General strike - Knowledge (XXG)

885: 1767:, the conventional strike is an important (but not the only) weapon for improving wages, hours, and working conditions for working people. These strikes are also good training to help workers educate themselves about the class struggle, and about what it will take to execute an eventual general strike for the purpose of achieving industrial democracy. During the final general strike, workers would not walk out of their shops, factories, mines, and mills, but would rather occupy their workplaces and take them over. Prior to taking action to initiate industrial democracy, workers would need to educate themselves with technical and managerial knowledge in order to operate industry. 1661:. It outlawed actions taken by unionized workers in support of workers at other companies, effectively rendering both solidarity actions and the general strike itself illegal. Before 1947 and the passage of the Taft–Hartley Act the term general strike meant when various unions would officially go on strike in solidarity with other striking unions. The act made it illegal for one union to go on strike to support another. Hence, the definition and practice of a general strike changed in modern times to mean periodic days of mass action coordinated, often, by unions, but not an official or prolonged strike. 651: 1774:, the Wobbly conception of industrial democracy is intentionally not presented in detail by IWW theorists; in that sense, the details are left to the "future development of society". However, certain concepts are implicit. Industrial democracy will be "a new society within the shell of the old". Members of the industrial union educate themselves to operate industry according to democratic principles, and without the current hierarchical ownership/management structure. Issues such as production and distribution would be managed by the workers themselves. 4676: 1727:, Niemeyer perceived the socialist-friendly general strike for political rights within the system and the general strike as a revolutionary mechanism to overthrow the existing order—which he associated with a "rising anarcho-syndicalist movement"—as mutually exclusive. Niemeyer believed that the difficulty arose from the fact that the general strike was "one instrument", but was frequently considered "without distinction of underlying motives". 5078: 1284: 1505: 1175: 5128: 5088: 5108: 7006: 46: 5068: 1918: 1389: 1000: 5118: 5098: 1825: 1752:

the capitalists do? They go on strike, don't they? They withdraw their finances from that particular mill. They close it down because there are no profits to be made there. They don't care what becomes of the working class. But the working class, on the other hand, has always been taught to take care of the capitalist's interest in the property.

1617:, passed resolutions in opposition to the general strike. The official report of these proceedings described the convention as the "largest and in all probability the most important Convention ever held" by the organisation, in part for having engineered the "overwhelming defeat of the so-called Radical element" via crushing a " 927:. Although the general strike started as an apolitical demand for better working conditions, by August 1842, it became directly associated with the Chartists and took on a revolutionary character. But government forces intervened, cracking down on the protests and arresting its leaders, eventually forcing a return to work. 748:, Chassebœuf proposed a general strike by "every profession useful to society" against the "civil, military, or religious agents of government", contrasting "the People" against the "men who do nothing". Chassebœuf's work held a great influence in Great Britain, where it was distributed throughout the country by the 871:

adopted Benbow's platform for a "national holiday". The Chartists planned to carry out their month-long national holiday in August 1839, but following Benbow's arrest, the campaign was abandoned. Benbow was tried and found guilty of sedition. Although he attempted to continue his Chartist activities

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The capitalists have wealth; they have money. They invest the money in machinery, in the resources of the earth. They operate a factory, a mine, a railroad, a mill. They will keep that factory running just as long as there are profits coming in. When anything happens to disturb the profits, what do

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joined the International the following year, he declared his own support for these proposals. Bakunin rejected political participation, instead advocating for workers to take strike actions to improve their working conditions. He argued that the International could be the organisation through which

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At SCFL's monthly meeting Monday, Feb. 21, delegates endorsed the following: "The SCFL endorses a general strike, possibly for the day Walker signs his 'budget repair bill.'" An ad hoc committee was formed to explore the details. SCFL did not CALL for a general strike because it does not have that

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in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal. They are organised by large coalitions of political, social, and labour organizations and may also include rallies, marches,

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proposition", and also for defeating a proposal for a nationwide general strike, both "by a vote of more than 20 to 1". The AFL amended its constitution to disallow any central labour union (i.e., regional labour councils) from "taking a strike vote without prior authorization of the national

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of the syndicalists. Malatesta was particularly critical of the general strike, which he dismissed as a "magic weapon" that was incapable of fighting a violent conflict with state militaries, which had the ability to starve out workers in the event of such an industrial dispute. Although the

1214:, which had been a focus of demands for Parsons and the Chicago anarchists. Throughout the United States, hundreds of thousands of workers went on strike. The general strike's epicenter was in Chicago, where protests against the police repression of striking workers escalated into a 636:

to begin negotiations or offer more favourable terms to the strikers; though not all strikers may have a material interest in each other's negotiations, they all have a material interest in maintaining and strengthening the collective efficacy of strikes as a bargaining tool.

987:, who dismissed Du Bois' claims of a general strike as fantastical. A. A. Taylor also rejected Du Bois' interpretation, noting that the flight from the plantations did not constitute an organised movement to achieve economic or political concessions. And American historian 792: 1739:(IWW) began to fully embrace the general strike in 1910–1911. The ultimate goal of the general strike, according to Industrial Workers of the World theory, is to displace capitalists and give control over the means of production to workers. In a 1911 speech in 1062:

proposed that a general strike could be used to prevent the outbreak of war, which he considered to be a means for the ruling class to subordinate working people. He further declared that trade unions themselves constituted the mechanism for replacing

863:, which would itself carry out wide-reaching societal reforms. Months after the pamphlet's publication, Benbow was arrested for leading a 100,000-strong demonstration, which he had intended as a "dress rehearsal" for his proposed "national holiday". 1241:(CGT). The CGT launched its own campaign for workers themselves to institute the eight-hour day, culminating in a general strike which secured French workers a reduction in working time and workload, an increase in wages and the introduction of the 866:

The passage of the Reform Act brought with it the collapse of the radical movement, including Benbow's National Union. But six years later, in an atmosphere of rising disillusionment with the progress of political reform, the nascent

1107:. The anti-authoritarians upheld the syndicalist view of using the International as a coordinating body to support strike actions and build them towards a revolutionary general strike, which would overthrow the state and establish 5977: 5967: 1218:. Eight of the protest's organisers, including Parsons, were executed by hanging on charges of conspiracy. In the wake of their execution, the IWPA demand for the eight-hour day spread around the world and 1 May was declared 1439: 1146:, which additionally stressed the need for smaller strikes as a means to achieve wage increases. The discussions over strike action at the Geneva Congress lay the foundations for what was to become known as 1426:, which the socialists embraced, but anarchists generally opposed; and, the general strike as a mechanism to prevent war, which anarchists supported, but socialists refused to endorse. As a result, at the 1586:

started in the coal industry and rapidly escalated; the unions called out 1,750,000 workers, mainly in the transport and steel sectors, although the strike was successfully suppressed by the government.

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anarcho-syndicalists had seen the Amsterdam Congress as a means to establish an international anarchist organisation, efforts in this direction were sabotaged by the conflict between the two factions.

1210:, the IWPA armed and drilled its members into workers' militias, seeing violent action as a necessary complement to strike action. On 1 May 1886, the IWPA organised a nationwide general strike for the 1542:. The latter upheld the central role of the trade union in organising a revolutionary general strike to overthrow capitalism, after which the unions would form the basis for the construction of a new 1248:

The CGT's example accelerated the spread of revolutionary syndicalism throughout the world, bringing with it a wave of general strikes at the turn of the 20th century, to mixed results. Although the

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Taylor, A. A. (1935). "Black Reconstruction: An Essay toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880 by W. E. Burghardt Du Bois".

1804:, following a motion passed by the South Central Federation of Labor (SCFL) of Wisconsin endorsing a statewide general strike as a response to those legislative proposals. The SCFL website states, 1657:

in 1947, the general strike changed from a tool of labor strike solidarity into a general form of social, political, and economic protest. US Congress passed the law in the wake of the women-led

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boycotts, civil disobedience, non-payment of taxes, and other forms of direct or indirect action. Additionally, general strikes might exclude care workers, such as teachers, doctors, and nurses.

1688:. Other forms, identified by Gerhart Niemeyer, include: the general strike as a "revolutionary exercise" which would eventually lead to a transformation of society; a one-day demonstration on 1485:, but this too was voted down by the other delegates. While it was consistently defeated by the social democrats, the anarchist proposal for a general strike was taken up by members of the 1427: 1419: 723: 654: 2509:(1936). "Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880 by W. E. Burghardt Du Bois". 3768: 1790: 1764: 1898:

of 2,400,000 government workers, stating that "so deadly a social weapon" as a general strike should not be used in the impoverished and emaciated condition of Japan so soon after

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also identified four different levels of general strike, rising from a localised strike, to an industry-wide strike, to a nationwide strike, and finally to a revolutionary strike.

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Since then, in the US and Europe the general strike has become a tool of mass economic protest often in conjunction with other forms of electoral action and direct civil action.

1865:, a general strike was called in 2011 by union workers, farmers and other organisations demanding better education, an increase in the minimum wage and against fuel price hikes. 4813: 970: 4675: 1474: 775:, but it lacked a systematic formulation. There were periodical strikes throughout the early 19th century that could loosely be considered as 'general strikes'. In the 7883: 1466: 1458: 4572: 4856: 3477: 5992: 1519: 1512: 4863: 3532:

Bill Haywood, The General Strike (Chicago, n.d.), pamphlet, published by Industrial Workers of the World, from a New York City speech delivered March 16, 1911.

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Inspired by the IWPA's general strike, European anarchists began to reconsider the general strike as a revolutionary instrument, with the French anarchist

6939: 1150:. But before long, the anti-authoritarians began to move away from the anarcho-syndicalist model. Members of the Belgian section began to advocate for a 1206:

formulated a kind of revolutionary syndicalism that eschewed the general strike in favour of popular insurrection. In response to the repression of the

752:, while his chapter on the general strike was reprinted for decades after its initial publication. The idea was later taken up by the British economist 7787: 7057: 4795: 4783: 1372:, blocking troop trains and even assassinating an army officer. This series of syndicalist-led general strikes brought about the establishment of the 1026: 1011: 991:

criticised what he described as "discrepancies between well established facts and extravagant generalization" in Du Bois' claims of a general strike.

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demonstrated the efficacy of the general strike as a revolutionary instrument, but was ultimately suppressed; in 1909, the Catalan syndicalist union

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Williams, Dana M. (2018). "Tactics: Conceptions of Social Change, Revolution, and Anarchist Organisation". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.).

3720: 1431: 1238: 4851: 4839: 851:, in which he outlined his proposals for a general strike. Benbow called for workers themselves to declare a month-long "holiday", which would be 318: 1846:. The prolonged strike involved eleven million workers for two weeks in a row, and its impact was such that it almost caused the collapse of the 5942: 1891: 1461:, another French socialist politician defended the general strike as a means to convince socialist voters that they were not merely supporting 1276:

was broken up without achieving its demands, accelerating the split of syndicalists from the social-democratic unions and the formation of the

1116: 279: 1430:, anarchists were ejected from the International and banned from attending future congresses. Anarchist trade union delegates from the French 6024: 5467: 4875: 4807: 4625: 4405: 4328: 3950: 1335: 1303: 3765: 6419: 5836: 1602:. While the IWW participated in the Seattle General Strike, that action was called by the Seattle Central Labor Union, affiliated with the 899:

was rejected by the British Parliament, demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the

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trade unions could build such strike actions into a revolutionary general strike, which would abolish capitalism and institute socialism.

1645:, a mass protest and a form of civil disobedience that often involved a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law. 6579: 6519: 5163: 305: 80: 6014: 4598: 3377: 4518: 4483: 4448: 4107: 3919: 3857: 3837: 3702: 1828: 1622:

officers of the union concerned". The change was intended to "check the spread of general strike sentiment and prevent recurrences of

1583: 1415: 1029:(IWA) was established as a federation of trade unions by delegates from England and France. The French trade union delegates, such as 951: 1198:(IWPA), which developed anarchist tendencies and held itself to be a continuation of the defunct IWA. Inspired by the example of the 950:, the first in Spanish history. After months of strike action and attempted negotitations, the general strike was suppressed and the 7649: 7168: 4309: 4148: 4072: 4041: 4008: 3975: 1100: 1007: 189: 1261: 1229:

taking up the idea of the revolutionary general strike, which then spread to Italian and Spanish anarchists. Albert Parsons' wife

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Bilbija, Marina (2011). "Democracy's New Song: "Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880" and the Melodramatic Imagination".

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resulted in no political reforms but strengthened the social movement; in 1908, syndicalists led a two-month general strike in

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Parfait, Claire (2009). "Rewriting History: The Publication of W. E. B. Du Bois's "Black Reconstruction in America" (1935)".

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D'Agostino, Anthony (2018). "Anarchism and Marxism in the Russian Revolution". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.).

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lasted for three weeks, after which the striking workers won their goal of a ten-hour workday and an increase in wages.

749: 486: 4323: 7188: 7128: 6909: 6429: 5512: 5426: 1658: 1361: 1273: 1075:, Marx himself rejected what he described as "the Belgian nonsense that it was necessary to strike against war". When 947: 650: 5783: 4760: 4248: 2017: 1796:

On 18 March 2011, the Industrial Workers of the World supported an endorsement of a general strike as a follow-up to

1473:, but these were ardently opposed by the German delegates, who feared repression by the authorities. Finally, at the 1087:, who instead proposed the creation of political parties to take state power. Through the General Council, which had 632:, which is a multi-sector strike that is organised by trade unions who strike together in order to force pressure on 1457:

adopted the idea of the revolutionary general strike in order to boost his popularity with the syndicalists. At the

657:, whose early conception of the general strike lay the groundwork for its systematic formulation in the 19th century 7585: 7430: 7075: 6979: 6619: 6404: 6334: 6049: 5907: 5795: 4341: 4293: 3681: 1435: 1346: 1253: 931: 855:

first by workers' savings and then by exacting "contributions" from the wealthy. He also proposed the formation of

753: 695: 560: 496: 1789:, where 1,132 miners stayed off the job, and only 35 went to work, a participation rate which led directly to the 7094: 6809: 6424: 6104: 6099: 5580: 5568: 5446: 5390: 5365: 5315: 5250: 5180: 5091: 4618: 4230: 4204: 4064: 2463: 1947: 1614: 1445:

Nevertheless, the anarchist defense of the general strike left a lasting legacy within the International. At the

1373: 1369: 1340: 1323: 1257: 516: 244: 184: 3358:, Amalgamated Sheet Metal Workers' International Alliance, Volumes 24-25, Chicago, Illinois, 1919, pages 265-267 7888: 7878: 7767: 7603: 7570: 7219: 7043: 6824: 6784: 6734: 6599: 6094: 6019: 6008: 5902: 5851: 5545: 5431: 5230: 4033: 4000: 1315: 1260:, in 1902, anarcho-syndicalists organised the country's first general strike against the government of the new 1055: 491: 466: 194: 95: 7629: 6224: 6189: 3614: 7590: 7410: 7234: 7178: 7133: 6894: 6584: 6554: 6499: 6494: 6269: 5725: 5505: 5483: 5436: 5156: 5101: 5015: 4253: 4168: 1992: 1923: 1858:, a general strike was called in 2011 by the federation of public labour unions to avert austerity measures. 1797: 1627: 1618: 1599: 1299: 1187: 506: 35: 7772: 7450: 6869: 6804: 6739: 6664: 6644: 6639: 6484: 6474: 6319: 5821: 5640: 5622: 5600: 5590: 5575: 5522: 5456: 5451: 5330: 5320: 5310: 5255: 5020: 4819: 4735: 3817: 1883:, public sector workers in 2011 mounted a general strike for higher wages and improved working conditions. 1763:

made possible the general strike, and the general strike made possible industrial democracy. According to

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also adopted the revolutionary general strike in her own platform, which became a founding precept of the

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Zimmer, Kenyon (2018). "Haymarket and the Rise of Syndicalism". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.).

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Graham, Robert (2018). "Anarchism and the First International". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.).

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http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/newsbriefs/general/2011/04/07/newsbrief-03

7575: 7229: 6969: 6779: 6759: 6719: 6704: 6549: 6529: 6309: 6084: 6059: 6002: 5952: 5400: 5345: 5210: 5200: 5195: 5050: 5040: 4831: 4548: 1987: 1567: 1498: 1350: 1237:(IWW). The first trade union to adopt the revolutionary general strike into its platform was the French 1096: 1092: 829: 764: 757: 501: 461: 446: 169: 75: 4961: 1654: 1368:, but were likewise defeated; and in 1911, anarcho-syndicalists mobilised a general strike against the 955: 824:

of the early 19th century. After he was arrested for his political activities, Benbow turned away from

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Niemeyer, Gerhart (1966). "The Second International: 1889–1914". In Drachkovitch, Milorad M. (ed.).

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explained his view of the economic situation, and why he believed a general strike was justified,

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Having been completely frozen out of the International, the anarchists resolved to hold their own

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attempted to continue participation, but after being physically attacked while trying to join the

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In 1927 the IWW called for a three-day nationwide walkout to protest the execution of anarchists

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McClurg, Donald J. (1963). "The Colorado Coal Strike of 1927 — Tactical Leadership of the IWW".

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was halted in order to prevent damage to the workers' movement, it eventually won its demand of

3795:"Tunisian general strike to cancel international flights, and halt land and sea transportation" 1322:

under workers' control before the revolt's suppression by government forces; and following the

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war effort. The Second International itself collapsed, leaving only anarcho-syndicalists and

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The proposals for a revolutionary general strike to overthrow the state were rejected by the

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and fled to Union territory, depriving the Confederacy of its main source of labour in what

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Mather, F. C. (1974). "The General Strike of 1842". In Quinault, R.; Stevenson, J. (eds.).

3699: 1550:. But the advancement of syndicalism was blocked chiefly by Malatesta, who objected to the 7565: 7515: 7415: 7385: 7123: 7085: 6949: 6359: 6259: 6254: 6234: 6204: 6159: 6154: 6144: 6109: 5982: 5831: 5730: 5655: 5630: 5558: 5335: 5215: 5111: 5077: 5045: 4966: 4650: 4581: 4576: 3772: 3752: 3706: 3675: 2002: 1982: 1819: 1771: 1563: 1490: 1454: 1283: 1143: 1076: 1003: 939: 916: 841: 768: 715: 679: 575: 389: 347: 269: 55: 6314: 6134: 4941: 4246:

Prothero, Iorwerth (May 1974). "William Benbow and the Concept of the "General Strike"".

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In June 2022, Tunisian workers initiated a general strike that halted all transportation.

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Two of the main forms of general strike are: the political strike, which aims to achieve

1477:, a proposal for a general strike to prevent war was put forward by the French socialist 1872:, thousands of people took the streets in a general strike in 2011 to protest President 1511:, a French syndicalist who argued in support of the revolutionary general strike at the 7847: 7732: 7706: 7686: 7664: 7545: 7540: 7525: 7290: 7118: 6964: 6954: 6214: 6129: 6039: 5753: 5748: 5675: 5645: 5360: 5290: 5245: 5225: 5220: 4986: 4956: 4916: 4911: 4552: 4319: 4224: 4198: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3302: 1839: 1681: 1638: 1630:". The penalty for any unauthorised strike vote was revocation of that body's charter. 1535: 1508: 1504: 1494: 1392: 1211: 1203: 1088: 1015: 809: 795: 684: 589: 414: 409: 394: 179: 25: 5107: 1174: 7872: 7817: 7782: 7777: 7696: 7654: 7475: 7445: 7405: 7285: 7275: 7249: 7214: 7193: 6374: 6329: 6294: 6274: 6229: 6184: 6079: 6029: 5947: 5768: 5715: 5300: 5295: 5275: 4981: 4976: 4528: 4493: 4458: 4431:

van der Walt, Lucien (2018). "Syndicalism". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.).

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Carpenter, Niles (May 1921). "William Benbow and the Origin of the General Strike".

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to Spanish workers. But labour unrest grew as the new authorities again prohibited

703: 419: 384: 367: 264: 249: 214: 164: 159: 151: 85: 4789: 1607: 1395:, a Polish socialist who argued in support of the political general strike in the 4510: 4440: 4359: 4126: 4099: 3911: 3829: 1360:, there was a particularly large wave of general strikes during this period: the 1334:

under workers' control before being repressed, resulting in the formation of the

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The year 1919 saw a number of general strikes throughout the United States and

1071:, the establishment of which would put a final end to all wars. In a letter to 7827: 7802: 7792: 7711: 7701: 7619: 7344: 7163: 6944: 6929: 6924: 6369: 5841: 5493: 5370: 5340: 5235: 5067: 4699: 4423: 4285: 4181: 3894: 1913: 1677: 1571: 1558:

Despite all the calls for a general strike to prevent war, by the outbreak of

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Some of the general strikes of this period reached revolutionary levels: the

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An early predecessor of the general strike were the Jewish traditions of the

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Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism

2200: 2198: 7857: 7842: 7435: 6289: 5846: 5532: 5350: 5005: 4589:

Strikes and You from the National Alliance for Worker and Employer Rights

4397: 3942: 1895: 1862: 1855: 1786: 1166:. By 1880, the debates within the International had led to its collapse. 920: 896: 868: 860: 727: 229: 5117: 5097: 2447: 2402: 1917: 7535: 6974: 5190: 5030: 4728: 3886: 3463: 2540: 1997: 1880: 1288: 983:. However, this conception were rebuffed by African-American economist 813: 404: 4277: 4223:(1966). "The Anarchist Tradition". In Drachkovitch, Milorad M. (ed.). 2492: 1272:

resulted in harsh repression against the Dutch workers' movement. The

1014:, which advocated for a revolutionary general strike to overthrow the 930:

Strike actions by workers in Barcelona played a prominent role in the

7483: 7395: 6139: 6074: 4061:

The Theory of the General Strike From the French Revolution To Poland

1967: 1642: 1331: 1033:, saw the nascent International as a means to coordinate support for 662: 352: 3870: 2524: 2476: 7493: 7035: 6364: 4415: 3610: 2375:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

1869: 1503: 1387: 1365: 1282: 1173: 1124: 998: 883: 790: 649: 362: 3985: 3963:

We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World

690:

Early conceptions of the general strike were proposed during the

4238: 4212: 4082: 4051: 4018: 628:

Historically, the term general strike has referred primarily to

7039: 5145: 4607: 1834:

The largest general strike that ever stopped the economy of an

4603: 1526:

in 1907. The Congress played host to a fierce debate between

1047:

conceived of the general strike as a means by which to build

872:

from prison, after being excommunicated from the movement by

849:

Grand National Holiday and Congress of the Productive Classes

5141: 2840: 2838: 1820:

List of strikes § Chronological list of general strikes

859:

to keep the peace, distribute food and elect delegates to a

687:, has also been noted as a precursor to the general strike. 1613:

In June 1919, the AFL national organisation, in session in

4298:

El movimiento obrero en la historia de España. I.1832-1899

2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2053: 2051: 2049: 844:

and called for armed resistance against the government.

3700:

http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110408-702627.html

3569: 3567: 1676:; and the revolutionary strike, which aims to overthrow 3639: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3501: 3499: 3291:

The General Strike: The Politics of Industrial Conflict

840:, Benbow expressed impatience with the progress of the 808:

The idea of the general strike was first formulated by

3149: 3147: 1442:, the anarchists finally abandoned the International. 1158:, while the French and Italian sections moved towards 1091:

over the International, Marx moved to expel Bakunin's

1594:, including two that were considered significant—the 1099:. In response, the expelled sections established the 3721:"Teachers strike fuels unrest in polarized Honduras" 3528: 3526: 847:

In January 1832, Benbow published a pamphlet titled

7720: 7642: 7612: 7558: 7474: 7373: 7322: 7313: 7268: 7202: 7111: 7104: 6884: 6444: 6394: 6119: 5922: 5794: 5704: 5668: 5621: 5544: 5475: 5466: 5416: 5179: 4994: 4890: 4814:

Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists

4775: 4727: 4683: 4643: 3370:"Everything You Need to Know About General Strikes" 3277: 3265: 3225: 3197: 3169: 3102: 3071: 3059: 3043: 3031: 3007: 2967: 2753: 2733: 2653: 1850:government. Other notable general strikes include: 1781:. The most notable response to the call was in the 1330:, a syndicalist-led general strike briefly brought 946:and work stoppages, leading to the outbreak of the 4029:History of the Labor Movement in the United States 3996:History of the Labor Movement in the United States 3784:The Sydney Morning Herald, 1 February 1947, page 1 3746:http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2011/s3185314.htm 903:in a capitalist country. The strike began in the 4505:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 353–370. 4470:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 107–124. 4435:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 249–264. 4094:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 325–342. 3906:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 409–428. 3824:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 389–408. 1653:In America, after the passage of the anti-union 1902:. Japan's labour leaders complied with his ban. 1806: 1779:Ferdinando Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti 1749: 1103:, which was designed to operate according to a 3460:The Social General Strike, Debating Club No. 1 1115:. This view was particularly supported by the 911:and soon spread throughout Britain, affecting 7051: 5157: 4619: 2348: 2336: 2324: 1513:International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam 1278:Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden 1202:, IWPA members such as the Chicago anarchist 597: 8: 3663: 3661: 3634: 3632: 1497:, who saw it as an instrument for obtaining 977:described as a "general strike" in his book 743: 714:, the idea was taken up by radicals such as 4561:From chartists.net, downloaded 5 June 2006. 4226:The Revolutionary Internationals, 1864–1943 4200:The Revolutionary Internationals, 1864–1943 3820:. In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). 1566:and instead threw their support behind the 7471: 7319: 7108: 7058: 7044: 7036: 6940:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism 5472: 5164: 5150: 5142: 4864:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union 4626: 4612: 4604: 3476:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1196:International Working People's Association 876:, Benbow ceased his political activities. 669:, the latter of which involves widespread 604: 590: 20: 7788:International comparisons of labor unions 2276: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2220: 2204: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2145: 2121: 2036: 3517: 3490: 3414: 3398: 2983: 2955: 2224: 2208: 2149: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2069: 2057: 2040: 1823: 7884:Industrial Workers of the World culture 3939:Anarcho-syndicalism in the 20th Century 3818:"Anarchism and the First International" 3597: 3585: 2029: 1723:In his study of the debates within the 1037:by its members. In the first volume of 34: 5943:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA 4882:Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation 4796:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation 4784:International Workingmen's Association 3685:No 12 (September 1969). Translated by 3469: 3402: 3330:from the original on 27 September 2021 3055: 3019: 2995: 2979: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2765: 2745: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2689: 2677: 2665: 2641: 2629: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2360: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2228: 2153: 2073: 1892:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers 1798:protests against Governor Scott Walker 1127:, although it was quickly put down by 1027:International Workingmen's Association 726:, who proposed a strike that included 3573: 3558: 3546: 3505: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3221: 3209: 3193: 3181: 3165: 3153: 3138: 3126: 3114: 3098: 3083: 2781: 2769: 2749: 2133: 1194:(SLPA) split off and established the 838:National Union of the Working Classes 7: 3941:. Translated by Archibald, Malcolm. 3617:from the original on 21 January 2013 3380:from the original on 30 January 2022 2512:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 16:Strike with most of the labour force 3640:"South Central Federation of Labor" 3613:. Industrial Workers of the World. 1641:promoted the use of what is called 1538:, a disciple of the new current of 1142:. This motion was supported by the 280:Workers' right to access the toilet 4808:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 4503:The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism 4468:The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism 4433:The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism 4092:The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism 3904:The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism 3858:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 3822:The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism 1829:1926 United Kingdom general strike 1800:'s proposed labour legislation in 1584:1926 United Kingdom general strike 1416:Social Democratic Party of Germany 1404:Labour and Socialist International 1397:Labour and Socialist International 1384:Debate in the Second International 14: 3646:from the original on 9 April 2021 1574:to rally an anti-war opposition. 1170:Rise of revolutionary syndicalism 995:Debate in the First International 828:and began to publish a number of 724:Constantin François de Chassebœuf 655:Constantin François de Chassebœuf 7763:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 7650:Labor spies in the United States 7004: 5978:International Conference of Rome 5968:International Conference of Rome 5127: 5126: 5116: 5106: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5076: 5066: 4674: 4128:Popular Protest and Public Order 3462:. Translated by Roller, Arnold. 1916: 1562:, many socialists dropped their 1520:International Anarchist Congress 1192:Socialist Labor Party of America 1101:Anti-Authoritarian International 895:In April 1842, after the second 781:1835 Philadelphia General Strike 175:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 44: 7581:Enterprise bargaining agreement 4870:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning 4846:Industrial Workers of the World 4840:General Confederation of Labour 4802:Brazilian Workers Confederation 4570:Strike! Famous Worker Uprisings 3719:Cuevas, Freddy (1 April 2011). 3438:Industrial Workers of the World 3278:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 3266:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 3226:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 3198:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 3170:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 3103:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 3072:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 3060:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 3044:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 3032:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 3008:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 2968:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 2754:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 2734:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 2654:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009 1973:Industrial Workers of the World 1737:Industrial Workers of the World 1731:Syndicalism and general strikes 1481:and the Scottish labour leader 1239:General Confederation of Labour 1235:Industrial Workers of the World 1152:dictatorship of the proletariat 980:Black Reconstruction in America 7833:Occupational safety and health 6090:Australian Anarchist Centenary 6015:German Revolution of 1918–1919 4594:Seattle General Strike Project 4329:International Socialist Review 3611:"General Strike in Wisconsin!" 3368:Kelly, Kim (30 January 2022). 1274:Swedish general strike of 1909 1250:Belgian general strike of 1893 763:During the early years of the 225:Occupational safety and health 220:Occupational safety and health 1: 5731:Decentralized planned economy 4544:Chronology of general strikes 1770:According to labor historian 1674:political and economic reform 1633:As part of the fight for the 1208:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 836:polemics. At meetings of the 348:Chronological list of strikes 5326:Proletarian internationalism 4826:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund 4565:From Reflections on Violence 4511:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_21 4441:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_14 4360:10.1080/08935696.2014.857839 4300:(in Spanish) (2ª ed.). 4100:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_19 3968:University of Illinois Press 3912:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_24 3830:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_23 3356:Sheet Metal Workers' Journal 1791:Colorado coal strike of 1927 1719:Socialists versus anarchists 1635:Indian independence movement 1604:American Federation of Labor 820:that became involved in the 750:London Corresponding Society 7189:Duty of fair representation 7129:National trade union center 6025:1919 United States bombings 4476:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_6 4386:; Schmidt, Michael (2009). 4342:Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty 4059:Goodstein, Phil H. (1984). 3458:Naft, Stephen (June 1905). 1836:advanced industrial country 1659:1946 Oakland General Strike 1628:is now going on at Winnipeg 1530:, a proponent of classical 1475:Copenhagen Congress of 1910 1316:Spanish invasion of Morocco 1287:The 1905 general strike in 1162:and proposed the theory of 1119:, which itself organised a 1117:Spanish Regional Federation 948:1855 Catalan general strike 710:. With the outbreak of the 7905: 7586:Global Framework Agreement 6980:Situationist International 6050:Spanish Revolution of 1936 5908:Self-managed social center 4344:(2014). "General strike". 4026:Foner, Philip S. (1998) . 3993:Foner, Philip S. (1997) . 3816:Adams, Matthew S. (2018). 3682:Situationist International 3307:The General Strike of 1926 1817: 1714:Debates on general strikes 1692:, aimed at identifying a " 1690:International Workers' Day 1467:Stuttgart Congress of 1907 1459:Amsterdam Congress of 1904 1300:Russian Revolution of 1905 1254:universal manhood suffrage 1220:International Workers' Day 1093:anti-authoritarian faction 938:that extended a number of 932:Spanish Revolution of 1854 683:, during the times of the 7071: 6999: 6105:Really Really Free Market 6100:1999 Seattle WTO protests 5391:Temporary autonomous zone 5316:Permanent autonomous zone 5251:Consensus decision-making 5063: 4672: 4231:Stanford University Press 4205:Stanford University Press 4182:10.1080/00236566308583916 4065:Columbia University Press 3960:Dubofsky, Melvyn (2000). 3674:10 September 2015 at the 2464:The New England Quarterly 1948:Demonstration (political) 1888:General Douglas MacArthur 1615:Atlantic City, New Jersey 1606:(AFL, predecessor of the 1420:Brussels Congress of 1891 1374:Italian Syndicalist Union 1370:Italian invasion of Libya 1258:Cuban War of Independence 1056:Brussels Congress of 1868 888:Statue commemorating the 756:and the French communist 311:International comparisons 245:Right to rest and leisure 185:Employment discrimination 7768:Equal pay for equal work 7604:Union security agreement 7571:Collaborative bargaining 7220:Social movement unionism 6095:Carnival Against Capital 6020:Bavarian Soviet Republic 6009:Manifesto of the Sixteen 5903:Radical environmentalism 5852:Independent Media Center 5784:Workers' self-management 5231:Autonomous social center 4761:Workers' self-management 4575:18 February 2011 at the 4034:International Publishers 4001:International Publishers 3698:The Wall Street Journal 3320:"Seattle General Strike" 2387:10.1177/0002716211407153 2018:Workers' self-management 1896:a planned general strike 1624:what happened at Seattle 1270:railroad strikes of 1903 1178:Engraving depicting the 822:British radical movement 96:Social movement unionism 7595:Mutual gains bargaining 7411:Occupation of factories 7134:Global union federation 5726:Cost the limit of price 5016:Criticism of capitalism 4876:National Workers' Union 4254:Oxford University Press 4141:10.4324/9781003186892-3 3937:Damier, Vadim (2009) . 3725:San Diego Union-Tribune 3669:The Beginning of an Era 3280:, pp. 23, 216–217. 1993:Occupation of factories 1924:Organized labour portal 1838:—and the first general 1814:Notable general strikes 1600:Winnipeg General Strike 1440:London Congress of 1896 1428:Zürich Congress of 1893 1414:, such as those of the 1336:National Workers' Union 1188:revolutionary socialist 1136:Geneva Congress of 1873 1058:, the Belgian delegate 1054:At the International's 954:suspended in a coup by 306:Trade union federations 301:Trade unions by country 7773:Exploitation of labour 7451:Organizational dissent 6520:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5331:Propaganda of the deed 5321:Prefigurative politics 5311:Participatory politics 5256:Conscientious objector 5021:Criticism of copyright 4736:Co-operative economics 3775:retrieved 9 April 2011 3755:retrieved 9 April 2011 3709:retrieved 9 April 2011 2327:, pp. 67–68, 105. 1831: 1811: 1754: 1596:Seattle General Strike 1515: 1447:Paris Congress of 1900 1399: 1362:general strike of 1904 1295: 1293:Grand Duchy of Finland 1183: 1164:propaganda of the deed 1097:Hague Congress of 1872 1022: 944:freedom of association 934:, which gave way to a 892: 805: 744: 708:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti 658: 205:Freedom of association 76:Exploitation of labour 7630:Workers' compensation 7576:Collective bargaining 7230:Members-only unionism 6970:Libertarian socialism 6085:Kate Sharpley Library 6060:Red inverted triangle 6003:High Treason Incident 5993:Congress of Amsterdam 5401:Voluntary association 5211:Anti-authoritarianism 5201:Anarchist criminology 5196:Anarchist Black Cross 5041:Libertarian socialism 4832:Solidarity Federation 4599:Oakland 1946! Project 4294:Tuñón de Lara, Manuel 4262:10.1093/past/63.1.132 3966:(Abridged ed.). 1988:Nonviolent resistance 1827: 1694:worldwide proletariat 1507: 1499:political concessions 1391: 1347:Portuguese socialists 1286: 1177: 1043:, published in 1867, 1002: 887: 853:financially supported 794: 765:Industrial Revolution 758:Louis Auguste Blanqui 653: 190:Employment protection 170:Collective bargaining 7240:Open-source unionism 7154:Father of the chapel 7144:Union representative 7011:Anarchism portal 6415:Fictional characters 5898:Radical cheerleading 4384:van der Walt, Lucien 4324:"The General Strike" 3771:9 April 2021 at the 3751:9 April 2021 at the 3324:depts.washington.edu 2692:, pp. 334–335; 2152:, pp. 133–134; 2148:, pp. 491–492; 2072:, pp. 160–161; 1725:Second International 1700:Industrial unionists 985:Abram Lincoln Harris 971:southern plantations 901:first general strike 700:Age of Enlightenment 696:Étienne de La Boétie 551:Industrial relations 540:Academic disciplines 136:National-syndicalism 106:Democratic socialism 7838:Occupational stress 7692:Demarcation dispute 7675:Anti-union violence 7296:Industrial unionism 7255:Solidarity unionism 7169:Vigilance committee 7149:Clerk of the chapel 6960:Left-libertarianism 6035:Kronstadt rebellion 5973:Trial of the Thirty 5938:Revolutions of 1848 5880:No gods, no masters 5691:Synthesis anarchism 5681:Anarcho-syndicalism 5669:Types of federation 4820:Free Workers' Union 4756:Labour unionisation 4661:Revolutions of 1848 4559:General Strike 1842 4207:. pp. 95–127. 3945:: Black Cat Press. 3561:, pp. 141–142. 3401:, pp. 99–100; 3172:, pp. 181–182. 3046:, pp. 214–215. 2899:, pp. 357–358. 2875:, pp. 355–356. 2847:, pp. 355–356. 2820:, pp. 354–355. 2808:, pp. 339–340. 2796:, pp. 337–339. 2756:, pp. 154–155. 2720:, pp. 336–337. 2680:, pp. 334–335. 2656:, pp. 153–154. 2568:, pp. 327–328. 2556:, pp. 326–327. 2351:, pp. 108–118. 2339:, pp. 106–108. 2279:, pp. 498–499. 2255:, pp. 497–498. 2243:, pp. 495–496. 2192:, pp. 494–495. 2180:, pp. 492–494. 2168:, pp. 491–492. 2136:, pp. 116–118. 2112:, pp. 161–162. 2088:, pp. 160–161. 1978:Industrial unionism 1761:industrial unionism 1540:anarcho-syndicalism 1406:was established by 1318:, briefly bringing 1148:anarcho-syndicalism 1113:means of production 1089:centralised control 1049:class consciousness 1012:First International 989:Arthur Charles Cole 890:1842 general strike 675:land redistribution 131:Anarcho-syndicalism 7823:Professional abuse 7625:Union wage premium 7599:Pattern bargaining 7531:Solidarity actions 7391:Diversity training 7225:Community unionism 6910:Anti-globalization 6580:Dominican Republic 6405:Anarcho-punk bands 6065:Labadie Collection 6055:Barcelona May Days 5958:Cantonal rebellion 5892:Property is theft! 5858:The Internationale 5812:Anarchist bookfair 5613:Without adjectives 5468:Schools of thought 4347:Rethinking Marxism 4249:Past & Present 4233:. pp. 57–92. 3705:8 May 2011 at the 3433:The General Strike 3417:, pp. 99–100. 3196:, pp. 85–86; 3168:, pp. 83–84; 3058:, pp. 17–18; 2982:, pp. 19–20; 2349:Tuñón de Lara 1977 2337:Tuñón de Lara 1977 2325:Tuñón de Lara 1977 1933:Civil disobedience 1886:In February 1947, 1874:Ali Abdullah Saleh 1844:May 1968 in France 1832: 1552:class reductionism 1516: 1463:career politicians 1424:electoral politics 1408:classical Marxists 1400: 1324:Revolution of 1910 1304:Solidaridad Obrera 1296: 1184: 1129:Spanish government 1023: 1008:anti-authoritarian 963:American Civil War 956:Leopoldo O'Donnell 952:draft constitution 936:progressive period 893: 830:anti-authoritarian 806: 736:industrial workers 659: 240:Professional abuse 7866: 7865: 7748:Conflict theories 7743:Four-day workweek 7638: 7637: 7554: 7553: 7456:Industrial action 7365:Union co-op model 7309: 7308: 7281:Independent union 7245:Business unionism 7033: 7032: 6990:Spontaneous order 6920:Anti-war movement 6425:Jewish anarchists 5933:French Revolution 5886:Popular education 5664: 5663: 5381:Spontaneous order 5241:Classless society 5139: 5138: 4834:(SF–IWA, Britain) 4828:(NSF–IAA, Norway) 4695:Council communism 4666:Utopian socialism 4407:978-1-904859-16-1 4322:(December 1916). 4135:. pp. 1–26. 3952:978-0-9737827-6-9 3252:, pp. 86–87. 3141:, pp. 82–83. 3086:, pp. 80–81. 3022:, pp. 18–19. 2998:, pp. 19–20. 1894:in Japan, banned 1785:coal district of 1686:social revolution 1548:socialist economy 1544:stateless society 1532:anarcho-communism 1160:anarcho-communism 1140:social revolution 1105:federal structure 897:Chartist Petition 880:Early expressions 869:Chartist movement 857:workers' councils 712:French Revolution 698:, and during the 630:solidarity action 614: 613: 571:Post-work society 400:Solidarity action 210:Legal working age 66:Conflict theories 7896: 7753:Critique of work 7728:35-hour workweek 7516:Pen-down strikes 7472: 7323:Shops and hiring 7320: 7210:Organizing model 7109: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7037: 7009: 7008: 7007: 6900:Anti-consumerism 6895:Anti-corporatism 6045:Amakasu Incident 5988:Strandza Commune 5963:Haymarket affair 5864:Jewish anarchism 5806:A las Barricadas 5774:Social ownership 5759:Market socialism 5736:Free association 5696:Union of egoists 5473: 5406:Workers' council 5396:Union of egoists 5356:Security culture 5266:Decentralization 5261:Critique of work 5166: 5159: 5152: 5143: 5130: 5129: 5122:Socialism portal 5120: 5110: 5102:Organized Labour 5100: 5092:Labour economics 5090: 5089: 5082:Communism portal 5080: 5072:Anarchism portal 5070: 5026:Critique of work 4857:IWW-South Africa 4810:(CNT–AIT, Spain) 4741:Labour economics 4678: 4656:Orthodox Marxism 4638: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4605: 4532: 4497: 4462: 4427: 4379: 4337: 4315: 4289: 4242: 4216: 4193: 4162: 4121: 4086: 4055: 4022: 3989: 3956: 3933: 3898: 3851: 3803: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3762: 3756: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3716: 3710: 3696: 3690: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3533: 3530: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3316: 3310: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3096: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2763: 2757: 2743: 2737: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2227:, pp. 133; 2218: 2212: 2202: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2044: 2034: 1943:Critique of work 1938:Civil resistance 1926: 1921: 1920: 1743:, IWW organiser 1655:Taft–Hartley Act 1528:Errico Malatesta 1479:Édouard Vaillant 1451:French socialist 1412:social democrats 1344: 1262:Republic of Cuba 1256:. Following the 1227:Joseph Tortelier 1180:Haymarket affair 1109:workers' control 1073:Friedrich Engels 1006:, leader of the 975:W. E. B. Du Bois 874:Feargus O'Connor 747: 720:Sylvain Maréchal 606: 599: 592: 556:Labour economics 546:Critique of work 390:Pen-down strikes 101:Social democracy 48: 38: 37:Organised labour 28: 21: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7889:Protest tactics 7879:General strikes 7869: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7716: 7634: 7608: 7591:Master contract 7566:Bargaining unit 7550: 7546:Wildcat strikes 7470: 7416:Precarious work 7386:Contingent work 7369: 7315: 7305: 7264: 7198: 7124:Union organizer 7100: 7067: 7066:Organized labor 7064: 7034: 7029: 7005: 7003: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6950:Labour movement 6880: 6879: 6878: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6110:Occupy movement 5983:Ferrer movement 5918: 5917: 5916: 5832:Escuela Moderna 5790: 5789: 5788: 5700: 5660: 5617: 5581:Insurrectionary 5540: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5336:Refusal of work 5221:Anti-militarism 5216:Anti-capitalism 5175: 5170: 5140: 5135: 5112:Politics portal 5059: 5046:Post-capitalism 4990: 4886: 4878:(UON, Portugal) 4792:and affiliates 4771: 4723: 4679: 4670: 4651:Guild socialism 4639: 4634: 4632: 4577:Wayback Machine 4549:The Mass Strike 4540: 4535: 4521: 4500: 4486: 4465: 4451: 4430: 4408: 4382: 4340: 4320:Slobodin, Henry 4318: 4312: 4292: 4245: 4219: 4196: 4165: 4151: 4124: 4110: 4089: 4075: 4058: 4044: 4032:. Vol. 1. 4025: 4011: 3999:. Vol. 4. 3992: 3978: 3959: 3953: 3936: 3922: 3901: 3871:10.2307/1884099 3854: 3840: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3801:. 16 June 2022. 3799:Middle East Eye 3793: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3773:Wayback Machine 3763: 3759: 3753:Wayback Machine 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3707:Wayback Machine 3697: 3693: 3676:Wayback Machine 3666: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3536: 3531: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3468: 3466:. pp. 5–6. 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3301: 3297: 3289:G A. Phillips, 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3097: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768:, p. 337; 2764: 2760: 2748:, p. 337; 2744: 2740: 2732:, p. 337; 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628:, p. 332; 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2525:10.2307/1893295 2507:Cole, Arthur C. 2505: 2504: 2500: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2303:, pp. 2–3. 2299: 2295: 2291:, pp. 1–2. 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2223:, p. 497; 2219: 2215: 2211:, pp. 133. 2207:, p. 497; 2203: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2047: 2039:, p. 499; 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2003:Secessio plebis 1983:List of strikes 1922: 1915: 1912: 1842:in history—was 1822: 1816: 1772:Philip S. Foner 1733: 1721: 1716: 1670: 1651: 1580: 1564:anti-militarism 1522:, which met in 1491:Karl Liebknecht 1455:Aristide Briand 1386: 1338: 1190:faction of the 1172: 1144:Jura Federation 1085:Marxist faction 1077:Mikhail Bakunin 1004:Mikhail Bakunin 997: 940:civil liberties 919:and mines from 882: 789: 742:. In his essay 716:Jean-Paul Marat 680:secessio plebis 648: 643: 610: 581: 580: 576:Refusal of work 541: 533: 532: 531: 436: 426: 425: 424: 415:Wildcat strikes 410:Whipsaw strikes 395:Sitdown strikes 342: 332: 331: 328: 296: 286: 285: 284: 270:Toxic workplace 154: 144: 143: 140: 58: 56:Labour movement 36: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7902: 7900: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7871: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7848:Social support 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7818:Prison strikes 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7783:Hunger strikes 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7733:Eight-hour day 7730: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7707:Featherbedding 7704: 7699: 7697:Strikebreaking 7694: 7689: 7687:Union violence 7684: 7683: 7682: 7672: 7667: 7665:Churn and burn 7662: 7657: 7652: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7526:Sitdown strike 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7489:General strike 7486: 7480: 7478: 7476:Strike actions 7469: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7326: 7324: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7291:Craft unionism 7288: 7283: 7278: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7115: 7113: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7088: 7086:Labor movement 7083: 7078: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7040: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6965:Libertarianism 6962: 6957: 6955:Left communism 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886:Related topics 6882: 6881: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6855:United Kingdom 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6570:Czech Republic 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6225:González Prada 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6040:Makhnovshchina 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5953:Hague Congress 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5754:Labour voucher 5751: 5749:Give-away shop 5746: 5741: 5740:General strike 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5676:Affinity group 5672: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5646:Post-anarchist 5643: 5638: 5633: 5627: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5569:Social ecology 5566: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5546:Post-classical 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5525: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5481: 5479: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5366:Social ecology 5363: 5361:Self-ownership 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5291:Horizontalidad 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5246:Class struggle 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5226:Affinity group 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5124: 5114: 5104: 5094: 5084: 5074: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4996: 4995:Related topics 4992: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884:(SAC, Sweden) 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4822:(FAU, Germany) 4817: 4816:(CRAS, Russia) 4811: 4805: 4799: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4746:General strike 4738: 4733: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4579:—slideshow by 4567: 4562: 4556: 4553:Rosa Luxemburg 4546: 4539: 4538:External links 4536: 4534: 4533: 4520:978-3319756196 4519: 4498: 4485:978-3319756196 4484: 4463: 4450:978-3319756196 4449: 4428: 4406: 4380: 4338: 4316: 4310: 4290: 4243: 4217: 4194: 4163: 4149: 4122: 4109:978-3319756196 4108: 4087: 4073: 4056: 4042: 4023: 4009: 3990: 3976: 3957: 3951: 3934: 3921:978-3319756196 3920: 3899: 3865:(3): 491–499. 3852: 3839:978-3319756196 3838: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3786: 3777: 3757: 3737: 3711: 3691: 3657: 3628: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3576:, p. 142. 3563: 3551: 3549:, p. 141. 3534: 3522: 3510: 3508:, p. 140. 3495: 3483: 3450: 3428:Chaplin, Ralph 3419: 3407: 3391: 3360: 3341: 3311: 3303:Keith Laybourn 3295: 3282: 3270: 3268:, p. 216. 3264:, p. 87; 3254: 3242: 3230: 3228:, p. 183. 3224:, p. 86; 3214: 3202: 3200:, p. 183. 3186: 3174: 3158: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3105:, p. 276. 3101:, p. 81; 3088: 3076: 3064: 3062:, p. 276. 3048: 3036: 3034:, p. 282. 3024: 3012: 3010:, p. 214. 3000: 2988: 2986:, p. 100. 2972: 2970:, p. 316. 2960: 2958:, p. 100. 2937: 2925: 2913: 2911:, p. 358. 2901: 2889: 2887:, p. 357. 2877: 2871:, p. 11; 2861: 2859:, p. 356. 2849: 2834: 2832:, p. 355. 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2758: 2752:, p. 69; 2738: 2736:, p. 155. 2722: 2710: 2708:, p. 336. 2698: 2682: 2670: 2668:, p. 334. 2658: 2646: 2644:, p. 332. 2634: 2618: 2616:, p. 331. 2606: 2594: 2592:, p. 329. 2582: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2519:(2): 278–280. 2498: 2477:10.2307/360377 2471:(4): 608–612. 2453: 2434:(1): 266–294. 2416: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2317: 2305: 2293: 2281: 2277:Carpenter 1921 2269: 2267:, p. 498. 2265:Carpenter 1921 2257: 2253:Carpenter 1921 2245: 2241:Carpenter 1921 2233: 2221:Carpenter 1921 2213: 2205:Carpenter 1921 2194: 2190:Carpenter 1921 2182: 2178:Carpenter 1921 2170: 2166:Carpenter 1921 2158: 2146:Carpenter 1921 2138: 2126: 2124:, p. 499. 2122:Carpenter 1921 2114: 2102: 2100:, p. 161. 2090: 2078: 2062: 2060:, p. 160. 2045: 2043:, p. 147. 2037:Carpenter 1921 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1884: 1877: 1866: 1859: 1840:wildcat strike 1815: 1812: 1759:believed that 1732: 1729: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1669: 1666: 1650: 1647: 1639:Mahatma Gandhi 1579: 1576: 1536:Pierre Monatte 1509:Pierre Monatte 1495:Rosa Luxemburg 1418:(SPD). At the 1393:Rosa Luxemburg 1385: 1382: 1308:general strike 1212:eight-hour day 1204:Albert Parsons 1171: 1168: 1121:general strike 1060:César De Paepe 1035:strike actions 996: 993: 965:, millions of 881: 878: 810:William Benbow 796:William Benbow 788: 785: 754:Thomas Attwood 732:industrialists 685:Roman Republic 647: 644: 642: 639: 618:general strike 612: 611: 609: 608: 601: 594: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 561:Labour history 558: 553: 548: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 530: 529: 524: 522:United Kingdom 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 438: 437: 434:Labour parties 432: 431: 428: 427: 423: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 371: 370: 365: 358:General strike 355: 350: 344: 343: 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 327: 326: 321: 315: 313: 308: 303: 297: 292: 291: 288: 287: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 180:Eight-hour day 177: 172: 167: 162: 156: 155: 150: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 139: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 62: 59: 54: 53: 50: 49: 41: 40: 32: 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7901: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7778:Forced labour 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7680:United States 7678: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7655:Union busting 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7511:Overtime bans 7509: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7446:Strike notice 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7312: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7286:General union 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7276:Company union 7274: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7250:Dual unionism 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7235:One Big Union 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215:Service model 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7194:Worker center 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7119:Labor council 7117: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7095:public sector 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7076:Labor history 7074: 7073: 7070: 7061: 7056: 7054: 7049: 7047: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7001: 6998: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860:United States 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6620:French Guiana 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6030:Biennio Rosso 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5948:Paris Commune 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5769:Mutual credit 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5716:Communization 5714: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5506:Philosophical 5504: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5484:Individualist 5482: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5427:Animal rights 5425: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5296:Individualism 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5276:Direct action 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5133: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5093: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4872:(FS, Denmark) 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4777:Organisations 4774: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4751:Labour rights 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4336:(6): 353–355. 4335: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4311:84-7222-331-0 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4169:Labor History 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4150:9781003186892 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4074:0-88033-050-3 4070: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4043:0-7178-0376-7 4039: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4010:0-7178-0396-1 4006: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3977:0-252-06905-6 3973: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3600:, p. 72. 3599: 3594: 3591: 3588:, p. 71. 3587: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3520:, p. 90. 3519: 3518:Dubofsky 2000 3514: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3493:, p. 99. 3492: 3491:Niemeyer 1966 3487: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3451: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3415:Niemeyer 1966 3411: 3408: 3405:, p. 11. 3404: 3400: 3399:Niemeyer 1966 3395: 3392: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3243: 3240:, p. 85. 3239: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3212:, p. 86. 3211: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3187: 3184:, p. 84. 3183: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3156:, p. 83. 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3129:, p. 82. 3128: 3123: 3120: 3117:, p. 81. 3116: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3077: 3074:, p. 23. 3073: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2984:Niemeyer 1966 2981: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2956:Niemeyer 1966 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2935:, p. 17. 2934: 2929: 2926: 2923:, p. 16. 2922: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2784:, p. 69. 2783: 2778: 2775: 2772:, p. 69. 2771: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2699: 2696:, p. 10. 2695: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2632:, p. 10. 2631: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2604:, p. 11. 2603: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2366: 2363:, p. 13. 2362: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2231:, p. 10. 2230: 2226: 2225:Prothero 1974 2222: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2209:Prothero 1974 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2156:, p. 10. 2155: 2151: 2150:Prothero 1974 2147: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2110:Prothero 1974 2106: 2103: 2099: 2098:Prothero 1974 2094: 2091: 2087: 2086:Prothero 1974 2082: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2070:Prothero 1974 2066: 2063: 2059: 2058:Prothero 1974 2054: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041:Prothero 1974 2038: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1963:Georges Sorel 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1953:Direct action 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1813: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1765:Wobbly theory 1762: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1741:New York City 1738: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1704:Ralph Chaplin 1701: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1619:One Big Union 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471:Gustave Hervé 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1402:In 1889, the 1398: 1394: 1390: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:Paris Commune 1197: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1176: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1031:Eugene Varlin 1028: 1025:In 1864, the 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 994: 992: 990: 986: 982: 981: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 909:Staffordshire 906: 902: 898: 891: 886: 879: 877: 875: 870: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 834:anti-clerical 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 803: 802: 797: 793: 786: 784: 782: 778: 777:United States 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 746: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 686: 682: 681: 676: 672: 668: 667:Jubilee years 664: 656: 652: 645: 640: 638: 635: 631: 626: 623: 622:strike action 619: 607: 602: 600: 595: 593: 588: 587: 585: 584: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 537: 536: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 487:New Caledonia 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 435: 430: 429: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 385:Overtime bans 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 341: 340:Strike action 336: 335: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 295: 290: 289: 281: 278: 276: 275:Unfree labour 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 235:Paid time off 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 200:Four-day week 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 157: 153: 152:Labour rights 148: 147: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 126:Union busting 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 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2009 3020:Damier 2009 2996:Damier 2009 2980:Damier 2009 2933:Damier 2009 2921:Damier 2009 2909:Zimmer 2018 2897:Zimmer 2018 2885:Zimmer 2018 2873:Zimmer 2018 2869:Spivak 2014 2857:Zimmer 2018 2845:Zimmer 2018 2830:Zimmer 2018 2818:Zimmer 2018 2806:Graham 2018 2794:Graham 2018 2766:Graham 2018 2746:Graham 2018 2730:Graham 2018 2718:Graham 2018 2706:Graham 2018 2694:Spivak 2014 2690:Graham 2018 2678:Graham 2018 2666:Graham 2018 2642:Graham 2018 2630:Spivak 2014 2626:Graham 2018 2614:Graham 2018 2602:Spivak 2014 2590:Graham 2018 2578:Spivak 2014 2566:Graham 2018 2554:Graham 2018 2361:Spivak 2014 2313:Mather 1974 2301:Mather 1974 2289:Mather 1974 2229:Spivak 2014 2154:Spivak 2014 2074:Spivak 2014 2013:Syndicalism 1560:World War I 1483:Keir Hardie 1453:politician 1339: [ 1266:Netherlands 1186:In 1881, a 1040:Das Kapital 1010:faction of 961:During the 925:South Wales 842:Reform Bill 740:farmworkers 692:Renaissance 671:debt relief 517:South Korea 497:Netherlands 492:New Zealand 121:Syndicalism 91:Proletariat 71:Decent work 7873:Categories 7828:Protection 7798:Labor code 7793:Job strain 7620:Strike pay 7559:Bargaining 7506:Green bans 7499:newspapers 7345:Union shop 7314:Industrial 7164:Union dues 6945:Dual Power 6930:Autonomism 6925:Autarchism 6585:East Timor 6555:Costa Rica 6500:Bangladesh 6495:Azerbaijan 6205:Feyerabend 5842:Freeganism 5494:Illegalist 5432:Capitalism 5371:Sociocracy 5341:Revolution 5306:Mutual aid 5236:Black bloc 4972:Pelloutier 4947:Lagardelle 4922:Fitzgerald 4768:Mutual aid 4700:De Leonism 4644:Precursors 4424:1100238201 4416:2006933558 4286:5549144804 4221:Nomad, Max 3895:5791147291 3744:ABC News, 3574:Foner 1997 3559:Foner 1997 3547:Foner 1997 3506:Foner 1997 3384:30 January 3374:Teen Vogue 3262:Nomad 1966 3250:Nomad 1966 3238:Nomad 1966 3222:Nomad 1966 3210:Nomad 1966 3194:Nomad 1966 3182:Nomad 1966 3166:Nomad 1966 3154:Nomad 1966 3139:Nomad 1966 3127:Nomad 1966 3115:Nomad 1966 3099:Nomad 1966 3084:Nomad 1966 2782:Nomad 1966 2770:Nomad 1966 2750:Nomad 1966 2134:Foner 1998 2025:References 1818:See also: 1809:authority. 1783:Walsenburg 1678:capitalism 1598:, and the 1572:Bolsheviks 1489:, such as 1434:and Dutch 1351:anarchists 1065:capitalism 1020:capitalism 905:coal mines 787:Conception 773:Manchester 769:Nottingham 745:Les Ruines 734:alongside 663:Sabbatical 646:Precursors 566:Labour law 375:Green bans 368:newspapers 260:Sick leave 255:Sabbatical 7803:Labor law 7660:Givebacks 7643:Reactions 7441:Stay-away 7426:Picketing 7421:Precarity 7401:Grievance 7335:Open shop 7316:relations 7112:Structure 7105:Formation 6985:Socialism 6935:Communism 6870:Venezuela 6805:Singapore 6740:Nicaragua 6665:Indonesia 6645:Hong Kong 6640:Guatemala 6485:Australia 6475:Argentina 6446:By region 6430:Musicians 6335:Santillán 6285:Malatesta 6255:Kropotkin 6235:Guillaume 5913:Symbolism 5827:DIY ethic 5706:Economics 5651:Post-left 5596:Christian 5591:Religious 5528:Communist 5513:Mutualist 5477:Classical 5437:Education 5386:Squatting 5346:Rewilding 5281:Free love 5173:Anarchism 5056:Socialism 5001:Communism 4917:Delesalle 4907:De Ambris 4852:IWW-Chile 4729:Economics 4690:Anarchist 4585:magazine. 4529:242074567 4494:158841066 4459:242074567 4394:Edinburgh 4376:219715518 4368:1475-8059 4302:Barcelona 4296:(1977) . 4270:0031-2746 4190:1469-9702 4159:242636272 4133:Routledge 4118:158605651 3986:00-008215 3930:158605651 3879:0033-5533 3848:158605651 3687:Ken Knabb 3472:cite book 3430:(1985) . 2533:0161-391X 2485:0028-4866 2440:1098-7371 2411:143636000 2395:0002-7162 2381:: 64–77. 2008:Stay away 1848:de Gaulle 1802:Wisconsin 1637:, leader 1524:Amsterdam 1465:. At the 1380:of 1914. 1320:Barcelona 1306:called a 1264:. In the 1111:over the 1069:socialism 1045:Karl Marx 913:factories 826:reformism 818:shoemaker 728:merchants 634:employers 512:Singapore 467:Hong Kong 442:Australia 195:Equal pay 116:Communism 111:Socialism 7858:Workload 7843:Overwork 7436:Slowdown 7018:Category 6780:Portugal 6760:Paraguay 6720:Mongolia 6705:Malaysia 6550:Colombia 6530:Bulgaria 6320:Proudhon 6280:Maksimov 6260:Landauer 6210:Giovanni 6160:Bookchin 6075:May 1968 5847:Infoshop 5601:Buddhist 5586:Pacifist 5554:Feminist 5533:Magonist 5501:Naturist 5457:Violence 5452:Religion 5351:Sabotage 5181:Concepts 5006:Copyleft 4967:Panunzio 4684:Variants 4573:Archived 4398:AK Press 4304:: Laia. 4239:66015299 4213:66015299 4083:83-83003 4052:47-19381 4019:47-19381 3943:Edmonton 3769:Archived 3749:Archived 3703:Archived 3672:Archived 3644:Archived 3615:Archived 3378:Archived 3328:Archived 2448:40930547 2403:41328566 1910:See also 1863:Honduras 1856:Portugal 1787:Colorado 1702:such as 1680:and the 1649:Legality 1487:far-left 1378:Red Week 1328:Portugal 1314:for the 1310:against 1280:(SAC). 1131:forces. 969:escaped 921:Scotland 861:congress 507:Portugal 447:Barbados 405:Walkouts 380:Lockouts 230:Overwork 81:Timeline 27:a series 24:Part of 7541:Whipsaw 7536:Walkout 7431:Salting 7374:Actions 7025:Outline 6975:Marxism 6875:Vietnam 6865:Uruguay 6850:Ukraine 6840:Tunisia 6790:Romania 6745:Nigeria 6725:Morocco 6675:Ireland 6655:Iceland 6650:Hungary 6630:Germany 6625:Georgia 6610:Finland 6605:Estonia 6590:Ecuador 6575:Denmark 6560:Croatia 6515:Bolivia 6510:Belgium 6505:Belarus 6490:Austria 6480:Armenia 6470:Andorra 6465:Algeria 6460:Albania 6380:Yarchuk 6355:Tolstoy 6350:Thoreau 6345:Stirner 6340:Spooner 6305:Parsons 6230:Graeber 6220:Goldman 6180:Durruti 6165:Chomsky 6155:Bonanno 6150:Berkman 6145:Bakunin 5924:History 5874:May Day 5796:Culture 5191:Anarchy 5031:Fascism 4957:Monatte 4942:Jouhaux 4937:Janvion 4932:Haywood 4912:De Leon 4866:(ITGWU) 4790:IWA–AIT 4705:Fascist 4555:(1906). 3887:1884099 3730:2 March 3679:, from 3650:9 April 3621:9 April 3464:Chicago 2541:1893295 1998:Protest 1881:Algeria 1608:AFL–CIO 1546:with a 1289:Tampere 1243:weekend 1182:of 1886 1134:At the 1095:at the 804:in 1848 641:History 472:Ireland 462:Georgia 7484:Hartal 7396:Gherao 7203:Models 6845:Turkey 6835:Taiwan 6820:Sweden 6800:Serbia 6795:Russia 6775:Poland 6755:Panama 6750:Norway 6715:Monaco 6710:Mexico 6700:Latvia 6680:Israel 6635:Greece 6615:France 6535:Canada 6525:Brazil 6455:Africa 6385:Zerzan 6375:Warren 6360:Tucker 6330:Rocker 6325:Reclus 6315:Pouget 6295:Michel 6275:Makhno 6250:Kōtoku 6240:He-Yin 6215:Godwin 6200:Ferrer 6170:Cleyre 6135:Armand 6130:Alston 6121:People 5606:Jewish 5518:Social 5489:Egoist 5418:Issues 4987:Valois 4977:Rocker 4962:García 4952:Larkin 4891:People 4848:(IWW) 4798:(FORA) 4527: 4517: 4492: 4482: 4457: 4447: 4422: 4414: 4404: 4374: 4366: 4308: 4284: 4278:650291 4276: 4268: 4252:(63). 4237: 4211: 4188: 4157: 4147: 4116: 4106: 4081: 4071: 4050: 4040: 4017: 4007: 3984: 3974: 3949: 3928: 3918: 3893: 3885: 3877: 3846: 3836: 3309:(1993) 3293:(1976) 2539: 2531: 2493:360377 2491: 2483: 2446: 2438: 2409: 2401: 2393: 1968:Hartal 1643:Hartal 1592:Canada 1568:Allied 1534:, and 1449:, the 1332:Lisbon 1268:, the 814:Quaker 779:, the 677:. The 527:Sweden 502:Norway 477:Israel 452:Brazil 353:Hartal 7494:Bandh 7269:Types 6830:Syria 6815:Spain 6695:Korea 6690:Japan 6685:Italy 6660:India 6595:Egypt 6545:China 6540:Chile 6420:Films 6410:Books 6396:Lists 6365:Volin 6270:Magón 6245:Kanno 6195:Faure 6190:Ervin 6185:Ellul 6070:Provo 5837:Films 5656:Queer 5631:Black 5559:Green 4982:Sorel 4902:Berth 4804:(COB) 4710:Green 4525:S2CID 4490:S2CID 4455:S2CID 4372:S2CID 4274:JSTOR 4155:S2CID 4114:S2CID 3926:S2CID 3883:JSTOR 3844:S2CID 2537:JSTOR 2489:JSTOR 2444:JSTOR 2407:S2CID 2399:JSTOR 1890:, as 1870:Yemen 1684:in a 1682:state 1668:Forms 1366:Parma 1358:Italy 1343:] 1125:Alcoy 1067:with 1016:state 917:mills 801:Punch 620:is a 482:Malta 363:Bandh 7355:Bump 7179:Salt 6765:Peru 6670:Iran 6565:Cuba 6370:Ward 6300:Most 6290:Mett 5822:Arts 4897:Bain 4582:Life 4515:ISBN 4480:ISBN 4445:ISBN 4420:OCLC 4412:LCCN 4402:ISBN 4364:ISSN 4306:ISBN 4282:OCLC 4266:ISSN 4235:LCCN 4209:LCCN 4186:ISSN 4145:ISBN 4104:ISBN 4079:LCCN 4069:ISBN 4048:LCCN 4038:ISBN 4015:LCCN 4005:ISBN 3982:LCCN 3972:ISBN 3947:ISBN 3916:ISBN 3891:OCLC 3875:ISSN 3834:ISBN 3732:2022 3652:2011 3623:2011 3478:link 3445:2023 3386:2022 3336:2021 2529:ISSN 2481:ISSN 2436:ISSN 2391:ISSN 1735:The 1706:and 1626:and 1582:The 1493:and 1410:and 1349:and 1216:riot 1154:and 1018:and 832:and 816:and 812:, a 771:and 738:and 730:and 722:and 706:and 673:and 665:and 457:Fiji 324:WFTU 319:ITUC 6265:Liu 6175:Day 6080:LIP 5301:Law 4551:by 4507:doi 4472:doi 4437:doi 4356:doi 4258:doi 4178:doi 4137:doi 4096:doi 3908:doi 3867:doi 3826:doi 2521:doi 2473:doi 2383:doi 2379:637 1879:In 1868:In 1861:In 1854:In 1610:). 1436:NAS 1432:CGT 1356:In 1353:. 1345:by 1326:in 1245:. 1123:in 923:to 907:of 702:by 694:by 7875:: 6140:Ba 4523:. 4513:. 4488:. 4478:. 4453:. 4443:. 4418:. 4410:. 4400:. 4396:: 4392:. 4370:. 4362:. 4352:26 4350:. 4334:17 4332:. 4326:. 4280:. 4272:. 4264:. 4229:. 4203:. 4184:. 4172:. 4153:. 4143:. 4131:. 4112:. 4102:. 4077:. 4067:. 4063:. 4046:. 4036:. 4013:. 4003:. 3980:. 3970:. 3924:. 3914:. 3889:. 3881:. 3873:. 3863:35 3861:. 3842:. 3832:. 3797:. 3723:. 3660:^ 3642:. 3631:^ 3566:^ 3537:^ 3525:^ 3498:^ 3474:}} 3470:{{ 3436:. 3376:. 3372:. 3344:^ 3326:. 3322:. 3305:, 3146:^ 3091:^ 2940:^ 2837:^ 2535:. 2527:. 2517:23 2515:. 2487:. 2479:. 2467:. 2442:. 2432:12 2430:. 2405:. 2397:. 2389:. 2377:. 2197:^ 2048:^ 1793:. 1501:. 1341:pt 1291:, 1222:. 1051:. 958:. 915:, 760:. 718:, 616:A 30:on 7097:) 7093:( 7059:e 7052:t 7045:v 5894:" 5890:" 5882:" 5878:" 5165:e 5158:t 5151:v 4627:e 4620:t 4613:v 4531:. 4509:: 4496:. 4474:: 4461:. 4439:: 4426:. 4378:. 4358:: 4314:. 4288:. 4260:: 4241:. 4215:. 4192:. 4180:: 4174:4 4161:. 4139:: 4120:. 4098:: 4085:. 4054:. 4021:. 3988:. 3955:. 3932:. 3910:: 3897:. 3869:: 3850:. 3828:: 3734:. 3689:. 3654:. 3625:. 3480:) 3447:. 3388:. 3338:. 2543:. 2523:: 2495:. 2475:: 2469:8 2450:. 2413:. 2385:: 1876:. 605:e 598:t 591:v

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