Catharsis - Knowledge (XXG)

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purpose of one benefit that it confers but on account of several (for it serves the purpose both of education and of purgation —the term purgation we use for the present without explanation, but we will return to discuss the meaning that we give to it more explicitly in our treatise on poetry—and thirdly it serves for amusement, serving to relax our tension and to give rest from it), it is clear that we should employ all the harmonies, yet not employ them all in the same way, but use the most ethical ones for education, and the active and passionate kinds for listening to when others are performing (for any experience that occurs violently in some souls is found in all, though with different degrees of intensity—for example pity and fear, and also religious excitement; for some persons are very liable to this form of emotion, and under the influence of sacred music we see these people, when they use tunes that violently arouse the soul, being thrown into a state as if they had received medicinal treatment and taken a purge ; the same experience then must come also to the compassionate and the timid and the other emotional people generally in such degree as befalls each individual of these classes, and all must undergo a purgation and a pleasant feeling of relief; and similarly also the purgative melodies afford harmless delight to people). (As translated by Harris Rackham)

451:, comprehensively covers the various nuances inherent in the meaning of the term in an Appendix devoted to "Pity, Fear, and Katharsis". Lucas recognizes the possibility of catharsis bearing some aspect of the meaning of "purification, purgation, and 'intellectual clarification,'" although his approach to these terms differs in some ways from that of other influential scholars. In particular, Lucas's interpretation is based on "the Greek doctrine of Humours," which has not received wide subsequent acceptance. The conception of catharsis in terms of purgation and purification remains in wide use today, as it has for centuries. However, since the twentieth century, the interpretation of catharsis as "intellectual clarification" has gained recognition in describing the effect of catharsis on members of the audience. 832:, provides a multi-dimensional and critical analysis of the manifestations and implications of colonial racism in early 1900 France, including a critical conceptualization of collective catharsis within the context of colonial states. Fanon’s perspective on collective catharsis highlights the psychological impact of cultural and social narratives on white as well as black individuals in European-colonized contexts, exploring how these narratives serve as a means of channeling collective aggression and establishing social norms and attitudes that perpetuate racial stereotypes and negative self-perceptions among black individuals. 441:

overindulgence of emotion and passion. Aristotle's concept of catharsis, in all of the major senses attributed to it, contradicts Plato's view by providing a mechanism that generates the rational control of irrational emotions. Most scholars consider all of the commonly held interpretations of catharsis, purgation, purification, and clarification to represent a process in which pity and fear accomplish the catharsis of emotions like themselves.

2607: 785:"capitalization" theory by demonstrating that relationship quality is enhanced when partners are responsive to positive recollections. The responsiveness increased levels of intimacy and satisfaction within the relationship. In general, the motives behind social sharing of positive events are to recall the positive emotions, inform others, and gain attention from others. All three motives are representatives of capitalization. 4465: 855:

catharsis, the black individual identifies with the white hero and encourages their defeat of the ‘uncivilized’ black antagonists. This co-perpetration and identification with the white protagonists (of fiction and society) results in the black individual internalizing these oppressive narratives, thereby developing an incongruence between their actual and ideal selves that is inherently unbreachable.

391:), an experience that brings pity and fear into their proper balance: "In real life", he explained, "men are sometimes too much addicted to pity or fear, sometimes too little; tragedy brings them back to a virtuous and happy mean." Tragedy is then a corrective; through watching tragedy, the audience learns how to feel these emotions at proper levels. 4476: 747:

talk about the emotional experience recurrently to people around them throughout the following hours, days, or weeks. These results indicate that this response is irrespective of emotional valence, gender, education, and culture. His studies also found that social sharing of emotion increases as the intensity of the emotion increases.

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colonizers in the ‘civilized’ context. In an era where overtly cruel acts of racism such as lynching and slavery are frowned upon and no longer a commonplace reality, Fanon explores how the white population finds more subtle outlets for their aggressive impulses through acts of collective catharsis.

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Some studies even found adverse effects of social catharsis. Contrary to the Frattaroli study, David Sbarra and colleagues found expressive writing to greatly impede emotional recovery following a marital separation. Similar findings have been published regarding trauma recovery. A group intervention

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Fanon underscores that because the black individual is immersed in this white-centric hegemonic state, they are implicated in this collective catharsis as not only the target of the aggressive release but also as the perpetrators. In engagement with these derogatory fictions or channels of collective

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And since we accept the classification of melodies made by some philosophers, as ethical melodies, melodies of action, and passionate melodies, distributing the various harmonies among these classes as being in nature akin to one or the other, and as we say that music ought to be employed not for the

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There has been much debate about the use of catharsis in the reduction of anger. Some scholars believe that "blowing off steam" may reduce physiological stress in the short term, but this reduction may act as a reward mechanism, reinforcing the behavior and promoting future outbursts. However, other

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pain of childhood trauma. Janov argues that repressed pain can be sequentially brought to conscious awareness for resolution through re-experiencing specific incidents and fully expressing the resulting pain during therapy. Primal therapy was developed as a means of eliciting the repressed pain; the

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theatre audience, and designed dramas which left significant emotions unresolved, intending to force social action upon the audience. Brecht then identified the concept of catharsis with the notion of identification of the spectator, meaning a complete adhesion of the viewer to the dramatic actions

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We must now treat of tragedy after first gathering up the definition of its nature which results from what we have said already. Tragedy is, then, a representation of an action that is heroic and complete and of a certain magnitude—by means of language enriched with all kinds of ornament, each used

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Some studies question the benefits of social catharsis. Catrin Finkenauer and colleagues found that non-shared memories were no more emotionally triggering than shared ones. Other studies have also failed to prove that social catharsis leads to any degree of emotional recovery. Emmanuelle Zech and

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Intertwining social psychology and psychoanalysis, Fanon conceptualizes collective catharsis as a release of aggressive impulses, “a channel, an outlet through which the forces accumulated in the form of aggression can be released," and analyzes how this aggressive release manifests for the white

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Bernard Rimé studies the patterns of social sharing after emotional experiences. His works suggest that individuals seek social outlets in an attempt to modify the situation and restore personal homeostatic balance. Rimé found that 80–95% of emotional episodes are shared. The affected individuals

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A psychodrama therapy group, under the direction of a psychodramatist, reenacts real-life, past situations (or inner mental processes), acting them out in present time. Participants then have the opportunity to evaluate their behavior, reflect on how the past incident is getting played out in the

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It presupposes that we come to the tragic drama (unconsciously, if you will) as patients to be cured, relieved, restored to psychic health. But there is not a word to support this in the "Poetics", not a hint that the end of drama is to cure or alleviate pathological states. On the contrary it is

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Fanon highlights how popular entertainment, such as children's magazines or comic books, often portrays "Evil Spirits" as black individuals and other racialized figures and thereby serves as a cathartic release for the collective aggression of the white colonizers. In these stories, the socially

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When communities are affected by an emotional event, members repetitively share emotional experiences. After the 2001 New York and the 2004 Madrid terrorist attacks, more than 80% of respondents shared their emotional experience with others. According to Bernard Rimé, every sharing round elicits

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In the twentieth century a paradigm shift took place in the interpretation of catharsis: a number of scholars contributed to the argument in support of the intellectual clarification concept. The clarification theory of catharsis would be fully consistent, as other interpretations are not, with

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Primal therapy is used to re-experience childhood pain—i.e., felt rather than conceptual memories—in an attempt to resolve the pain through complete processing and integration, becoming real. An intended objective of the therapy is to lessen or eliminate the hold early trauma exerts on adult

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on an audience. Plato argued that the most common forms of artistic mimesis were designed to evoke from an audience powerful emotions such as pity, fear, and ridicule which override the rational control that defines the highest level of our humanity and lead us to wallow unacceptably in the

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A study by Christopher Langston found that individuals share positive events to capitalize on the positive emotions they elicit. Reminiscing the positive experience augments positive affects like temporary mood and longer-term well-being. A study by Shelly Gable et al. confirmed Langston's

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through fiction and pop culture, allowing for the dehumanization and derogation of black individuals. And so too, in this way, are the establishment of social norms and attitudes that perpetuate racial stereotypes argued as acts of collective catharsis by the dominant white hegemony.

502:, which seeks to eliminate the distinction between spectator and actor, also considers this kind of catharsis "something very harmful". “In me, too, and in everyone else, there is the power to change. I want to release and develop these skills. The bourgeois theater oppresses them.” 788:

Bernard Rimé studies suggest that the motives behind social sharing of negative emotions are to vent, understand, bond, and gain social support. Negatively affected individuals often seek life meaning and emotional support to combat feelings of loneliness after a tragic event.

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and characters. Brecht reasoned that the absence of a cathartic resolution would require the audience to take political action in the real world, in order to fill the emotional gap they had experienced vicariously. This technique can be seen as early as his

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If emotions are shared socially and elicits emotion in the listener then the listener will likely share what they heard with other people. Rimé calls this process "secondary social sharing". If this repeats, it is then called "tertiary social sharing".

398:, but are derived from the use of catharsis in other Aristotelian and non-Aristotelian contexts. For this reason, a number of diverse interpretations of the meaning of this term have arisen. The term is often discussed along with Aristotle's concept of 255:, I,2,2) Although they maintain a trace of the Absolute Good, they do not lead to the unification of the soul with the divinity. As Porphyry makes clear, their function is to moderate individual passions and allow for peaceful coexistence with others. ( 890:

Bernard Rimé asked participants to recall and share a negative experience with an experimenter. When compared with the control group that only discussed unemotional topics, there was no correlation between emotional sharing and emotional recovery.

600:, particularly Freudian psychoanalysis, to describe the act of experiencing the deep emotions associated with events in the individual's past which had originally been repressed or ignored, and had never been adequately addressed or experienced. 646:(a psychologist previously from the Netherlands and the UK). Jacob was a contemporary of Freud, but rejected many of his ideas of psychoanalysis. He developed psychodrama in New York from 1925. In 1929, he founded an Impromptu Theater at 1377:

Wir dürfen nur annehmen, er habe eben nicht behaupten wollen, daß beide Mittel zugleich, sowohl Furcht als Mitleid, nöthig wären, um die Reinigung der Leidenschaften zu bewirken, die er zu dem letzten Endzwecke der Tragödie macht

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The theory of catharsis has a disarming affinity with the expressional theory, since it emphasizes emotion, asserts a change in emotion as a result of aesthetic operations, and concludes on a note of freedom in relation to the

251:, Plotinus lays out the difference between the civic virtues and the cathartic virtues and explains that the civic, or political, virtues are inferior. They are a principle of order and beauty and concern material existence. ( 798:

emotional reactivation in the sender and the receiver. This then reactivates the need to share in both. Social sharing throughout the community leads to high amounts of emotional recollection and "emotional overheating".

259:, XXXIX) The purificatory, or cathartic, virtues are a condition for assimilation to the divinity. They separate the soul from the sensible, from everything that is not its true self, enabling it to contemplate the Mind ( 49:, meaning "purification" or "cleansing", commonly used to refer to the purification and purgation of thoughts and emotions by way of expressing them. The desired result is an emotional state of renewal and restoration. 317:

separately in the different parts of the play: it represents men in action and does not use narrative, and through pity and fear it effects relief to these and similar emotions. (As translated by Harris Rackham)

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Emotional situations can elicit physiological, behavioral, cognitive, expressive, and subjective changes in individuals. Affected individuals often use social sharing as a cathartic release of emotions.

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a state of "emergency" takes place in the first month after the emotional event. In this stage, there is an abundance of thoughts, talks, media coverage, and social integration based on the event.

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is ancient: the blood of a sacrificed piglet is allowed to wash over the blood-polluted man, and running water washes away the blood. The identical ritual is represented, Burkert informs us, on a

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is another common mechanism for personal catharsis. Joanne Frattaroli published a meta-analysis suggesting that written disclosure of information, thoughts, and feelings enhances mental health.

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Gable, Shelly L.; Reis, Harry T.; Impett, Emily A.; Asher, Evan R. (2004). "What Do You Do When Things Go Right? The Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Benefits of Sharing Positive Events".

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This cathartic release of emotions is often believed to be therapeutic for affected individuals. Many therapeutic mechanisms have been seen to aid in emotional recovery. One example is "

3445: 1792:"Social sharing of emotion, post-traumatic growth, and emotional climate: Follow-up of Spanish citizen's response to the collective trauma of March 11th terrorist attacks in Madrid" 718:

is capitalized in discussions of primal therapy when referring to any repressed emotional distress and its purported long-lasting psychological effects. Janov criticizes the

236:, catharsis is part of the soul's progressive ascent to knowledge. It is a means to go beyond the senses and embrace the pure world of the intelligible. Specifically for the 2446:

van Emmerik, Arnold A. P.; Kamphuis, Jan H.; Hulsbosch, Alexander M.; Emmelkamp, Paul M. G. (2002). "Single session debriefing after psychological trauma: a meta-analysis".

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was a German philosopher who wrote books about Aristotle's views of drama in 1857 and 1880. These prompted a lot of writing about catharsis in the German speaking world.

3440: 3455: 3751: 650:. In 1936, he founded the Beacon Hill Sanitarium, and the adjacent Therapeutic Theater. The Morenos established the Psychodramatic Institute in New York in 1942. 372:

evident in every line of the work that Aristotle is presupposing "normal" auditors, normal states of mind and feeling, normal emotional and aesthetic experience.

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Bushman, B. J.; Baumeister, R. F.; Stack, A. D. (March 1999). "Catharsis, aggression, and persuasive influence: self-fulfilling or self-defeating prophecies?".

839:“Did the little black child see his father beaten or lynched by a white man? Has there been a real traumatism? To all of this we have to answer no. Well, then? 894:

technique is often used on disaster victims to prevent trauma-related disorders. However, meta-analysis showed negative effects of this cathartic "therapy".

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In Greek the term originally had only a physical meaning, describing purification practices. In medicine, it can still refer to the evacuation of the

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Catharsis in Shakespearean tragedy involves ... some kind of restoration of order and a renewal or enhancement of our positive feelings for the hero.

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As Freud developed psychoanalysis, catharsis remained a central part of it. After trying hypnotherapy and finding it wanting, Freud replaced it with

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G. F. Else argues that traditional, widely held interpretations of catharsis as "purification" or "purgation" have no basis in the text of the

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Bushman, Brad J. (2002). "Does Venting Anger Feed or Extinguish the Flame? Catharsis, Rumination, Distraction, Anger, and Aggressive Responding".

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Directly after emotional effects, the emotions are shared. Through sharing, there is a reciprocal stimulation of emotions and emotional communion.

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Pennebaker, James W.; Harber, Kent D. (1993). "A Social Stage Model of Collective Coping: The Loma Prieta Earthquake and The Persian Gulf War".

156:, referring to purification rituals. The words "kathairein" and "katharos" became common in Greek. It is thought that they are derived from the 3460: 811:

the "plateau" occurs in the second month. Abundant thoughts remain, but the amount of talks, media coverage, and social integration decreases.

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ritual text: "the knowledgeable specialist, the sacrificial piglet, slaughter, contact with blood, and the subsequent cleansing with water"

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Later, the Greeks took certain new measures to cleanse away blood-guilt—"blood is purified through blood", a process in the development of

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in which audience or group members tell stories from their lives and watch them enacted on the spot. This can have therapeutic uses.

4087: 2750: 2723: 2718: 2565: 2115: 1449: 1056: 1022: 988: 3614: 2090: 247:, catharsis is the elimination of passions. This leads to a clear distinction in the virtues. In the second tractate of the first 3968: 2846: 1359: 864: 1079: 3993: 3470: 3414: 1720:

Langston, Christopher A. (1994). "Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events".

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experiences, and through the process of expressing the original emotions that had been repressed and forgotten (and had formed

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Finkenauer, Catrin; Luminet, Olivier; Gisle, Lydia; El-Ahmadi, Abdessadek; Linden, Martial Van Der; Philippot, Pierre (1998).

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There have been, for political or aesthetic reasons, deliberate attempts made to subvert the effect of catharsis in theatre.

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Looking for an Argument: Critical Encounters with the New Approaches to the Criticism of Shakespeare and His Contemporaries

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process in which pity and fear produce a catharsis of emotions unlike pity and fear, which she described in her book,

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reaction as, for instance, revenge. But language serves as a substitute for action; by its help, an affect can be '

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Baron, Robert A.; Richardson, Deborah R. (2004). "Catharsis: does 'getting it out of one's system' really help?".

545:), they were relieved of their neurotic hysteria symptoms. Breuer became a mentor to fellow Austrian psychiatrist 4521: 4435: 3096: 3079: 2866: 915: 129:

was used by outsiders to describe the thinking of a Christian movement, named because of its interest in purity.

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The term is also used in Greek to refer to the spiritual purging process that occurs in the Catholic doctrine of

1868:"Actional Agency and Collective Catharsis: Fanon's Critique of Hegel's Recognitive Theory of Self-Consciousness" 4014: 3489: 2965: 2780: 2703: 2193:"The Hitman study: Violent video game exposure effects on aggressive behavior, hostile feelings and depression" 1355: 948: 847: 710: 662: 499: 376: 188: 3895: 3836: 3803: 3074: 2856: 2795: 2293:"Flashbulb memories and the underlying mechanisms of their formation: Toward an emotional-integrative model" 867:", in which listeners help to modify the affected individual's affective state by using certain strategies. 828: 672: 3988: 3874: 3851: 3778: 3674: 3404: 3005: 2884: 2874: 2851: 2627: 1659: 781:

Affect scientists have found differences in motives for social sharing of positive and negative emotions.

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in 1895. This book explained the cathartic method to the world, and was the first published work about

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The orientalizing revolution : Near Eastern influence on Greek culture in the early archaic age

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Rimé, Bernard (2009). "Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion: Theory and Empirical Review".

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Gannon, Theresa A. (2007). Gannon, Theresa A.; Ward, Tony; Beech, Anthony R.; Fisher, Dawn (eds.).

1181:, vols. 5, trans. by John R. Catan, Albany: State University of New York Press, vol II, pp. 166–167 801: 726:

and higher-reasoning areas and do not access the source of Pain within the more basic parts of the

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It is generally understood that Aristotle's theory of mimesis and catharsis represent responses to

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Kanwar, Vik (2002). "Capital Punishment as 'Closure': Limits of a Victim-Centered Jurisprudence".

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studies have suggested that using violent media may decrease hostility under periods of stress.

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Sbarra, David A.; Boals, Adriel; Mason, Ashley E.; Larson, Grace M.; Mehl, Matthias R. (2013).

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Smith, Andrew, (2004) Philosophy in Late Antiquity, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 62–64

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If we want to answer correctly, we have to fall back on the idea of collective catharsis.”

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Frattaroli, Joanne (2006). "Experimental disclosure and its moderators: A meta-analysis".

927: 723: 643: 639: 628: 384: 224:, Burkert answers: "To raise the question is to see the irrelevance of this distinction". 1263: 4383: 4363: 4318: 4294: 4171: 3826: 3558: 3379: 3374: 3349: 3334: 3309: 3299: 3294: 3164: 3134: 3069: 2688: 2520: 2423: 2390: 1955: 1922: 1844: 1573: 1560:

Theater der Unterdrückten / Übungen und Spiele für Schauspieler und Nicht-Schauspieler.

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Finally, individuals experience a renewed trust in life, strength, and self-confidence.

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Wounded Heroes: Vulnerability as a Virtue in Ancient Greek Literature and Philosophy

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to investigate and gain insight into their lives. Psychodrama includes elements of

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and Kent Harber defined three stages of collective responses to emotional events:

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This leads to social effects like social integration and strengthening of beliefs.

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found at Canicattini, wherein it is shown being employed to cure the daughters of

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in the early 1890s. While under hypnosis, Breuer's patients were able to recall

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purely in its literal medical sense (usually referring to the evacuation of the

248: 2391:"Expressive Writing Can Impede Emotional Recovery Following Marital Separation" 2134: 2026: 1938: 1760: 1368:]. Deutsches Textarchiv (in German). Vol. 2. Hamburg. pp. 183–184 4262: 4228: 3598: 3531: 3314: 3229: 3124: 903: 814:

the "extinction" occurs after the second month. There is a return to normalcy.

572: 173: 133: 78: 65: 53: 2560: 2553: 2515:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 660–661. 2467: 2414: 2406: 2367: 2318: 2169: 1946: 1852: 1817: 1681: 1673: 642:(a psychiatrist previously from Romania and Austria) and later also his wife 4423: 4240: 4218: 4176: 4042: 4037: 4032: 3983: 3973: 3736: 3714: 3685: 3526: 3274: 3209: 3194: 2924: 1923:"The Social Regulation of Emotion: An Integrative, Cross-Disciplinary Model" 1232: 921: 472: 467: 339: 281: 233: 200: 181: 164: 126: 116: 89: 74: 70: 2475: 2432: 2034: 1999: 1964: 1768: 367:

Gerald F. Else made the following argument against the "purgation" theory:

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The elementary forms of the religious life, a study in religious sociology

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present and more deeply understand particular situations in their lives.

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The first recorded use of the term being used in the mental sense was by

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Rimé, Bernard; Páez, Darío; Basabe, Nekane; Martínez, Francisco (2009).

549:(who was married to Bernays' niece). Breuer and Freud released the book 4311: 4299: 3770: 3644: 3588: 2309: 2292: 1549:, éd. Jean-Marie Valentin, Paris, Éditions de L'Arche, 1999, pp. 69–70. 933: 624: 437: 426: 309: 221: 210: 196: 109: 1424: 1271: 60:

in an audience, who subsequently expels it, making them feel happier.

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Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

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that describes a particular effect of a performance on its audience.

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where it relates to the expression of buried trauma (the cause of a

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on the mind of a spectator to the effect of catharsis on the body.

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Denzler, Markus; Förster, Jens; Liberman, Nira (January 2009).

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Aggressive offenders' cognition: theory, research, and practice

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The term "kathairein" and its relatives appear in the work of

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The first recorded uses of the term in a mental sense were by

1709:. Translated by Swain, Joseph Ward. George Allen & Unwin. 1264:"Chapter 7: Tragedy, Katharsis, and Community in Aristotle's 405:

Elizabeth Belfiore held an alternate view of catharsis as an

379:(1729–1781) sidesteps the medical attribution. He interprets 1558:

Henry Thorau: Interview mit Augusto Boal, in: Augusto Boal:

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Reeck, Crystal; Ames, Daniel R.; Ochsner, Kevin N. (2016).

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only exercises a completely 'cathartic' effect if it is an

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Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1989, S. 157–168, hier S. 159.

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is the intellectual pleasure of "learning and inference".

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fluid or other reproductive material) from the patient.

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from their madness, caused by some ritual transgression.

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Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback

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involves people expressing themselves using spontaneous

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also used the term to refer to spiritual purification.

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unacceptable racist desires of white individuals are

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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Legal scholars have linked personal "catharsis" to "

308:, he describes the relief brought about by a staged 4406: 4346: 4275: 4255: 4204: 4127: 4120: 4023: 4007: 3959: 3938: 3904: 3888: 3850: 3812: 3769: 3760: 3545: 3519: 3433: 3157: 3115: 3052: 2986: 2979: 2938: 2897: 2865: 2804: 2761: 2702: 2664: 2657: 2266:

New York University Review of Law and Social Change

358:; he proposes that it should rather be rendered as 42: 3999:On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 3451:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies 2227:"Victims, 'Closure,' and the Sociology of Emotion" 1204: 481:, and is mostly the source of his invention of an 3441:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy 2191:Ferguson, Christopher; Rueda, Stephanie (2010). 631:, or a space that serves as a stage area, where 411:Tragic Pleasures: Aristotle on Plot and Emotion. 199:—belongs to tragedy, but the procedure given by 3456:Association for Behavior Analysis International 1441:Tragic Pleasures: Aristotle on Plot and Emotion 1313:Tragic Pleasures: Aristotle on Plot and Emotion 583:. Catharsis has remained an important part of " 369: 2531:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1017:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 42. 819:A critical perspective of collective catharsis 216:To the question of whether the ritual obtains 3497: 2635: 924: – Eastern Orthodox contemplative prayer 762:proposed emotional stages of social sharing: 8: 2015:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1749:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1722:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1497:. Oxford University Press. pp. 276–79. 1049:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature 466:viewed catharsis as a pap (pabulum) for the 2116:"How goal-fulfillment decreases aggression" 521:In this environment, Austrian psychiatrist 425:(1448b4-17) that the essential pleasure of 195:took a prominent role. The classic example— 34: 4343: 4272: 4252: 4201: 4124: 3766: 3504: 3490: 3482: 2983: 2661: 2642: 2628: 2620: 2158:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1391:Tragedy in Relation to Aristotle's Poetics 1327:Tragedy in Relation to Aristotle's Poetics 1315:. Princeton University Press. p. 300. 918: – Feeling of detachment from reality 346:opposes, therefore, the use of words like 2422: 2357: 2308: 2123:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1954: 1807: 1663: 1578:. Universal Digital Library. Basic Books. 1545:, "La dramaturgie non aristotélicienne", 1518:Nichols, Michael P.; Zax, Melvin (1977). 1345:, p. 440. Cambridge, Massachusetts (1957) 1282:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672783.003.0007 1138:Burkert notes parallels with a bilingual 421:Aristotle's argument in chapter 4 of the 2576:No Contest: The Cast Against Competition 2340:Zech, Emmanuelle; Rimé, Bernard (2005). 1900:. London, UK: Pluto Press. p. 112. 682:which make use of various kinds of art. 16:Psychological event that purges emotions 2346:Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 1522:. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York. 1207:Catharsis in Healing, Ritual, and Drama 1162: 1147: 1126: 1111: 966: 951: – Psychological defense mechanism 506:Active and conversational psychological 136:, the term is associated with Freudian 3461:European Association for Psychotherapy 1051:. Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. 217. 678:There are additionally other forms of 638:The therapy was developed by American 330:, Aristotle had usually used the term 56:, the term usually refers to arousing 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1796:European Journal of Social Psychology 1645: 1643: 1641: 1473:Aristotle on Tragic and Comic Mimesis 1337: 1335: 1276:. Oxford Academic. pp. 168–203. 936: – Christian theological concept 661:have since been developed, including 563:The injured person's reaction to the 447:, in an authoritative edition of the 7: 4537:Concepts in ancient Greek aesthetics 4053:On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias 1262:McCoy, Marina Berzins (2013-09-26). 1089: 1087: 1070: 1068: 1039: 1037: 1006: 1004: 972: 970: 957: – Conjectures explaining humor 77:is a substance that accelerates the 2746:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 1547:Théâtre épique, théâtre dialectique 455:Attempts to avoid passive catharsis 4414:Transmission of the Greek Classics 3466:Society for Psychotherapy Research 2694:Transference focused psychotherapy 2547:Dictionary of the History of Ideas 1845:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01184.x 1403:Golden, Leon (1962). "Catharsis". 1211:. University of California Press. 14: 4088:The Situations and Names of Winds 2751:Rational emotive behavior therapy 2724:Functional analytic psychotherapy 2719:Acceptance and commitment therapy 1343:Aristotle's Poetics: The Argument 701:created by American psychologist 4474: 4464: 4463: 2605: 1607:Kellermann, Peter Felix (1992). 1572:Josef Breuer And Sigmund Freud. 1311:Belifiore, Elizabeth S. (1992). 865:interpersonal emotion regulation 722:as they deal primarily with the 596:has also been adopted by modern 3994:On Length and Shortness of Life 3471:World Council for Psychotherapy 1475:, Atlanta, 1992; S. Halliwell, 1438:Belfiore, Elizabeth S. (1992). 533:for persons who have intensive 176:, narrates the purification of 3584:Correspondence theory of truth 2395:Clinical Psychological Science 1866:Tuten, Matthew Miyagi (2021). 1: 3930:Constitution of the Athenians 2684:Mentalization-based treatment 2610:The dictionary definition of 2460:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09897-5 2231:Law and Contemporary Problems 1179:History of Ancient Philosophy 906: – Psychoanalytical term 793:Reactions to emotional events 436:'s negative view of artistic 3832:On Generation and Corruption 2741:Dialectical behavior therapy 2731:Cognitive behavioral therapy 1927:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 290:, regarding the use of music 273:Catharsis is a term used in 2771:Emotionally focused therapy 1992:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.823 1734:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1112 1393:, p. 23. Hogarth, 1928 980:Art, Expression, and Beauty 416:Intellectual clarification? 302:In his treatise on poetry, 160:word "qatar" ("fumigate"). 104:, comparing the effects of 43: 4553: 4502:Psychoanalytic terminology 4073:On Marvellous Things Heard 3692:Potentiality and actuality 3042:Systematic desensitization 2971:Practitioner–scholar model 2714:Clinical behavior analysis 2135:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.021 2027:10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.367 1939:10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.003 1761:10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.228 1520:Catharsis in Psychotherapy 977:Berndtson, Arthur (1975). 326:In his works prior to the 322:Purgation or purification? 21:Catharsis (disambiguation) 18: 4459: 4436:Commentaries on Aristotle 2225:Bandes, Susan A. (2009). 2212:10.1027/1016-9040/a000010 1356:Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 916:Dissociation (psychology) 657:Other forms of cathartic 220:for the subject, or just 35: 3053:Other individual therapy 2407:10.1177/2167702612469801 2170:10.1177/0146167202289002 1833:Journal of Social Issues 1703:Durkheim, Émile (1915). 1674:10.1177/1754073908097189 1471:For example: L. Golden, 1361:Hamburgische Dramaturgie 983:. Krieger. p. 235. 949:Sublimation (psychology) 663:Theater of the Oppressed 575:' almost as effectively. 500:Theater of the Oppressed 3804:Sophistical Refutations 3075:Cognitive restructuring 2796:Person-centered therapy 2512:Encyclopædia Britannica 1898:Black Skin, White Masks 1483:, (1979) 72.4, 193–205. 1099:Encyclopædia Britannica 1095:"catharsis (criticism)" 1011:Levin, Richard (2003). 942: – literary effect 829:Black Skin, White Masks 673:improvisational theatre 627:, often conducted on a 3989:On Divination in Sleep 3675:Horror vacui (physics) 3006:Contingency management 2885:Transtheoretical model 2875:Eclectic psychotherapy 2852:Transactional analysis 2297:Memory & Cognition 1980:Psychological Bulletin 1896:Fanon, Frantz (2008). 728:central nervous system 577: 388: 374: 319: 300: 4512:Ancient Greek theatre 4481:Philosophy portal 4103:Rhetoric to Alexander 2956:Common factors theory 2920:Residential treatment 2555:Catholic Encyclopedia 2200:European Psychologist 2062:John Wiley & Sons 1872:Filosofisk Supplement 1493:Lucas, D. W. (1977). 561: 314: 295: 269:Passive psychological 191:culture in which the 73:fluid). Similarly, a 4192:Andronicus of Rhodes 4093:On Virtues and Vices 4048:On Indivisible Lines 3969:Sense and Sensibilia 3939:Rhetoric and poetics 3752:mathematical realism 3385:Lorna Smith Benjamin 3220:Harry Stack Sullivan 3145:Sensitivity training 2946:Clinical formulation 2579:. Houghton Mifflin. 2573:Kohn, Alfie (1992). 2506:"Purification" 2272:(2&3): 215–255. 1874:: 52–61 – via 1611:. Jessica Kingsley. 1609:Focus on Psychodrama 1325:Lucas, F. L. (1927) 910:Closure (psychology) 680:expressive therapies 494:Brazilian dramatist 180:after his murder of 19:For other uses, see 4162:Strato of Lampsacus 3794:Posterior Analytics 3546:Ideas and interests 3117:Group psychotherapy 3028:Counterconditioning 2905:Brief psychotherapy 2776:Existential therapy 2567:Blackwell Reference 1575:Studies On Hysteria 1481:The Classical World 1477:Aristotle's Poetics 552:Studies on Hysteria 529:of treatment using 383:as a purification ( 148:Purification ritual 4206:Islamic Golden Age 4129:Peripatetic school 3915:Nicomachean Ethics 3610:Future contingents 3245:Milton H. Erickson 3080:Emotion regulation 3060:Autogenic training 2951:Clinical pluralism 2880:Multimodal therapy 2679:Analytical therapy 2310:10.3758/BF03201160 1590:Strickland, Bonnie 1495:Aristotle: Poetics 1366:Hamburg Dramaturgy 869:Expressive writing 705:, who argues that 498:, inventor of the 478:The Measures Taken 4489: 4488: 4441:Metabasis paradox 4402: 4401: 4342: 4341: 4329:Pietro Pomponazzi 4271: 4270: 4251: 4250: 4200: 4199: 4152:Eudemus of Rhodes 4142:Clearchus of Soli 4116: 4115: 3784:On Interpretation 3727:Temporal finitism 3615:Genus–differentia 3572:Category of being 3479: 3478: 3405:William R. Miller 3390:Marsha M. Linehan 3360:Jean Baker Miller 3320:Salvador Minuchin 3200:Ludwig Binswanger 3153: 3152: 2988:Behaviour therapy 2915:Online counseling 2893: 2892: 2832:Narrative therapy 2736:Cognitive therapy 2586:978-0-395-63125-6 2538:978-0-674-64363-5 2454:(9335): 766–771. 2100:978-0-306-48434-6 2071:978-0-470-03401-9 1907:978-0-7453-2848-5 1633:Prisoners of Pain 1618:978-1-85302-127-5 1291:978-0-19-175732-7 1218:978-0-595-15237-7 1201:Scheff, Thomas J. 955:Theories of humor 720:talking therapies 709:is caused by the 621:self-presentation 585:talking therapies 489:distancing effect 4544: 4522:Plot (narrative) 4479: 4478: 4477: 4467: 4466: 4344: 4324:Jacopo Zabarella 4273: 4253: 4202: 4182:Diodorus of Tyre 4125: 3767: 3697:Substance theory 3658:Moderate realism 3652:Minima naturalia 3553:Active intellect 3506: 3499: 3492: 3483: 3395:Vittorio Guidano 3365:Otto F. Kernberg 3235:Donald Winnicott 3092:Free association 3037:Exposure therapy 3016:Stimulus control 2996:Aversion therapy 2984: 2847:Systemic therapy 2822:Feminist therapy 2674:Adlerian therapy 2662: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2621: 2609: 2590: 2542: 2530: 2516: 2508: 2488: 2487: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2426: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2361: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2312: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2197: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2120: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2087:Human Aggression 2082: 2076: 2075: 2060:. 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Lucas 193:oracle of Delphi 174:Trojan War cycle 58:negative emotion 48: 40: 39: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4455: 4398: 4338: 4334:Cesar Cremonini 4290:Albertus Magnus 4267: 4247: 4196: 4112: 4068:Physiognomonics 4063:On Things Heard 4058:On the Universe 4019: 4003: 3961:Parva Naturalia 3955: 3934: 3920:Eudemian Ethics 3900: 3884: 3846: 3808: 3789:Prior Analytics 3756: 3680:Rational animal 3541: 3515: 3513:Aristotelianism 3510: 3480: 3475: 3429: 3410:Steven C. Hayes 3340:Paul Watzlawick 3325:Paul Watzlawick 3280:Virginia Axline 3190:Sándor Ferenczi 3149: 3130:Couples therapy 3111: 3085:Affect labeling 3048: 3033:Desensitization 2975: 2961:Discontinuation 2934: 2889: 2861: 2842:Reality therapy 2800: 2786:Gestalt therapy 2757: 2705: 2698: 2653: 2648: 2602: 2587: 2572: 2539: 2521:Burkert, Walter 2519: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2359:10.1002/cpp.460 2339: 2338: 2334: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1895: 1894: 1883: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1665:10.1.1.557.1662 1649: 1648: 1639: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1557: 1553: 1543:Brecht, Bertold 1541: 1537: 1530: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1505: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1388: 1384: 1371: 1369: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1340: 1333: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1247: 1245: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1219: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1175:Reale, Giovanni 1173: 1169: 1161: 1154: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1043: 1042: 1035: 1025: 1010: 1009: 1002: 991: 976: 975: 968: 964: 943: 928:Journal therapy 900: 861: 821: 795: 779: 757: 740: 724:cerebral cortex 688: 619:, and dramatic 606: 513: 508: 457: 418: 324: 271: 230: 150: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4550: 4548: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4494: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4471: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4446:Views on women 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4407:Related topics 4404: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4319:Peter of Spain 4316: 4315: 4314: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4295:Thomas Aquinas 4292: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4172:Aristo of Ceos 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4025:Pseudepigrapha 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3911: 3909: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3827:On the Heavens 3824: 3818: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3559:Antiperistasis 3555: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3380:Arnold Lazarus 3377: 3375:Irvin D. Yalom 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3350:Eugene Gendlin 3347: 3342: 3337: 3335:Ogden Lindsley 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3310:Virginia Satir 3307: 3302: 3300:James Bugental 3297: 3295:Silvano Arieti 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3165:Philippe Pinel 3161: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3135:Family therapy 3132: 3127: 3121: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3077: 3072: 3070:Clean language 3067: 3062: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3003: 2998: 2992: 2990: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2930:Support groups 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2710: 2708: 2704:Cognitive and 2700: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2689:Psychoanalysis 2686: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2601: 2600:External links 2598: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2570: 2563: 2561:"NeoPlatonism" 2551: 2543: 2537: 2517: 2503:, ed. (1911). 2501:Chisholm, Hugh 2495: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2438: 2401:(2): 120–134. 2381: 2352:(4): 270–287. 2332: 2303:(3): 516–531. 2283: 2256: 2217: 2183: 2164:(6): 724–731. 2148: 2106: 2099: 2077: 2070: 2048: 2021:(3): 367–376. 2005: 1986:(6): 823–865. 1970: 1913: 1906: 1881: 1858: 1839:(4): 125–145. 1823: 1782: 1755:(2): 228–245. 1739: 1712: 1695: 1652:Emotion Review 1637: 1635:, Introduction 1624: 1617: 1599: 1592:, ed. (2001). 1581: 1564: 1551: 1535: 1529:978-0470990643 1528: 1510: 1504:978-0198140245 1503: 1485: 1464: 1450: 1430: 1417:10.2307/283751 1395: 1382: 1347: 1331: 1318: 1303: 1290: 1254: 1224: 1217: 1192: 1183: 1167: 1163:Burkert (1992) 1152: 1148:Burkert (1992) 1131: 1127:Burkert (1992) 1116: 1112:Burkert (1992) 1104: 1101:. 28 May 2023. 1083: 1064: 1057: 1033: 1023: 1000: 989: 965: 963: 960: 959: 958: 952: 946: 937: 931: 925: 919: 913: 907: 899: 896: 860: 857: 826:, in his book 820: 817: 816: 815: 812: 809: 794: 791: 778: 775: 774: 773: 770: 767: 760:Émile Durkheim 756: 753: 739: 736: 691:Primal therapy 687: 686:Primal therapy 684: 605: 602: 587:" ever since. 557:psychoanalysis 512: 511:Psychoanalysis 509: 507: 504: 464:Bertolt Brecht 456: 453: 417: 414: 323: 320: 270: 267: 229: 226: 149: 146: 138:psychoanalysis 69:("monthlies", 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4549: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4452: 4451:Wheel paradox 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4359:Trendelenburg 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4285:Peter Lombard 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4277:Scholasticism 4274: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4167:Lyco of Troas 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4108:Magna Moralia 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 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3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3420:Jeffrey Young 3418: 3416: 3415:Michael White 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3400:Les Greenberg 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3285:Carl Whitaker 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3265:Viktor Frankl 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3250:Jacques Lacan 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3240:Wilhelm Reich 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3205:Melanie Klein 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3175:Sigmund Freud 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3021:Token economy 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2827:Music therapy 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2817:Dance therapy 2815: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2666:Psychodynamic 2663: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651:Psychotherapy 2645: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2616:at Wiktionary 2615: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2557:: "Mysticism" 2556: 2552: 2550:: "Catharsis" 2549: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2206:(2): 99–108. 2205: 2201: 2194: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2129:(1): 90–100. 2128: 2124: 2117: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2009: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1453: 1451:9781400862573 1447: 1443: 1442: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1389:Lucas, F. L. 1386: 1383: 1379: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1307: 1304: 1293: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1258: 1255: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1168: 1165:, p. 57. 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1150:, p. 58. 1149: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1129:, p. 56. 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1114:, p. 64. 1113: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058:9780877790426 1054: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024:9780838639641 1020: 1016: 1015: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990:9780882752174 986: 982: 981: 973: 971: 967: 961: 956: 953: 950: 947: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 901: 897: 895: 891: 887: 885: 881: 876: 872: 870: 866: 858: 856: 852: 849: 843: 840: 837: 833: 831: 830: 825: 818: 813: 810: 807: 806: 805: 803: 799: 792: 790: 786: 782: 776: 771: 768: 765: 764: 763: 761: 754: 752: 748: 744: 737: 735: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:psychotherapy 696: 692: 685: 683: 681: 676: 674: 671:is a form of 670: 666: 664: 660: 659:drama therapy 655: 651: 649: 648:Carnegie Hall 645: 641: 636: 635:can be used. 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613:dramatization 610: 603: 601: 599: 598:psychotherapy 595: 594: 588: 586: 582: 576: 574: 570: 566: 560: 558: 554: 553: 548: 547:Sigmund Freud 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 516:Jakob Bernays 510: 505: 503: 501: 497: 492: 490: 487:, based on a 486: 485: 480: 479: 474: 469: 465: 462:For example, 460: 454: 452: 450: 446: 442: 439: 435: 430: 428: 424: 415: 413: 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 368: 365: 363: 362: 357: 354:to translate 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 321: 318: 313: 311: 307: 306: 299: 294: 293: 289: 288: 283: 278: 276: 268: 266: 264: 263: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 239: 238:Neoplatonists 235: 227: 225: 223: 219: 214: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 194: 190: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 166: 161: 159: 155: 147: 145: 143: 139: 135: 130: 128: 124: 122: 121:Neoplatonists 118: 113: 111: 107: 103: 102: 97: 96: 91: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 67: 61: 59: 55: 50: 47: 46: 38: 32: 31:Ancient Greek 28: 22: 4431:Neoplatonism 4157:Theophrastus 4015:Protrepticus 3908:and politics 3719: 3706: 3702:hypokeimenon 3700: 3684: 3667: 3650: 3643: 3631: 3627:Hylomorphism 3619: 3597: 3577: 3576: 3564: 3557: 3434:Associations 3425:Peter Fonagy 3370:Nathan Azrin 3345:Arthur Janov 3305:Joseph Wolpe 3290:Albert Ellis 3270:George Kelly 3255:Erik Erikson 3215:Karen Horney 3185:Alfred Adler 3180:Pierre Janet 3170:Josef Breuer 3102:Hypnotherapy 2837:Play therapy 2612: 2575: 2566: 2554: 2546: 2526: 2510: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2203: 2199: 2186: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2126: 2122: 2109: 2086: 2080: 2057: 2051: 2018: 2014: 2008: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1933:(1): 47–63. 1930: 1926: 1916: 1897: 1876:Academia.edu 1871: 1861: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1705: 1698: 1658:(1): 60–85. 1655: 1651: 1632: 1627: 1608: 1602: 1593: 1584: 1574: 1567: 1559: 1554: 1546: 1538: 1519: 1513: 1494: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1455:. 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D. Laing 3330:Haim Ginott 3260:Carl Rogers 3225:Fritz Perls 3140:Psychodrama 3065:Biofeedback 2867:Integrative 2812:Art therapy 2791:Logotherapy 2237:(2): 1–26. 1631:Janov, A., 1074:Aristotle, 1045:"catharsis" 734:behaviour. 609:Psychodrama 604:Psychodrama 400:anagnorisis 344:F. L. Lucas 189:Hellenistic 172:set in the 4496:Categories 4389:Hursthouse 4263:Maimonides 4229:Avicennism 3880:Generation 3852:On Animals 3779:Categories 3599:Eudaimonia 3315:Aaron Beck 3230:Anna Freud 3125:Co-therapy 2980:Techniques 2910:Counseling 2898:Approaches 2763:Humanistic 2706:behavioral 2494:References 1372:2019-01-27 1297:2024-06-04 1248:2024-06-04 904:Abreaction 848:sublimated 407:allopathic 168:, a later 134:psychology 79:defecation 54:dramaturgy 4532:Hesychasm 4424:Platonism 4379:MacIntyre 4241:Averroism 4219:Al-Farabi 4177:Critolaus 4121:Followers 4098:Economics 4078:Mechanics 4043:On Plants 4038:On Colors 4033:On Breath 3984:On Dreams 3974:On Memory 3737:Haecceity 3715:Syllogism 3686:Phronesis 3578:Catharsis 3527:Aristotle 3275:Rollo May 3210:Otto Rank 3195:Carl Jung 2925:Self-help 2613:catharsis 2468:0140-6736 2415:2167-7026 2376:144923110 2368:1099-0879 2319:0090-502X 1947:1879-307X 1853:1540-4560 1818:1099-0992 1690:145356375 1682:1754-0739 1660:CiteSeerX 1594:Catharsis 1457:24 August 1411:: 51–60. 1233:Aristotle 1177:, (1990) 922:Hesychasm 711:repressed 590:The term 573:abreacted 539:traumatic 473:agit-prop 468:bourgeois 389:Reinigung 381:catharsis 361:purgation 356:catharsis 352:cleansing 340:menstrual 336:katamenia 332:catharsis 282:Aristotle 257:Sentences 234:Platonism 228:Platonism 218:atonement 201:Aeschylus 182:Thersites 165:Aithiopis 127:Catharism 117:purgatory 90:Aristotle 75:cathartic 71:menstrual 66:catamenia 45:katharsis 27:Catharsis 4469:Category 4394:Nussbaum 4364:Brentano 4236:Averroes 4224:Avicenna 4214:Al-Kindi 4187:Erymneus 4083:Problems 3979:On Sleep 3946:Rhetoric 3925:Politics 3870:Movement 3732:Quiddity 3593:accident 3520:Overview 3107:Modeling 3097:Homework 3001:Chaining 2939:Research 2781:Focusing 2523:(1992). 2476:12241834 2433:25606351 2243:40647733 2143:55600118 2091:Springer 2043:18773447 2035:10101875 2000:17073523 1965:26564248 1769:15301629 1358:(1769). 1242:Politics 1237:"Book 8" 1203:(1979). 1144:Sumerian 1140:Akkadian 940:Kairosis 898:See also 707:neurosis 593:cathexis 569:adequate 543:neuroses 535:hysteria 531:hypnosis 287:Politics 245:Porphyry 241:Plotinus 178:Achilles 142:neurosis 119:. Greek 95:Politics 37:κάθαρσις 4527:Poetics 4507:Emotion 4312:Scotism 4300:Thomism 3951:Poetics 3860:History 3822:Physics 3814:Physics 3771:Organon 3699: ( 3645:Mimesis 3589:Essence 3011:Shaping 2966:History 2658:Schools 2484:8177617 2424:4297672 2327:9610122 2251:1112140 2178:5686861 1956:5937233 1777:4609003 1596:. 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