589:. In order to study what these mechanisms are, Browman compares âapproximation wordsâ produced by the individual with the âtarget wordsâ during the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. A âtarget wordâ is the word that an individual is trying to bring to mind and say out loud, whereas an âapproximation wordâ is the word that is produced in place of the target word that could not be recalled fully. For example, in a situation where one wants to produce âdisintegrationâ (the target) but cannot fully recall it, one may produce âdegradationâ (the approximation). By comparing the qualities of âapproximation wordsâ with their corresponding âtarget wordâ, Browman investigates what features of words people use in recalling them. Her final analysis reveals that
784:. In fast speech, when this is not heard, it would be described as being deleted along with all of its features under the Targets and Interpolations model. However, in Browmanâs analysis, the is still in fact articulated (the blade of the tongue makes the corresponding gesture), but it is âhiddenâ by temporal overlap of the preceding and following articulations ( and ). This same system can be used to explain assimilations. In Browmanâs analysis, resulting assimilations/deletions occur âmore-or-lessâ and not âall-or-noneâ as other theories are bound to; whereas articulatory phonology can account for both gradient and categorical information, previous theories have to adhere to the categorical.
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description of the articulatory events occurring in the vocal tract during speech. Browman believes that, in defining phonological units using these gestures, researchers can provide a set of articulatory-based natural classes, specify core aspects of phonological structure in particular languages, and account for phonological variations (allophonic variation, coarticulation, and speech errors). Thus, from
Browmanâs side, there is no interface between phonology and phonetics, as their representations are the same.
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345:. She gave her final public talk at the 1993 Laboratory Phonology Meeting held in Oxford, England. Two years later, she lost her ability to walk, but, determined to continue advancing her ideas, continued to work from home on grant proposals until her death. Browman passed away in her home on July 18, 2008. Although no official memorial was held, an unofficial celebration of her work took place during an articulatory phonology conference at the
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485:). Contrasts can be seen in gestural scores. As an example, Browman illustrates that âaddâ and âhadâ differ by only a glottal gesture. She also explains that, whereas âhadâ and âaddâ previously would have been analyzed as differing by the absence of a segment (/h/) and âbadâ and âpadâ by a single feature. (), the use of gestures conveys both contrasts by the presence or absence of gesture, simplifying the analysis.
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665:. Her purpose in carrying out this experiment was to investigate whether there exists a specific schwa tongue target. The tongue position for schwa is similar to the tongue's resting position (when it is inactive). This lead researchers like Bryan Gick and Ian Wilson to cite schwa-sounds as not having a specified target. Browman's paper looks at data from the Tokyo X-ray archive produced by a speaker of
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669:. To see what gestures could underlie the schwa, Browman analyzes the production of sequences. The results found that during the gap between the second and third lip closures, the tongue body moves toward a schwa-like position, where a schwa sound is then articulated. With these results, she concludes that target position for schwa is sometimes specified.
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with respect to unit boundaries (word and syllable boundaries). Browman notes four types of changes in lexical structure in the perception of spoken words, namely shifts in final word boundaries, insertions of final word boundaries, deletions of final word boundaries, and insertions of syllables. Respectively, examples of each of these changes include
412:. According to Browman, two important features of gestures are specified using this model. Firstly, gestures are speech tasks that represent the formation and release of oral constrictions, an action that usually involves the motion of multiple articulators. Secondly, gestures are defined by their characteristic motions through space and over time.
742:, who believe that phonological and phonetic representations are essentially different from one another, and those that believe they ought to be as similar as possible. Browman took the latter positions as she believes that the articulatory gesture is the single basic unit for both phonological and phonetic representations.
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the articulators aim, and between which the articulators move. This system gives primary focus to the targets themselves and secondary focus to the movements in between. This contrasts with
Browmanâs Articulatory Phonology which treats movements towards and away from these targets as equally important.
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supporting the former view, the kind of representations necessary for phonology and phonetics are fundamentally different. These researchers believe that the categorical alterations of phonology and the imprecise phonetic movements in speech cannot be captured by the same representation. For example,
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From
Browmanâs point of view in the theory of articulatory phonology, the relationships between the events of the vocal tract (phonetics) should have as close a correlation as possible with the language-specific treatment of sounds (phonology). Her basic unit, the articulatory gesture, is an abstract
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in 1975. The paper discusses how the mistakes made in perceptual processing can indicate the mechanisms involved in perception. In this study, over 150 misperceptions were collected by
Browman and other researchers. The misperceptions were then categorized in terms of phonemic similarity and location
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misanalysis and interference from higher lexical levels. The final chapter compares lexical and perceptual errors to each other and to the information in the acoustic signal. Browman notes a common mechanism to both errors, namely, a mechanism that focuses attention on the beginning and end of a word
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and Susan Hertz), relates a feature to one or more parameters in a domain (for example the feature specifies the parameter âvelic openingâ) and interprets the value of the feature ( means some amount of velic opening over some time interval). In this model, features specify the targets toward which
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are timed in the same way, and do not shift their centers in a cluster like would occur in syllable initial clusters. Additionally, an additional consonant to the coda has a constant timing relationship with the first consonant in the coda. This constant timing of coda consonants in relation to each
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Gestures are also units of phonological contrast, and so if two lexical items differ by (1) the presence or absence of a gesture, (2) parameter difference among gestures, or (3) the organization of gestures, the items can be said to contrast. Parameters, in this case, refer to constriction location,
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from 1982-1984. Upon leaving NYU, she was replaced by Noriko Umeda, whom
Browman had worked with at Bell Laboratories prior to graduate school. Later that same year, Browman began her career at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut where she would develop Articulatory Phonology, her most
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changes during casual speech. Hall points out that when spoken in a casual conversation, some sounds in words blend into their surroundings or disappear altogether. This contrasts with carefully spoken, isolated words whose sounds are all audible. Hall notes that most phonological models analyze
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Browman takes two approaches in analyzing syllable patterns. In the first approach, she describes a local organization in which individual gestures are coordinated with other individual gestures. In the second approach, she describes a global organization in which gestures form larger groupings.
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Speech tasks are further specified by tract variables. There are eight tract variables in
Articulatory Phonology: lip protrusion (LP or PRO), lip aperture (LA), tongue tip constriction location (TTCL), tongue tip constriction degree (TTCD), tongue bodied constriction location (TBCL), tongue body
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aperture (VEL), and glottal aperture (GLO). These tract variables have several values and specify the location of the constriction and the extent of the constriction of an oral articulator. Constriction degree values include: closed, critical, narrow, mid, and wide; constriction location values
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in Murray Hill. Shortly after, she began working as an
Associate Member of Technical Staff in the Acoustic Research Department at Bell Telephone Laboratories where she contributed to the creation of "the first Bell Laboratories text-to-speech system". The software was demonstrated at the 1972
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Nancy Hall has also criticized
Browmanâs Articulatory Phonology for its lack of attention to different phonological phenomena. Hall points out that there are several sounds for which no one has worked out what types of articulatory gestures are involved. Without concrete gestures for sounds,
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is adjusted. Browman notes that the timing of the onset can be defined by averaging the center (the time when the articulator reaches its place of articulation) of each onset consonant to produce one center for the whole consonant cluster, which she denotes this a c-center. As an example, in
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Browman's most cited contribution to the field of linguistics is in the subfield of phonology. Along with her research partner, Louis M. Goldstein, she proposed the theory of articulatory phonology early on in her research at
Haskins Laboratory. Articulatory phonology creates phonological
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An ongoing debate among phonologists revolves around the specification of the interface between phonology and phonetics, and the extent to which phonological representations should differ from phonetic representations, and vice versa. The two sides to this debate are those, like
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as patterns of overlapping gestures by the oral articulators. These gestural units account for both spatial and temporal properties of speech and reflect the movement of the articulators. For example, the gesture involved in producing includes closing the lips and spreading the
272:. The second chapter covers a general description of âslip of the earâ data and analyzes perceptual errors. Browman discusses how the majority of perceptual errors occur within a word, and further that there is a tendency to perceive words as shorter than they actually are.
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International
Conference of Speech Communication and Processing in Boston. Browmanâs work in the Acoustic Research Department motivated her to return to higher education. In 1972, Browman enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles. She studied under
724:. After her critique, Hall does recognize that these gaps in Articulatory Phonology are due to both the general lack of understanding of stress and tone production and the small number of researchers working on Articulatory Phonology.
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Pierrehumbert argues that phonetic representations must be quantitative and physically-based in the articulators, while phonological representations must be qualitative and symbolic of the cognitive perceptions of sounds.
376:. Articulatory phonology allows for overlapping gestures and temporal relations between articulators to be included in the phonological representation. Articulatory phonology further posits that gestures are â
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The first chapter provides a general description of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon; Browman analyzes the role of unit size (full syllable, sub-syllable, consonant cluster, etc.), within-unit position, and
559:. She found that the first consonant in the coda has a constant timing relationship with the preceding vowel, which is not affected by the addition of more consonants to the coda. For example, the /t/ in
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Browman graduated with a Ph.D. in linguistics in 1978 after defending her dissertation on language processing. After graduating, Browman returned to Bell Telephone Laboratories to work as a postdoc with
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articulatory phonology is not able to represent, and therefore not able to analyze, language phenomena that involve those sounds. Additionally, Hall criticizes Browmanâs theory as lacking in sufficient
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these changes with phonological rules that apply at certain rates of speech, while Browmanâs theory explains these alterations as resulting from a reduction of gestures or an increase of their overlap.
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Browmanâs Articulatory Phonology explains phonological observations in a way that reflects the physical reality of the articulators. For example, Browman explains the âdisappearanceâ of in the phrase
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A standard diagram of syllable structure, consisting of a consonant in the onset (O) and coda (C) positions and a vowel in the nucleus (N) position. The nucleus and coda together make up the rhyme (R).
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Browman enjoyed hiking in her home state of Montana, as well as the Southwest of the United States. In addition to outdoor adventures, she enjoyed dance. Starting in the late 1980s, Browman taught â
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Browman analyzes articulatory evidence from American English words containing different kinds of consonants and clusters. Under Bowman's Articulatory Phonology analysis, the relation between the
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and worked as a historian in the Missoula area. Browman was the youngest of four siblings. She had two older brothers, Andrew and David Browman, as well as an older sister, Audra Adelberger.
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structure. The theoretical approach is incorporated in a computational model that generates speech from a gesturally-specified lexicon. Browman was made an honorary member of the
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372:. This differs from previous phonological theories which captured linguistically significant aspects in speech as non-overlapping sequences of segmental units built from
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396:âs task dynamics. These were instantiated in a gestural-computational model at Haskins Laboratories that combines articulatory phonology and task dynamics with the
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Browman, C. P.,& Goldstein, L. (1991). Tiers in articulatory phonology, with some implications for casual speech. In J. Kingston and M. E. Beckman (eds),
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465:. For example, consists of the gestures "GLO wide" (to indicate voicelessness) and "TT alveolar closed" (to indicate place and extent of constriction).
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which ran from June 28, 1989 to July 3, 1989. In this paper, Browman analyzes the movements of the tongue in utterances involving the production of the
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Another one of her papers, "Frigidity or feature detectors-slips of the ear", was presented at the 90th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America in
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Browman, C.P. & Goldstein, L. (2000). Competing constraints on intergestural coordination and self-organization of phonological structures.
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The third chapter carries on to investigate perceptual errors within the word. Here, Browman cites two sources of perceptual errors: low-level
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features. Along these same lines, Articulatory Phonology is criticized for having an underdeveloped view of tone (including lexical tone and
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Browman, C. P., Goldstein, L., Kelso, J. A. S., Rubin, P. E., & Saltzman, E. (1984). Articulatory synthesis from underlying dynamics.
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252:) and the perceptual errors (âslips of the earâ) that occur during casual conversation. The dissertation is divided into four chapters.
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Browmanâs dissertation, titled "Tip of the Tongue and Slip of the Ear: Implications for Language Processing", analyzed and compared the
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404:, Paul Mermelstein, and colleagues. In order to visualize what an utterance looks like, this model uses mathematics that describe
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Saltzman, E., Rubin, P. E., Goldstein, L., & Browman, C. P. (1987). Task-dynamic modeling of interarticulator coordination.
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Bowman's Articulatory Phonology has been noted by other phonologists, like Nancy Hall, as being successful in analyzing the way
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Browmanâs paper, "The Natural Mnemopath: or, What You Know About Words You Forget", was presented at the 86th meeting of the
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using demisyllables (a half syllable unit, divided at the center of the syllable nucleus). She later worked as researcher at
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A list of suprasegmental features which phonologists believe need to be worked on in the theory of articulatory phonology.
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Her paper "Targetless schwa: an articulatory analysis" was presented at the Second Conference of Laboratory Phonology in
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Pierrehumbert's position, a subtype of what is referred to as the Targets and Interpolation model (and also utilized by
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Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. (1990). Gestural specification using dynamically-defined articulatory structures.
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Merrill Hall at the Asilomar Conference Center, where celebration of Browman's academic work took place in 2019.
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Goldstein, L., & Browman, C. P. (1986) Representation of voicing contrasts using articulatory gestures.
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consonant and the following vowel gesture is defined by a global measure. In contrast, the relation of the
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units of actionâ that are harnessed for phonological structuring, suggesting a theory of phonological
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Browman, Catherine P., Goldstein, Louis M. (1990). ""Targetless" Schwa: An Articulatory Analysis".
1560:"Excrescent schwa and vowel laxing: Cross-linguistic responses to conflicting articulatory targets"
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Browman, Catherine P.: Rules for demisyllable synthesis using LINGUA, a language interpreter. In:
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Browman, C.; Goldstein, L. (1988). "Some Notes on Syllable Structure in Articulatory Phonology".
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The anatomy of the vocal tract which Browman studied for her theory of articulatory phonology.
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Bell Laboratories, where Browman worked from 1967 to 1972 developing text-to-speech software.
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1133:"WPP, No. 42: Tip of the Tongue and Slip of the Ear: Implications for Language Processing"
1114:"WPP, No. 42: Tip of the Tongue and Slip of the Ear: Implications for Language Processing"
1095:"WPP, No. 42: Tip of the Tongue and Slip of the Ear: Implications for Language Processing"
1076:"WPP, No. 42: Tip of the Tongue and Slip of the Ear: Implications for Language Processing"
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1040:"WPP, No. 42: Tip of the Tongue and Slip of the Ear: Implications for Language Processing"
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543:, but the average of the centers of /s/ and /p/ is equivalent to the center of the /p/ in
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University of Montana, where Browman worked on her undergraduate degree from 1963 to 1967.
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Browman also compared English words containing different numbers of consonants in their
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Gestures are the most basic unit of articulatory phonology, and are defined in terms of
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Haskins Laboratories, where Browman conducted phonological research from 1982 to 1998.
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in New Jersey (1967â1972). While at Bell Laboratories, she was known for her work on
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Browman compared English words containing different numbers of consonants in their
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215:. After graduating in 1967, she moved to New Jersey and worked as a programmer for
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Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. M. (1986). Towards an articulatory phonology.
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Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. (1992). Articulatory Phonology: An Overview.
547:. This interaction between consonants is what Browman calls global organization.
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structure, as it gives primacy to the movements of the articulators rather than
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Papers in Laboratory Phonology I: Between the Grammar and the Physics of Speech
293:. The two developed âLinguaâ, a new demi-syllable based speech-to-text system.
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in New Haven, Connecticut (1982â1998). She was best known for developing, with
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Browman, C. P. (1986). The Hunting of the Quark: The Particle in English. L
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1349:"Gestural specification using dynamically-defined articulatory structures"
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in a word is recalled mostly on its own, the last consonant in a stressed
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834:. Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 341â376).
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consonants and the preceding vowel is based on local organization.
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183:, in 1945. Her father, Ludwig Browman, worked on the faculty as a
1508:"The Natural Mnemopath: or, what You Know About Words You Forget"
577:"The Natural Mnemopath: or, What You Know About Words You Forget"
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Browman received a Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from the
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Articulatory phonology and the gestural computational model
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in this phenomenon. She points out that, whereas the first
965:"About the Association for Laboratory Phonology | labphon"
522:. She found that as more consonants are added (example:
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significant contribution to the field of linguistics.
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Haskins Laboratories Status Report of Speech Research
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and the /p/ is articulated later than it would be in
535:, the /s/ is articulated earlier than it would be in
134:(UCLA) in 1978. Browman was a research scientist at
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2012:
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1534:"Frigidity or Feature Detectors - Slips of the Ear"
1394:Browman, Catherine P., Goldstein, Louis M. (1989).
1347:Browman, Catherine P., Goldstein, Louis M. (1990).
1188:Browman, Catherine P., Goldstein, Louis M. (1986).
1021:"Review of Text-to-Speech Conversation for English"
109:
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58:
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280:and the initial portion of the stressed syllable.
1259:Browman, Catherine P, Golstein, Louis M. (1992).
609:"Frigidity or feature detectors-slips of the ear"
191:, and her mother, Audra Browman, held a Ph.D. in
1156:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
568:other is what Browman calls local organization.
1795:
1768:Obituary on the Haskins Laboratories web site
1396:"Articulatory Gestures as Phonological Units"
597:categories, syllable number, and the initial
8:
2352:University of California, Los Angeles alumni
1640:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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860:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
802:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
653:"Targetless schwa: an articulatory analysis"
408:movements to characterize the articulatorsâ
1918:
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1691:"Phonological and phonetic representation"
673:Assessments and role in modern controversy
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759:In contrast to Browman, for phonologists/
797:. New York : IEEE, 1980, S. 561â564
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224:and worked in a phonetics lab alongside
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268:is usually recalled with the preceding
126:and speech scientist. She received her
2362:20th-century American women scientists
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333:â in both New Jersey and Connecticut.
122:(; 1945â18 July 2008) was an American
16:American linguist and speech scientist
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1261:"Articulatory Phonology: An Overview"
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132:University of California, Los Angeles
78:University of California, Los Angeles
7:
1190:"Towards and Articulatory Phonology"
1131:Browman, Catherine P. (1978-08-01).
1112:Browman, Catherine P. (1978-08-01).
1093:Browman, Catherine P. (1978-08-01).
1074:Browman P., Catherine (1978-08-01).
1038:Browman, Catherine P. (1978-08-01).
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341:In 1987, Browman was diagnosed with
164:Association for Laboratory Phonology
113:Richard Moore (married unknownâ1973)
1741:: 45â60 – via Google Scholar.
1728:"The Phonology-Phonetics Interface"
1726:Keating, Patricia A. (1996-08-01).
846:Bulletin de la Communication Parlée
514:Syllable-initial consonant features
2120:Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips
349:in Monterey, California, in 2019.
14:
1558:Gick, Bryan, Wilson, Ian (2006).
1547:: 68â71 – via escholarship.
1521:: 62â67 – via escholarship.
728:Involvement in modern controversy
551:Syllable-final consonant features
526:), the timing of the whole onset
2337:Linguists from the United States
2197:Speech Synthesis Markup Language
1858:Festival Speech Synthesis System
1735:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
1676:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00236.x
1664:Language and Linguistics Compass
1541:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
1515:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
1139:from the original on 2016-09-28.
1120:from the original on 2016-09-28.
1101:from the original on 2016-09-28.
1082:from the original on 2016-09-28.
1027:from the original on 2013-01-03.
1008:from the original on 2008-10-31.
996:"Catherine P. Browman 1945â2008"
477:), and dampening (distinguishes
2342:Haskins Laboratories scientists
1959:Microsoft text-to-speech voices
1152:"Demisyllabic speech synthesis"
941:""Klatt Record" Audio Examples"
894:from the original on 2021-04-18
733:Overview of phonological debate
1532:Browman, Catherine P. (1976).
1506:Browman, Catherine P. (1976).
1150:Browman, Catherine P. (1980).
363:representations by describing
179:Catherine Browman was born in
154:, a gesture-based approach to
1:
2347:Speech processing researchers
1710:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30380-8
1689:Pierrehumbert, Janet (1990).
1366:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30376-6
583:Acoustical Society of America
918:. 2011-09-16. Archived from
716:), metrical structure (like
424:constriction degree (TBCD),
250:tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
2387:21st-century American women
1678:– via Google Scholar.
1591:– via Google Scholar.
1579:10.1515/9783110197211.3.635
820:, Vol. 29, Part 4, 311â334.
605:are known prior to recall.
217:Bell Telephone Laboratories
207:Higher education and career
2403:
1658:Hall, Nancy (2010-09-06).
776:Weighing the two positions
720:and stress), and periodic
643:prodigal son, and Freudian
473:(distinguishes vowels and
347:Asilomar Conference Center
2125:General Instrument SP0256
1415:10.1017/S0952675700001019
1209:10.1017/S0952675700000658
884:"Catherine Phebe Browman"
615:San Francisco, California
331:Dances of Universal Peace
2357:American women linguists
1939:Software Automatic Mouth
1660:"Articulatory Phonology"
1324:"Haskins Gestural Model"
317:Life outside linguistics
130:in linguistics from the
2377:Scientists at Bell Labs
2286:Concatenative synthesis
2171:Microsoft Speech Server
2040:NIAONiao Virtual Singer
1620:. SR-101/102: 194â219.
848:, no. 5, p. 25â34.
120:Catherine Phebe Browman
2382:20th-century linguists
2281:Articulatory synthesis
2235:Franklin Seaney Cooper
1326:. Haskins Laboratories
1055:Cite journal requires
700:
498:
420:
398:articulatory synthesis
358:Articulatory phonology
326:
306:Linguistics Department
304:Browman taught in the
301:
248:retrieval errors (the
241:
203:
152:articulatory phonology
105:Articulatory Phonology
2250:Wolfgang von Kempelen
2030:CeVIO Creative Studio
1989:CeVIO Creative Studio
1872:Automatik Text Reader
1158:. 67, S13 (S1): S13.
795:Proc. IEEE, ICASSP'80
788:Selected publications
746:Browmanâs perspective
698:
496:
418:
353:Major accomplishments
324:
299:
239:
213:University of Montana
201:
189:University of Montana
175:Early life and family
66:University of Montana
2245:Haskins Laboratories
1954:Microsoft Speech API
1698:Journal of Phonetics
1567:Laboratory Phonology
1353:Journal of Phonetics
1019:Klatt, D.H. (1987).
888:www.haskins.yale.edu
853:Journal of Phonetics
825:Journal of Phonetics
400:system developed by
144:Haskins Laboratories
23:Catherine P. Browman
1164:1980ASAJ...67R..13B
1135:. pp. 94â100.
755:Browmanâs opponents
740:Janet Pierrehumbert
659:Edinburgh, Scotland
639:popping really slow
572:Paper presentations
310:New York University
150:, of the theory of
2255:Ignatius Mattingly
1773:2008-10-31 at the
1761:2006-12-08 at the
1433:– via JSTOR.
1227:– via JSTOR.
1197:Phonology Yearbook
1116:. pp. 77â93.
1097:. pp. 52â76.
916:"Ph.D. Recipients"
818:anguage and Speech
810:Phonology Yearbook
701:
678:Positive reception
499:
489:Syllable structure
421:
406:damped mass-spring
343:multiple sclerosis
327:
302:
242:
204:
2324:
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2230:Catherine Browman
2083:
2082:
1906:
1905:
1893:Lyricos / Flinger
1588:978-3-11-017678-0
1477:10.1159/000261823
1280:10.1159/000261913
1172:10.1121/1.2018063
1078:. pp. 1â51.
284:Career post-Ph.D.
181:Missoula, Montana
136:Bell Laboratories
117:
116:
36:Missoula, Montana
2394:
2166:Windows Narrator
2105:Pattern playback
2055:Symphonic Choirs
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769:Patricia Keating
667:American English
524:sat, spat, splat
504:syllable-initial
226:Victoria Fromkin
140:speech synthesis
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1763:Wayback Machine
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1750:External links
1748:
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827:, 18, 299â320.
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46:July 18, 2008
45:
41:
37:
31:
27:
20:
2311:Self-voicing
2260:Philip Rubin
2229:
2139:Applications
2100:Mockingboard
1929:Amazon Polly
1912:Proprietary
1738:
1734:
1701:
1697:
1684:
1667:
1663:
1636:cite journal
1617:
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1597:cite journal
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1439:cite journal
1406:
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1375:cite journal
1356:
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1328:. Retrieved
1318:
1304:cite journal
1271:
1267:
1233:cite journal
1200:
1196:
1155:
1145:
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1107:
1088:
1069:
1048:cite journal
1033:
1014:
972:. Retrieved
968:
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948:. Retrieved
944:
935:
924:. Retrieved
920:the original
896:. Retrieved
887:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
808:
801:
794:
781:
779:
766:
761:phoneticians
758:
749:
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467:
447:postalveolar
422:
410:trajectories
402:Philip Rubin
391:
361:
340:
328:
303:
287:
274:
254:
243:
232:Dissertation
228:and others.
210:
193:biochemistry
178:
156:phonological
119:
118:
2372:2008 deaths
2367:1945 births
2240:Gunnar Fant
2218:Researchers
2216:Developers/
2156:Dr. Sbaitso
1964:Readspeaker
1843:Gnopernicus
1573:: 635â659.
1203:: 219â252.
969:labphon.org
945:festvox.org
382:development
97:Phonologist
51:Nationality
2331:Categories
2181:Voice font
2146:AOLbyPhone
2045:PPG Phonem
2035:Chipspeech
1974:CoolSpeech
1409:(2): 209.
1330:2022-08-01
974:2021-04-18
950:2021-04-18
926:2021-04-18
898:2021-04-18
867:References
862:, 82, S15.
804:, 75, S22.
722:morphology
714:intonation
463:pharyngeal
365:utterances
337:Later life
94:Occupation
2190:Protocols
2176:PlainTalk
2020:Alter/Ego
1999:LaLaVoice
1994:Voiceroid
1888:eCantorix
1848:Gnuspeech
1622:CiteSeerX
1465:Phonetica
1403:Phonology
1268:Phonetica
839:Phonetica
647:accordion
595:syntactic
593:factors,
471:stiffness
431:protruded
429:include:
262:consonant
185:zoologist
59:Education
2207:VoiceXML
2151:DialogOS
2070:Vocaloid
2065:Vocalina
2050:Realivox
1984:CereProc
1944:Talk It!
1922:Speaking
1914:software
1838:eSpeakNG
1827:Speaking
1771:Archived
1759:Archived
1493:15241003
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1225:62153433
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1099:Archived
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2202:SABLE
2130:TuVox
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