Speech synthesis - Knowledge (XXG)

1728:. The software was licensed from third-party developers Joseph Katz and Mark Barton (later, SoftVoice, Inc.) and was featured during the 1984 introduction of the Macintosh computer. This January demo required 512 kilobytes of RAM memory. As a result, it could not run in the 128 kilobytes of RAM the first Mac actually shipped with. So, the demo was accomplished with a prototype 512k Mac, although those in attendance were not told of this and the synthesis demo created considerable excitement for the Macintosh. In the early 1990s Apple expanded its capabilities offering system wide text-to-speech support. With the introduction of faster PowerPC-based computers they included higher quality voice sampling. Apple also introduced 1510: 400: 1642:. The program was available for non-Macintosh Apple computers (including the Apple II, and the Lisa), various Atari models and the Commodore 64. The Apple version preferred additional hardware that contained DACs, although it could instead use the computer's one-bit audio output (with the addition of much distortion) if the card was not present. The Atari made use of the embedded POKEY audio chip. Speech playback on the Atari normally disabled interrupt requests and shut down the ANTIC chip during vocal output. The audible output is extremely distorted speech when the screen is on. The Commodore 64 made use of the 64's embedded SID audio chip. 972:; however, many concatenative systems also have rules-based components. Many systems based on formant synthesis technology generate artificial, robotic-sounding speech that would never be mistaken for human speech. However, maximum naturalness is not always the goal of a speech synthesis system, and formant synthesis systems have advantages over concatenative systems. Formant-synthesized speech can be reliably intelligible, even at very high speeds, avoiding the acoustic glitches that commonly plague concatenative systems. High-speed synthesized speech is used by the visually impaired to quickly navigate computers using a 1886:, a text-to-speech utility for people who have visual impairment. Third-party programs such as JAWS for Windows, Window-Eyes, Non-visual Desktop Access, Supernova and System Access can perform various text-to-speech tasks such as reading text aloud from a specified website, email account, text document, the Windows clipboard, the user's keyboard typing, etc. Not all programs can use speech synthesis directly. Some programs can use plug-ins, extensions or add-ons to read text aloud. Third-party programs are available that can read text from the system clipboard. 559: 1200:. The company states its software is built to adjust the intonation and pacing of delivery based on the context of language input used. It uses advanced algorithms to analyze the contextual aspects of text, aiming to detect emotions like anger, sadness, happiness, or alarm, which enables the system to understand the user's sentiment, resulting in a more realistic and human-like inflection. Other features include multilingual speech generation and long-form content creation with contextually-aware voices. 515:(LSP) method for high-compression speech coding, while at NTT. From 1975 to 1981, Itakura studied problems in speech analysis and synthesis based on the LSP method. In 1980, his team developed an LSP-based speech synthesizer chip. LSP is an important technology for speech synthesis and coding, and in the 1990s was adopted by almost all international speech coding standards as an essential component, contributing to the enhancement of digital speech communication over mobile channels and the internet. 824:(DSP) to the recorded speech. DSP often makes recorded speech sound less natural, although some systems use a small amount of signal processing at the point of concatenation to smooth the waveform. The output from the best unit-selection systems is often indistinguishable from real human voices, especially in contexts for which the TTS system has been tuned. However, maximum naturalness typically require unit-selection speech databases to be very large, in some systems ranging into the 566: 60: 1316:

also be read as "one three two five", "thirteen twenty-five" or "thirteen hundred and twenty five". A TTS system can often infer how to expand a number based on surrounding words, numbers, and punctuation, and sometimes the system provides a way to specify the context if it is ambiguous. Roman numerals can also be read differently depending on context. For example, "Henry VIII" reads as "Henry the Eighth", while "Chapter VIII" reads as "Chapter Eight".

869:. Diphone synthesis suffers from the sonic glitches of concatenative synthesis and the robotic-sounding nature of formant synthesis, and has few of the advantages of either approach other than small size. As such, its use in commercial applications is declining, although it continues to be used in research because there are a number of freely available software implementations. An early example of Diphone synthesis is a teaching robot, 2359: 1338: 1308:" to aid in disambiguating homographs. This technique is quite successful for many cases such as whether "read" should be pronounced as "red" implying past tense, or as "reed" implying present tense. Typical error rates when using HMMs in this fashion are usually below five percent. These techniques also work well for most European languages, although access to required training 185: 1589:). The synthesizer uses a variant of linear predictive coding and has a small in-built vocabulary. The original intent was to release small cartridges that plugged directly into the synthesizer unit, which would increase the device's built-in vocabulary. However, the success of software text-to-speech in the Terminal Emulator II cartridge canceled that plan. 1431:

approach works on any input, but the complexity of the rules grows substantially as the system takes into account irregular spellings or pronunciations. (Consider that the word "of" is very common in English, yet is the only word in which the letter "f" is pronounced .) As a result, nearly all speech synthesis systems use a combination of these approaches.

1806: 1836:", which allowed command-line users to redirect text output to speech. Speech synthesis was occasionally used in third-party programs, particularly word processors and educational software. The synthesis software remained largely unchanged from the first AmigaOS release and Commodore eventually removed speech synthesis support from AmigaOS 2.1 onward. 1481:, reported that listeners to voice recordings could determine, at better than chance levels, whether or not the speaker was smiling. It was suggested that identification of the vocal features that signal emotional content may be used to help make synthesized speech sound more natural. One of the related issues is modification of the 1439:

loanwords, whose pronunciations are not obvious from their spellings. On the other hand, speech synthesis systems for languages like English, which have extremely irregular spelling systems, are more likely to rely on dictionaries, and to use rule-based methods only for unusual words, or words that are not in their dictionaries.

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In the early 1980s, TI was known as a pioneer in speech synthesis, and a highly popular plug-in speech synthesizer module was available for the TI-99/4 and 4A. Speech synthesizers were offered free with the purchase of a number of cartridges and were used by many TI-written video games (games offered

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The consistent evaluation of speech synthesis systems may be difficult because of a lack of universally agreed objective evaluation criteria. Different organizations often use different speech data. The quality of speech synthesis systems also depends on the quality of the production technique (which

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used to create convincing speech sentences that sound like specific people saying things they did not say. This technology was initially developed for various applications to improve human life. For example, it can be used to produce audiobooks, and also to help people who have lost their voices (due

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Concatenative synthesis is based on the concatenation (stringing together) of segments of recorded speech. Generally, concatenative synthesis produces the most natural-sounding synthesized speech. However, differences between natural variations in speech and the nature of the automated techniques for

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Content creators have used voice cloning tools to recreate their voices for podcasts, narration, and comedy shows. Publishers and authors have also used such software to narrate audiobooks and newsletters. Another area of application is AI video creation with talking heads. Webapps and video editors

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Text-to-speech (TTS) refers to the ability of computers to read text aloud. A TTS engine converts written text to a phonemic representation, then converts the phonemic representation to waveforms that can be output as sound. TTS engines with different languages, dialects and specialized vocabularies

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Deciding how to convert numbers is another problem that TTS systems have to address. It is a simple programming challenge to convert a number into words (at least in English), like "1325" becoming "one thousand three hundred twenty-five". However, numbers occur in many different contexts; "1325" may

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Domain-specific synthesis concatenates prerecorded words and phrases to create complete utterances. It is used in applications where the variety of texts the system will output is limited to a particular domain, like transit schedule announcements or weather reports. The technology is very simple to

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of recorded data, representing dozens of hours of speech. Also, unit selection algorithms have been known to select segments from a place that results in less than ideal synthesis (e.g. minor words become unclear) even when a better choice exists in the database. Recently, researchers have proposed

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In the 2010s, Singing synthesis technology has taken advantage of the recent advances in artificial intelligence—deep listening and machine learning to better represent the nuances of the human voice. New high fidelity sample libraries combined with digital audio workstations facilitate editing in

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Each approach has advantages and drawbacks. The dictionary-based approach is quick and accurate, but completely fails if it is given a word which is not in its dictionary. As dictionary size grows, so too does the memory space requirements of the synthesis system. On the other hand, the rule-based

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Because these systems are limited by the words and phrases in their databases, they are not general-purpose and can only synthesize the combinations of words and phrases with which they have been preprogrammed. The blending of words within naturally spoken language however can still cause problems

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speech synthesizer chip on a removable cartridge. The Narrator had 2kB of Read-Only Memory (ROM), and this was utilized to store a database of generic words that could be combined to make phrases in Intellivision games. Since the Orator chip could also accept speech data from external memory, any

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is stored by the program. Determining the correct pronunciation of each word is a matter of looking up each word in the dictionary and replacing the spelling with the pronunciation specified in the dictionary. The other approach is rule-based, in which pronunciation rules are applied to words to

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Similarly, abbreviations can be ambiguous. For example, the abbreviation "in" for "inches" must be differentiated from the word "in", and the address "12 St John St." uses the same abbreviation for both "Saint" and "Street". TTS systems with intelligent front ends can make educated guesses about

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have a very regular writing system, and the prediction of the pronunciation of words based on their spellings is quite successful. Speech synthesis systems for such languages often use the rule-based method extensively, resorting to dictionaries only for those few words, like foreign names and

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implement, and has been in commercial use for a long time, in devices like talking clocks and calculators. The level of naturalness of these systems can be very high because the variety of sentence types is limited, and they closely match the prosody and intonation of the original recordings.

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fine detail, such as shifting of formats, adjustment of vibrato, and adjustments to vowels and consonants. Sample libraries for various languages and various accents are available. With today's advancements in vocal synthesis, artists sometimes use sample libraries in lieu of backing singers.

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Speech synthesis techniques are also used in entertainment productions such as games and animations. In 2007, Animo Limited announced the development of a software application package based on its speech synthesis software FineSpeech, explicitly geared towards customers in the entertainment

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More recent synthesizers, developed by Jorge C. Lucero and colleagues, incorporate models of vocal fold biomechanics, glottal aerodynamics and acoustic wave propagation in the bronchi, trachea, nasal and oral cavities, and thus constitute full systems of physics-based speech simulation.

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Naturalness describes how closely the output sounds like human speech, while intelligibility is the ease with which the output is understood. The ideal speech synthesizer is both natural and intelligible. Speech synthesis systems usually try to maximize both characteristics.

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Text-to-speech is also used in second language acquisition. Voki, for instance, is an educational tool created by Oddcast that allows users to create their own talking avatar, using different accents. They can be emailed, embedded on websites or shared on social media.

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Speech synthesis has long been a vital assistive technology tool and its application in this area is significant and widespread. It allows environmental barriers to be removed for people with a wide range of disabilities. The longest application has been in the use of

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Despite the American English phoneme limitation, an unofficial version with multilingual speech synthesis was developed. This made use of an enhanced version of the translator library which could translate a number of languages, given a set of rules for each language.

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Early electronic speech-synthesizers sounded robotic and were often barely intelligible. The quality of synthesized speech has steadily improved, but as of 2016 output from contemporary speech synthesis systems remains clearly distinguishable from actual human speech.

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in the late 1940s and completed it in 1950. There were several different versions of this hardware device; only one currently survives. The machine converts pictures of the acoustic patterns of speech in the form of a spectrogram back into sound. Using this device,

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that all require expansion into a phonetic representation. There are many spellings in English which are pronounced differently based on context. For example, "My latest project is to learn how to better project my voice" contains two pronunciations of "project".

1568: 1832:. The synthesis system was divided into a translator library which converted unrestricted English text into a standard set of phonetic codes and a narrator device which implemented a formant model of speech generation.. AmigaOS also featured a high-level " 1626: 1919: 1655: 1203:

The DNN-based speech synthesizers are approaching the naturalness of the human voice. Examples of disadvantages of the method are low robustness when the data are not sufficient, lack of controllability and low performance in auto-regressive models.

1156:(DNN) to produce artificial speech from text (text-to-speech) or spectrum (vocoder). The deep neural networks are trained using a large amount of recorded speech and, in the case of a text-to-speech system, the associated labels and/or input text. 1144: 1166:—hundreds of voices are trained concurrently rather than sequentially, decreasing the required training time and enabling the model to learn and generalize shared emotional context, even for voices with no exposure to such emotional context. The 522:

was released, and was one of the first Speech Synthesis systems. It consisted of a stand-alone computer hardware and a specialized software that enabled it to read Italian. A second version, released in 1978, was also able to sing Italian in an

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additional words or phrases needed could be stored inside the cartridge itself. The data consisted of strings of analog-filter coefficients to modify the behavior of the chip's synthetic vocal-tract model, rather than simple digitized samples.

1797: 1756:), the user can choose out of a wide range list of multiple voices. VoiceOver voices feature the taking of realistic-sounding breaths between sentences, as well as improved clarity at high read rates over PlainTalk. Mac OS X also includes 1708: 1695: 80: 79: 1448:

may involve analogue or digital recording) and on the facilities used to replay the speech. Evaluating speech synthesis systems has therefore often been compromised by differences between production techniques and replay facilities.

575: 535: 1067:. The system, first marketed in 1994, provides full articulatory-based text-to-speech conversion using a waveguide or transmission-line analog of the human oral and nasal tracts controlled by Carré's "distinctive region model". 5034: 1565: 161:

provides the largest output range, but may lack clarity. For specific usage domains, the storage of entire words or sentences allows for high-quality output. Alternatively, a synthesizer can incorporate a model of the

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to throat disease or other medical problems) to get them back. Commercially, it has opened the door to several opportunities. This technology can also create more personalized digital assistants and natural-sounding

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In 1976, Computalker Consultants released their CT-1 Speech Synthesizer. Designed by D. Lloyd Rice and Jim Cooper, it was an analog synthesizer built to work with microcomputers using the S-100 bus standard.

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was visiting his friend and colleague John Pierce at the Bell Labs Murray Hill facility. Clarke was so impressed by the demonstration that he used it in the climactic scene of his screenplay for his novel

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of the language: for example, Spanish has about 800 diphones, and German about 2500. In diphone synthesis, only one example of each diphone is contained in the speech database. At runtime, the target

5503:"Hot AI startup ElevenLabs, founded by ex-Google and Palantir staff, is set to raise $ 18 million at a $ 100 million valuation. Check out the 14-slide pitch deck it used for its $ 2 million pre-seed" 3131: 1141: 1984:. On the other hand, on-line RSS-readers are available on almost any personal computer connected to the Internet. Users can download generated audio files to portable devices, e.g. with a help of 877:. Leachim contained information regarding class curricular and certain biographical information about the students whom it was programmed to teach. It was tested in a fourth grade classroom in 1566: 813:, the desired target utterance is created by determining the best chain of candidate units from the database (unit selection). This process is typically achieved using a specially weighted 1927:

From 1971 to 1996, Votrax produced a number of commercial speech synthesizer components. A Votrax synthesizer was included in the first generation Kurzweil Reading Machine for the Blind.

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which included a Formant synthesis capability. Sequences of up to 512 individual vowel and consonant formants could be stored and replayed, allowing short vocal phrases to be synthesized.

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since the early 2000s has improved beyond the point of human's inability to tell a real human imaged with a real camera from a simulation of a human imaged with a simulation of a camera.

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reporter Joseph Cox published findings that he had recorded five minutes of himself talking and then used a tool developed by ElevenLabs to create voice deepfakes that defeated a bank's

200:. The front-end has two major tasks. First, it converts raw text containing symbols like numbers and abbreviations into the equivalent of written-out words. This process is often called 169:

The quality of a speech synthesizer is judged by its similarity to the human voice and by its ability to be understood clearly. An intelligible text-to-speech program allows people with

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Text-to-speech for disability and impaired communication aids have become widely available. Text-to-speech is also finding new applications; for example, speech synthesis combined with

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text-to-speech system. It featured a complete system of voice emulation for American English, with both male and female voices and "stress" indicator markers, made possible through the

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residual). Such pitch synchronous pitch modification techniques need a priori pitch marking of the synthesis speech database using techniques such as epoch extraction using dynamic

2104:) were capable of text-to-phoneme synthesis or reciting complete words and phrases (text-to-dictionary), using a very popular Speech Synthesizer peripheral. TI used a proprietary 2000: 6433: 2055:

Following the commercial failure of the hardware-based Intellivoice, gaming developers sparingly used software synthesis in later games. Earlier systems from Atari, such as the

6593: 1917: 1653: 1174:: each time that speech is generated from the same string of text, the intonation of the speech will be slightly different. The application also supports manually altering the 757:

Unit selection synthesis uses large databases of recorded speech. During database creation, each recorded utterance is segmented into some or all of the following: individual

4953: 2160: 1705: 1692: 7207: 2343:. Work to personalize a synthetic voice to better match a person's personality or historical voice is becoming available. A noted application, of speech synthesis, was the 1999:. It can deliver TTS functionality to anyone (for reasons of accessibility, convenience, entertainment or information) with access to a web browser. The non-profit project 1142: 5210: 3577: 1418:). The simplest approach to text-to-phoneme conversion is the dictionary-based approach, where a large dictionary containing all the words of a language and their correct 5444: 1768:

Standard Additions includes a say verb that allows a script to use any of the installed voices and to control the pitch, speaking rate and modulation of the spoken text.

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Prathosh, A. P.; Ramakrishnan, A. G.; Ananthapadmanabha, T. V. (December 2013). "Epoch extraction based on integrated linear prediction residual using plosion index".

3573: 5360: 3110: 532: 5676: 976:. Formant synthesizers are usually smaller programs than concatenative systems because they do not have a database of speech samples. They can therefore be used in 4587: 6571: 1795: 3520: 4567: 3609: 3301:. (2003). CMU ARCTIC databases for speech synthesis. CMU-LTI-03-177. Language Technologies Institute, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University. 1732:

into its systems which provided a fluid command set. More recently, Apple has added sample-based voices. Starting as a curiosity, the speech system of Apple

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in the late 1980s and merged with Apple Computer in 1997), the Trillium software was published under the GNU General Public License, with work continuing as

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Chadha, Anupama; Kumar, Vaibhav; Kashyap, Sonu; Gupta, Mayank (2021), Singh, Pradeep Kumar; Wierzchoń, Sławomir T.; Tanwar, Sudeep; Ganzha, Maria (eds.),

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Englert, Marina; Madazio, Glaucya; Gielow, Ingrid; Lucero, Jorge; Behlau, Mara (2016). "Perceptual error identification of human and synthesized voices".

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representations of their input texts, as processes for doing so are unreliable, poorly understood, and computationally ineffective. As a result, various

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that generates high-quality voices from an assortment of fictional characters from a variety of media sources was released. Initial characters included

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of the sentence, depending upon whether it is an affirmative, interrogative or exclamatory sentence. One of the techniques for pitch modification uses

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power are especially limited. Because formant-based systems have complete control of all aspects of the output speech, a wide variety of prosodies and

6982: 6426: 4420: 2477: 337:, Hungary, described in a 1791 paper. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce consonants as well as vowels. In 1837, 3082: 1980:. On one hand, online RSS-narrators simplify information delivery by allowing users to listen to their favourite news sources and to convert them to 574: 3193: 2787: 1863: 1859: 1706: 1693: 4722: 7151: 2380: 2370:

industries, able to generate narration and lines of dialogue according to user specifications. The application reached maturity in 2008, when NEC

1182:(a term coined by this project), a sentence or phrase that conveys the emotion of the take that serves as a guide for the model during inference. 77: 2858: 1509: 1018:. Creating proper intonation for these projects was painstaking, and the results have yet to be matched by real-time text-to-speech interfaces. 5526: 1320:

ambiguous abbreviations, while others provide the same result in all cases, resulting in nonsensical (and sometimes comical) outputs, such as "

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and includes models of vocal frequency jitter and tremor, airflow noise and laryngeal asymmetries. The synthesizer has been used to mimic the

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Until recently, articulatory synthesis models have not been incorporated into commercial speech synthesis systems. A notable exception is the

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and the articulation processes occurring there. The first articulatory synthesizer regularly used for laboratory experiments was developed at

5178: 5133: 4679: 4266: 4153: 4086: 3987: 3631: 3233: 3046: 2633: 2569: 2314:, for example, includes tags related to speech recognition, dialogue management and touchtone dialing, in addition to text-to-speech markup. 734:. Each technology has strengths and weaknesses, and the intended uses of a synthesis system will typically determine which approach is used. 577: 533: 6892: 6583: 6419: 2535: 251:

information together make up the symbolic linguistic representation that is output by the front-end. The back-end—often referred to as the

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Jia, Ye; Zhang, Yu; Weiss, Ron J. (2018-06-12), "Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis",

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segmenting the waveforms sometimes result in audible glitches in the output. There are three main sub-types of concatenative synthesis.

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Examples of non-real-time but highly accurate intonation control in formant synthesis include the work done in the late 1970s for the

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Valle, Rafael (2020). "Mellotron: Multispeaker expressive voice synthesis by conditioning on rhythm, pitch and global style tokens".

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caused speech synthesizers to become cheaper and more accessible, more people would benefit from the use of text-to-speech programs.

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at MIT, and the Bell Labs system; the latter was one of the first multilingual language-independent systems, making extensive use of

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puts it to sleep. Despite the success of purely electronic speech synthesis, research into mechanical speech-synthesizers continues.

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Muralishankar, R.; Ramakrishnan, A. G.; Prathibha, P. (February 2004). "Modification of pitch using DCT in the source domain".

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to achieve text-to-speech synthesis, that can be made to sound almost like anybody from a speech sample of only 5 seconds.

7192: 7012: 6733: 1523: 1143: 1059:, where much of the original research was conducted. Following the demise of the various incarnations of NeXT (started by 895: 454: 365: 4769: 6705: 5774: 5741: 2876:"A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol" 1704: 1691: 1460: 949: 463: 4594: 1501:

regions of speech. In general, prosody remains a challenge for speech synthesizers, and is an active research topic.

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Since 2005, however, some researchers have started to evaluate speech synthesis systems using a common speech dataset.

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Muralishankar, R; Ramakrishnan, A.G.; Prathibha, P (2004). "Modification of Pitch using DCT in the Source Domain".

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allow users to create video content involving AI avatars, who are made to speak using text-to-speech technology.

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presented the work 'Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesis', which

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Articulatory synthesis consists of computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of the human

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set to a "forced alignment" mode with some manual correction afterward, using visual representations such as the

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synthesis does not use human speech samples at runtime. Instead, the synthesized speech output is created using

356:, which automatically analyzed speech into its fundamental tones and resonances. From his work on the vocoder, 7156: 7080: 6812: 6768: 6653: 6551: 6179: 6023: 5006: 4790: 3569: 2525: 2495: 2222: 2042: 1707: 1694: 1635: 1474: 1197: 1044:, Tom Baer, and Paul Mermelstein. This synthesizer, known as ASY, was based on vocal tract models developed at 989: 854: 801:

of the units in the speech database is then created based on the segmentation and acoustic parameters like the

652:" programming technique to produce a synthesized speech waveform. Another early example, the arcade version of 469: 5057:"Effect of Text-to-Speech and Human Reader on Listening Comprehension for Students with Learning Disabilities" 7060: 7030: 6697: 6370: 6255: 6124: 6109: 5764: 5229: 3557: 3545: 2520: 2374:

announced a web service that allows users to create phrases from the voices of characters from the Japanese

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cannot be reproduced by a simple word-concatenation system, which would require additional complexity to be

743: 146: 69: 4888: 2225:. It was driven only by a voice track as source data for the animation after the training phase to acquire 1192:, AI-assisted text-to-speech software, Speech Synthesis, which can produce lifelike speech by synthesizing 534: 6917: 6610: 6588: 6578: 6546: 6521: 6365: 6319: 5737: 3585: 2505: 2229:

and wider facial information from training material consisting of 2D videos with audio had been completed.

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can be output, conveying not just questions and statements, but a variety of emotions and tones of voice.

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2017 an audio driven digital look-alike of upper torso of Barack Obama was presented by researchers from

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portable calculator for the blind in 1976. Other devices had primarily educational purposes, such as the

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The MBROLA Project: Towards a set of high quality speech synthesizers of use for non commercial purposes

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Speech synthesis is a valuable computational aid for the analysis and assessment of speech disorders. A

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Speech synthesis systems use two basic approaches to determine the pronunciation of a word based on its

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produced a "speaking machine" based on von Kempelen's design, and in 1846, Joseph Faber exhibited the "

274:, some people tried to build machines to emulate human speech. Some early legends of the existence of " 5386: 3929: 3406: 3078: 2855: 1055:-based system originally developed and marketed by Trillium Sound Research, a spin-off company of the 7130: 6806: 6782: 6635: 6329: 6038: 5996: 5853: 5727: 5056: 3774: 3311: 2752: 2594: 2348: 2019: 1992: 1957: 1672: 1579: 1435: 1037: 493: 420: 375: 4012: 2585:

Rubin, P.; Baer, T.; Mermelstein, P. (1981). "An articulatory synthesizer for perceptual research".

1757: 7110: 7040: 6997: 6953: 6725: 6715: 6710: 6598: 5835: 5825: 5749: 5631: 3593: 3010:; Nebbia, Luciano (1 November 1995). "Interactive voice technology at work: The CSELT experience". 2441: 2327:

for people with visual impairment, but text-to-speech systems are now commonly used by people with

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system with similar aims at the 2018 NeurIPS conference, though the result is rather unconvincing.

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is a server-based package for voice synthesis and recognition. It is designed for network use with

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determine their pronunciations based on their spellings. This is similar to the "sounding out", or

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required and sometimes the output of speech synthesizer may result in the mistakes of tone sandhi.

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various automated methods to detect unnatural segments in unit-selection speech synthesis systems.

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was the first commercial all-software voice synthesis program. It was later used as the basis for

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in 1978. Fidelity released a speaking version of its electronic chess computer in 1979. The first

7120: 6992: 6857: 6620: 6603: 6461: 6349: 6339: 6250: 5812: 5754: 5722: 5336:"Now hear this: Voice cloning AI startup ElevenLabs nabs $ 19M from a16z and other heavy hitters" 5184: 5139: 5094: 4902: 4868: 4549: 4480: 4438: 4329:"Val Kilmer Gets His Voice Back After Throat Cancer Battle Using AI Technology: Hear the Results" 4272: 4212: 4159: 4131: 4102: 4063: 4045: 3823: 3670: 3007: 2421: 2332: 2296: 2211: 2143: 2083: 1883: 1867: 1729: 1241: 1116: 1104: 1084: 945: 874: 786: 371: 338: 202: 174: 139: 5202: 4978: 3174: 2335:

as well as by pre-literate children. They are also frequently employed to aid those with severe

5276: 5203:"Evolution of Reading Machines for the Blind: Haskins Laboratories" Research as a Case History" 5118:

2022 Wave Electronics and its Application in Information and Telecommunication Systems (WECONF)

4251:

Proceedings of Second International Conference on Computing, Communications, and Cyber-Security

4185:"Anticipating and addressing the ethical implications of deepfakes in the context of elections" 3844: 3479: 2690:("Mechanism of the human speech with description of its speaking machine", J. B. Degen, Wien). 7125: 6837: 6645: 6556: 6314: 6134: 5848: 5797: 5712: 5477: 5419: 5174: 5129: 5086: 4794: 4675: 4361: 4303: 4262: 4204: 4149: 4090: 3962: 3790: 3715: 3627: 3414: 3262: 3229: 3154: 3042: 2900: 2768: 2629: 2565: 2530: 2429: 2336: 2168: 1855: 1498: 1490: 1424: 1175: 1045: 996: 758: 602: 481: 342: 271: 170: 154: 119: 5411: 4954:"An artificial-intelligence first: Voice-mimicking software reportedly used in a major theft" 3903: 3605: 2649:

Van Santen, J. (April 1994). "Assignment of segmental duration in text-to-speech synthesis".

589:

electronics featuring speech synthesis began emerging in the 1970s. One of the first was the

411:

The first computer-based speech-synthesis systems originated in the late 1950s. Noriko Umeda

6887: 6862: 6663: 6566: 6189: 6139: 5759: 5608: 5166: 5121: 5076: 5068: 4618: 4541: 4514: 4472: 4254: 4196: 4141: 4055: 3782: 3707: 3662: 3388: 3250: 3217: 3019: 2890: 2809: 2760: 2658: 2602: 2515: 2385: 2307:. Although each of these was proposed as a standard, none of them have been widely adopted. 2252: 1893: 1749: 1717: 1664: 1321: 922: 841:(sound-to-sound transitions) occurring in a language. The number of diphones depends on the 820:

Unit selection provides the greatest naturalness, because it applies only a small amount of

798: 477: 448: 379: 178: 4791:

The Pediaphon – Speech Interface to the free Knowledge (XXG) Encyclopedia for Mobile Phones

4184: 2358: 2193:

researchers know of 3 cases where digital sound-alikes technology has been used for crime.

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which uses diphone-based synthesis, as well as more modern and better-sounding techniques.

1849: 1207:

For tonal languages, such as Chinese or Taiwanese language, there are different levels of

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during the 1970s. LPC was later the basis for early speech synthesizer chips, such as the

404: 283: 4246: 3251: 2003:

was created in 2006 to provide a similar web-based TTS interface to the Knowledge (XXG).

909:

is usually only pronounced when the following word has a vowel as its first letter (e.g.

610: 5000: 4836: 3778: 2934:

Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP'98)

2756: 2598: 6822: 6802: 6526: 6380: 5445:"Arrested Succession Parody On YouTube Features 'Narration' By AI-Generated Ron Howard" 5361:"Sztuczna inteligencja czyta głosem Jarosława Kuźniara. Rewolucja w radiu i podcastach" 4671: 3325:

Automatic Detection of Unnatural Word-Level Segments in Unit-Selection Speech Synthesis

2926: 2688:

Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache nebst der Beschreibung seiner sprechenden Maschine

2622: 2620:

van Santen, Jan P. H.; Sproat, Richard W.; Olive, Joseph P.; Hirschberg, Julia (1997).

2196:

This increases the stress on the disinformation situation coupled with the facts that

2190: 2179: 2087: 2071: 1973: 1745: 1721: 1297:, like examining neighboring words and using statistics about frequency of occurrence. 1237: 1228: 1221: 985: 489: 424: 384: 166:

and other human voice characteristics to create a completely "synthetic" voice output.

4296:"AI gave Val Kilmer his voice back. But critics worry the technology could be misused" 3954: 2957: 2299:

in 2004. Older speech synthesis markup languages include Java Speech Markup Language (

2010:

through the W3C Audio Incubator Group with the involvement of The BBC and Google Inc.

7176: 7085: 6897: 6877: 6658: 6400: 6390: 6309: 6053: 5903: 5307:"『Portal』のGLaDOSや『UNDERTALE』のサンズがテキストを読み上げてくれる。文章に込められた感情まで再現することを目指すサービス「15.ai」が話題に" 5188: 5143: 5125: 5098: 4700: 4276: 4216: 4163: 4067: 4037: 3904:"Generative AI comes for cinema dubbing: Audio AI startup ElevenLabs raises pre-seed" 3875:"『Portal』のGLaDOSや『UNDERTALE』のサンズがテキストを読み上げてくれる。文章に込められた感情まで再現することを目指すサービス「15.ai」が話題に" 3651: 3537: 3298: 3281: 3225: 3023: 2558: 2448: 2324: 2183: 2075: 1965: 1601: 1532: 1482: 1419: 1193: 1189: 1167: 973: 814: 806: 668: 473: 4553: 4484: 4145: 4059: 3674: 3341: 2835: 2310:

Speech synthesis markup languages are distinguished from dialogue markup languages.

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computer to synthesize speech, an event among the most prominent in the history of

357: 279: 193: 5527:"AI-Generated Voice Firm Clamps Down After 4chan Makes Celebrity Voices for Abuse" 5170: 5163:

2021 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI)

5157:

Zhao, Yunxin; Song, Minguang; Yue, Yanghao; Kuruvilla-Dugdale, Mili (2021-07-27).

5072: 3666: 3324: 2719: 1812:

The second operating system to feature advanced speech synthesis capabilities was

865:. or more recent techniques such as pitch modification in the source domain using 4518: 4476: 4258: 4038:"Probing the phonetic and phonological knowledge of tones in Mandarin TTS models" 3711: 3392: 3096: 2985: 76: 7022: 6902: 6615: 6531: 6508: 6456: 6324: 6240: 6048: 5927: 5685: 5306: 4385: 3874: 3589: 2147: 1996: 1969: 1765: 1752:) there was only one standard voice shipping with Mac OS X. Starting with 10.6 ( 1411: 1337: 1309: 1208: 1088: 1033: 1011: 794: 613: 444: 310: 287: 275: 268: 259:(pitch contour, phoneme durations), which is then imposed on the output speech. 163: 5158: 5113: 4921: 4123: 6625: 6411: 6265: 6230: 6129: 6119: 6058: 5648: 5640: 4545: 3541: 3494: 3118: 2271: 2256: 2189:

By 2019 the digital sound-alikes found their way to the hands of criminals as

2060: 2056: 1875: 1871: 1249: 1185: 1060: 684: 606: 524: 440: 153:. Systems differ in the size of the stored speech units; a system that stores 95: 5481: 5423: 5090: 4365: 4307: 4208: 4200: 4128:

2020 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo Workshops (ICMEW)

4094: 3966: 3418: 2904: 1269:

The process of normalizing text is rarely straightforward. Texts are full of

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Arık, Sercan Ö.; Chen, Jitong; Peng, Kainan; Ping, Wei; Zhou, Yanqi (2018),

4748:"How to configure and use Text-to-Speech in Windows XP and in Windows Vista" 4663: 4013:"ElevenLabs' Powerful New AI Tool Lets You Make a Full Audiobook in Minutes" 3988:"Voice-generating platform ElevenLabs raises $ 19M, launches detection tool" 3786: 2927:"The Distance Measure for Line Spectrum Pairs Applied to Speech Recognition" 2464: 2456: 2115: 2094: 2038: 1821: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1639: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1100: 1064: 957: 878: 618: 497: 432: 361: 349: 334: 5112:

Triandafilidi, Ioanis I.; Tatarnikova, T. M.; Poponin, A. S. (2022-05-30).

4999:

Suwajanakorn, Supasorn; Seitz, Steven; Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, Ira (2017),

4568:

TI will exit dedicated speech-synthesis chips, transfer products to Sensory

3719: 3312:

Language Generation and Speech Synthesis in Dialogues for Language Learning

2662: 2100:

Some models of Texas Instruments home computers produced in 1979 and 1981 (

1121:

Sinewave synthesis is a technique for synthesizing speech by replacing the

785:. Typically, the division into segments is done using a specially modified 5576: 4811: 3794: 2875: 2772: 2365:

was one of the most famous people to use a speech computer to communicate.

2108:

to embed complete spoken phrases into applications, primarily video games.

1988:

receiver, and listen to them while walking, jogging or commuting to work.

1801:

Example of speech synthesis with the included Say utility in Workbench 1.3

415:

developed the first general English text-to-speech system in 1968, at the

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in the 1960s and 1970s by Paul Mermelstein, Cecil Coker, and colleagues.

965: 825: 790: 770: 766: 645: 586: 459: 388: 242: 150: 130:) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render 115: 5654: 5081: 569:

Fidelity Voice Chess Challenger (1979), the first talking chess computer

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Music technology (electronic and digital) § Vocal synthesis after 2010s

2371: 2079: 2064: 1985: 1981: 1833: 1829: 1813: 1494: 1407: 941: 838: 762: 729: 723:

The two primary technologies generating synthetic speech waveforms are

627: 544: 436: 428: 353: 322: 298: 294: 184: 158: 2467:

speakers with controlled levels of roughness, breathiness and strain.

1805: 557: 539:

DECtalk demo recording using the Perfect Paul and Uppity Ursula voices

236:. The process of assigning phonetic transcriptions to words is called 6471: 6466: 6375: 6245: 5972: 5918: 5635: 2764: 2606: 2460: 2389: 2352: 2242: 2164: 2137: 2129: 2026: 1909: 1598: 1274: 862: 778: 229: 225: 107: 3503:

Proceedings ESCA-NATO Workshop and Applications of Speech Technology

2788:"Louis Gerstman, 61, a Specialist In Speech Disorders and Processes" 2743:

Klatt, D (1987). "Review of text-to-speech conversion for English".

1549:

Popular systems offering speech synthesis as a built-in capability.

1083:, also called Statistical Parametric Synthesis. In this system, the 837:

Diphone synthesis uses a minimal speech database containing all the

5864: 5277:"ゲームキャラ音声読み上げソフト「15.ai」公開中。『Undertale』や『Portal』のキャラに好きなセリフを言ってもらえる" 4907: 4873: 4136: 4050: 3845:"ゲームキャラ音声読み上げソフト「15.ai」公開中。『Undertale』や『Portal』のキャラに好きなセリフを言ってもらえる" 3828: 894:

unless the many variations are taken into account. For example, in

488:(NTT) in 1966. Further developments in LPC technology were made by 7161: 6797: 6385: 6286: 6214: 6114: 6088: 6063: 5982: 5607:(Master of Music Music thesis). Florida International University. 3361:

T. Dutoit, V. Pagel, N. Pierret, F. Bataille, O. van der Vrecken.

3194:"Ann Syrdal, Who Helped Give Computers a Female Voice, Dies at 74" 2678:, Helsinki University of Technology, Retrieved on November 4, 2006 2375: 2357: 2304: 2238: 2105: 1913: 1825: 1791: 1702: 1689: 1649: 1620: 1562: 1508: 1497:

index applied on the integrated linear prediction residual of the

1159: 1138: 961: 858: 809:), duration, position in the syllable, and neighboring phones. At 572: 564: 529: 398: 314: 192:

A text-to-speech system (or "engine") is composed of two parts: a

4979:"Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videos" 2347:

which incorporated text-to-phonetics software based on work from

2097:

incorporated the Texas Instruments TMS5220 speech synthesis chip.

849:

of a sentence is superimposed on these minimal units by means of

6683: 6144: 4833:"Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project (SSSHP) 1986–2002" 4639: 2961: 2300: 2287:

have been established for the rendition of text as speech in an

1231:(also known as voice cloning or deepfake audio) is a product of 1052: 1004: 774: 6415: 5868: 5658: 4588:"1400XL/1450XL Speech Handler External Reference Specification" 648:, for which the game's developer, Hiroshi Suzuki, developed a " 6958: 5644: 4931: 4399: 4232:"Deepfake Audio Boom Exploits One Billion-Dollar Startup's AI" 3737: 2832:"Where "HAL" First Spoke (Bell Labs Speech Synthesis website)" 2288: 2206:

2D video forgery techniques were presented in 2016 that allow

2111: 2067:

and Open Sesame), also had games utilizing software synthesis.

2007: 1977: 1331: 706:

The most important qualities of a speech synthesis system are

387:

and colleagues discovered acoustic cues for the perception of

305:

won the first prize in a competition announced by the Russian

3758:

Remez, R.; Rubin, P.; Pisoni, D.; Carrell, T. (22 May 1981).

3039:

Multilingual Text-to-Speech Synthesis: The Bell Labs Approach

2556:

Allen, Jonathan; Hunnicutt, M. Sharon; Klatt, Dennis (1987).

177:

to listen to written words on a home computer. Many computer

4981:. Proc. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), IEEE 1804: 1293:

techniques are used to guess the proper way to disambiguate

58: 4423:. University of Portsmouth. January 9, 2008. Archived from 1712:

MacinTalk 2 demo featuring the Mr. Hughes and Marvin voices

1675:

to enable World English Spelling text-to-speech synthesis.

1478: 683:

Synthesized voices typically sounded male until 1990, when

5120:. St. Petersburg, Russian Federation: IEEE. pp. 1–5. 2140:

and others use speech synthesis for automobile navigation.

1816:, introduced in 1985. The voice synthesis was licensed by 1148:

Speech synthesis example using the HiFi-GAN neural vocoder

3955:"This Podcast Is Not Hosted by AI Voice Clones. We Swear" 181:

have included speech synthesizers since the early 1990s.

86:

A synthetic voice announcing an arriving train in Sweden.

5255:"Code Geass Speech Synthesizer Service Offered in Japan" 4723:"Accessibility Tutorials for Windows XP: Using Narrator" 3286:

Perfect synthesis for all of the people all of the time.

2703:

Mattingly, Ignatius G. (1974). Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.).

2451:

synthesizer, developed by Jorge C. Lucero et al. at the

1748:(10.4). During 10.4 (Tiger) and first releases of 10.5 ( 1682:

computers were sold with "stspeech.tos" on floppy disk.

4124:"Deepfake Detection: Current Challenges and Next Steps" 2705:"Speech synthesis for phonetic and phonological models" 1300:

Recently TTS systems have begun to use HMMs (discussed

1099:) of speech are modeled simultaneously by HMMs. Speech 360:

developed a keyboard-operated voice-synthesizer called

34: 5412:"Generative AI Podcasts Are Here. Prepare to Be Bored" 5114:"Speech Synthesis System for People with Disabilities" 4439:"Smile – And The World Can Hear You, Even If You Hide" 4083:

Weaponised deep fakes: National security and democracy

1820:

from SoftVoice, Inc., who also developed the original

1764:

application that converts text to audible speech. The

968:

of artificial speech. This method is sometimes called

110:. A computer system used for this purpose is called a 5159:"Personalizing TTS Voices for Progressive Dysarthria" 4458:"The vocal communication of different kinds of smile" 4183:

Diakopoulos, Nicholas; Johnson, Deborah (June 2020).

3484:. World Future Society. 1978. pp. 359, 360, 361. 3338:"Pitch-Synchronous Overlap and Add (PSOLA) Synthesis" 3257:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 3138:. Vol. 11, no. 2. pp. 134-175 (160-3). 1663:

Arguably, the first speech system integrated into an

1402:, a process which is often called text-to-phoneme or 5641:

Simulated singing with the singing robot Pavarobotti

4354:"AI-Generated Voice Deepfakes Aren't Scary Good—Yet" 3439:"1960 - Rudy the Robot - Michael Freeman (American)" 1964:

and gadgets that can read messages directly from an

7139: 7094: 7049: 7021: 6981: 6926: 6848: 6836: 6767: 6724: 6696: 6644: 6507: 6449: 6358: 6300: 6274: 6223: 6172: 6097: 6006: 5995: 5965: 5911: 5902: 5834: 5811: 5773: 5736: 5551: 5055:Brunow, David A.; Cullen, Theresa A. (2021-07-03). 4081:Smith, Hannah; Mansted, Katherine (April 1, 2020). 3760:"Speech perception without traditional speech cues" 2161:

Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems

1991:A growing field in Internet based TTS is web-based 1870:. SAPI 4.0 was available as an optional add-on for 1079:HMM-based synthesis is a synthesis method based on 345:". In 1923, Paget resurrected Wheatstone's design. 5211:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 4697:"Translator Library (Multilingual-speech version)" 3650:Lucero, J. C.; Schoentgen, J.; Behlau, M. (2013). 3497:, J.L. Gauvain, B. Prouts, C. Bouhier, R. Boesch. 3323:William Yang Wang and Kallirroi Georgila. (2011). 3153:. Vol. 1. SMG Szczepaniak. pp. 544–615. 2856:Anthropomorphic Talking Robot Waseda-Talker Series 2621: 2557: 1572:TI-99/4A speech demo using the built-in vocabulary 1285:Most text-to-speech (TTS) systems do not generate 582:Speech output from Fidelity Voice Chess Challenger 220:to each word, and divides and marks the text into 5387:"AI Can Clone Your Favorite Podcast Host's Voice" 4894:Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 4860:Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 3930:"AI Can Clone Your Favorite Podcast Host's Voice" 2980: 2978: 2432:using 15.ai and external voice control software. 1671:computers. These used the Votrax SC01 chip and a 543:Dominant systems in the 1980s and 1990s were the 5552:"Usage of text-to-speech in AI video generation" 5002:Synthesizing Obama: Learning Lip Sync from Audio 3132:"The Replay Years: Reflections from Eddie Adlum" 1608:Voice Synthesis module in 1982. It included the 1125:(main bands of energy) with pure tone whistles. 1103:are generated from HMMs themselves based on the 403:Computer and speech synthesizer housing used by 364:(Voice Demonstrator), which he exhibited at the 5230:"Speech Synthesis Software for Anime Announced" 2424:allows for interaction with mobile devices via 2006:Other work is being done in the context of the 149:pieces of recorded speech that are stored in a 4770:"An introduction to Text-To-Speech in Android" 3652:"Physics-based synthesis of disordered voices" 3499:Generation and Synthesis of Broadcast Messages 3151:The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers 2718:. Mouton, The Hague: 2451–2487. Archived from 1936:are available through third-party publishers. 1513:A speech synthesis kit produced by Bell System 6427: 5880: 5670: 1923:Votrax Type 'N Talk speech synthesizer (1980) 8: 4922:"Fake voices 'help cyber-crooks steal cash'" 4534:IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Language Processing 3610:Escape from the Planet of the Robot Monsters 3179:Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project 2925:Zheng, F.; Song, Z.; Li, L.; Yu, W. (1998). 2745:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2587:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2428:interfaces. Some users have also created AI 1736:has evolved into a fully supported program, 1312:is frequently difficult in these languages. 3087:: "Talking electronic game", April 27, 1982 2676:History and Development of Speech Synthesis 2041:which uses articulatory synthesis from the 1995:, e.g. 'Browsealoud' from a UK company and 1866:components to support speech synthesis and 1744:was for the first time featured in 2005 in 1716:The first speech system integrated into an 1577:with speech during this promotion included 1366:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1324:" being rendered as "Ulysses South Grant". 321:notation: , , , and ). There followed the 18: 6845: 6641: 6434: 6420: 6412: 6003: 5908: 5887: 5873: 5865: 5677: 5663: 5655: 5470:"Can A.I. Be Funny? This Troupe Thinks So" 4619:"It Sure Is Great To Get Out Of That Bag!" 2988:. IEEE Global History Network. 20 May 2009 2146:produced a music synthesizer in 1999, the 2029:which supports a broad range of languages. 1948:added support for speech synthesis (TTS). 462:computer sings the same song as astronaut 5612: 5080: 4906: 4889:"Neural Voice Cloning with a Few Samples" 4872: 4135: 4049: 3827: 3546:Star Trek: Strategic Operations Simulator 3314:, masters thesis, Section 5.6 on page 54. 2894: 1386:Learn how and when to remove this message 609:to feature speech synthesis was the 1980 1976:. Some specialized software can narrate 1301: 964:levels are varied over time to create a 511:In 1975, Fumitada Itakura developed the 247:conversion. Phonetic transcriptions and 183: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 7188:Applications of artificial intelligence 4725:. Microsoft. 2011-01-29. Archived from 4195:(7) (published 2020-06-05): 2072–2098. 3734:"The HMM-based Speech Synthesis System" 2952: 2950: 2548: 2381:Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 694:Kurzweil predicted in 2005 that as the 20: 5165:. Athens, Greece: IEEE. pp. 1–4. 4100: 2560:From Text to Speech: The MITalk system 2345:Kurzweil Reading Machine for the Blind 2291:-compliant format. The most recent is 2102:Texas Instruments TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A 435:. Kelly's voice recorder synthesizer ( 106:is the artificial production of human 93: 7208:History of human–computer interaction 5649:how the robot synthesized the singing 4087:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 3693: 3691: 3645: 3643: 3622:John Holmes and Wendy Holmes (2001). 2384:. 15.ai has been frequently used for 2351:and a black-box synthesizer built by 1473:by Amy Drahota and colleagues at the 547:system, based largely on the work of 476:, began development with the work of 307:Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts 145:Synthesized speech can be created by 51:Artificial production of human speech 7: 6893:Simple Knowledge Organization System 4327:Etienne, Vanessa (August 19, 2021). 3736:. Hts.sp.nitech.ac.j. Archived from 3578:Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 2536:Text to speech in digital television 1667:was the circa 1983 unreleased Atari 1414:to describe distinctive sounds in a 1364:adding citations to reliable sources 1152:Deep learning speech synthesis uses 138:into speech. The reverse process is 5305:Yoshiyuki, Furushima (2021-01-18). 4421:"Smile -and the world can hear you" 3873:Yoshiyuki, Furushima (2021-01-18). 3006:Billi, Roberto; Canavesio, Franco; 2395:My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic 2262:My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic 2118:included VoiceType, a precursor to 1740:, for people with vision problems. 443:", with musical accompaniment from 132:symbolic linguistic representations 6205:Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips 5604:Vocal Synthesis and Deep Listening 5385:Ashworth, Boone (April 12, 2023). 5257:. Animenewsnetwork.com. 2008-09-09 4695:Devitt, Francesco (30 June 1995). 4230:Murphy, Margi (20 February 2024). 3928:Ashworth, Boone (April 12, 2023). 3468:. New York Media, LLC. 1979-07-30. 3108:Gaming's most important evolutions 1559:Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips 1539:Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips 502:Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips 391:segments (consonants and vowels). 327:acoustic-mechanical speech machine 49: 6908:Thesaurus (information retrieval) 4772:. Android-developers.blogspot.com 2786:Lambert, Bruce (March 21, 1992). 2501:Comparison of speech synthesizers 2279:Speech synthesis markup languages 1956:Currently, there are a number of 1170:model used by the application is 313:that could produce the five long 309:for models he built of the human 6282:Speech Synthesis Markup Language 5943:Festival Speech Synthesis System 5126:10.1109/WECONF55058.2022.9803600 4835:. Mindspring.com. Archived from 4768:Jean-Michel Trivi (2009-09-23). 3624:Speech Synthesis and Recognition 3407:"Education: Marvel of The Bronx" 3175:"A Short History of Computalker" 2943:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2914:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2476:This section is an excerpt from 2293:Speech Synthesis Markup Language 2033:Festival Speech Synthesis System 2022:systems are available, such as: 1427:, approach to learning reading. 1336: 1220:This section is an excerpt from 662:produced the first multi-player 188:Overview of a typical TTS system 94:Problems playing this file? See 74: 6044:Microsoft text-to-speech voices 5601:Bruno, Chelsea A (2014-03-25). 5317:from the original on 2021-01-18 5287:from the original on 2021-01-19 4668:Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 4146:10.1109/icmew46912.2020.9105991 4060:10.21437/speechprosody.2020-190 3885:from the original on 2021-01-18 3855:from the original on 2021-01-19 2986:"Fumitada Itakura Oral History" 1455:Prosodics and emotional content 319:International Phonetic Alphabet 303:Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein 6489:Natural language understanding 5577:"AI Text to speech for videos" 5027:"Voice Cloning for the Masses" 4388:. World Wide Web Organization. 3130:Adlum, Eddie (November 1985). 2651:Computer Speech & Language 2564:. Cambridge University Press. 2341:voice output communication aid 1659:Atari ST speech synthesis demo 1135:Deep learning speech synthesis 1095:(voice source), and duration ( 486:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone 1: 7013:Optical character recognition 5275:Kurosawa, Yuki (2021-01-19). 5171:10.1109/BHI50953.2021.9508522 5073:10.1080/07380569.2021.1953362 4107:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 3843:Kurosawa, Yuki (2021-01-19). 3667:10.21437/Interspeech.2013-161 2712:Current Trends in Linguistics 2128:Navigation units produced by 1720:that shipped in quantity was 1545:Hardware and software systems 1524:General Instrument SP0256-AL2 1265:Text normalization challenges 1129:Deep learning-based synthesis 419:in Japan. In 1961, physicist 267:Long before the invention of 216:. The front-end then assigns 6706:Multi-document summarization 4952:Drew, Harwell (2019-09-04). 4519:10.1016/j.specom.2003.05.001 4477:10.1016/j.specom.2007.10.001 4259:10.1007/978-981-16-0733-2_39 3986:Wiggers, Kyle (2023-06-20). 3712:10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.07.017 3393:10.1016/j.specom.2003.05.001 3024:10.1016/0167-6393(95)00030-R 2883:Found. Trends Signal Process 2806:"Arthur C. Clarke Biography" 2624:Progress in Speech Synthesis 2339:usually through a dedicated 1461:Emotional speech recognition 950:physical modelling synthesis 658:, also dates from 1980. The 644:), released in 1980 for the 114:, and can be implemented in 7036:Latent Dirichlet allocation 7008:Natural language generation 6873:Machine-readable dictionary 6868:Linguistic Linked Open Data 6443:Natural language processing 5468:Fadulu, Lola (2023-07-06). 5033:. The Batch. Archived from 3037:Sproat, Richard W. (1997). 2834:. Bell Labs. Archived from 2511:Orca (assistive technology) 2455:, simulates the physics of 2426:natural language processing 2163:(NeurIPS) researchers from 1531:DT1050 Digitalker (Mozer – 1188:is primarily known for its 553:natural language processing 417:Electrotechnical Laboratory 7224: 6788:Explicit semantic analysis 6537:Deep linguistic processing 5643:or a description from the 5367:(in Polish). April 9, 2023 3149:Szczepaniak, John (2014). 2475: 1907: 1847: 1556: 1458: 1328:Text-to-phoneme challenges 1219: 1178:of a generated line using 1132: 1114: 1025: 741: 691:, created a female voice. 689:AT&T Bell Laboratories 634:with speech synthesis was 366:1939 New York World's Fair 7203:Computational linguistics 6631:Word-sense disambiguation 6484:Computational linguistics 6210:General Instrument SP0256 5693: 5025:Ng, Andrew (2020-04-01). 4674:Publishing Company, Inc. 4546:10.1109/TASL.2013.2273717 2958:"List of IEEE Milestones" 1604:game console offered the 1487:discrete cosine transform 1180:emotional contextualizers 1003:, and in the early 1980s 885:Domain-specific synthesis 867:discrete cosine transform 851:digital signal processing 822:digital signal processing 7157:Natural Language Toolkit 7081:Pronunciation assessment 6983:Automatic identification 6813:Latent semantic analysis 6769:Distributional semantics 6654:Compound-term processing 6552:Named-entity recognition 6024:Software Automatic Mouth 5061:Computers in the Schools 5007:University of Washington 4644:Amazon Web Services, Inc 4201:10.1177/1461444820925811 4036:Zhu, Jian (2020-05-25). 3253:Text-to-speech synthesis 2874:Gray, Robert M. (2010). 2526:Speech-generating device 2496:Chinese speech synthesis 2223:University of Washington 2043:Free Software Foundation 1858:desktop systems can use 1636:Software Automatic Mouth 1630:A demo of SAM on the C64 1475:University of Portsmouth 1406:-to-phoneme conversion ( 898:dialects of English the 855:linear predictive coding 753:Unit selection synthesis 702:Synthesizer technologies 591:Telesensory Systems Inc. 470:Linear predictive coding 31:latest accepted revision 7061:Automated essay scoring 7031:Document classification 6698:Automatic summarization 6371:Concatenative synthesis 6256:Microsoft Speech Server 6125:NIAONiao Virtual Singer 5614:10.25148/etd.fi14040802 4750:. Microsoft. 2007-05-07 4247:"Deepfake: An Overview" 4189:New Media & Society 4044:. ISCA: ISCA: 930–934. 3787:10.1126/science.7233191 3574:The Empire Strikes Back 3288:IEEE TTS Workshop 2002. 3222:The Singularity is Near 3192:CadeMetz (2020-08-20). 2521:Silent speech interface 2295:(SSML), which became a 2237:web application called 1890:Microsoft Speech Server 1818:Commodore International 1634:Also released in 1982, 1469:A study in the journal 1233:artificial intelligence 1014:arcade games using the 948:and an acoustic model ( 873:, that was invented by 744:Concatenative synthesis 738:Concatenation synthesis 725:concatenative synthesis 666:using voice synthesis, 218:phonetic transcriptions 136:phonetic transcriptions 6918:Universal Dependencies 6611:Terminology extraction 6594:Semantic decomposition 6589:Semantic role labeling 6579:Part-of-speech tagging 6547:Information extraction 6532:Coreference resolution 6522:Collocation extraction 6366:Articulatory synthesis 6320:Franklin Seaney Cooper 4977:Thies, Justus (2016). 4666:; et al. (1991). 3706:(5): 639.e17–639.e23. 3097:Voice Chess Challenger 2663:10.1006/csla.1994.1005 2506:List of screen readers 2453:University of Brasília 2366: 2178:Also researchers from 1931:Text-to-speech systems 1924: 1809: 1802: 1713: 1700: 1660: 1631: 1573: 1529:National Semiconductor 1514: 1489:in the source domain ( 1149: 1028:Articulatory synthesis 1022:Articulatory synthesis 952:). Parameters such as 696:cost-performance ratio 660:Milton Bradley Company 632:personal computer game 583: 570: 562: 540: 439:) recreated the song " 408: 374:and his colleagues at 372:Dr. Franklin S. Cooper 189: 70:Automatic announcement 63: 6679:Sentence segmentation 6335:Wolfgang von Kempelen 6115:CeVIO Creative Studio 6074:CeVIO Creative Studio 5957:Automatik Text Reader 5803:Karplus–Strong string 3626:(2nd ed.). CRC. 3249:Taylor, Paul (2009). 3067:Gevaryahu, Jonathan, 2414:SpongeBob SquarePants 2361: 2214:in existing 2D video. 2201:Human image synthesis 2090:, and the Bebook Neo. 1968:and web pages from a 1922: 1808: 1800: 1782:Software as a Service 1711: 1698: 1658: 1629: 1571: 1512: 1465:Prosody (linguistics) 1443:Evaluation challenges 1147: 1093:fundamental frequency 1057:University of Calgary 1010:machines and in many 970:rules-based synthesis 954:fundamental frequency 803:fundamental frequency 599:Speak & Spell toy 581: 568: 561: 538: 455:2001: A Space Odyssey 402: 331:Wolfgang von Kempelen 187: 62: 7193:Assistive technology 7131:Voice user interface 6842:datasets and corpora 6783:Document-term matrix 6636:Word-sense induction 6330:Haskins Laboratories 6039:Microsoft Speech API 5854:Software synthesizer 5698:Frequency modulation 4507:Speech Communication 4465:Speech Communication 4456:Drahota, A. (2008). 4400:"Blizzard Challenge" 3381:Speech Communication 3344:on February 22, 2007 3012:Speech Communication 2812:on December 11, 1997 2349:Haskins Laboratories 2333:reading disabilities 2173:speaker verification 2155:Digital sound-alikes 2020:open-source software 1993:assistive technology 1784:in AWS (from 2017). 1673:finite state machine 1471:Speech Communication 1436:phonemic orthography 1410:is the term used by 1360:improve this section 1254:voice-authentication 1154:deep neural networks 1081:hidden Markov models 1040:in the mid-1970s by 1038:Haskins Laboratories 672:, in the same year. 494:Manfred R. Schroeder 421:John Larry Kelly, Jr 376:Haskins Laboratories 175:reading disabilities 7111:Interactive fiction 7041:Pachinko allocation 6998:Speech segmentation 6954:Google Ngram Viewer 6726:Machine translation 6716:Text simplification 6711:Sentence extraction 6599:Semantic similarity 5836:Digital synthesizer 4703:on 26 February 2012 4122:Lyu, Siwei (2020). 4042:Speech Prosody 2020 3779:1981Sci...212..947R 3606:Vindicators Part II 3517:Music and Computers 3514:Dartmouth College: 3008:Ciaramella, Alberto 2757:1987ASAJ...82..737K 2599:1981ASAJ...70..321R 2059:(Baseball) and the 1164:multi-speaker model 1075:HMM-based synthesis 879:the Bronx, New York 853:techniques such as 622:(known in Japan as 513:line spectral pairs 484:and Shuzo Saito of 21:Page version status 7121:Question answering 6993:Speech recognition 6858:Corpus linguistics 6838:Language resources 6621:Textual entailment 6604:Sentiment analysis 6340:Ignatius Mattingly 5813:Analog synthesizer 5775:Physical modelling 5533:. January 30, 2023 5501:Kanetkar, Riddhi. 5474:The New York Times 5234:Anime News Network 4789:Andreas Bischoff, 4573:2012-05-28 at the 4386:"Speech synthesis" 4352:Newman, Lily Hay. 4089:. pp. 11–13. 3910:. January 23, 2023 3566:Return of the Jedi 3523:2011-06-08 at the 3198:The New York Times 3113:2011-06-15 at the 2896:10.1561/2000000036 2861:2016-03-04 at the 2792:The New York Times 2430:virtual assistants 2422:speech recognition 2367: 2297:W3C recommendation 2212:facial expressions 2210:counterfeiting of 2169:transfers learning 2084:PocketBook eReader 1925: 1868:speech recognition 1810: 1803: 1762:command-line based 1730:speech recognition 1714: 1701: 1661: 1632: 1574: 1515: 1505:Dedicated hardware 1242:speech translation 1150: 1117:Sinewave synthesis 1111:Sinewave synthesis 1105:maximum likelihood 1085:frequency spectrum 946:additive synthesis 875:Michael J. Freeman 624:Speak & Rescue 584: 571: 563: 541: 447:. Coincidentally, 423:and his colleague 409: 395:Electronic devices 339:Charles Wheatstone 203:text normalization 190: 171:visual impairments 140:speech recognition 112:speech synthesizer 64: 27: 7198:Auditory displays 7170: 7169: 7126:Virtual assistant 7051:Computer-assisted 6977: 6976: 6734:Computer-assisted 6692: 6691: 6684:Word segmentation 6646:Text segmentation 6584:Semantic analysis 6572:Syntactic parsing 6557:Ontology learning 6409: 6408: 6315:Catherine Browman 6168: 6167: 5991: 5990: 5978:Lyricos / Flinger 5862: 5861: 5849:Scanned synthesis 5788:Digital waveguide 5703:Linear arithmetic 5180:978-1-6654-0358-0 5135:978-1-6654-7083-4 4681:978-0-201-56776-2 4577:." June 14, 2001. 4540:(12): 2471–2480. 4268:978-981-16-0732-5 4155:978-1-7281-1485-9 3773:(4497): 947–949. 3633:978-0-7484-0856-6 3556:Examples include 3536:Examples include 3505:, September 1993. 3465:New York Magazine 3443:cyberneticzoo.com 3367:ICSLP Proceedings 3327:, IEEE ASRU 2011. 3297:John Kominek and 3235:978-0-14-303788-0 3218:Kurzweil, Raymond 3048:978-0-7923-8027-6 2635:978-0-387-94701-3 2571:978-0-521-30641-6 2531:Speech processing 2471:Singing synthesis 2337:speech impairment 2233:In March 2020, a 1920: 1844:Microsoft Windows 1798: 1709: 1696: 1656: 1627: 1569: 1553:Texas Instruments 1491:linear prediction 1434:Languages with a 1425:synthetic phonics 1396: 1395: 1388: 1145: 1046:Bell Laboratories 1016:TMS5220 LPC Chips 1001:Speak & Spell 997:Texas Instruments 937:Formant synthesis 931:context-sensitive 833:Diphone synthesis 787:speech recognizer 603:Texas Instruments 579: 536: 506:Speak & Spell 482:Nagoya University 472:(LPC), a form of 286:(1198–1280), and 272:signal processing 179:operating systems 81: 39:17 September 2024 7215: 7183:Speech synthesis 7147:Formal semantics 7096:Natural language 7003:Speech synthesis 6985:and data capture 6888:Semantic network 6863:Lexical resource 6846: 6664:Lexical analysis 6642: 6567:Semantic parsing 6436: 6429: 6422: 6413: 6251:Windows Narrator 6190:Pattern playback 6140:Symphonic Choirs 6004: 5909: 5896:Speech synthesis 5889: 5882: 5875: 5866: 5783:Banded waveguide 5708:Phase distortion 5679: 5672: 5665: 5656: 5632:Speech synthesis 5619: 5618: 5616: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5507:Business Insider 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5311:Denfaminicogamer 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5207: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5084: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5013: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4808: 4802: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729:on June 21, 2003 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4699:. 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Archived from 3764: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3700:Journal of Voice 3695: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3659:Interspeech 2013 3656: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3619: 3613: 3554: 3548: 3534: 3528: 3512: 3506: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3376: 3370: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3340:. Archived from 3334: 3328: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3256: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3127: 3121: 3105: 3099: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3076:Breslow, et al. 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2954: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2931: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2898: 2880: 2871: 2865: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2808:. 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Clarke 380:Pattern playback 278:" involved Pope 104:Speech synthesis 83: 82: 61: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7135: 7115:Syntax guessing 7097: 7090: 7076:Predictive text 7071:Grammar checker 7052: 7045: 7017: 6984: 6973: 6939:Bank of English 6922: 6850: 6841: 6832: 6763: 6720: 6688: 6640: 6542:Distant reading 6517:Argument mining 6503: 6499:Text processing 6445: 6440: 6410: 6405: 6354: 6302: 6296: 6270: 6219: 6164: 6093: 6034:Microsoft Agent 5998: 5987: 5961: 5898: 5893: 5863: 5858: 5844:Analog modeling 5830: 5821:Graphical sound 5807: 5769: 5732: 5689: 5686:Sound synthesis 5683: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5536: 5534: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5511: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5486: 5484: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5428: 5426: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5395: 5393: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5345: 5343: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5320: 5318: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5290: 5288: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5260: 5258: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5239: 5237: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5181: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5136: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5040: 5038: 5031:deeplearning.ai 5024: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5009: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4984: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4962: 4960: 4958:Washington Post 4951: 4950: 4946: 4937: 4935: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4842: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4788: 4784: 4775: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4753: 4751: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4648: 4646: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4575:Wayback Machine 4565: 4561: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4460: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4445:. January 2008. 4437: 4436: 4432: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4405: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4370: 4368: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4312: 4310: 4300:Washington Post 4294: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4279: 4269: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4168: 4166: 4156: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4099: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3971: 3969: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3938: 3936: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3888: 3886: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3858: 3856: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3743: 3741: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3641: 3634: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3555: 3551: 3535: 3531: 3525:Wayback Machine 3513: 3509: 3493: 3489: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3421: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3202: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3115:Wayback Machine 3106: 3102: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2956: 2955: 2948: 2940: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2863:Wayback Machine 2854: 2850: 2841: 2839: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2402:Team Fortress 2 2363:Stephen Hawking 2320: 2281: 2157: 2052: 2016: 1954: 1944:Version 1.6 of 1942: 1933: 1914: 1912: 1906: 1852: 1850:Microsoft Agent 1846: 1792: 1790: 1774: 1703: 1690: 1688: 1650: 1648: 1621: 1619: 1610:SP0256 Narrator 1595: 1563: 1561: 1555: 1547: 1507: 1467: 1457: 1445: 1392: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1357: 1341: 1330: 1306:parts of speech 1304:) to generate " 1267: 1262: 1246: 1245: 1225: 1217: 1215:Audio deepfakes 1139: 1137: 1131: 1119: 1113: 1077: 1030: 1024: 939: 917:). Likewise in 913:is realized as 887: 835: 765:, half-phones, 755: 746: 740: 713:intelligibility 704: 664:electronic game 628:Sun Electronics 573: 530: 405:Stephen Hawking 397: 284:Albertus Magnus 265: 238:text-to-phoneme 101: 100: 92: 90: 89: 88: 87: 84: 75: 72: 65: 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 7221: 7219: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7175: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7108: 7102: 7100: 7098:user interface 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7057: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6854: 6852: 6843: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6823:Word embedding 6820: 6815: 6810: 6803:Language model 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6754:Transfer-based 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6730: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6527:Concept mining 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6464: 6459: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6416: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6381:Inverse filter 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5817: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5793:Direct digital 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5746: 5744: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5638: 5627: 5626:External links 5624: 5621: 5620: 5593: 5568: 5543: 5518: 5493: 5460: 5443:Suciu, Peter. 5435: 5410:Knibbs, Kate. 5402: 5377: 5352: 5327: 5297: 5267: 5246: 5221: 5194: 5179: 5149: 5134: 5104: 5067:(3): 214–231. 5047: 5017: 4991: 4969: 4944: 4913: 4879: 4849: 4824: 4803: 4782: 4760: 4739: 4714: 4687: 4680: 4672:Addison-Wesley 4655: 4640:"Amazon Polly" 4631: 4621:. folklore.org 4610: 4579: 4559: 4524: 4513:(2): 143–154. 4497: 4494:on 2013-07-03. 4471:(4): 278–287. 4448: 4430: 4412: 4391: 4377: 4344: 4319: 4287: 4267: 4237: 4222: 4175: 4154: 4114: 4073: 4028: 4003: 3978: 3945: 3920: 3895: 3865: 3835: 3814: 3750: 3725: 3687: 3639: 3632: 3614: 3549: 3529: 3507: 3487: 3471: 3455: 3430: 3413:. 1974-04-01. 3398: 3387:(2): 143–154. 3371: 3354: 3329: 3316: 3303: 3290: 3274: 3267: 3241: 3234: 3209: 3184: 3166: 3160:978-0992926007 3159: 3141: 3122: 3100: 3089: 3069: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3029: 3018:(3): 263–271. 2998: 2974: 2946: 2917: 2889:(4): 203–303. 2866: 2848: 2823: 2797: 2778: 2735: 2695: 2680: 2668: 2641: 2634: 2612: 2593:(2): 321–328. 2577: 2570: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2325:screen readers 2319: 2316: 2280: 2277: 2259:from the show 2231: 2230: 2215: 2208:near real-time 2204: 2180:Baidu Research 2156: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2141: 2123: 2109: 2098: 2091: 2088:enTourage eDGe 2074:, such as the 2072:e-book readers 2068: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2036: 2030: 2015: 2012: 1974:Google Toolbar 1953: 1950: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1908:Main article: 1905: 1902: 1845: 1842: 1789: 1786: 1773: 1770: 1746:Mac OS X Tiger 1722:Apple Computer 1687: 1684: 1647: 1644: 1618: 1615: 1594: 1591: 1557:Main article: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1526: 1521: 1506: 1503: 1456: 1453: 1444: 1441: 1420:pronunciations 1394: 1393: 1344: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1238:text-to-speech 1229:audio deepfake 1226: 1222:Audio deepfake 1218: 1216: 1213: 1133:Main article: 1130: 1127: 1115:Main article: 1112: 1109: 1076: 1073: 1026:Main article: 1023: 1020: 986:microprocessor 938: 935: 902:in words like 886: 883: 834: 831: 754: 751: 742:Main article: 739: 736: 703: 700: 637:Manbiki Shoujo 490:Bishnu S. Atal 425:Louis Gerstman 396: 393: 385:Alvin Liberman 352:developed the 348:In the 1930s, 282:(d. 1003 AD), 264: 261: 257:target prosody 222:prosodic units 208:pre-processing 124:text-to-speech 91: 85: 73: 68: 67: 66: 57: 56: 55: 50: 48: 28: 22: 19: 17: 16: 15: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7220: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7152:Hallucination 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7086:Spell checker 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6980: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6898:Speech corpus 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6878:Parallel text 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6839: 6835: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6739:Example-based 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6669:Text chunking 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6659:Lemmatisation 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6509:Text analysis 6506: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450:General terms 6448: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6402: 6401:Voice cloning 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6391:Phase vocoder 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6310:Alan W. Black 6308: 6307: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6054:Voice browser 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5994: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904:Free software 5901: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5883: 5878: 5876: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5765:Concatenative 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5597: 5594: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5494: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5461: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5436: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5403: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5378: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5298: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5268: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5048: 5037:on 2020-08-07 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5018: 5008: 5004: 5003: 4995: 4992: 4980: 4973: 4970: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4945: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4867:: 4485–4495, 4866: 4862: 4861: 4853: 4850: 4839:on 2013-10-03 4838: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4799:0-7695-2932-1 4796: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4600:on 2012-03-24 4596: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4443:Science Daily 4440: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4402:. Festvox.org 4401: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4345: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4176: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4029: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4004: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3953:WIRED Staff. 3949: 3946: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3921: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3866: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3815: 3804:on 2011-12-16 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3740:on 2012-02-13 3739: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3538:Astro Blaster 3533: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3310:Julia Zhang. 3307: 3304: 3300: 3299:Alan W. Black 3294: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3282:Alan W. 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