47:
38:
229:
430:, in a warning to police. The police union asked Spanish politicians to protect or withdraw those stationed in Catalonia. The security forces deployed to Catalonia were put on standby for the upcoming week. On the first night of the strike, their union filed complaints: that the Catalan police had not fulfilled its duties by not enforcing the Spanish court ban of the referendum, and that 200 officers were kicked out of a Calella hotel following a threat from the town's mayor.
1245:
365:
1259:
58:
1938:
1950:
1202:
61:
66:
64:
60:
59:
65:
63:
76:
212:(CCOO). (Their national leadership, however, advised Catalans against participating, adding that protests should be nationally coordinated. For legal reasons, the labor unions additionally referred to the strike as a labor dispute, despite its political purpose.) Together, the dozens of pro-independence groups were known as the
155:
strike, the
Catalan government was awaiting final referendum results before acting on what they had preliminarily announced as 90 percent support from about 2.3 million voters. The legitimacy of a declarative result was disputable for reasons of general population turnout, voter rolls, and independent confirmation.
79:
84:
82:
78:
77:
83:
412:
to give a rare televised address that blamed
Catalan leaders and the referendum for destabilizing the nation and showing "disloyalty towards the powers of the state—a state that represents Catalan interests." He did not mention the police violence during the referendum, the main cause for the strike.
343:
Despite high tensions, protests were civil, festive, and without incident, similar to prior pro-independence rallies. In one case, a protester who threw a beer can into riot police was surrounded by fellow protesters who chanted "We are a people of peace" and encouraged him to leave. Firefighters and
308:
The
Spanish police were a focal point of protest as a response to their actions during the referendum. A manifesto from the Board for Democracy, read from atop a car, called for withdrawal of Spanish security forces and more dialogue in lieu of force. It charged the state with aggressive violation of
154:
on Sunday, 1 October 2017, against orders from the
Spanish central government. The national police enforcement attempted to prevent Catalans from voting in some locations with violent crackdowns that resulted in about 900 people injured and separatist calls for a general strike. By the time of the
471:
called for a follow-up general strike a week later—from 10 to 16 October—which it later retracted. A month later, multiple
Catalan groups called for another general strike against the Spanish government's actions against the Catalan independence process, to take place on 8 November, which closed
125:
Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators, including 700,000 in
Barcelona, participated in the strike. Despite high tensions, protests were civil, festive, and without incident, similar to prior pro-independence rallies. While protesters targeted Spanish police and national government sites, other
81:
348:
acted in an improvised role as peacekeepers at some protests. In one instance, the
Catalan police defused a volatile standoff by convincing the Spanish police to leave. Posts on social media encouraged peaceful protest and resistance to incitement. The Catalan government forewarned against
248:
On 3 October, two days after the referendum, hundreds of thousands of demonstrators blocked roads across
Catalonia, including main thoroughfares in Barcelona. Farmers blocked highways with their tractors. By 9:30 a.m., the Barcelona bus and subway systems were almost entirely halted.
443:
derided the "political" strike, compared the separatist function to Nazi indoctrination, and called for
Catalan separatist leader Puigdemont to be banned from public office. Puigdemont, in turn, charged the Spanish government with returning to the authoritarian
216:, or Board for Democracy. They called for three million Catalans, including business owners, workers, and the self-employed, to withhold their work and bring Catalonia to a halt. At the time of the strike, Catalonia represented a fifth of the Spanish
309:
the public's "fundamental rights and democratic liberties". Protesters chanted, "Spanish police get out!" Demonstrators surrounded the hotels housing
Spanish police to demand they leave Catalonia, which was also demanded by Catalan separatist leader
62:
1106:
1501:
1314:
126:
effects included suspended public transportation and port activities, canceled university classes, and closed businesses small and large. Immediate effects of the strike included an emergency meeting called by the
80:
1211:
281:
and most other large industries, however, ran without disruption. Many students and farmworkers participated. By midday, in Barcelona, tens of thousands of people occupied the city's major streets—
955:
1525:
897:
192:(COS), planned the strike in advance of the referendum. Their efforts were compounded by strike endorsements given the night of the referendum from pro-independence cultural organizations
1517:
1095:
1381:
460:
said that the action was "perhaps the first large-scale workers' strike against state repression in Europe for over 40 years" with solidarity between workers across professions:
220:, comparable in size to the Chilean economy. Separatists hoped that the strike would become a major demonstration, leading shop owners to shut down as protesters moved downtown.
46:
305:. Demonstrators gathered before the region's town halls before a planned action at 6 p.m. Barcelona city police later estimated the city's crowd to be 700,000 people in size.
1493:
118:
attempted to prevent Catalans from voting. The violence galvanized separatist support for the strike, whose planning predated the crackdown, and led to endorsements from the
1206:
37:
1477:
768:
1309:
1015:
1690:
803:
1233:
325:, the leading Catalan figure of the Spanish prime minister's party, was booed when voicing his support of the Spanish police in Pineda de Mar. Protests at the
1356:
250:
1705:
1341:
335:
166:
Police violence during the referendum galvanized Catalan unions and cultural associations in support of the general strike. Trade unions, including the
944:
658:
1975:
1807:
1279:
257:
ran minimally, and the ports of Barcelona and Tarragona closed, as did places of work from small stores to the large, wholesale food-trading market
448:. The first night of the strike, Puigdemont said that the Catalan government would declare independence within a week. Later that month, Catalonia
1403:
1326:
167:
1985:
1715:
1995:
493:
176:
340:
and showed broad contempt for the Spanish press, whom they accused of manipulative reporting and casting separatists as greedy and violent.
1839:
1376:
839:
266:
151:
111:
1042:
1845:
1797:
1533:
449:
139:
1872:
1485:
464:
refusing to accommodate armed police boats, firefighters protecting demonstrators, and farm workers creating blockades with tractors.
302:
114:
two days earlier. The referendum, which was held in defiance of Spanish national court orders, resulted in over 900 people injured as
2005:
1990:
1721:
1226:
873:
392:". On the Via Laietana, they chanted "Withdraw the forces of occupation" and "The disgrace of Europe" to the tune of the rock song "
1346:
405:
205:
127:
738:
1408:
631:
329:
station in Barcelona continued from the day prior for its role in repressing the referendum. Demonstrators also protested the
2000:
1877:
1398:
778:
278:
171:
1739:
1321:
1253:
1068:
988:
1928:
577:
1727:
1597:
1552:
1219:
1047:
350:
1778:
1695:
1413:
481:
1627:
1602:
330:
413:
Barcelona's mayor condemned the speech for its lack of solutions and appeal for dialogue. Catalans responded with a
134:
that condemned Catalan disloyalty and notably did not mention police violence during the referendum. Catalan leader
1970:
1790:
1351:
548:
182:
1617:
1436:
1284:
440:
197:
187:
1647:
1756:
1289:
322:
209:
228:
1980:
1942:
1856:
1744:
1562:
1446:
1441:
689:
433:
241:
217:
1833:
1557:
773:
456:
326:
122:, the Catalan branches of the country's two largest labor unions, and pro-independence cultural groups.
490:, a 1919 strike in Barcelona that became a general strike and led to legislated work day length limits
1882:
1851:
1361:
1274:
487:
345:
286:
1773:
1451:
1299:
1294:
1249:
502:, a series of violent confrontations between the Spanish army and Barcelonan working class radicals
499:
423:
294:
115:
99:
1892:
1812:
582:
553:
201:
119:
1785:
1700:
353:
who may infiltrate gatherings to sow discord. Some shops were forced to close by protesters who
270:
193:
1637:
1587:
1572:
1567:
1509:
1431:
1182:
849:
587:
558:
468:
393:
310:
282:
160:
135:
1817:
1662:
1657:
1468:
1371:
1336:
1172:
1622:
1612:
1393:
1101:
950:
663:
445:
427:
254:
1710:
1667:
409:
381:
358:
131:
103:
1128:
17:
1964:
1749:
1642:
1632:
1577:
993:
436:
318:
138:
announced that the regional government would declare unilateral independence, which
1954:
1802:
1766:
1732:
1366:
844:
439:
remained unrepentant, but met with opposition parties in Madrid. The spokesman for
389:
298:
290:
274:
917:
1592:
1331:
1304:
461:
385:
262:
945:"Thousands take to the streets in Barcelona in what Madrid calls a 'rebellion'"
804:"Pro-independence organisations, unions call for general strike on 3rd October"
376:
Protesters also sought to maintain momentum from the referendum. Some wore the
1652:
1582:
659:"Everyone in Catalonia is going on strike after police violence at referendum"
472:
roads across Catalonia but was much smaller in scale than the general strike.
354:
258:
1186:
898:"Pro-independence groups, unions call for general strike Oct. 3 in Catalonia"
874:"Call for withdrawal of Spanish police forces overflows streets of Catalonia"
853:
591:
562:
1607:
1016:"Catalonia Declares Independence; Spain Approves Central Takeover Of Region"
694:
415:
364:
107:
293:—en route to the major demonstrations at the city's administrative center,
1201:
1887:
1761:
922:
496:, a Barcelona-founded labor union that organized multiple Catalan strikes
377:
369:
237:
156:
1937:
484:, a general strike called three decades earlier by the same labor unions
1177:
1160:
1133:
1020:
902:
380:(separatist flag) in yellow, red, and blue. Crowds sang Catalan singer
314:
426:
compared circumstances in Catalonia to the violent 1981 peak of the
419:
protest, in which residents publicly made noise with pots and pans.
93:
Demonstrations before police and political headquarters in Barcelona
739:"Catalonia is at a standstill in opposition to Sunday's repression"
159:
described the events as Spain's largest political crisis since its
363:
227:
840:"Thousands protest and strike over Catalonia referendum violence"
321:, protests led some hotels to eject their Spanish police guests.
1096:"Independence supporters have brought Catalonia to a standstill"
769:"Committees in Defence of the Referendum: update from Catalonia"
1215:
27:
General strike taken place in Catalonia the 3rd October of 2017
1129:"Catalonia strike is muted but protesters block roads, trains"
636:
578:"Catalonias Independence Vote Descends Into Chaos and Clashes"
989:"Massive Protests in Catalonia as General Strike Is Observed"
261:. Universities canceled classes and the large public market
200:
as the vote was tallied. Supporters ultimately included the
630:
Clarke, Hilary; Rebaza, Claudia; Soares, Isa (2017-10-03).
1161:"October 2017 in Catalonia: The anarchists and the procés"
549:"King of Spain Forcefully Denounces Catalan 'Disloyalty'"
937:
935:
933:
204:
and the Catalan branches of Spain's largest unions: the
265:
was nearly empty. The strike included the staff of the
152:
a contentious referendum on its independence from Spain
1926:
1069:"General strike in Catalonia called for 8th November"
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
1865:
1826:
1683:
1676:
1545:
1494:
White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia
1460:
1424:
1267:
1094:
943:
867:
865:
863:
732:
1043:"Convocada una nueva huelga general en Catalunya"
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
625:
623:
621:
542:
540:
538:
536:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
684:
682:
680:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
762:
760:
758:
1691:Association of Municipalities for Independence
632:"King of Spain: Catalan leaders were disloyal"
1227:
1159:Gutiérrez, José A; Martà Font, Jordi (2023).
8:
1207:General strike in Catalonia (3 October 2017)
576:Minder, Raphael; Barry, Ellen (2017-10-01).
297:, and the intersection of Barcelona's other
1518:Law on the Referendum on Self-determination
797:
795:
767:Bernat, Ignasi; Whyte, David (2017-09-28).
1706:Committees for the Defense of the Republic
1680:
1478:Draft Constitution of the Catalan Republic
1234:
1220:
1212:
408:to call an emergency meeting, and Spanish
1502:Initiation of the Process of Independence
1176:
273:basilica, and Barcelona's football team,
1808:Republican Left of the Valencian Country
1127:Parra, Aritz; Cook, Lorne (2017-11-08).
690:"General strike called across Catalonia"
130:and a rare televised address by Spanish
1933:
1357:2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis
512:
1716:Socialist Party of National Liberation
172:Intersindical Alternativa de Catalunya
1093:Fotheringham, Alasdair (2017-11-08).
7:
1840:Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia
918:"Anti-police strike grips Catalonia"
267:Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art
1846:Democratic Convergence of Catalonia
1798:Catalan Solidarity for Independence
1534:Catalan declaration of independence
1873:Young Republican Left of Catalonia
1404:2019 trial of independence leaders
1342:2014 self-determination referendum
1310:2009–2011 independence referendums
494:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
232:Demonstrators for peace cross the
25:
1722:Catalan European Democratic Party
1948:
1936:
1257:
1243:
1200:
1014:Domonoske, Camila (2017-10-27).
406:Spanish Ministry of the Interior
128:Spanish Ministry of the Interior
74:
56:
45:
36:
1976:2017 labor disputes and strikes
1327:2012 independence demonstration
1109:from the original on 2022-05-01
958:from the original on 2022-05-01
331:Spanish Delegation to Catalonia
168:General Confederation of Labour
1878:Nationalist Youth of Catalonia
1399:2017 Catalan regional election
1041:Fuentes, Antoni (2017-10-05).
838:Burgen, Stephen (2017-10-03).
737:González, David (2017-10-03).
657:Nagesh, Ashitha (2017-10-01).
547:Minder, Raphael (2017-10-03).
1:
1986:Catalan independence movement
987:Mackey, Robert (2017-10-03).
872:Lasalas, Marta (2017-10-03).
206:UniĂłn General de Trabajadores
1996:October 2017 events in Spain
1728:Republican Left of Catalonia
1377:2017 independence referendum
372:flag of Catalan independence
183:Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
106:on 3 October 2017 following
1915:marks defunct organisations
1696:Assemblea Nacional Catalana
1526:Law of juridical transition
1414:2019 Catalan general strike
1389:2017 Catalan general strike
1280:1918-1919 autonomy campaign
942:Marsden, Sam (2017-10-03).
802:MaciĂ , Maria (2017-10-01).
482:1988 Spanish general strike
388:" and the Catalan anthem, "
251:Catalonia's railway company
2022:
1486:Declaration of Sovereignty
112:referendum on independence
1906:
1827:Autonomist and federalist
1437:Principality of Catalonia
1362:2017 National Day for Yes
1048:El PeriĂłdico de Catalunya
450:declared its independence
198:Catalan National Assembly
2006:Labour disputes in Spain
1991:General strikes in Spain
1603:Josep-LluĂs Carod-Rovira
361:" on their storefronts.
313:. In the small towns of
1757:Popular Unity Candidacy
1290:Catalan Republic (1931)
1165:Nations and Nationalism
424:Spanish military police
303:Ronda de la Universitat
214:Taula per la DemocrĂ cia
140:it did later that month
1857:Proposta per les Illes
1563:Josep Puig i Cadafalch
1447:Anti-Catalan sentiment
1442:Republican Generalitat
1285:Plot of Prats de MollĂł
446:dictatorship of Franco
434:Spanish Prime Minister
373:
245:
218:gross domestic product
18:Catalan general strike
2001:Protests in Catalonia
1834:Assembly of Catalonia
1558:Enric Prat de la Riba
1372:2017 Operation Anubis
1322:2010 autonomy protest
1254:independence movement
1209:at Wikimedia Commons
367:
351:plainclothes officers
327:National Police Corps
244:in southern Catalonia
231:
1394:2017 Wake Up Europe!
488:La Canadiense strike
323:Xavier GarcĂa Albiol
255:the national railway
210:Workers' Commissions
1852:Catalonia in Common
1740:Junts per Catalunya
1295:Events of 6 October
1250:Catalan nationalism
500:Tragic Week (Spain)
404:The strike led the
279:Barcelona's airport
253:suspended service,
242:Sant Jaume d'Enveja
116:the national police
100:Catalan separatists
1813:Democratic Tsunami
1409:2019–2020 protests
1178:10.1111/nana.12896
583:The New York Times
554:The New York Times
374:
246:
202:Catalan government
120:Catalan government
1971:2017 in Catalonia
1924:
1923:
1902:
1901:
1638:Carles Puigdemont
1588:Josep Tarradellas
1510:Let Catalans Vote
1432:Catalan Countries
1367:2017 Yes Campaign
1352:2016 We are ready
1275:¡Cu-Cut! incident
1205:Media related to
469:Intersindical-CSC
422:The union of the
394:Seven Nation Army
311:Carles Puigdemont
283:Avinguda Diagonal
136:Carles Puigdemont
85:
67:
16:(Redirected from
2013:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1818:Catalan Alliance
1774:MĂ©s per Mallorca
1684:Pro-independence
1681:
1658:Elisenda Paluzie
1553:ValentĂ Almirall
1538:
1537:(10/27 Oct 2017)
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1469:Bases de Manresa
1337:2014 Catalan Way
1332:2013 Catalan Way
1300:Operation GarzĂłn
1262:
1261:
1260:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1190:
1180:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1098:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
984:
967:
966:
964:
963:
947:
939:
928:
927:
914:
908:
907:
894:
888:
887:
885:
884:
869:
858:
857:
835:
818:
817:
815:
814:
799:
790:
789:
787:
786:
777:. Archived from
764:
753:
752:
750:
749:
734:
707:
706:
704:
703:
686:
675:
674:
672:
671:
654:
648:
647:
645:
644:
627:
596:
595:
573:
567:
566:
544:
467:The labor union
339:
295:Plaça Sant Jaume
191:
180:
87:
86:
69:
68:
49:
40:
21:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1943:Organized Labor
1935:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1898:
1861:
1822:
1786:MĂ©s per Menorca
1701:Ă’mnium Cultural
1672:
1623:Carme Forcadell
1613:Oriol Junqueras
1541:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1456:
1420:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1198:
1193:
1158:
1154:
1152:Further reading
1149:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1102:The Independent
1092:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1013:
1012:
1008:
999:
997:
986:
985:
970:
961:
959:
951:The Independent
941:
940:
931:
916:
915:
911:
896:
895:
891:
882:
880:
871:
870:
861:
837:
836:
821:
812:
810:
801:
800:
793:
784:
782:
766:
765:
756:
747:
745:
736:
735:
710:
701:
699:
688:
687:
678:
669:
667:
656:
655:
651:
642:
640:
629:
628:
599:
575:
574:
570:
546:
545:
514:
509:
478:
428:Basque conflict
402:
333:
271:Sagrada FamĂlia
226:
194:Ă’mnium Cultural
185:
174:
161:1930s civil war
150:Catalonia held
148:
97:
96:
95:
94:
90:
89:
88:
75:
71:
70:
57:
52:
51:
50:
42:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1945:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Guillem AgullĂł
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:LluĂs Companys
1570:
1568:Francesc MaciĂ
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
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1515:
1507:
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1475:
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1455:
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1449:
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1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:
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1021:NPR.org
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170:(CGT),
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