Albigensian Crusade

1879:. However, his sister, Eleanor, had married Raymond VI, securing an alliance. Peter was able to use the prestige from his victories in the south against the Moors, along with the persuasion of a delegation sent to Rome, to lead Innocent III to order a halt to the crusade. Innocent trusted Peter and was hoping to bring an end to the Albigensian Crusade to launch a new crusade in the Middle East and to maintain pressure on the Moors. As the Cathars had suffered many defeats, and as those bishops he felt had been too lenient with heresy had been removed, he believed that the time had come to bring peace to the Languedoc. On 15 January 1213, Innocent wrote to Arnaud Amaury, papal legate and newly appointed Bishop of Narbonne, as well as to Montfort. He rebuked Simon for his alleged attacks on Christians and ordered him to restore the lands that he had taken. In addition, Innocent removed most of the crusading indulgences and demanded that Simon and his legates hold a council, listen to Peter, and report their feelings to him. Peter petitioned the clergy at the Council of Lavaur to restore Raymond's lands, arguing that he was ready to repent. If this was unacceptable, the lands could be placed under the protection of his son while he went on crusade. The council rejected his recommendations, refusing to absolve Raymond and insisting that the lands Peter believed should be returned were still influenced by heresy. 1859:, where Raymond of Toulouse had placed his brother, Baldwin, in command. After a short siege, Baldwin signed an agreement to abandon the fort in return for swearing an oath to go free and to not fight again against the Crusaders. Baldwin briefly returned to Raymond, but afterwards defected to the Crusaders and remained loyal to them thereafter. After taking Montferrand, the Crusaders headed for Toulouse. The town was besieged but the attackers were short of supplies and men; Simon de Montfort withdrew before the end of the month. Emboldened, Raymond de Toulouse led a force to attack Montfort at Castelnaudary in September. A force of Crusaders arrived to relieve Montfort and just barely beat back a counterattack by Occitan forces under Raymond-Roger. Montfort broke free from the siege and Raymond was forced to withdraw. In early 1212, Simon worked on encircling Toulouse. He was successful through a combination of rapid military movements and his policy of quickly getting towns to surrender in exchange for not being sacked. The encirclement of Toulouse restricted Raymond's communication with his allies in Aquitaine and the Pyrenees. He faced a shortage of income and increasingly disloyal vassals. 1979:, son of the late Simon, joined by Louis, besieged Marmande. The town fell in June 1219. Its occupants, excluding only the commander and his knights, were massacred. After capturing Marmande, Louis attempted to retake Toulouse. Following a siege of six weeks, the army abandoned the mission and went home. Honorius III called the endeavour a "miserable setback". Without Louis's troops, Amaury was unable to hold on to the lands that he had taken, and the Cathars were able to retake much of their land. Castelnaudary was retaken by troops under Raymond VII. Amaury again besieged the town from July 1220 to March 1221, but it withstood an eight-month assault. In 1221, the success of Raymond and his son continued: Montréal and Fanjeaux were retaken and many Catholics were forced to flee. By 1222, Raymond VII had reclaimed all the lands that had been lost. That same year, Raymond VI died and was succeeded by Raymond VII. On 14 July 1223, Philip II died, and Louis VIII succeeded him as king. In 1224, Amaury de Montfort abandoned Carcassonne. Raymond VII returned from exile to reclaim the area. That same year, Amaury ceded his remaining lands to Louis VIII. 1671:, for a united defense, but Raymond Roger refused him. Raymond decided to make an accommodation with the Crusaders. He was fiercely opposed by Amalric, but at Raymond's request, Innocent appointed a new legate, Milo, whom he secretly ordered to obey Amalric. On 18 June 1209, Raymond pronounced himself repentant. He was scourged by Milo and declared restored to full Communion with the Church. The following day, he took the Cross, affirming his loyalty to the crusade and promising to aid it. With Raymond restored to unity with the Church, his lands could not be attacked. The Crusaders therefore turned their attention to the lands of Raymond Roger, aiming for the Cathar communities around Albi and Carcassonne. They marched out of Lyon on 24 June and arrived at the Catholic town of 2148:, Inquisitor of Toulouse from 1308 to 1323, wrote a manual discussing the customs of non-Catholic sects and the methods to be employed by the Inquisitors in combating heresy. A large portion of the manual describes the reputed customs of the Cathars, while contrasting them with those of Catholics. Gui also describes methods to be used for interrogating accused Cathars. He ruled that any person found to have died without confessing his known heresy would have his remains exhumed and burned, while any person known to have been a heretic but not known whether to have confessed or not would have his body unearthed but not burned. Under Gui, a final push against Catharism began. By 1350, all known remnants of the movement had been extinguished. 1824:. The city was not of major strategic importance. Simon's decision to attack it was probably influenced by the large number of perfects who had gathered there. Unable to take the town by storm because of the surrounding geography, Simon launched a heavy bombardment against the town, and in late June the main well was destroyed and on 22 July, the city, short on water, surrendered. Simon wished to treat the occupants leniently, but was pressured by Arnaud Amalric to punish the Cathars. The Crusaders allowed the soldiers defending the town as well as the Catholics inside of it to go free, along with the non-perfect Cathars. The Cathar perfects were given the opportunity to return to Catholicism. 2169:, and pastoral teachings to oppose heresy. Peters maintains that the violence was due to the crusade being under the control of mobs, petty rulers, and local bishops who did not uphold Innocent's ideas. The uncontainable, prejudicial passion of local mobs and heresy hunters, the violence of secular courts, and the bloodshed of the Albigensian Crusade sparked a desire within the papacy to implement greater control over the prosecution of heresy. This desire led to the development of organized legal procedures for dealing with heretics. 2004:, nominally under the rule of the German emperor, did resist, refusing to open its gates to the French troops. Not wanting to storm the well-fortified walls of the town, Louis settled in for a siege. A frontal assault that August was fiercely beaten back. Finally, in early September, the town surrendered, agreeing to pay 6,000 marks and destroy its walls. The town was occupied on 9 September. No killing or looting took place. Louis VIII died in November and was succeeded by the child king 1676:

disclaimed responsibility for the spread of heresy in his land on account of his youth. He was 24 at that time. The Crusaders' rejected his request for peace. They marched first for Béziers, a city with a strong Cathar community. Raymond Roger initially promised to defend it, but after hearing of the coming of the Crusader army, he abandoned it and hurried back to Carcassonne to prepare his defences. At around the same time, another Crusader army commanded by the

1041:. The Dominicans promulgated the message of the Church and spread it by preaching the Church's teachings in towns and villages to stop the spread of heresies, while the Inquisition investigated people who were accused of teaching heresies. Because of these efforts, all discernible traces of the Cathar movement were eradicated by the middle of the 14th century. Some historians consider the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars an act of 2223: 2214:) was written in the early 13th century and narrates the Albigensian Crusade. The crusade and its immediate aftermath inaugurated the eventual decline of the troubadour tradition. Many Occitan courts had been patrons of the troubadours, and their destruction resulted in the gradual deterioration of the practice and the immigration of most troubadours from Southern France to royal courts in Italy, Spain and Hungary. 1220:, a name eventually given to a region later incorporated into the French nation. An alternative name for the region is "Occitania." In the Languedoc, political control and land ownership was divided among many local lords and heirs. Before the crusade, there was little fighting in the area. Regions to the north were divided into separate polities, but all of them generally recognized themselves as part of the 1832:. Despite sallies from Pierre-Roger de Cabaret, the siege was solid. The occupants of Termes suffered from a shortage of water, and Ramon (Raymond) de Termes agreed to a temporary truce. The Cathars were briefly relieved by an intense rainstorm and so Raymond refused to surrender. Ultimately, the defenders were not able to break the siege and on 22 November the Cathars managed to abandon the city and escape. 1505:

Many priests in the Languedoc, especially those in rural parishes, were often poorly educated and functionally illiterate. Many were appointed to their posts by laymen. The theory that the inadequacy of the clergy was the primary factor has been challenged on the grounds of similar stories about clergy appearing elsewhere in areas of Europe that did not have large numbers of religious deviants.

1724: 1477: 1793: 1308: 1901:. The Crusaders were heavily outnumbered. Peter and Simon both organized their troops into three lines. The first of the Crusader lines was beaten back, but Simon managed to outflank the coalition cavalry. Peter II was struck down and killed. The coalition forces, hearing of his death, retreated in confusion. This allowed Simon's troops to occupy the northern part of Toulouse. 2073:. Visiting a local church naked once each month to be scourged was also a common punishment, including for returned pilgrims. Cathars who were slow to repent or who relapsed suffered imprisonment and, often, the loss of property. Others who altogether refused to repent were burned. The vast majority of those accused escaped death and were sentenced to a lighter penalty. 2077: 1883:

Simon's delegation, denounced Peter and ordered a renewal of the crusade. On 21 May, he sent Peter a letter severely castigating him for allegedly providing false information, and warning him not to oppose the Crusaders. He was threatened with excommunication. The crusade was not restored to its initial status. In April 1213, Innocent issued the papal bull

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little soft, too much interested in social graces, too much influenced by contemptible people such as businessmen, lawyers, and Jews. The southerners thought the northerners were crude, arrogant, discourteous, uncultured, and aggressive. The climate was such that if war were to break out between the two countries it was sure to be long and bitter.

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Avignon in 1209, Raymond was again excommunicated for not fulfilling the conditions of ecclesiastical reconciliation. After this, Innocent III called for a crusade against the Albigensians, with the view that a Europe free of heresy could better defend its borders against invading Muslims. The time period of the Crusade coincided with the

1648:, both of whom were overlords of different parts of the Languedoc. This motivated him to stay out of the crusade. He refused to campaign in person but promised to send a contingent of troops, insuring that he would have a say in any political settlements that would result from the conflict. Papal legate 2266:

argued that Pegg's classification of the Albigensian Crusade as a genocide was inappropriate on the grounds that it "was proclaimed against unbelievers ... not against a 'genus' or people; those who joined the crusade had no intention of annihilating the population of southern France ... If

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in the spring of 1218. On 25 June or 29, while attempting to fend off a sally by the defenders, Montfort was struck and killed by a stone hurled from defensive siege equipment. Toulouse was held, and the Crusaders driven back. Popular accounts state that the city's artillery was operated by the women

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was besieged in May. After three months, the occupants were running low on supplies, and reached an agreement with Raymond to surrender the castle in exchange for being allowed to leave with their arms. The efforts of Montfort to relieve the town were repulsed. Innocent III died suddenly in July 1216

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on 20 July. Raymond Roger was not formally a Cathar but tolerated the sect's existence. There were many Cathars in his domain, and his own sister had become one of the perfect. Nevertheless, Raymond Roger attempted to negotiate with the Crusaders. He declared himself a loyal member of the Church, and

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On assuming the papacy in 1198, Pope Innocent III resolved to deal with the Cathars and sent a delegation of friars to the province of Languedoc to assess the situation. The Cathars of Languedoc were seen as not showing proper respect for the authority of the French king or the local Catholic Church,

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The Cathar movement occasionally mingled with Waldensianism. However, it was distinct from it, for while Waldensians agreed with the Cathars in their opposition to the Catholic hierarchy and emphasis on poverty and simplicity, they generally accepted most Catholic teachings. Both movements eventually

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The urbanized character of the Languedoc distinguished it from the more rural north, and more readily allowed for the mixing of different groups of people. This fostered an atmosphere of comparative religious tolerance. Jews in the Languedoc experienced little discrimination, as was the case with the

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After this, Catharism did not completely vanish, but was practiced by its remaining adherents in secret. The Inquisition continued to search for and attempt to prosecute Cathars. While few prominent men joined the Cathars, a small group of ordinary followers remained and were generally successful at

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fell in 1227 and Vareilles in 1228. At that time, the Crusaders once again besieged Toulouse. While doing so, they systematically laid waste to the surrounding landscape: uprooting vineyards, burning fields and farms, and slaughtering livestock. Eventually, the city was retaken. Raymond did not have

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in 1215 solidified Crusader control over the area by officially proclaiming Simon the Count of Toulouse. It proclaimed that all of the lands of Raymond VI that previously had been conquered by the crusade would be placed under the control of Simon IV de Montfort, and that the lands which had not yet

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was one of its principal leaders. Nevertheless, the popularity of Crusading was not as durable in the Languedoc as it was in France. Strayer speculates that a general climate of laxity prevailed in the region which allowed nonconformist religious movements to grow without being seriously challenged.

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Catharism continued to spread, but it had its greatest success in the Languedoc. Cathars established virtually no presence in England, and communities in the kingdoms of France and Germany generally did not last long. It was in the Languedoc that they were the most durable. The Cathars were known as

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were burned after refusing to repent. Burnings for heresy had been very uncommon, and in the past had sometimes taken place at the behest of noblemen for political rather than religious reasons over the objections of leading Catholic clergy. After this event however, they grew more frequent. Contact

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under all circumstances was a grave sin, because it either brought a new soul into the evil world or perpetuated the cycle of souls being trapped in evil bodies. Civil authority had no claim on a Cathar, since this was the rule of the physical world. Accordingly, the Cathars refused to take oaths of

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been conquered would be placed under the protection of the Church until Raymond VII was old enough to govern them. The Council also once again called for a new crusade in the Middle East, which dried up recruits for the Albigensian Crusade, forcing Simon to rely increasingly heavily on mercenaries.

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After the Massacre at Béziers, the next major target was Carcassonne, a city with many well-known Cathars. Carcassonne was well fortified but vulnerable, and overflowing with refugees. The Crusaders traversed the 45 miles between Béziers and Carcassonne in six days, arriving in the city on 1 August

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Pierre himself was extremely unpopular, and once had to flee the region for fear that he would be assassinated. On 13 January 1208, Raymond met Pierre in the hope of gaining absolution. The discussion did not go well. Raymond expelled him and threatened his safety. The following morning, Pierre was

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The poor quality of bishops in the Languedoc was due to a mix of the lack of political centralization in the region as well as the papacy placing higher importance on appointments in more politically sensitive areas. The chaotic situation in the episcopacy contributed to the inability of the Church

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criticized the priesthood and called for lay reform of the Church. He gained a large following. Henry's preaching focused on condemning clerical corruption and clerical hierarchy, and there is no evidence that he subscribed to Cathar teachings on dualism. He was arrested around 1146 and never heard

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convened to deal with the Cathar heresy. At the council, Raymond VII, like his father previously, was excommunicated. The council gathered a thousand churchmen to authorize a tax on their annual incomes, the "Albigensian tenth", to support the Crusade, though permanent reforms intended to fund the

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The Crusaders captured the small village of Servian and then headed for Béziers, arriving on 21 July 1209. Under the command of Amalric, they started to besiege the city, calling on the Catholics within to come out, and demanding that the Cathars surrender. Neither group did as commanded. The city

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Various reasons have been proposed for the Cathar movement's success in the Languedoc relative to other places. A traditional explanation has been the reputed corruption and poor quality of the clergy, which, according to many accounts, manifested itself through love of money and sexual escapades.

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Cathars regarded water as unclean because it had been corrupted by the earth, and therefore refused to use it in their ceremonies. The act was typically received just before death, as Cathars believed that this increased one's chances for salvation by wiping away all previous sins. After receiving

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From 1209 to 1215, the Crusaders experienced great success, capturing Cathar lands and systematically crushing the movement. From 1215 to 1225, a series of revolts caused many of the lands to be regained by the Cathars. A renewed crusade resulted in the recapturing of the territory and effectively

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Pope Innocent declared Raymond anathematized and released all of his subjects from their oaths of obedience to him. However, Raymond soon attempted to reconcile with the Church by sending legates to Rome. They exchanged gifts, were reconciled, and the excommunication was lifted. At the Council of

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By the 12th century, organized groups of dissidents, such as the Waldensians and Cathars, were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of newly urbanized areas. In western Mediterranean France, one of the most urbanized areas of Europe at the time, the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass

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in May. While the exact number of troops present is unknown, it was certainly the largest force ever sent against the Cathars. Louis set out with his army in June. The Crusaders captured once more the towns of Béziers, Carcassonne, Beaucaire, and Marseille, this time with no resistance. However,

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Peter rejected the council's verdict. Concerned that Simon had grown too powerful, he decided to come to the aid of Toulouse. The Crown of Aragon, under Peter II, allied with the County of Toulouse and various other entities to oppose Simon. These actions alarmed Innocent, who after hearing from

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he North and the South of what is now France were, in the twelfth century, two different countries, as different as France and Spain are today. The people of each country disliked and distrusted those of the other. The northerners thought the southerners were undisciplined, spoiled by luxury, a

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Amalric and Milo wrote in a letter to the Pope, claimed that the Crusaders "put to the sword almost 20,000 people". Strayer says that this estimate is too high, but noted that in his letter "the legate expressed no regret about the massacre, not even a word of condolence for the clergy of the

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in 1234 to uproot heretical movements, including the remaining Cathars. Operating in the south at Toulouse, Albi, Carcassonne and other towns during the whole of the 13th century, and a great part of the 14th, it succeeded in crushing Catharism as a popular movement and driving its remaining

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Simon and many of his soldiers made determined efforts to convert the Cathar perfects but failed. Ultimately, only three women recanted. The 140 who refused were burned at the stake. Some entered the flames voluntarily, not awaiting their executioners. In August, the Crusade proceeded to the

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By the time operations resumed in 1211, the actions of Arnaud-Amaury and Simon de Montfort had alienated several important lords, including Raymond de Toulouse, who had been excommunicated again. The Crusaders returned in force to Lastours in March and Pierre-Roger de Cabaret soon agreed to

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were forced to flee to England. King John of England was wary of the crusade due to Simon's loyalty to the French crown. He visited the Languedoc, and though direct confrontation between English troops and Crusaders was usually avoided, a contingent of King John's soldiers did help defend

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As a result of the Albigensian Crusade, there were only a small number of French recruits for the Fifth and Sixth crusades. Strayer argues that the Albigensian Crusade increased the power of the French monarchy and made the papacy more dependent on it. This would eventually lead to the

2138:, limited its funding and severely restricted its activities. However, after visiting southern France in 1303, he became alarmed by the anti-monarchical sentiments of the people in the region, especially in Carcassonne, and decided to remove the restrictions placed on the Inquisition. 1808:

repulsed the assault. Fighting largely halted over the winter. Due to harsh weather conditions and a small number of soldiers, Simon ceased major offensives and concentrated on holding the territory that he had already won. However, fresh Crusaders eventually arrived. In March 1210,

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to stamp out the heresy. Among the people, the Cathars were a minority, but they won acceptance from many Catholics in the region. Those who became Cathars were often accepted by their families. Several Cathars were chosen as members of the governing council of the city of Toulouse.

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calling for what they saw as a return to the Christian message of perfection, poverty and preaching, combined with a rejection of the physical. The reforms were a reaction against the often perceived scandalous and dissolute lifestyles of the Catholic clergy. Their theology,

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Eventually, Queen Blanche offered Raymond VII a treaty recognizing him as ruler of Toulouse in exchange for his fighting the Cathars, returning all church property, turning over his castles and destroying the defences of Toulouse. Moreover, Raymond had to marry his daughter

2048:, which many historians of the crusade rely heavily upon, was published only in 1218 leaves a shortage of primary source material for events after that year. As such, there is more difficulty in discerning the nature of various events during the subsequent time period. 1266:

was the main urban center in the region. By 1209, it had a population of 30,000–35,000 people, and enjoyed greater size, wealth, and influence than anywhere else in the Languedoc. It also enjoyed a high level of political autonomy. The Count of Toulouse resided in the

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and their leaders were being protected by powerful nobles, who had a clear interest in independence from the king. At least in part for this reason, many powerful noblemen embraced Catharism despite making little attempt to follow its strict lifestyle restrictions.

1187:, a believer would sometimes take no food and rely only on cold water, a practice eventually resulting in death. The procedure was typically performed only by those close to death already. Some members of the Church claimed that if a Cathar upon receiving the 2118:

of Carcassonne and Pierre Amiel, the Archbishop of Narbonne. On 16 March 1244, in retaliation for the killing of the inquisitors nearly two years earlier, a large massacre took place, in which over 200 Cathar perfects were burnt in an enormous pyre at the

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in December 1216. On 12 September 1217, Raymond retook Toulouse without a fight while Montfort was occupied in the Foix region. Montfort hurried back, but his forces were insufficient to retake the town before campaigning halted. Responding to a call from

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of never having visited his diocese during his 10 years as bishop and of demanding money from someone as payment for consecrating him as a bishop. Innocent eventually suspended four bishops in the Languedoc-the Archbishop of Narbonne, and the bishops of

1453:, which by the 1170s was sustaining a community of Cathars. The Cathar movement was seen by some as a reaction against the corrupt and earthly lifestyles of the clergy. It has also been viewed as a manifestation of dissatisfaction with papal power. 1323:

brought a copy of the Gospels to Armenia. In the following centuries a number of dissenting groups arose, gathered around charismatic preachers, who rejected the authority of the Catholic Church. These groups based their beliefs and practices on the

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is not as dismissive as Lerner regarding Pegg's contention that the Albigensian Crusade was a genocide, but he takes issue with Pegg's argument that the Albigensian Crusade formed an important historical precedent for later genocides, including the

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and the crusade was left in temporary disarray. The command passed to the more cautious Philip II of France, who was reluctant to vigorously prosecute the crusade. At the time, he was still heavily involved in conflict with King John of England.

1429:, they did not, except the Paulicians and Bogomils, subscribe to Cathar dualist beliefs. They did not specifically invoke dualism as a tenet. The Cathars may have originated directly from the Bogomils, as some scholars believe in a continuous 1760:, a prominent French nobleman, was then appointed leader of the Crusader army, and was granted control of the area encompassing Carcassonne, Albi, and Béziers. After the fall of Carcassonne, other towns surrendered without a fight. Albi, 1836:

surrender. In April, 1211, de Montfort laid siege to Lavaur. As the siege continued, fresh troops, arriving from all over Europe, were sent to Lavaur. On the way, while passing the crossroads of Auvezines, in the village of

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Punishments for Cathars varied greatly. Most frequently, they were made to wear yellow crosses atop their garments as a sign of outward penance. Others made obligatory pilgrimages, which often included fighting against

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before marching south. Many Crusaders stayed on for no more than 40 days before being replaced. A large number came from Northern France, while some had volunteered from England. There would also be volunteers from

1121:, labelling its members, including the pope, unworthy and corrupted. Disagreeing on the Catholic concept of the unique role of the priesthood, they taught that anyone, not just the priest, could consecrate the 1271:

inside of the city but had little real control over it. Small towns were built with defense in mind, generally with thick walls and on high mountains, often next to cliffs. Hence, a municipality was called a

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ever committed a grievous sin, the procedure had to be reapplied. If the bishop who dispensed it committed a serious sin, all of the people to whom he had given the procedure would need to undergo it again.

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Prior to becoming a perfect, believing Cathars were encouraged but not always required to follow Cathar teaching on abstaining from sex and meat, and most chose not to do so. Once an individual received the

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1209. The siege did not last long. By 7 August, they had cut the city's water supply. Raymond Roger sought negotiations but was taken prisoner while under truce, and Carcassonne surrendered on 15 August.

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to deal with the heresy or depose him militarily. By 1204, he offered to bless those willing to go on a military campaign against the Cathars with the same indulgence given to crusaders travelling to the

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The Cathar understanding of God was entirely disincarnate: they viewed God as a being or principle of pure spirit completely unsullied by the taint of matter. He was the God of love, order, and peace.

1144:, make a general confession of sins, ask for forgiveness, and conclude with a common meal. There were however some special rituals. Catharism developed its own unique form of "sacrament" known as the 1577:

One of the most powerful noblemen, Raymond VI, did not openly embrace Cathar beliefs, but was sympathetic to Catharism and hostile to the French king. He refused to assist the delegation. He was

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Raymond died in 1249, and when Alphonse died in 1271, the County of Toulouse was annexed by the Kingdom of France. The Inquisition received funding from the French monarchy. In the 1290s,

966:. The Crusade was prosecuted primarily by the French crown and promptly took on a political aspect. It resulted in the significant reduction of practicing Cathars and a realignment of the 788: 2282: 1707:

Strayer doubts that Amalric actually said this, but maintains that the statement captures the "spirit" of the Crusaders, who killed nearly every man, woman, and child in the town.

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A number of prominent 12th century preachers insisted on it being the responsibility of the individual to develop a relationship with God, independent of an established clergy.

998:. This led to accusations of Gnosticism and attracted the ire of the Catholic establishment. They became known as the Albigensians because many adherents were from the city of 1457:

came under violent persecution, but the main energies of the Church were directed against Catharism, which was both the more radical and the more numerous of the two sects.

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La Chanson de la Croisade Contre les Albigeois Commencée par Guillaume de Tudèle et Continuée par un Poète Anonyme Éditée et Traduite Pour la Societe de L'Histoire de France

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The Song of the Crusade Against the Albigensians Started by Guillaume de Tudèle and Continued by an Anonymous Poet Edited and Translated for the Society of French History

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Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Solveig Björnson describe the Albigensian Crusade as "the first ideological genocide". Kurt Jonassohn and Frank Chalk (who together founded the

1929:. In 1215, Castelnaud was recaptured by Montfort, and the Crusaders entered Toulouse. The town paid an indemnity of 30,000 marks. Toulouse was gifted to Montfort. The 1848:. Many citizens, Catholic and Cathar, and the local peasantry had joined them for the battle. All but one of the six thousand crusaders were killed in the battle. 1704: 340: 2099:, would travel to towns and villages preaching in favor of the teachings of the Church and against heresy. In some cases, they took part in prosecuting Cathars. 1968:

and girls of Toulouse. In August, reacting to the crusade's recent failures, Honorius restored full crusading indulgences to those fighting against the Cathars.

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The Languedoc region participated less in popular religious movements than other areas of Europe. The First Crusade stirred up some support in the area, as

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being a prominent example, surrendered without a fight. Others were evacuated. The Crusaders encountered no opposition as they marched toward Carcassonne.

6246:"Traces of the Bogomil Movement in English", Georgi Vassilev. Academie Bulgare des Sciences. Institut d'etudes balkaniques. Études balkaniques, 1994, No 3 1013:

of 1179 repeated the condemnation. Innocent III's diplomatic attempts to roll back Catharism were met with little success. After the murder of his legate

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concealing themselves. The Inquisitors sometimes used torture as a method to find Cathars, but still were able to catch only a relatively small number.

6302: 4298: 2965: 2033:, with the couple and their heirs obtaining Toulouse after Raymond's death, and the inheritance reverting to the king. Raymond agreed and signed the 2165:, the violence of the Albigensian Crusade was not in line with the reforms and plans of Innocent, who stressed confession, reform of the clergy and 1757: 1130: 774: 193: 4886: 1917:, helping to solidify the success of the Albigensian Crusade. In November, Simon de Montfort entered Périgord and easily captured the castles of 1497:, and because the 1176 Church council which declared the Cathar doctrine heretical was held near Albi. The condemnation was repeated through the 1102:

in another version, either gave new souls to people or used the souls of fallen angels. Alternatively, God took pity on men and gave them souls.

1644:. The question of who would lead the crusade was unclear. In early 1209, Philip II had learned of an anti-French alliance between King John and 1414:, "for fear", one chronicler says, "lest the people might collect them and honour them as the ashes of a martyr". The Waldensians, followers of 1904:

It was a serious blow to the resistance, and in 1214 the situation became worse. As the Crusaders continued their advance, Raymond and his son

1518: 1168:. Having become "perfect," the soul, upon the death of the body, could escape the perpetual cycle of death and rebirth and achieve salvation. 1585:

was placed on his lands. Innocent tried to deal with the situation diplomatically by sending a number of preachers, many of them monks of the

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and the Albigensians, in which the texts of each were cast into a fire, but only Saint Dominic's proved miraculously resistant to the flames.

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wrote a song pleading with Peter II to recapture his castle which had been captured by Simon, while a co-written song by the troubadours

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The crusade continued with renewed vigour. Philip refused to command in person, but agreed to appoint his son, the also reluctant Prince

5798: 5610: 1942:

Raymond VI, together with Raymond VII, returned to the region in April 1216 and soon raised a substantial force from disaffected towns.

2525: 990:. Several of their practices, especially their belief in the inherent evil of the physical world, conflicted with the doctrines of the 492: 6292: 6123: 5960: 5932: 5441: 370: 333: 1851:

In May the castle of Aimery de Montréal was retaken; he and his senior knights were hanged, and several hundred Cathars were burned.

1098:

were to be understood allegorically. According to Cathar teaching, humans originally had no souls. They taught that the evil God, or

884: 6208: 6185: 6095: 6069: 5883: 5859: 5750: 5385: 5252: 5132: 5082: 1526: 1426: 1570:, in its late stages at the time, had not shown any signs of going in that direction. However, Philip was engaged in conflict with 659: 5814: 1711:

cathedral who were killed in front of their own altar". News of the disaster quickly spread and afterwards many settlements, with

1703:

and the city burned to the ground. It was reported that Amalric, when asked how to distinguish Cathars from Catholics, responded,

6347: 6337: 6140: 5869: 5630: 1122: 462: 1964: 6277: 6272: 5672: 3046: 1845: 6282: 6245: 6041: 5551: 5453: 5308: 1033:

drove Catharism underground by 1244. The Albigensian Crusade had a role in the creation and institutionalization of both the

1473:

in the east and the new ones in Western Europe. Emissaries from the former strengthened the dualist beliefs of the latter.

1129:. There were, however, men selected amongst the Cathars to serve as bishops and deacons. Cathars rejected the dogma of the 6327: 6004: 5977: 5677: 1930: 1876: 1558: 1537: 1018: 326: 6229: 1894:. It limited indulgences for those participating in the Albigensian Crusade exclusively to Crusaders from the Languedoc. 1441:. It is theorized that this group provided Westerners with Latin translations of Greek Bogomil texts, which included the 6332: 6317: 6307: 6262: 1841: 1329: 749: 739: 562: 6144: 5124: 1975:, to lead an expedition. His army marched south beginning in May 1219, passing through Poitou. In June, an army under 1645: 671: 664: 567: 6235: 4720: 1140:

Cathar meetings were fairly simple. In a typical gathering, those present would make one or more recitations of the

6322: 6115: 5433: 5288: 2026: 1593:. The preachers managed to bring some people back into the Catholic faith, but for the most part, were renounced. 1386:

area on the border of France and Italy, were violently persecuted and repressed. The Paulicians were ordered to be

1079:, the force of evil. Cathars held that the physical world was evil and created by this demiurge, which they called 2267:

Pegg wishes to connect the Albigensian Crusade to modern ethnic slaughter, well—words fail me (as they do him)."

1256: 916: 820: 128: 79: 5451:

Marvin, Laurence W. (2009). "A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom (review)".

5952: 5024: 1508:

However, there is evidence of greater corruption among bishops in the Languedoc than in other areas in Europe.

258: 1913:

against the Crusaders in 1214. In 1214, Philip won a major victory against the English-German alliance at the

1699:

fell the following day when an abortive sortie was pursued back through the open gates. The entire population

1319:

The Cathars were part of a widespread spiritual reform movement in medieval Europe which began about 653 when

899: 852: 472: 5773: 1005:

Between 1022 and 1163, the Cathars were condemned by eight local church councils, the last of which, held at

6158: 6079: 6051: 5826: 5780: 5714: 5620: 5602: 5405: 5328: 5296: 5149: 2162: 1905: 1805: 1747: 1743: 1660: 911: 857: 699: 253: 236: 228: 6241:

The Forgotten Kingdom – The Albigensian Crusade – La Capella Reial – Hespèrion XXI, dir. Jordi Savall

2034: 1922: 1700: 1693: 1677: 1513: 1114:

allegiance or volunteer for military service. Cathar doctrine opposed killing animals and consuming meat.

815: 704: 632: 248: 5820: 5099: 4303: 2970: 2530: 1976: 1746:, a monk and eyewitness to many events of the crusade, but "in their shifts and breeches", according to 1597:

killed, allegedly by one of Raymond's knights. Innocent III claimed that Raymond ordered his execution;

1498: 1286:

were not bequeathed the same level of tolerance, but Islamic literature and scholarship were respected.

1150:, to replace the Catholic rite of baptism. Instead of receiving baptism through water, one received the 1010: 991: 879: 874: 637: 627: 211: 2106:, launched an unsuccessful rebellion against France. In May 1242, two inquisitors were assassinated at 1750:, a contemporary. Raymond Roger died several months later. Although his death supposedly resulted from 1268: 926: 894: 889: 847: 734: 1574:, and was unwilling to get involved in a separate conflict in the Languedoc. Hence, the plan stalled. 5046: 2245: 2103: 2057: 2030: 2013: 1972: 1829: 1571: 1320: 1126: 1038: 842: 837: 221: 118: 6087: 6061: 5942: 5566: 5244: 4982: 2194: 2131: 2107: 2081: 1817: 1590: 1554: 1390:

as heretics; the Bogomils were expelled from Serbia and later subjected to the Inquisition and the

1118: 1072: 1014: 995: 987: 744: 729: 537: 507: 216: 4980:

Aubrey, Elizabeth (1997). "The Dialectic between Occitania and France in the Thirteenth Century".

1224:. They spoke different dialects, but these could broadly be classified under the French language. 1075:, a belief in two equal and comparable transcendental principles: God, the force of good, and the 1009:, declared that all Albigenses should be put into prison and have their property confiscated. The 6287: 5470: 5007: 4999: 2189: 2135: 2009: 1988: 1914: 1868: 1248: 1236: 1110: 967: 921: 654: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 557: 552: 525: 502: 375: 365: 263: 178: 144: 1871:

for assistance. Peter II had been crowned King of Aragon by Innocent III in 1204. He fought the

1659:

As the Crusaders assembled, Raymond attempted to reach an agreement with his nephew and vassal,

1262:

By the early 13th century, the power of towns in the Languedoc was growing rapidly. The city of

447: 6267: 6204: 6181: 6162: 6119: 6105: 6091: 6065: 6037: 6008: 5996: 5981: 5956: 5928: 5907: 5897: 5879: 5855: 5784: 5746: 5718: 5657: 5634: 5606: 5592: 5578: 5563:

Singing the Crusades: French and Occitan Lyric Responses to the Crusading Movements, 1137–1336

5547: 5526: 5511: 5437: 5409: 5381: 5371: 5332: 5304: 5269: 5248: 5199: 5193: 5178: 5168: 5153: 5143: 5128: 5103: 5093: 5078: 5056: 5028: 2256:

wrote, "The Albigensian Crusade ushered genocide into the West by linking divine salvation to

2253: 2249: 2226: 2185: 1960: 1856: 1781: 1598: 1509: 1407: 1402: 1221: 951: 689: 606: 497: 402: 5322: 5263: 1339:. They claimed that their teaching was rooted in Scripture and part of Apostolic tradition. 5830: 5802: 5686: 5570: 5462: 5395: 5358: 5349:(2010). "A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom (review)". 5346: 4991: 2286: 2263: 1995:

Louis VIII headed the new crusade. He took the cross in January 1226. His army assembled at

1821: 1653: 1481: 1470: 1433:

tradition which encompassed both groups. That view is not universally shared. Following the

1422: 1232: 1228: 1141: 832: 721: 684: 649: 644: 542: 512: 477: 407: 380: 267: 197: 1742:

The people were not killed but were forced to leave the town. They were naked according to

49: 5543: 5423: 5070: 2270: 2244:" in the 20th century, referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive 2092: 2061: 1943: 1918: 1898: 1391: 1387: 1371: 1252: 1176:, these rules became binding. Cathar perfects often went through a ritual fast called the 1034: 963: 862: 694: 619: 520: 457: 452: 427: 412: 397: 240: 160: 123: 6084:

The History of the Albigensian Crusade: Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay's Historia Albigensis

2056:

With the military phase of the campaign against the Cathars now primarily at an end, the

1589:

order, to convert the Cathars. They were under the direction of the senior papal legate,

1445:

ritual, thus helping to generate the first organized dualist movement in Western Europe.

5218: 5971: 5845: 5742: 5732: 5429:

The Occitan War: A Military and Political History of the Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1218

5318: 5042: 4191: 4189: 2294: 2237: 2222: 2184:

poet-composers, particularly those who were also knights. For instance, the troubadour

2174: 2141: 2017: 1649: 1578: 1567: 1438: 1421:

Although these dissenting groups shared some common features with the Cathars, such as

1395: 1363: 1336: 1290: 1244: 1164: 1106: 970:

with the French crown. The distinct regional culture of Languedoc was also diminished.

714: 614: 467: 432: 417: 310: 206: 168: 1410:, leader of the Arnoldists, was hanged in 1155 and his body burnt and thrown into the 1195:. This sometimes happened, but there is little evidence that it was common practice. 1191:

showed signs of recovery, the person would be smothered to death to ensure entry into

6256: 6200: 5873: 5834: 5507: 5474: 5223: 5174: 5011: 2096: 1950:

Montfort then had to put down an uprising in Toulouse before heading west to capture

1891: 1761: 1614: 1610: 1485: 1434: 1146: 1095: 442: 437: 422: 392: 5483: 5213: 4715: 2230: 1731: 1367: 1333: 1227:

By contrast, Languedoc regions did not consider themselves French. Their language,

709: 530: 5761: 2144:

introduced new rules designed to protect the rights of the accused. The Dominican

2111: 1398:, leader of the Petrobrusians, was pushed into a bonfire by an angry mob in 1131. 6240: 6224: 6152: 6109: 6057:

The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and its Aftermath

6055: 5946: 5922: 5849: 5736: 5708: 5650: 5624: 5596: 5537: 5501: 5427: 5399: 5238: 5118: 6029: 5497: 2257: 2192:

condemns the treatment of Raymond VI and urges him to fight back. The epic poem

2145: 1727: 1723: 1672: 1668: 1476: 1415: 1411: 1379: 755: 547: 3542: 3540: 1792: 1307: 1259:

were both more influential than the French kingdom or even northern Languedoc.

1198:

Cathar bishops were selected from among the perfect. If a person receiving the

1109:, in which the soul went from one body to another. Whether they did so or not, 5893: 5362: 4995: 4044: 4042: 3830: 3828: 2181: 1885: 1810: 1681: 1664: 1586: 1430: 1359: 1343: 1064: 17: 5377: 5232:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–120. 5052: 2275: 2115: 1751: 1582: 1563: 1375: 1312: 1293:

summarizes the cultural differences between the North and South as follows:

1217: 1134: 1054: 959: 955: 173: 152: 75: 6197:

The Story of the Last Cathars' Rebellion Against the Inquisition, 1290–1329

1852: 973:

The Cathars originated from an anti-materialist reform movement within the

2044:

Historian Daniel Power notes that the fact that Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay's

5903: 5691: 5574: 3503: 3501: 2241: 2005: 1910: 1801: 1769: 1712: 1465: 1450: 1449:

movement, and the belief was spreading to other areas. One such area was

1383: 1351: 1347: 1263: 1076: 1042: 1026: 350: 306: 298: 41: 5804:

History of the Crusades Against the Albigenses in the Thirteenth Century

2260:, by making slaughter as loving an act as His sacrifice on the cross." 2076: 5598:

A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom

5466: 2001: 1996: 1955: 1951: 1837: 1777: 1765: 1641: 1461: 1355: 1274: 1231:, was not mutually intelligible with French. Instead, it was closer to 1068: 1022: 983: 978: 974: 139: 108: 5561:

Paterson, Linda; Barbieri, Luca; Harvey, Ruth; Radaelli, Anna (2018).

5265:

Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective

5003: 1897:

Peter's coalition force engaged Simon's troops on 12 September in the

1464:

in 1163, four Cathar men and a girl who had traveled to the city from

1094:

was an angel with only a phantom body, and the accounts of him in the

766: 2070: 1926: 1773: 1602: 1325: 1283: 1192: 302: 289: 5973:

Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina

5771:

Routledge, Michael (1995). "Songs". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.).

2285:) include a detailed case study of the Albigensian Crusade in their 2233:(left). Massacre against the Albigensians by the Crusaders (right). 2180:

Numerous songs concerning the Albigensian Crusade survive from the

1063:

meaning "clean" or "pure." Partially derived from earlier forms of

5528:

Mosheim's Institutes of Ecclesiastical History, Ancient and Modern

2221: 2166: 2088: 2038: 1925:; he also occupied Castlenaud and destroyed the fortifications of 1872: 1791: 1722: 1475: 1099: 1091: 1006: 950:(1209–1229), was a military and ideological campaign initiated by 6111:

The Song of the Cathar Wars: A History of the Albigensian Crusade

2379: 2377: 1840:, they were ambushed by troops sent out from Toulouse and led by 5301:

Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French village: 1294–1324

5095:

The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies

3368: 3366: 2291:

The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies

1636: 1494: 1282:

religious dissidents appearing in the area in the 12th century.

1240: 999: 5217: 1804:

and the adjacent castle of Cabaret. Attacked in December 1209,

770: 322: 6178:

The Trail of Gnosis: A Lucid Exploration of Gnostic Traditions

4825: 4576: 4574: 6236:

The English website of the castle of Termes, besieged in 1210

4513: 4511: 4367: 4365: 3290: 3288: 2740: 2738: 1855:

fell easily in early June. Afterwards, Simon marched towards

2630: 2628: 1469:

was maintained between the older dualist communities in the

5738:

Massacre at Montsegur: A History of the Albigensian Crusade

4340: 4338: 4265: 4195: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4072: 4048: 4033: 3942: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3858: 3834: 3819: 3807: 3780: 3768: 3729: 3705: 3693: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3609: 3582: 3546: 3480: 3468: 3432: 3357: 3267: 3243: 3219: 3207: 3156: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3032: 1493:

Albigensians because of their association with the city of

1251:

in the west. In many areas south and east of Toulouse, the

318: 5710:

Suicide in the Middle Ages: The Violent against Themselves

4692: 4690: 4688: 4615: 4613: 4498: 4496: 4483: 4481: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4206: 4204: 3255: 3231: 2438: 2436: 2434: 1087:

encompassed all that was corporeal, chaotic and powerful.

4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3791: 3789: 3740: 3738: 3305: 3303: 2755: 2753: 2669: 2667: 2394: 2392: 1002:

and the surrounding area in the 12th and 13th centuries.

27:

13th-century crusade against Catharism in southern France

5240:

The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade

5195:

Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades

4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 3593: 3591: 3191: 3189: 2684: 2682: 2543: 2541: 2283:

Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies

1025:

against the Cathars. He offered the lands of the Cathar

5656:. New York & London: Free Press Collier Macmillan. 5142:

Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005).

4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 3621: 3507: 3333: 2421: 2419: 6154:

Simon V of Montfort and Baronial Government, 1195–1218

2725: 2723: 2721: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2110:. From May 1243 to March 1244, the Cathar fortress of 2102:

From 1242 to 1243, Raymond VII, in alliance with King

6034:

The Inquisitor's Guide: A Medieval Manual on Heretics

5525:

Mosheim, Johann Lorenz (1867). Murdock, James (ed.).

5503:

The War on Heresy: Faith and Power in Medieval Europe

2352: 2350: 1635:

By mid-1209, around 10,000 Crusaders had gathered in

1239:, the dominant political entity in the region, was a 5167:

Ellwood, R. S.; Alles, G. D. (2007). "Waldensians".

1437:, Latin settlers established a dualist community in 5285:

The Council of Bourges, 1225: A Documentary History

66:

July 1209 – 12 April 1229 (19 Years)

5995:Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1969). 5976:. Translated by Rangichi Nginja. College Station: 5813: 5772: 5649: 5268:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. 5048:The Cathars: Christian Dualists in the Middle Ages 1684:and burned several accused heretics at the stake. 1216:Cathar theology found its greatest success in the 54:Massacre against the Albigensians by the Crusaders 5262:Jonassohn, Kurt; Björnson, Karin Solveig (1998). 4946: 1059:The word "Cathar" is derived from the Greek word 6114:. Translated by Shirley, Janet. Burlington, VT: 2903: 2383: 1029:to any French nobleman willing to take up arms. 1796:Cathars being expelled from Carcassonne in 1209 1601:blames the murder entirely on "an evil-hearted 1295: 34: 5924:Lauragais: Steeped in History, Soaked in Blood 5775:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades 5565:. appendix by Marjolaine Raguin. Suffolk, UK: 4958: 2478: 1867:To repel the Crusaders, the Cathars turned to 5092:Chalk, Frank Robert; Jonassohn, Kurt (1990). 4891:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 782: 334: 8: 6082:(1998) . Sibly, W. A.; Sibly, M. D. (eds.). 6036:. Welwyn Garden City, UK: Raventhall Books. 3168: 2984: 2712: 1484:work of the 15th century depicts a story of 297:Considered by some scholars to be an act of 6054:(2003). Sibly, W. A.; Sibly, M. D. (eds.). 4096: 2312: 2199: 1963:to renew the crusade, Montfort resumed the 1754:, some suspected that he was assassinated. 4517: 3408: 3372: 1133:and Catholic teaching on the existence of 789: 775: 767: 341: 327: 319: 31: 5690: 4837: 4344: 4108: 2951: 2891: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2658: 2454: 2442: 2410: 2324: 1021:was responsible, Innocent III declared a 5948:God's War: A New History of the Crusades 5927:. Harborough, UK: Troubador Publishing. 5145:Oxford Dictionary of the Catholic Church 4643: 4631: 4553: 3756: 2075: 1306: 1131:real presence of Christ in the Eucharist 5626:Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe 5401:The New Concise History of the Crusades 5373:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades 5120:The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade 4813: 4696: 4679: 4667: 4655: 4619: 4604: 4592: 4580: 4541: 4529: 4502: 4487: 4460: 4436: 4424: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4356: 4329: 4317: 4241: 4210: 4120: 4084: 4060: 4021: 3990: 3954: 3930: 3744: 3570: 3558: 3531: 3519: 3492: 3444: 3396: 3384: 3345: 3321: 3309: 3144: 3125: 3113: 3089: 3077: 3020: 2915: 2807: 2795: 2771: 2759: 2744: 2688: 2673: 2559: 2425: 2368: 2305: 1705:"Kill them all! God will know his own." 1512:wrote a letter in which he accused the 241: 5673:"Who Went on the Albigensian Crusade?" 5321:(2012). Jacobs, Steven Leonard (ed.). 4934: 4922: 4861: 4849: 4801: 4789: 4777: 4565: 4448: 4371: 4253: 4009: 3978: 3966: 3846: 3795: 3717: 3681: 3597: 3456: 3420: 3256:William of Tudela & Anonymous 2004 3232:William of Tudela & Anonymous 2004 3195: 3180: 3065: 3008: 2996: 2939: 2927: 2879: 2783: 2700: 2646: 2634: 2619: 2607: 2571: 2547: 2502: 2490: 2341: 2012:allowed the crusade to continue under 1418:, experienced burnings and massacres. 305:, including by the coiner of the word 288:At least 200,000 to at most 1,000,000 5997:"Chap. VIII: The Albigensian Crusade" 4873: 4284: 3294: 3101: 2819: 1656:, assumed command of the enterprise. 1652:, Abbott of the Cistercian monastery 1605:hoping to win the Count's approval". 1315:on the eve of the Albigensian Crusade 7: 4910: 4307:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4229: 3279: 2974:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2729: 2534:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2398: 2356: 1816:In June, the well-fortified city of 1784:all fell quickly during the autumn. 5170:The Encyclopedia of World Religions 4765: 4753: 4741: 4472: 3045:Martin-Chabot, Eugene (1931–1961). 2595: 2583: 2466: 1813:was captured after a short siege. 1553:In desperation, Innocent turned to 6313:Wars involving the Crown of Aragon 5077:. London: Pickering & Inglis. 2114:was besieged by the troops of the 1788:Lastours and the castle of Cabaret 387:In the Holy Land (1095–1291) 371:Military order (religious society) 25: 6343:Persecution of Christian heretics 4301:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 3048:Chanson de la croisade albigeoise 2968:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 2528:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 1938:Revolts and reverses 1216 to 1225 1212:Political and cultural background 6303:History of Catholicism in France 6141:Bibliography of genocide studies 5671:Power, Daniel (1 October 2009). 5631:University of Pennsylvania Press 4266:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4196:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4181:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4169:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4157:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4145:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4133:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4073:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4049:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4034:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3943:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3919:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3907:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3895:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3883:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3871:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3859:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3835:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3820:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3808:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3781:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3769:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3730:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3706:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3694:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3670:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3658:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3646:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3634:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3610:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3583:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3547:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3481:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3469:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3433:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3358:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3268:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3244:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3220:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3208:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3157:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3033:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 1992:papacy in perpetuity foundered. 1162:, the recipient became known as 1055:Catharism § General beliefs 906:Royal intervention and aftermath 48: 6003:. Vol. II (2nd ed.). 5763:A Short History of Christianity 5492:] (in French). Tome Second. 3053:Song of the Albigensian Crusade 1800:The next battle centred around 1378:in Switzerland and France, and 6232:by the philosopher Yves Maris. 6032:(2006). Shirley, Janet (ed.). 5978:Texas A&M University Press 5835:10.1093/OBO/9780195396584-0148 5454:The Catholic Historical Review 5299:(1978) . Bray, Barbara (ed.). 1631:Assembling of the initial army 1278:, meaning "fortified place." 1083:(Latin, "King of the World"). 493:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399 1: 6005:University of Wisconsin Press 6001:The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 5799:Sismondi, J. C. L. Simonde de 5678:The English Historical Review 5623:, ed. (1980). "The Cathars". 5237:Graham-Leigh, Elaine (2005). 5198:. London: Karnac Books, Ltd. 4947:Jonassohn & Björnson 1998 3055:] (in French). p. 2. 2095:, named after their founder, 1931:Fourth Council of the Lateran 1877:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 1559:Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse 1557:, urging him either to force 1538:Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse 1337:and the faith of the Apostles 1105:Some Cathars believed in the 1019:Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse 1017:in 1208, and suspecting that 153:Viscounty of Béziers and Albi 5854:. New York: The Dial Press. 5536:Nicholson, Helen J. (2004). 5021:The Music of the Troubadours 3622:Guillaume de Puylaurens 2003 3508:Guillaume de Puylaurens 2003 3334:Guillaume de Puylaurens 2003 2964:Vacandard, Elphège (1913). " 2904:Cross & Livingstone 2005 2384:Cross & Livingstone 2005 1875:in Spain, and served in the 1842:Raymond-Roger, Count of Foix 1626:Initial success 1209 to 1215 1154:by the laying on of hands. 1049:Cathar beliefs and practices 986:in many ways, was basically 6298:Forced religious conversion 6180:. Gnosis Traditions Press. 6151:Lippiatt, G. E. M. (2017). 6145:Outline of genocide studies 6080:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 5815:"Troubadours and Trouvères" 5760:Robertson, John M. (1902). 5125:Manchester University Press 5123:. Manchester and New York: 5117:Costen, Michael D. (1997). 5019:Aubrey, Elizabeth (2000) . 2134:, who was in conflict with 2021:the manpower to intervene. 1617:Crusades in the Holy Land. 1332:and sought a return to the 6364: 6138: 6116:Ashgate Publishing Company 5896:; Higgins, Winton (2016). 5707:Murray, Alexander (1998). 5434:Cambridge University Press 5289:Ashgate Publishing Company 5098:. New Haven, Connecticut: 4959:Chalk & Jonassohn 1990 2293:, authored by Strayer and 1691: 1646:Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV 1052: 6293:Christian anti-Gnosticism 5970:Velikonja, Mitja (2003). 5899:The Magnitude of Genocide 5766:. London: Watts & Co. 5542:. Westport, Connecticut: 5363:10.1215/0961754X-2009-101 4996:10.1017/S0261127900001686 2524:Weber, Nicholas (1913). " 2084:worn by Cathar repentants 1983:French royal intervention 1954:, but he was repulsed at 1257:Principality of Catalonia 808: 361:Ideology and institutions 358: 296: 280: 184: 98: 58: 47: 39: 5953:Harvard University Press 5851:The Albigensian Crusades 5406:Rowman & Littlefield 5329:Rowman & Littlefield 5303:. London: Scolar Press. 5297:Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel 5025:Indiana University Press 4198:, pp. 554–559, 573. 3921:, pp. 273–276, 279. 2985:Ellwood & Alles 2007 2065:adherents underground. 259:Roger-Bernard II of Foix 174:Viscounty of Carcassonne 6348:Massacres of Christians 6338:French Wars of Religion 6159:Oxford University Press 6052:Guillaume de Puylaurens 5875:The Albigensian Crusade 5840:(subscription required) 5827:Oxford University Press 5812:Steel, Matthew (2014). 5781:Oxford University Press 5715:Oxford University Press 5648:Peters, Edward (1988). 5603:Oxford University Press 5531:. London: William Tegg. 5229:Encyclopædia Britannica 5150:Oxford University Press 4711:"Torturer's Apprentice" 4709:Murphy, Cullen (2012). 4097:Wolff & Hazard 1969 2313:Tatz & Higgins 2016 2240:, who coined the word " 1906:Raymond VII of Toulouse 1806:Pierre Roger de Cabaret 1748:Guillaume de Puylaurens 1744:Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay 1661:Raymond Roger Trencavel 1247:, which controlled the 1107:transmigration of souls 254:Raymond VII of Toulouse 237:Raymond Roger Trencavel 6278:13th century in France 6273:13th century in Europe 5921:Taylor, Colin (2018). 5807:. New York: AMS Press. 4297:Ott, Michael (1913). " 2234: 2085: 2060:was established under 1987:In November 1225, the 1797: 1735: 1678:Archbishop of Bordeaux 1514:Archbishop of Narbonne 1489: 1328:rather than on Church 1316: 1300: 1067:, the theology of the 944:Croisade des albigeois 943: 249:Raymond VI of Toulouse 185:Commanders and leaders 6283:13th-century crusades 6176:Mann, Judith (2002). 6108:; Anonymous (2004) . 5821:Oxford Bibliographies 5283:Kay, Richard (2002). 5100:Yale University Press 4304:Catholic Encyclopedia 3348:, pp. 56–60, 66. 3297:, pp. 1047–1085. 2971:Catholic Encyclopedia 2531:Catholic Encyclopedia 2225: 2079: 1890:which called for the 1795: 1726: 1499:Third Lateran Council 1479: 1425:and rejection of the 1310: 1117:Cathars rejected the 1011:Third Lateran Council 992:Incarnation of Christ 946:), also known as the 281:Casualties and losses 212:Amaury VI of Montfort 119:Episcopal Inquisition 6328:Louis VIII of France 6230:The paths of Cathars 6088:Boydell & Brewer 6062:Boydell & Brewer 5943:Tyerman, Christopher 5783:. pp. 326–364. 5575:10.2307/j.ctt22zmbj4 5567:Boydell & Brewer 5482:Meyer, Paul (1879). 5370:Lock, Peter (2006). 5327:. Lanham, Maryland: 5245:Boydell & Brewer 5192:Falk, Avner (2010). 4826:Paterson et al. 2018 4804:, pp. 145, 158. 4723:on 26 September 2017 2229:excommunicating the 2104:Henry III of England 2031:Alphonse of Poitiers 2014:Humbert V de Beaujeu 1572:King John of England 1529:-from their duties. 1321:Constantine-Silvanus 1183:After receiving the 1039:Medieval Inquisition 811:1209 Barons' Crusade 222:Louis VIII of France 6333:Philip II of France 6318:Genocides in Europe 6308:Massacres in France 6263:Albigensian Crusade 6225:Albigensian Crusade 6195:Weis, René (2001). 5424:Marvin, Laurence W. 4983:Early Music History 4961:, pp. 114–138. 4937:, pp. 801–802. 4828:, pp. 132–133. 4682:, pp. 159–163. 4646:, pp. 238–240. 4607:, pp. 601–603. 4595:, pp. 146–147. 4583:, pp. 602–603. 4556:, pp. 230–232. 4532:, pp. 132–133. 4374:, pp. 150–151. 4244:, pp. 102–103. 4171:, pp. 533–534. 4135:, pp. 528–534. 4087:, pp. 597–598. 4075:, pp. 401–411. 4036:, pp. 367–466. 3945:, pp. 286–366. 3909:, pp. 253–265. 3873:, pp. 235–236. 3810:, pp. 182–185. 3672:, pp. 115–140. 3648:, pp. 108–113. 3375:, pp. 109–110. 3116:, pp. 573–574. 2747:, pp. 575–576. 2649:, pp. 103–104. 2637:, pp. 189–190. 2479:Le Roy Ladurie 1978 2401:, pp. 162–164. 2209:Song of the Crusade 2195:Canso de la Crozada 2108:Avignonet-Lauragais 2046:Historia Albigensis 2008:. But Queen-regent 1719:Fall of Carcassonne 1694:Massacre at Béziers 1688:Massacre at Béziers 1591:Pierre de Castelnau 1581:in May 1207 and an 1555:Philip II of France 1303:Growth of Catharism 1119:Catholic priesthood 1015:Pierre de Castelnau 996:Catholic sacraments 940:Albigensian Crusade 800:Albigensian Crusade 745:Crusade of the Poor 217:Philip II of France 115:Crusader volunteers 35:Albigensian Crusade 5894:Tatz, Colin Martin 5870:Sumption, Jonathan 5846:Strayer, Joseph R. 5823:: Medieval Studies 5692:10.1093/ehr/cet252 5685:(534): 1047–1085. 5593:Pegg, Mark Gregory 5467:10.1353/cat.0.0546 5324:Lemkin on Genocide 5287:. Brookfield, VT: 5075:The Pilgrim Church 4634:, pp. 238–40. 3324:, p. 584–589. 2999:, pp. 22, 31. 2235: 2190:Tomier and Palaizi 2136:Pope Boniface VIII 2086: 2041:on 12 April 1229. 2029:to Louis' brother 2010:Blanche of Castile 1989:Council of Bourges 1977:Amaury de Montfort 1915:Battle of Bouvines 1869:Peter II of Aragon 1798: 1736: 1621:Military campaigns 1545:Prelude to crusade 1490: 1342:Sects such as the 1317: 1269:Château Narbonnais 1249:Duchy of Aquitaine 1237:County of Toulouse 1111:sexual intercourse 968:County of Toulouse 672:Against Christians 376:Crusade indulgence 366:Crusading movement 264:Peter II of Aragon 179:Kingdom of England 145:County of Toulouse 6323:Cultural genocide 6168:978-0-19-880513-7 6106:William of Tudela 6014:978-0-299-04844-0 5951:. Cambridge, MA: 5913:978-1-4408-3161-4 5878:. London: Faber. 5790:978-0-19-285428-5 5584:978-1-84384-482-2 5396:Madden, Thomas F. 5347:Lerner, Robert E. 5338:978-0-7391-4526-5 5275:978-1-4128-2445-3 5205:978-1-85575-733-2 5184:978-1-4381-1038-7 5159:978-0-19-280290-3 5109:978-0-300-04446-1 5034:978-0-253-21389-1 4974:Secondary sources 4887:"Lemkin, Raphael" 4876:, "Introduction". 4840:, pp. 91–92. 4792:, pp. 52–58. 4780:, pp. 50–51. 4756:, pp. 43–46. 4744:, pp. 35–43. 4299:Pope Innocent III 4024:, pp. 86–88. 3993:, pp. 89–91. 3957:, pp. 84–85. 3759:, pp. 64–65. 3585:, pp. 94–96. 3549:, pp. 92–93. 3522:, pp. 62–63. 3483:, pp. 90–91. 3435:, pp. 82–88. 3336:, pp. 27–29. 3258:, pp. 15–16. 3222:, pp. 58–59. 3210:, pp. 16–18. 3169:Graham-Leigh 2005 3147:, pp. 15–23. 3128:, pp. 14–15. 3092:, pp. 36–39. 3068:, pp. 60–61. 2966:Arnold of Brescia 2870:, pp. 45–46. 2786:, pp. 10–11. 2713:Graham-Leigh 2005 2661:, pp. 55–56. 2562:, pp. 32–33. 2457:, pp. 56–57. 2413:, pp. 54–56. 2254:Mark Gregory Pegg 2250:religious history 2246:cases of genocide 2227:Pope Innocent III 2186:Raimon de Miraval 2121:prat dels cremats 1961:Pope Honorius III 1758:Simon de Montfort 1734:in the foreground 1599:William of Tudela 1510:Pope Innocent III 1408:Arnold of Brescia 1403:Henry of Lausanne 1222:Kingdom of France 952:Pope Innocent III 935: 934: 764: 763: 750:Shepherds' (1320) 740:Shepherds' (1251) 724:(1096–1320) 674:(1209–1588) 609:(1147–1410) 487:(1291–1717) 317: 316: 194:Simon de Montfort 129:Kingdom of France 94: 93: 16:(Redirected from 6355: 6214: 6191: 6172: 6129: 6101: 6075: 6047: 6018: 5991: 5987:978-15854-4226-3 5966: 5938: 5917: 5889: 5865: 5841: 5838: 5817: 5808: 5794: 5778: 5767: 5756: 5728: 5724:978-01982-0539-5 5703: 5701: 5699: 5694: 5667: 5663:978-00292-4980-2 5655: 5644: 5640:978-08122-1103-0 5629:. 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Lerner 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 1482:Pedro Berruguete 1471:Byzantine Empire 1423:anti-clericalism 977:churches of the 869:Languedoc Revolt 803: 801: 791: 784: 777: 768: 478:Fall of Outremer 381:Papal income tax 353: 343: 336: 329: 320: 272: 243: 202: 90:Crusader victory 60: 59: 52: 32: 21: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6253: 6252: 6221: 6211: 6194: 6188: 6175: 6169: 6150: 6147: 6137: 6135:Further reading 6132: 6126: 6104: 6098: 6086:. Suffolk, UK: 6078: 6072: 6060:. Suffolk, UK: 6050: 6044: 6028: 6025: 6023:Primary sources 6015: 5994: 5988: 5969: 5963: 5941: 5935: 5920: 5914: 5892: 5886: 5868: 5862: 5844: 5839: 5811: 5797: 5791: 5770: 5759: 5753: 5733:Oldenbourg, Zoe 5731: 5725: 5706: 5697: 5695: 5670: 5664: 5647: 5641: 5619: 5613: 5612:978-019988371-4 5591: 5585: 5560: 5554: 5544:Greenwood Press 5535: 5524: 5518: 5496: 5481: 5450: 5444: 5422: 5416: 5394: 5388: 5369: 5345: 5339: 5319:Lemkin, Raphael 5317: 5311: 5295: 5282: 5276: 5261: 5255: 5243:. 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Oxford, UK: 5768: 5757: 5751: 5743:Pantheon Books 5729: 5723: 5704: 5668: 5662: 5645: 5639: 5621:Peters, Edward 5617: 5611: 5589: 5583: 5558: 5552: 5533: 5522: 5516: 5494: 5479: 5461:(4): 801–802. 5448: 5443:978-0521123655 5442: 5420: 5414: 5404:. Lanham, MD: 5392: 5386: 5367: 5343: 5337: 5315: 5309: 5293: 5280: 5274: 5259: 5253: 5234: 5224:Chisholm, Hugh 5210: 5204: 5189: 5183: 5164: 5158: 5148:. Oxford, UK: 5139: 5133: 5114: 5108: 5089: 5083: 5067: 5061: 5039: 5033: 5016: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4913:, p. 188. 4903: 4878: 4866: 4864:, p. 231. 4854: 4842: 4838:Routledge 1995 4830: 4818: 4816:, p. 174. 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4768:, p. 179. 4758: 4746: 4734: 4701: 4699:, p. 162. 4684: 4672: 4670:, p. 160. 4660: 4658:, p. 159. 4648: 4636: 4624: 4622:, p. 603. 4609: 4597: 4585: 4570: 4568:, p. 173. 4558: 4546: 4544:, p. 136. 4534: 4522: 4520:, p. 215. 4507: 4505:, p. 130. 4492: 4490:, p. 601. 4477: 4465: 4463:, p. 122. 4453: 4451:, p. 151. 4441: 4439:, p. 120. 4429: 4427:, p. 119. 4417: 4415:, p. 118. 4405: 4403:, p. 175. 4393: 4391:, p. 117. 4376: 4361: 4359:, p. 600. 4349: 4345:Nicholson 2004 4334: 4322: 4310: 4289: 4287:, p. 419. 4270: 4268:, p. 584. 4258: 4256:, p. 131. 4246: 4234: 4232:, p. 165. 4215: 4213:, p. 134. 4200: 4185: 4183:, p. 569. 4173: 4161: 4159:, p. 530. 4149: 4147:, p. 529. 4137: 4125: 4123:, p. 102. 4113: 4109:Nicholson 2004 4101: 4099:, p. 302. 4089: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4051:, p. 463. 4038: 4026: 4014: 4012:, p. 130. 3995: 3983: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3897:, p. 243. 3887: 3885:, p. 239. 3875: 3863: 3861:, p. 233. 3851: 3839: 3837:, p. 215. 3824: 3822:, p. 194. 3812: 3800: 3798:, p. 132. 3785: 3783:, p. 168. 3773: 3771:, p. 156. 3761: 3749: 3734: 3732:, p. 154. 3722: 3710: 3708:, p. 151. 3698: 3696:, p. 142. 3686: 3674: 3662: 3660:, p. 114. 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3600:, p. 128. 3587: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3536: 3534:, p. 591. 3524: 3512: 3510:, p. 128. 3497: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3459:, p. 121. 3449: 3447:, p. 579. 3437: 3425: 3413: 3411:, p. 110. 3401: 3389: 3377: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3312:, p. 595. 3299: 3284: 3282:, p. 164. 3272: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3200: 3198:, p. 126. 3185: 3183:, p. 125. 3173: 3161: 3149: 3130: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3082: 3080:, p. 214. 3070: 3058: 3037: 3025: 3023:, p. 573. 3013: 3011:, p. 108. 3001: 2989: 2987:, p. 471. 2977: 2956: 2952:Broadbent 1931 2944: 2932: 2920: 2918:, p. 186. 2908: 2896: 2892:Velikonja 2003 2884: 2882:, p. 119. 2872: 2868:Broadbent 1931 2860: 2856:Broadbent 1931 2848: 2844:Broadbent 1931 2836: 2832:Broadbent 1931 2824: 2822:, p. 317. 2812: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2749: 2734: 2732:, p. 169. 2717: 2705: 2693: 2678: 2676:, p. 385. 2663: 2659:Nicholson 2004 2651: 2639: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2550:, p. 124. 2537: 2507: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2459: 2455:Nicholson 2004 2447: 2443:Nicholson 2004 2430: 2415: 2411:Nicholson 2004 2403: 2388: 2386:, p. 303. 2373: 2371:, p. 570. 2361: 2359:, p. 195. 2346: 2329: 2327:, p. 254. 2325:Robertson 1902 2317: 2315:, p. 214. 2304: 2302: 2299: 2295:Malise Ruthven 2238:Raphael Lemkin 2219: 2216: 2175:Avignon Papacy 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2142:Pope Clement V 2132:King Philip IV 2053: 2050: 1984: 1981: 1939: 1936: 1864: 1861: 1828:stronghold of 1789: 1786: 1720: 1717: 1692:Main article: 1689: 1686: 1663:, viscount of 1650:Arnaud Amalric 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1579:excommunicated 1568:Fourth Crusade 1546: 1543: 1439:Constantinople 1396:Peter of Bruys 1364:northern Italy 1304: 1301: 1291:Joseph Strayer 1245:Angevin Empire 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1053:Main article: 1050: 1047: 962:, what is now 948:Cathar Crusade 933: 932: 930: 929: 924: 919: 914: 903: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 866: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 824: 823: 818: 809: 806: 805: 796: 794: 793: 786: 779: 771: 762: 761: 753: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 718: 717: 715:Spanish Armada 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 668: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 641: 640: 635: 630: 622: 617: 603: 602: 601: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 545: 540: 535: 534: 533: 528: 523: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 485:Later Crusades 481: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 384: 383: 378: 373: 368: 359: 356: 355: 348: 346: 345: 338: 331: 323: 315: 314: 311:Raphael Lemkin 294: 293: 286: 283: 282: 278: 277: 275: 274: 261: 256: 251: 246: 233: 231: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 207:Arnaud Amalric 204: 190: 187: 186: 182: 181: 177: 176: 171: 169:County of Foix 164: 163: 157: 156: 155: 148: 147: 142: 136: 134: 132: 131: 126: 121: 116: 113: 104: 101: 100: 96: 95: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 74: 72: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 45: 44: 37: 36: 26: 24: 18:Cathar Crusade 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6360: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6210:0-14-027669-6 6206: 6202: 6201:Penguin Books 6198: 6193: 6189: 6187:1-4348-1432-7 6183: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6097:0-85115-807-2 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6071:0-85115-925-7 6067: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5885:0-571-11064-9 5881: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5861:0-472-09476-9 5857: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5752:1-84212-428-5 5748: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5705: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5508:Belknap Press 5505: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5432:. Cambridge: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5387:0-415-24732-2 5383: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5254:1-84383-129-5 5250: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5214:Gaster, Moses 5211: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5175:Facts on File 5172: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5134:0-7190-4331-X 5130: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5084:0-7208-0677-1 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4960: 4955: 4952: 4949:, p. 50. 4948: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4928: 4925:, p. 92. 4924: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4904: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4735: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4644:Sumption 1978 4640: 4637: 4633: 4632:Sumption 1978 4628: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4554:Sumption 1978 4550: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4350: 4347:, p. 63. 4346: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4332:, p. 98. 4331: 4326: 4323: 4320:, p. 52. 4319: 4314: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4111:, p. 62. 4110: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4066: 4063:, p. 92. 4062: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3984: 3981:, p. 54. 3980: 3975: 3972: 3969:, p. 63. 3968: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3933:, p. 83. 3932: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3849:, p. 16. 3848: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3757:Sismondi 1973 3753: 3750: 3747:, p. 71. 3746: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3720:, p. 77. 3719: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3687: 3684:, p. 74. 3683: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3624:, p. 34. 3623: 3618: 3615: 3612:, p. 98. 3611: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3576: 3573:, p. 64. 3572: 3567: 3564: 3561:, p. 65. 3560: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3495:, p. 62. 3494: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3474: 3471:, p. 89. 3470: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3423:, p. 39. 3422: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3399:, p. 47. 3398: 3393: 3390: 3387:, p. 66. 3386: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3360:, p. 88. 3359: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3270:, p. 84. 3269: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3249: 3246:, p. 36. 3245: 3240: 3237: 3234:, p. 13. 3233: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2954:, p. 86. 2953: 2948: 2945: 2942:, p. 31. 2941: 2936: 2933: 2930:, p. 54. 2929: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2894:, p. 35. 2893: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2861: 2858:, p. 41. 2857: 2852: 2849: 2846:, p. 44. 2845: 2840: 2837: 2834:, p. 45. 2833: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2774:, p. 11. 2773: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2715:, p. 42. 2714: 2709: 2706: 2703:, p. 26. 2702: 2697: 2694: 2691:, p. 10. 2690: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2622:, p. 78. 2621: 2616: 2613: 2610:, p. 68. 2609: 2604: 2601: 2598:, p. 42. 2597: 2592: 2589: 2586:, p. 36. 2585: 2580: 2577: 2574:, p. 67. 2573: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2505:, p. 60. 2504: 2499: 2496: 2493:, p. 59. 2492: 2487: 2484: 2481:, p. xi. 2480: 2475: 2472: 2469:, p. 39. 2468: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2445:, p. 55. 2444: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2428:, p. 28. 2427: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2344:, p. 71. 2343: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2215: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2163:Edward Peters 2161:According to 2156: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2097:Saint Dominic 2094: 2090: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1990: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1892:Fifth Crusade 1889: 1887: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1846:Roger-Bernard 1843: 1839: 1833: 1831: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1794: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Castelnaudary 1759: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1654:Cîteaux Abbey 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1486:Saint Dominic 1483: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1443:consolamentum 1440: 1436: 1435:First Crusade 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:Petrobrusians 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200:consolamentum 1196: 1194: 1190: 1189:consolamentum 1186: 1185:consolamentum 1181: 1179: 1175: 1174:consolamentum 1169: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1160:consolamentum 1155: 1153: 1152:consolamentum 1149: 1148: 1147:consolamentum 1143: 1142:Lord's Prayer 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1096:New Testament 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1056: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 954:to eliminate 953: 949: 945: 941: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 909: 908: 907: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 871: 870: 864: 861: 859: 858:Castelnaudary 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 830: 829: 828: 827:Languedoc War 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 812: 807: 802: 792: 787: 785: 780: 778: 773: 772: 769: 759: 757: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 727: 726: 725: 723: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 677: 676: 675: 673: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 625: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 611: 610: 608: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 489: 488: 486: 479: 476: 474: 473:Lord Edward's 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 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New York: 5737: 5709: 5696:. Retrieved 5682: 5676: 5651: 5625: 5597: 5562: 5539:The Crusades 5538: 5527: 5506:. New York: 5502: 5498:Moore, R. I. 5489: 5484: 5458: 5452: 5428: 5400: 5376:. New York: 5372: 5354: 5350: 5323: 5300: 5284: 5264: 5239: 5227: 5194: 5173:. New York: 5169: 5144: 5119: 5094: 5074: 5051:. New York: 5047: 5020: 4987: 4981: 4968:Bibliography 4954: 4942: 4930: 4918: 4906: 4894:. Retrieved 4881: 4869: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4814:Strayer 1971 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4727:26 September 4725:. 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London: 6157:. Oxford: 6139:See also: 6043:1905043090 5825:. Oxford: 5713:. Oxford: 5601:. Oxford: 5553:087220619X 5357:(2): 292. 5310:0859674037 4874:Steel 2014 4285:Meyer 1879 3295:Power 2009 3102:Moore 2012 2820:Moore 2012 2526:Albigenses 2301:References 2182:troubadour 1886:Quia maior 1732:Aude river 1682:Casseneuil 1587:Cistercian 1431:Manichaean 1427:sacraments 1360:Arnoldists 1344:Paulicians 1289:Historian 1207:Background 1127:confession 1065:Gnosticism 758:(722–1492) 735:Children's 655:Lithuanian 6288:Catharism 5801:(1973) . 5475:159618901 5378:Routledge 5053:Routledge 5045:(2014) . 5012:193213329 4911:Pegg 2008 4230:Lock 2006 3280:Lock 2006 2730:Falk 2010 2399:Lock 2006 2357:Pegg 2008 2289:textbook 2276:Holocaust 2157:Influence 2116:seneschal 2112:Montségur 1944:Beaucaire 1752:dysentery 1730:with the 1583:interdict 1564:Holy Land 1501:of 1179. 1376:Henricans 1313:Languedoc 1311:A map of 1218:Languedoc 1165:perfectus 1135:Purgatory 1085:Rex Mundi 1081:Rex Mundi 1073:dualistic 1061:katharos, 960:Languedoc 956:Catharism 942:(French: 927:Montségur 922:Avignonet 875:Beaucaire 690:Stedinger 538:Nicopolis 503:Smyrniote 498:Aragonese 403:Norwegian 309:himself, 76:Languedoc 6268:Crusades 5945:(2006). 5904:ABC-CLIO 5872:(1978). 5848:(1971). 5735:(1961). 5595:(2008). 5500:(2012). 5426:(2008). 5398:(2005). 5216:(1911). 5073:(1931). 4990:: 1–53. 4766:Gui 2006 4754:Gui 2006 4742:Gui 2006 4473:Kay 2002 2596:Gui 2006 2584:Gui 2006 2467:Gui 2006 2242:genocide 2218:Genocide 2018:Labécède 2006:Louis IX 1923:Montfort 1911:Marmande 1863:Toulouse 1822:besieged 1802:Lastours 1782:Montréal 1770:Fanjeaux 1713:Narbonne 1519:Toulouse 1466:Flanders 1451:Lombardy 1384:Piedmont 1354:and the 1352:Bulgaria 1348:Bogomils 1264:Toulouse 1255:and the 1077:demiurge 1043:genocide 1037:and the 1027:heretics 890:Marmande 880:Salvetat 700:Bohemian 685:Drenther 650:Prussian 645:Livonian 624:Swedish 607:Northern 517:Barbary 513:Savoyard 408:Venetian 351:Crusades 307:genocide 299:genocide 71:Location 42:Crusades 5226:(ed.). 4896:30 July 2203: 2091:of the 2071:Muslims 2002:Avignon 1997:Bourges 1956:Lourdes 1952:Bigorre 1838:Montgey 1818:Minerve 1778:Lombers 1766:Castres 1665:Béziers 1642:Austria 1527:Viviers 1523:Béziers 1462:Cologne 1382:of the 1356:Balkans 1326:Gospels 1284:Muslims 1275:castrum 1243:to the 1233:Catalan 1229:Occitan 1069:Cathars 1023:crusade 988:dualist 984:Gnostic 979:Balkans 975:Bogomil 912:Avignon 895:Baziège 848:Montgey 833:Minerve 816:Béziers 722:Popular 710:Hussite 695:Bosnian 660:Russian 620:Wendish 463:Catalan 453:Seventh 448:Barons' 303:Cathars 290:Cathars 270:† 239: ( 200:† 140:Cathars 109:Crusade 6207: 6184: 6165: 6122: 6094: 6068: 6040: 6011: 5984: 5959: 5931: 5910: 5882: 5858: 5787: 5749: 5721: 5660: 5637: 5609: 5581: 5550: 5514: 5473: 5440: 5412: 5384: 5335: 5307: 5272: 5251: 5202: 5181: 5156: 5131: 5106: 5081: 5059: 5031: 5010: 5004:853799 5002: 2152:Legacy 2089:Friars 1927:Beynac 1853:Cassès 1830:Termes 1774:Limoux 1603:squire 1566:. The 1525:, and 1235:. The 1193:Heaven 1178:endura 843:Lavaur 838:Termes 615:Kalmar 468:Eighth 433:Fourth 418:Second 292:killed 266: 227: 196: 87:Result 80:France 5488:[ 5471:S2CID 5222:. 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