Premi Carles de la Riba
1999:The first Romantics in
1829:or the chivalric roman
1734:Lo bord del rei d'Arago
530:Generalitat of Valencia
474:Government and politics
382:Geo-political divisions
2659:
2434:"La il·lusió catalana"
2415:"La il·lusió catalana"
2253:L'Hereu i la forastera
2249:El prestigi dels morts
2245:Josep Maria de Sagarra
2241:Premi Joanot Martorell
2136:Miquel Costa i Llobera
1996:
1965:Francesc Vicenç Garcia
1927:Ferdinand II of Aragon
1738:Frederick II of Sicily
244:Dialects and varieties
144:Treaty of the Pyrenees
2896: (IRL & FRL)
2658:
2340:or, in 21st century,
2287:Later on that decade
2281:The Time of the Doves
1992:
1931:Isabella I of Castile
1699:Guerau III de Cabrera
1685:Berenguier de Palazol
1604:Llibre de les bèsties
1602:(including the famed
1415:Literature portal
988:History of literature
609:Fogueres de Sant Joan
545:Valencian nationalism
134:Catalan constitutions
97:History of Roussillon
2893:Fundació Ramon Llull
2346:Albert Sánchez Piñol
2132:Joan Puig i Ferreter
2021:Romantic nationalism
1849:Joan Roís de Corella
1619:Llibre d'Amic e Amat
1593:Llibre de Meravelles
1510:History of Catalonia
1456:Valencian literature
942:Himne de l'Exposició
616:Gegants i capgrossos
368:Fundació Ramon Llull
149:Nueva Planta decrees
92:History of Catalonia
2937:European literature
1969:Francesc Fontanella
1841:Jordi de Sant Jordi
1784:Kingdom of Valencia
1703:Guillem de Berguedà
1693:(love songs in the
1476:Valencian Community
1216:Old Church Slavonic
1206:Maharashtri Prakrit
440:Pyrénées-Orientales
127:Kingdom of Valencia
107:History of Valencia
102:History of Sardinia
2660:
2501:15 (1997), 127-34.
2017:national awakening
1997:
1937:movement known as
1935:national awakening
1911:Spanish Golden Age
1797:Francesc Eiximenis
1730:James II of Aragon
1719:Counts of Provence
1675:, who composed in
1640:Crònica de Jaume I
1547:Homilies d'Organyà
1452:Catalan literature
1211:Pre-Proto-Mongolic
853:Sport in Catalonia
637:Saint George's Day
444:Northern Catalonia
122:Kingdom of Majorca
77:History of Andorra
18:Catalan Literature
3430:
3429:
3424:
3423:
2903:
2902:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2740:
2727:Personal pronouns
2326:Manuel de Pedrolo
2218:Spanish Civil War
2208:'s masterpieces.
2172:reaction against
2086:Literary Catalan
1943:Cristòfor Despuig
1777:Berenguer d'Anoia
1742:Cerverí de Girona
1695:courtly tradition
1552:Cançó de Santa Fe
1514:Spanish Civil War
1449:
1448:
1362:Modern by century
1103:Classical Chinese
982:
981:
927:El Gran Carlemany
623:Moros i cristians
568:Myths and legends
461:Catalan Countries
334:
328:
321:
319:Personal pronouns
314:
297:
290:
276:
269:
262:
82:History of Aragon
16:(Redirected from
3450:
3347:
3277:
3136:
3076:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2907:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2766:Northern Catalan
2736:
2680:Phonetic history
2610:
2603:
2596:
2587:
2574:
2504:Terry, Arthur.
2488:Riquer, Martí de
2480:Elliott, J. H.
2473:Comas, Antoni.
2461:
2460:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2385:
2124:Santiago Rusiñol
2058:Jacint Verdaguer
2013:Catalan language
2005:Balearic Islands
1975:, among others.
1962:
1951:
1881:Joanot Martorell
1827:
1814:
1769:Mirall de trobar
1765:Regles de trobar
1612:
1601:
1535:Romance language
1480:Balearic Islands
1464:Catalan language
1441:
1434:
1427:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1181:Gandhari Prakrit
1022:Ancient Egyptian
993:
984:
974:
967:
960:
907:Balearic Islands
882:Balearic Islands
490:Courts of Aragon
403:Balearic Islands
330:
324:
317:
310:
293:
286:
272:
265:
260:Phonetic history
258:
139:Furs of Valencia
63:the 1490 edition
59:Joanot Martorell
52:
43:
40:
29:
21:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3411:Western Lombard
3381:Turkish Cypriot
3341:
3327:Scottish Gaelic
3275:
3130:
3074:
2939:
2934:
2904:
2899:
2890: and
2858:
2768:(Roussillonese)
2761:Central Catalan
2747:
2661:
2650:
2644:Països Catalans
2623:
2614:
2579:
2554:
2527:
2522:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2364:Main articles:
2362:
2297:Òmnium Cultural
2293:El Quadern Gris
2233:Salvador Espriu
2222:Francoist Spain
2214:
2158:
2152:
2116:Bohèmia Daurada
2084:
2078:
2030:Oda a la Pàtria
1987:
1981:
1956:
1945:
1907:
1901:
1896:
1877:
1875:Tirant lo Blanc
1871:
1869:Tirant lo Blanc
1862:Tirant lo Blanc
1832:Curial i Güelfa
1821:
1808:
1761:Jaufre de Foixa
1757:Razos de trobar
1665:
1633:Crown of Aragon
1629:
1606:
1595:
1567:planctus Mariae
1537:, evolved from
1531:
1526:
1462:written in the
1445:
1409:
1407:
1171:Byzantine Greek
1108:Classical Latin
1093:Ancient Prakrit
991:
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978:
949:
948:
864:
856:
855:
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809:
801:
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754:
746:
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736:Joaquim Sorolla
711:
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690:Pa amb tomàquet
670:Catalan cuisine
665:
657:
656:
563:
555:
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537:
475:
467:
466:
457:
383:
375:
374:
371:(IRL & FRL)
229:
221:
220:
162:
154:
153:
112:Crown of Aragon
72:
64:
62:
55:Tirant lo Blanc
42:cultural domain
41:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3435:
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3428:
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3408:
3407:
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3401:
3393:
3388:
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3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3336:
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3314:
3309:
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3299:
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3289:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
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3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3192:Northern Irish
3184:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
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3081:Middle English
3078:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
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3015:
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2898:
2897:
2883:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
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2853:Judaeo-Catalan
2850:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2763:
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2523:
2521:
2520:External links
2518:
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2443:
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2379:
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2373:
2361:
2358:
2350:Núria Perpinyà
2276:Mercè Rodoreda
2263:(1953) or the
2213:
2210:
2168:, as a mostly
2154:Main article:
2151:
2148:
2080:Main article:
2077:
2074:
1983:Main article:
1980:
1977:
1923:Spanish Empire
1903:Main article:
1900:
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1873:Main article:
1870:
1867:
1801:Anselm Turmeda
1793:Vincent Ferrer
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1147:Early medieval
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1088:Ancient Hebrew
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834:Rumba catalana
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549:Catalanophobia
527:
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279:
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2:
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3158:
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3075:(Anglo-Saxon)
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
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3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
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3038:Crimean Tatar
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
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2863:Organizations
2861:
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2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:North-Western
2770:
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2764:
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2759:
2758:
2756:
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2739:
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2699:
2698:
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2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:Pronunciation
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2647:
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2640:
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2606:
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2599:
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2588:
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2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
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2519:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:La decadència
2472:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2454:
2447:
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2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2409:
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2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:Jesús Moncada
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:Agustí Bartra
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:Victor Català
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:Joan Maragall
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:Bohèmia Negra
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2070:Àngel Guimerà
2067:
2066:national epic
2063:
2060:, who penned
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1994:Àngel Guimerà
1991:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:La Decadència
1913:, was termed
1912:
1906:
1905:La Decadència
1899:La Decadència
1898:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1864:
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1858:
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1850:
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1834:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1819:Paris e Viana
1815:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:the preacher
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
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1397:
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1296:
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1199:
1197:
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1111:
1109:
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1083:Ancient Greek
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
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1068:
1065:
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1060:
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989:
985:
975:
970:
968:
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943:
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938:
937:La Balanguera
935:
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928:
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922:
918:
915:
913:
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908:
905:
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824:
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817:
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811:
805:
804:
795:
794:
790:
788:
787:
783:
781:
780:
776:
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773:
769:
767:
766:
762:
761:
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
742:
741:Salvador Dalí
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
726:Antoni Tàpies
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
707:
706:
699:
698:
694:
692:
691:
687:
685:
684:
680:
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673:
671:
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667:
661:
660:
653:
652:
648:
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613:
611:
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592:
590:
589:
585:
583:
582:
578:
577:
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571:
569:
566:
565:
559:
558:
551:
550:
546:
542:
535:
531:
528:
525:
521:
518:
515:
511:
508:
505:
501:
498:
495:
491:
488:
485:
481:
478:
477:
471:
470:
463:
462:
456:
453:
451:
448:
445:
441:
438:
435:
431:
428:
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423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
401:
398:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
379:
378:
370:
369:
364:
363:
359:
356:
355:
351:
348:
347:
343:
342:
333:
327:
323:
320:
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296:
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257:
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254:Pronunciation
252:
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225:
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217:
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74:
68:
67:
60:
56:
51:
47:
46:
39:
35:
30:
27:
19:
3073:Old English
3022:
2958:Anglo-Norman
2891:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2848:Catalan Caló
2643:
2636:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2481:
2474:
2456:
2446:
2437:
2427:
2418:
2408:
2397:. Retrieved
2392:
2383:
2330:Pere Calders
2311:
2305:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:(1950), the
2256:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2215:
2202:Josep Carner
2197:
2170:conservative
2159:
2140:Joan Alcover
2120:Bohèmia Rosa
2119:
2115:
2112:Aestheticism
2107:
2085:
2034:
2028:
1998:
1914:
1908:
1878:
1860:
1856:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1789:Bernat Metge
1781:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1749:Raimon Vidal
1746:
1712:
1706:
1688:
1680:
1669:lyric poetry
1666:
1663:Lyric poetry
1630:
1625:
1579:
1566:
1560:
1550:
1539:Vulgar Latin
1532:
1518:World War II
1501:
1484:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1384:Contemporary
1334:Early modern
1073:
1012:
932:Els Segadors
832:
825:
818:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
758:
721:Antoni Gaudí
695:
688:
681:
674:
651:Tió de Nadal
649:
642:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
593:
586:
579:
538:
458:
366:
360:
352:
344:
238:
26:
3342: [
3276:(Provençal)
3264:Montenegrin
3131: [
2882: (IEC)
2874: (AVL)
2738:Conjugation
2697:Orthography
2511:Jad Hatem,
2342:Jaume Cabré
2318:Joan Brossa
2313:Generalitat
2265:Lletra d'Or
2206:Carles Riba
2198:modernistes
2162:Noucentisme
2156:Noucentisme
2150:Noucentisme
2144:Art Nouveau
2104:decadentism
2096:Parnassians
2046:Middle Ages
2042:Romanticism
1957: [
1954:Pere Serafí
1946: [
1845:Ausiàs Marc
1822: [
1809: [
1763:composed a
1673:troubadours
1617:(including
1607: [
1596: [
1581:Ramon Llull
1543:Middle Ages
1533:Catalan, a
1524:Middle Ages
1487:Middle Ages
1221:Old English
1123:Old Persian
827:Rock català
793:Noucentisme
716:Catalan art
332:Conjugation
282:Orthography
3399:in English
3297:Portuguese
3244:Macedonian
3239:Luxembourg
3234:Lithuanian
2993:Belarusian
2777:Ribagorçan
2637:Literature
2499:Manuscrits
2468:References
2399:2020-11-13
2354:Irene Solà
2334:Quim Monzó
2306:After the
2278:published
2190:Classicism
2180:, both in
2178:Avantgarde
2174:Modernisme
2100:Symbolists
2088:modernisme
2082:Modernisme
2076:Modernisme
2054:naturalism
2035:Renaixença
1985:Renaixença
1979:Renaixença
1973:Joan Ramis
1939:Renaixença
1894:Modern era
1853:Jaume Roig
1723:Alfonso II
1708:ensenhamen
1615:Blanquerna
1589:philosophy
1502:Decadència
1498:Renaixença
1494:revivalist
1460:literature
1386:by century
1336:by century
1297:by century
1241:Old Turkic
1226:Old German
1014:Bronze Age
820:Nova cançó
786:Modernisme
779:Renaixença
772:Decadència
765:Segle d'or
759:Literature
753:Literature
630:Muixeranga
573:Traditions
562:Traditions
239:Literature
216:Valencians
204:Sardinians
3386:Ukrainian
3312:Sardinian
3282:Old Norse
3269:Norwegian
3214:Kashubian
3182:Icelandic
3177:Hungarian
3018:Bulgarian
2973:Aromanian
2963:Aragonese
2811:Alguerese
2784:Valencian
2753:Varieties
2685:IPA guide
2621:Valencian
2303:in 1971.
2289:Josep Pla
2274:In 1962,
2166:Catalonia
2062:Catalonia
2027:with his
2001:Catalonia
1919:patronage
1727:Peter III
1714:sirventes
1683:) may be
1681:trobadors
1506:Valencian
1468:Catalonia
1281:Tocharian
1236:Old Malay
1231:Old Khmer
1128:Old Tamil
1075:Classical
912:Catalonia
887:Catalonia
731:Joan Miró
683:Ensaïmada
425:Catalonia
397:La Franja
267:IPA guide
209:Alguerese
192:Minorcans
187:Majorcans
177:Balearics
172:Aragonese
167:Andorrans
38:Valencian
3437:Category
3404:in Welsh
3391:Venetian
3339:Silesian
3317:Scottish
3302:Romanian
3287:Ossetian
3274:Occitan
3259:Moldovan
3204:Jèrriais
3165:medieval
3145:Georgian
3140:Galician
3118:Friulian
3088:Estonian
3043:Croatian
2983:Austrian
2978:Asturian
2968:Armenian
2953:Albanian
2887:Institut
2836:Minorcan
2829:Majorcan
2816:Balearic
2799:Southern
2789:Northern
2702:Alphabet
2251:, 1946,
2176:and the
2092:Romantic
2039:European
2015:until a
2003:and the
1837:Valencia
1773:Majorcan
1491:Romantic
1295:Medieval
1196:Japanese
1191:Georgian
1166:Bactrian
1161:Armenian
1133:Sanskrit
1118:Phrygian
1113:Parthian
1062:Sumerian
1027:Akkadian
923:Anthems
917:Valencia
892:Valencia
595:Correfoc
588:Castells
534:Politics
524:Politics
514:Politics
504:Politics
494:Politics
484:Politics
455:Valencia
450:L'Alguer
434:El Carxe
362:Institut
288:Alphabet
228:Language
199:Catalans
3416:Yiddish
3376:Turkish
3366:Swedish
3361:Spanish
3356:Slovene
3334:Serbian
3307:Russian
3249:Maltese
3229:Latvian
3219:Kosovar
3199:Italian
3160:ancient
3113:Frisian
3103:Flemish
3098:Finnish
3093:Faroese
3068:English
3048:Cypriot
3033:Cornish
3028:Chuvash
3023:Catalan
3013:British
3003:Bosnian
2998:Belgian
2806:Insular
2794:Central
2714:Morpho-
2707:Braille
2667:Grammar
2632:History
2617:Catalan
2552:E-books
2525:General
2457:El País
2438:El País
2419:El País
2393:Ara.cat
2186:thought
2050:Realism
2009:Spanish
1888:romance
1883:, this
1751:, from
1736:", and
1690:cançons
1677:Occitan
1671:of the
1585:Occitan
1557:Occitan
1541:in the
1529:Origins
1472:Andorra
1276:Tibetan
1266:Sogdian
1201:Kannada
1098:Aramaic
1042:Hittite
1032:Elamite
1003:corpora
999:Ancient
902:Andorra
877:Andorra
863:Symbols
664:Cuisine
644:Sardana
581:Caganer
541:Catalan
418:Minorca
413:Majorca
388:Andorra
303:Morpho-
295:Braille
249:Grammar
234:History
182:Ibizans
71:History
34:Catalan
3395:Welsh
3351:Slovak
3292:Polish
3209:Kazakh
3170:modern
3150:German
3128:Gagauz
3123:Gaelic
3108:French
3058:Danish
3008:Breton
2988:Basque
2948:Abkhaz
2822:Ibizan
2717:syntax
2194:beauty
2188:. Its
2068:, and
2007:chose
1857:Espill
1753:Besalú
1613:) and
1591:. See
1571:lament
1474:, the
1271:Telugu
1256:Sabaic
1176:Coptic
1156:Arabic
1138:Syriac
1067:Ugarit
1057:Lydian
1052:Luwian
1037:Hattic
992:by era
873:Flags
697:Paella
602:Falles
430:Murcia
393:Aragon
306:syntax
161:People
3371:Swiss
3346:]
3322:Scots
3224:Latin
3187:Irish
3155:Greek
3135:]
3063:Dutch
3053:Czech
2732:Verbs
2722:Nouns
2375:Notes
2226:exile
1961:]
1950:]
1826:]
1813:]
1611:]
1600:]
1286:Welsh
1246:Norse
1186:Geʽez
849:Sport
814:Music
408:Ibiza
357:(IEC)
349:(AVL)
326:Verbs
312:Nouns
57:, by
3254:Manx
2368:and
2184:and
2138:and
2130:and
2098:and
2052:and
1971:and
1929:and
1885:epic
1711:and
1701:and
1575:Mary
1565:, a
1489:. A
1454:(or
1399:21st
1394:20th
1375:19th
1370:18th
1354:17th
1349:16th
1344:15th
1325:14th
1320:13th
1315:12th
1310:11th
1305:10th
1261:Saka
1251:Pali
676:Coca
543:and
539:See
459:See
365:and
2490:.
2352:or
2344:or
2332:or
2204:or
2182:art
2118:or
2064:'s
1859:or
1855:'s
1843:or
1799:or
1697:).
1577:).
1573:of
710:Art
3439::
3344:cs
3133:ru
2619:/
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2417:.
2391:.
2356:.
2336:,
2328:,
2324:,
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2126:,
2122:.
2033:.
1967:,
1963:,
1959:ca
1952:,
1948:ca
1865:.
1824:ca
1816:,
1811:ca
1795:,
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