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514:. A Shrine erected in honor of Mary under this title was inaugurated in 2014. Reports of unusually radiant, glowing rosary beads were followed by a number of brief visions of Our Lady appearing to housewife and mother-of-two Gladys Motta developed into a series of interior locutions over several years, beginning on October 13 the anniversary of apparitions at
765:
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indicates that the practice of meeting together was an important part of the
Christian faith from the very early days: "let us not give up the habit of meeting together... instead, let us encourage one another all the more" (Hebrews 10:25). Prior to the fourth century, Christians worshiped in private
608:
is a key national and religious icon in Mexico. The series of Marian churches on
Tepeyac hill that have housed the tilma since 1531 have received an ever-increasing number of pilgrims and the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe (one of the largest churches in the world) was constructed in 1974 to
321:) is still played from the top of the taller of St. Mary's two towers, the noon-time hejnał being heard across Poland and abroad broadcast live by the Polish national Radio 1 Station. St. Mary's in Kraków also served as an architectural model for many of the churches that were built by the
472:, Italy, has a similar story. In 1490 a peasant Benedetto Pareto reported that the Virgin Mary had asked him to build a chapel on a mountain. Pareto reported that he replied that he was only a poor man and would not be able to do that, but he was told by the Virgin Mary:
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in 1858. Both saints reported visions in which a miraculous lady on a hill asked them to request that the local priests build a chapel at that site of the vision. Both visions had a reference to roses and led to very large churches being built at the sites. Like
429:, 1917. The local administrator initially jailed the children and threatened that he would boil them one by one in a pot of oil. Yet, eventually with millions of followers and Catholic believers, the reported visions at Fatima gathered respect and Popes
254:, the major Marian churches receive over 30 million pilgrims per year. In December 2009, the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe set a new record with 6.1 million pilgrims during Friday and Saturday for the anniversary of Our Lady of Guadalipe.
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in Buenos Aires province, Argentina was inaugurated May 25, 2014. It houses an historical statue of Our Lady identified by private revelations to a lay woman of the diocese that occurred over a number of years, and were documented in a book by
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There are remarkable similarities in the accounts of the reported visions which have led to the construction of the churches. Two cases in point are the largest Marian churches in Mexico and France, based on the reported Marian apparitions to
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carrying the Christ Child. Occurring at the close of the twentieth century the messages mirror those given at the beginning of the twentieth century to young shepherds in
Portugal where the Virgin Mary reportedly identified herself as the
1031:
was built to give thanks to thank the Virgin Mary for the city's deliverance from the plague. The church is full of Marian symbolism – the great dome represents her crown, and the eight sides the eight points on her symbolic star.
246:(not a Marian shrine) and Our Lady of Aparecida in Brazil. While in 1968 Aparecida had about four million pilgrims, the number has since reached eight million pilgrims per year. Given the millions of visitors per year to
1012:, Spain, is a Baroque church built upon previous churches at the same site, dating back to the Romanesque period. Being a large rectangle with a nave and two aisles, with two other all-brick chapels, it has a typically
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Major Marian churches at times house major Marian symbols or icons and the interplay between churches and these symbols can reinforce the effect of Marian devotions. For instance, the
Borghese or Pauline Chapel of the
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1152:. The original plans called for a gothic structure, but were changed in 1918. It was decided at that time to build a structure with a Romanesque exterior and a Byzantine-style interior. From 1974 to 1976, a new
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The modern period has witnessed unprecedented growth both for Marian churches and for papal and popular support for
Marilogy, with a significant increase in the number of pilgrims to Marian shrines.
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in 1436 and was the first 'octagonal' dome in history to be built without a wooden supporting frame and was the largest dome built at the time (it is still the largest masonry dome in the world).
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Following approval of the spiritual merits by local religious authorities, a new church dedicated to Marian devotion under this title was erected as requested by Our Lady during the apparitions.
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which was formed with a $ 25 donation for a typewriter in 1949 and now has thousands of volunteers who have distributed hundreds of millions of free rosaries to
Catholic missions worldwide.
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have resulted in the construction of major Marian churches. Some of the very largest
Catholic Marian churches in the world did not start based on a decisions made by informed theologians in
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dealt with the major objection to Mary's sinlessness from conception, that being her need for redemption. Popes issued degrees and authorized feasts and processions in honor of Mary.
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1172:. It is the most important pilgrimage site in Mexico and perpetual adoration takes place there by many people. By using its atrium, 40,000 people can attend mass at the basilica.
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is also a good example of a French Gothic cathedral. Its two contrasting spires and the complex flying buttresses that surround it capture key architectural elements of the time.
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carried from Santa Maria
Maggiore through Rome to initiate the first Marian year in Church history. In 1954, the icon was crowned by Pius XII as he introduced a new Marian feast
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55:
The construction and dedication of Marian churches is often indicative of the
Mariological trends within a period, such as a papal reign. For instance, the 1955 rededication by
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604:(cloak) of Saint Juan Diego on which the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe is said to have been miraculously imprinted, where he had gathered roses. Saint Juan Diego's
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stated: "Thanks to the countless Marian shrines dotting the nations of the continent, devotion to Mary is very strong and widespread among the peoples of Europe."
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48:, and today they can be found on every continent including Antarctica. The history of Marian church architecture tells the unfolding story of the development of
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Two major Marian
Basilicas were built in North America during the 20th Century in the capital cities of Mexico and the U.S. The first was the Basilica of the
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Baroque literature on Mary experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of Mariological writings during the 17th century alone with contributors such as
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Popes have at times viewed the existence of Marian churches as a key to the spread of Marian devotions, e.g. as he entrusted Europe to the Virgin Mary, Pope
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shows the Gothic style of design at its height. The basilica is a good example of late gothic architecture with many Renaissance elements and adornments.
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1984:
167:, date from the first part of the fifth century and house some of the earliest forms of public Marian art. The church of Santa Maria Maggiore is now a
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that surrounds it and its imposing triple-aisled vaulted design influenced the development of Romanesque architecture in the 11th and 12th centuries.
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but based on the statements of young and less-than-sophisticated people about their religious experiences on remote (and often unheard of) hilltops.
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725:. It combines the work of three design periods: the heavy and severe character of the Romanesque nave contrasting with the Transitional work of the
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1928:
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1164:, was built next to the 1709 church which was no longer safe due to weakened foundations. Both buildings are at the site of the apparition of
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803:, where the kings of France were once crowned, exemplifies the heavier Gothic architecture present in the northern Franco-Germanic areas.
134:, and resulted in both architectural and artistic development. In the following decades, congregations built churches for public worship.
785:. Its sculptures and stained glass show the heavy influence of naturalism, giving them a more secular look that was lacking from earlier
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476:. After falling from a tree, Pareto changed his mind and built a small wooden room that was eventually enlarged to the present shrine.
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Giovanni Meriana, Guida ai santuari della Liguria (Guide of shrines in Liguria), Sagep Editrice publisher, Genoa (Italy), 1990.
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This early period, also included growth and development in other aspects of Mariology, with activities by key figures such as
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The progress of Marian church architectures manifests both the progress of architecture and the spread of Marian devotions.
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was issued in 313, Christians were permitted to worship and build churches openly. The generous and systematic patronage of
556:, which has historically been the most important Catholic Marian art icon in Rome. On 1 April 1899, Eugenio Pacelli (later
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1619:
856:(1265–1268) created a poem on the seven joys of Mary, which in its form is considered an early version of the Franciscan
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And the trend has continued. The first approval for a Marian apparition in the 21st century was granted to the reported
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If there is a single Marian location that captures several types of architecture, it is the area surrounding the
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A good example of the continuation of Marian traditions from the Gothic period to the present day is found at
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2012:
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499:(who could not read or write) reported that a lady in white appeared to her on a remote mountain top in
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518:. Specific messages led to the discovery—and restoration to veneration—of a long-neglected statue of a
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may be one of the earliest Marian churches and is dated to the early 5th century, coinciding with the
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and eventually modern Marian church architectures may be viewed as a manifestation of the growth of
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Architecture in Communion: Implementing the Second Vatican Council through Liturgy and Architecture
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Bishop Cardelli approved as "worthy of belief" the apparitions associated with the Marian image of
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A Roskovany, conceptu immacolata ex monumentis omnium seculrorum demonstrate III, Budapest 1873
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emerged and became staples of monastic plainsong. Devotional practices grew in number. The
654:, is a very modern building that was completed in 1958 and is almost entirely underground.
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Some Marian churches are major pilgrimage sites. According to Bishop Francesco Giogia, the
219:, Brazil, is now the second-largest Catholic place of worship in the world, second only to
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wrote his highly influential Marian books that influenced several popes centuries later.
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211:, have seen significant additions to their art and architecture over the centuries. The
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155:, God-bearer, for the Mother of Christ was decided. The first Marian churches in Rome:
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in 431. It may have been built specifically for the council, during which the title of
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in the 19th century. The "Basilica of the Immaculate Conception" known widely as the
560:) celebrated his first Holy Mass there. Almost 50 years later, in 1953, Pius XII had
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This period also saw the growth of lay Marian devotional organizations such as free
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were equally young and without much education when they reported the apparition of
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complex is one of the largest and most visited Catholic churches in the Americas.
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67:, was a reflection of his being called "the most Marian pope". A year earlier,
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1020:, characteristic of the buildings of the region from the 17th century onwards.
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Some of the early Roman churches were quite small. An example is the church of
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at the very moment of her conception began to predominate, particularly after
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37:
2017:
1646:
Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, seminarians, and Consecrated Persons
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in Florence is another example of the beginnings of the early Renaissance.
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accommodate the over 5 million pilgrims that arrive there every year.
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and eleventh in the World. It houses a 200-year-old painting known as the
1175:
Other Marian churches started to appear around the globe. The Basilica of
3490:
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1599:
Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1
1434:
The Canons of the Two Hundred Holy and Blessed Fathers Who Met at Ephesus
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and one of the largest Romanesque churches in the world. The distinctive
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60:
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1183:, China, as the largest Christian church building in East Asia. The new
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is a good example of a Marian church in Rome that progressed beyond the
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was the most visited Catholic shrine in the world in 1999, followed by
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Mannerism: The Crisis of the Renaissance and the Origins of Modern Art
1023:
Some Marian churches are built as a response to specific events, e.g.
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2570:
1313:
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of Pope Pius X commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the dogma of
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1028:
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857:
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308:
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was introduced in 1716, the feast of the Seven Sorrows in 1727. The
175:(celebrated each 15 August) and the church includes major pieces of
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Italian Renaissance Architecture: from Brunelleschi to Michelangelo
682:, an ancient Roman sculpture which draws many visitors every year.
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1985:"The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception"
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913:
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355:
261:
95:
18:
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Theology In Stone: Church Architecture From Byzantium to Berkeley
671:
370:
27:
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Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia
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was the subject of over 300 publications. In this period Saint
646:, was consecrated in 1876 and is an elaborate building in the
1802:
What Mary Means to Christians: An Ancient Tradition Explained
491:
in France from 1664 to 1718. The approval was granted by the
1850:, Volume 1 by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002
1489:
Image and Relic: Mediating the Sacred in Early Medieval Rome
927:
is an example of the progression of architecture beyond the
1668:
by Raymond F. Bulman, Frederick J. Parrella 2006 Oxford UP
1293:
took the step of addressing the role of the Virgin Mary as
781:. It was among the first buildings in the world to use the
1757:
Moved by Mary: The Power of Pilgrimage in the Modern World
453:
voiced their acceptance of the supernatural origin of the
204:
portraying the Virgin Mary as a Queen in the 6th century.
71:
had proclaimed that title for the Virgin Mary in his 1954
44:. These churches were built throughout the history of the
196:
used Santa Maria Antiqua in the early 8th century as the
1568:
Eternal Word Television Network, Global Catholic Network
1131:
Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida
213:
Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida
186:(i.e. ancient St. Mary) built in the 5th century in the
84:
is an example of how the interplay between churches and
200:. This church includes the earliest Roman depiction of
171:, where the pope presides over the annual Feast of the
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declared in 1661, that the soul of Mary was free from
227:. In 1984 it was officially declared as "the largest
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Perhaps the ultimate example of this interplay is on
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A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method
402:is a major Catholic symbol in Mexico. And like the
2725:Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás
1974:F Zöpfl, Barocke Frömmigkeit, in Marienkunde, 577
1601:by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002
1240:both took major steps in establishing new Marian
2741:Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paray-le-Monial
1509:Icons and Power: the Mother of God in Byzantium
1086:for the whole Church in 1708. The feast of the
886:Marian architecture is the Dome of Basilica of
1230:Marian papal encyclicals and Apostolic Letters
1137:in the world and is surpassed in size only by
503:and asked her for a church to be built there.
2811:
2203:
1797:
1795:
1746:Vatican website: Marian entrustment of Europe
1308:was constructed between 1994 and 2004. It is
938:This period also saw unprecedented growth in
721:is one of the key architectural monuments in
311:. On every hour, a trumpet signal called the
8:
2720:Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei
2680:Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar
2144:The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia
1952:Ludwig Ott, Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma,
1820:
1818:
1146:National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception
678:Marian church. It is the site of the famous
2026:The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance
1759:by Anna-Karina Hermkens, Willy Jansen 2009
88:reinforces the effect of Marian devotions.
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3185:
3106:
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2818:
2804:
2796:
2685:Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal
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2299:
2210:
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2188:
1843:
1841:
1825:The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church
1312:'s largest church, the seventh largest in
495:in May 2008. Again, in this case, a young
317:(meaning "St. Mary's dawn" and pronounced
272:Through the centuries, the progression of
59:of the church of Saint James the Great in
3242:Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church
2115:, 1997, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc..
1804:by Peter Stravinskas 2012, Paulist Press
1550:by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann 2003
1323:Begun in 1987 the Sanctuary dedicated to
588:, the site of the reported apparition of
36:are religious buildings dedicated to the
2761:Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel
2710:Sanctuary of Our Lady of Graces of Onuva
2097:Brigitte Hintzen-Bohlen, Jurgen Sorges,
1409:
1407:
461:is now a major Marian church in Europe.
1812:chapter on "Lourdes, Fatima, Guadalupe"
1529:Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe
1463:
1461:
1357:
777:Cathedral is a prime example of French
506:In May 2016, the local ordinary of the
385:, (Guadalupe) Mexico in 1531 and Saint
466:Shrine of Nostra Signora della Guardia
258:Progression of architecture and belief
1391:Early Christian Art and Architecture
1325:Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás
1207:Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás
512:Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás
508:Diocese of San Nicolás de los Arroyos
298:veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary
7:
1318:Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland
2756:Shrine of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
2130:An Outline of European Architecture
2028:. Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company.
1688:, 1979 by Harvard Student Agencies
1221:distribution groups. An example is
1062:Baroque Mariology was supported by
894:. The cathedral was consecrated by
65:Mary, Queen of the World, Cathedral
1193:Basilica of Our Lady of Candelaria
1016:style and is illuminated by large
1006:Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar
14:
2675:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
2173:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.
2111:Janson, H.W., Anthony F. Janson,
1788:Pilgrims to Our Lady of Guadalupe
1154:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
1094:prayer was strongly supported by
879:Perhaps the key example of early
818:Italy is an excellent example of
598:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
540:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
408:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
236:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
3601:
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2778:
2700:Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes
2284:
2016:: "Ecclesiastical Architecture"
910:Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)
831:Notre-Dame Cathedral, Luxembourg
632:Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes
404:Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes
361:Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes
352:Apparition-based Marian churches
3630:Roman Catholic church buildings
2705:Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help
2695:Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima
1935:from the original on 2009-12-12
1910:from the original on 2009-11-20
1393:by R. L. P. Milburn (Feb 1991)
1302:Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lichen
1260:, and Pope Pius XII issued the
1185:Immaculate Conception Cathedral
903:Basilica of Santa Maria Novella
459:Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima
119:due to persecutions. After the
3569:Saint Luke painting the Virgin
2990:Miracle at the Wedding at Cana
2985:Finding of Jesus in the Temple
2715:Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens
1620:"Zenith News 14 December 2009"
1401:Univ California Press page 303
1:
2746:Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy
2040:Henry A. Millon, ed. (1994).
2024:Bartlett, Kenneth R. (1992).
1707:Polish folktales and folklore
1414:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places
840:issue in this period was the
531:Churches, icons and devotions
26:, the first Marian church in
2751:Sanctuary of Christ the King
1416:by Norbert C. Brockman 2011
337:, designed in the so-called
130:changed the fortunes of the
2600:Chaplet of the Divine Mercy
1728:by Richard Kieckhefer 2004
1507:Bissera V. Pentcheva, 2006
600:on Tepeyac hill houses the
419:Jacinta and Francisco Marto
413:Three Portuguese children,
305:St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków
300:in the Catholic tradition.
267:St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków
3656:
3640:Shrines to the Virgin Mary
1581:by Roberta C. Wigder 1977
1342:Shrines to the Virgin Mary
1170:Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin
756:prayer gained popularity.
696:, Germany, is an imposing
594:Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin
16:Type of religious building
3585:
3188:
3036:Bilocation to Saint James
2878:
2773:
2576:Rosary of the Holy Wounds
2388:Interpretation of tongues
2282:
2276:Visions of Jesus and Mary
2099:Rome and the Vatican City
1956:Ltd., Cork, Ireland, 1955
1666:From Trent to Vatican Two
1470:by John T. Paoletti 2005
1133:in Brazil is the largest
1082:ordered the feast of the
674:is an early example of a
481:visions of Jesus and Mary
198:see of the bishop of Rome
157:Santa Maria in Trastevere
80:. This encyclical on the
3088:Protoevangelium of James
2636:Chaplet of Saint Michael
2549:First Saturdays Devotion
2539:Immaculate Heart of Mary
2532:First Thursdays Devotion
2085:Harvard University Press
1468:Art in Renaissance Italy
1223:Our Lady's Rosary Makers
1025:Santa Maria della Salute
979:Santa Maria della Salute
729:and the fully developed
207:Other churches, such as
34:Catholic Marian churches
3479:Golden Madonna of Essen
3068:Woman of the Apocalypse
2641:Prayer to Saint Michael
2239:Apparitional experience
1827:by Matthew Bunson 2001
1705:Michał Malinowski 2008
1648:, Queenship Publishing
1447:by Timothy Verdon 2005
1228:During this period key
1191:, Philippines, and the
931:period and towards the
822:Gothic architecture by
787:Romanesque architecture
664:Santa Maria in Cosmedin
622:Santa Maria in Cosmedin
107:, 5th century, seat of
3356:Alma Redemptoris Mater
3305:Our Lady of Navigators
2785:Catholicism portal
2631:in the Catholic Church
2588:First Fridays Devotion
1929:"Catholic News Agency"
1904:"Catholic News Agency"
1548:Religions of the World
1369:on the Vatican website
1265:Munificentissimus Deus
1262:Apostolic constitution
1214:
1139:Saint Peter's Basilica
1126:
987:Santa Maria della Pace
982:
942:art with the likes of
876:
771:
652:Basilica of St. Pius X
640:Byzantine architecture
624:
542:
363:
339:Polish Cathedral style
269:
231:Church in the world."
111:
30:
3541:Theotokos of Vladimir
2970:Presentation of Jesus
2907:Immaculate Conception
2827:Mary, mother of Jesus
2612:Eucharistic adoration
2455:Normae Congregationis
2271:Vision (spirituality)
2013:Catholic Encyclopedia
1644:Raymond Burke, 2008,
1527:Anne J. Duggan, 2008
1380:Catholic encyclopedia
1258:Immaculate Conception
1205:
1166:Our Lady of Guadalupe
1119:Our Lady of Aparecida
1116:
1053:Immaculate Conception
977:
888:Santa Maria del Fiore
874:Santa Maria del Fiore
871:
842:Immaculate Conception
767:
680:La Bocca della Verità
620:
613:Architectural periods
590:Our Lady of Guadalupe
538:
501:Saint-Étienne-le-Laus
489:Saint-Étienne-le-Laus
400:Our Lady of Guadalupe
359:
325:abroad, particularly
274:Medieval architecture
265:
99:
63:, with the new title
22:
2356:Extraordinary graces
1885:Catholic News Agency
1871:Catholic News Agency
1177:Our Lady of She Shan
1041:Lawrence of Brindisi
993:façade, designed by
872:Dome of Basilica of
742:Bernard of Clairvaux
733:style of the choir.
715:Our Lady of Flanders
548:Santa Maria Maggiore
387:Bernadette Soubirous
244:San Giovanni Rotondo
221:St. Peter's Basilica
209:Santa Maria Maggiore
165:Santa Maria Maggiore
24:Santa Maria Maggiore
3523:Madonna del Rosario
3427:Maria mater gratiae
3403:Sub tuum praesidium
3361:Ave Regina caelorum
3315:Our Lady of Victory
3310:Our Lady of Sorrows
2953:Virginal motherhood
2927:Perpetual virginity
2605:Divine Mercy novena
2315:Miracle of Lanciano
2310:Eucharistic miracle
2244:Christian mysticism
1626:on 13 November 2011
1579:Brazil rediscovered
1445:Mary in Western Art
1283:Blessed Virgin Mary
966:among many others.
812:Santa Maria Assunta
806:Further south, the
779:Gothic architecture
775:Notre Dame de Paris
688:(also known as the
638:was built with the
562:Salus Populi Romani
553:Salus Populi Romani
525:Lady of the Rosary.
474:"Do not be afraid!"
396:Our Lady of Lourdes
248:Our Lady of Lourdes
202:Santa Maria Regina,
184:Santa Maria Antiqua
177:Catholic Marian art
161:Santa Maria Antiqua
101:Santa Maria Antiqua
42:Blessed Virgin Mary
3635:Catholic Mariology
3564:Life of the Virgin
3280:Life-giving Spring
3270:Help of Christians
2980:Return to Nazareth
2922:Marriage to Joseph
2527:Acts of reparation
2327:Miracle of the Sun
2219:Private revelation
1890:2008-05-13 at the
1330:Fr. Rene Laurentin
1215:
1127:
1096:Pope Benedict XIII
983:
901:The facade of the
877:
793:Chartres Cathedral
772:
769:Chartres Cathedral
625:
543:
423:Our Lady of Fátima
367:Marian apparitions
364:
270:
252:Our Lady of Fatima
173:Assumption of Mary
147:Council of Ephesus
112:
50:Catholic Mariology
31:
3617:
3616:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3485:The Golden Virgin
3205:Catholic churches
3177:
3176:
3096:
3095:
2975:Flight into Egypt
2965:Nativity of Jesus
2872:Brothers of Jesus
2793:
2792:
2769:
2768:
2622:Our Lady of Tears
2507:Mystical theology
2442:Code of canon law
2423:
2422:
2398:Word of Knowledge
2332:Odour of sanctity
2303:Miraculous events
2266:Religious ecstasy
2261:Marian apparition
2165:Schloeder, Steven
2146:, 1979, Octopus,
2138:978-0-14-020109-3
2132:, Pelican, 1964,
2063:Banister Fletcher
2046:Thames and Hudson
1487:Erik Thunø, 2003
1291:Redemptoris Mater
1287:Pope John Paul II
1285:. More recently,
1141:in Vatican City.
1100:Pope Benedict XIV
1057:Louis de Montfort
1045:Robert Bellarmine
995:Pietro da Cortona
948:Sandro Botticelli
940:venerative Marian
925:Leonardo da Vinci
912:, famous for the
744:. Chants such as
650:style, while the
566:Queenship of Mary
383:Cerro del Tepeyac
3647:
3605:
3593:
3592:
3457:
3442:Three Hail Marys
3398:Ave maris stella
3275:Immaculate Heart
3186:
3107:
2995:Passion of Jesus
2894:
2884:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2797:
2783:
2782:
2663:
2554:Miraculous Medal
2378:Gifts of healing
2373:Gift of miracles
2300:
2288:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2184:
2126:Nikolaus Pevsner
2059:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1987:. Archived from
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1882:Benoite Rencurel
1879:
1873:
1868:Benoite Rencurel
1865:
1859:
1845:
1836:
1822:
1813:
1799:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1723:
1717:
1703:
1697:
1686:Let's go: Europe
1683:
1677:
1663:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1622:. Archived from
1616:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1545:
1539:
1525:
1519:
1505:
1499:
1485:
1479:
1465:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1411:
1402:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1367:Ad Caeli Reginam
1362:
1232:were issued and
1051:After 1650, the
1049:Francis of Sales
1037:Francisco Suárez
908:The Basilica of
829:The interior of
746:Ave Maris Stella
686:Speyer Cathedral
662:The basilica of
574:Ad Caeli Reginam
497:Benoite Rencurel
485:Benoite Rencurel
455:Fátima, Portugal
415:Lúcia dos Santos
379:Saint Juan Diego
331:St. John Cantius
132:Christian church
77:Ad Caeli Reginam
3655:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3573:
3552:
3505:
3496:Queen of Heaven
3446:
3334:
3320:Star of the Sea
3246:
3173:
3157:
3092:
3074:
3021:
2933:
2885:
2876:
2829:
2824:
2794:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2729:
2652:
2513:
2492:Bridal theology
2462:Tribus circiter
2448:Haurietis aquas
2419:
2351:
2289:
2280:
2225:
2223:Catholic Church
2216:
2181:
2163:
2160:
2158:Further reading
2079:Arnold Hauser,
2056:
2039:
2008:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1892:Wayback Machine
1880:
1876:
1866:
1862:
1846:
1839:
1823:
1816:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1740:
1724:
1720:
1704:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1664:
1660:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1597:
1593:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1546:
1542:
1526:
1522:
1506:
1502:
1486:
1482:
1466:
1459:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1412:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1338:
1179:was built near
1160:hill, north of
1108:
1098:in 1724 and by
1080:Pope Clement XI
972:
960:Piero di Cosimo
892:Florence, Italy
866:
854:Pope Clement IV
824:Giovanni Pisano
801:Reims Cathedral
783:flying buttress
762:
660:
636:Rosary Basilica
615:
533:
406:in France, the
354:
323:Polish diaspora
260:
94:
82:Queen of Heaven
46:Catholic Church
17:
12:
11:
5:
3653:
3651:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
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3575:
3574:
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3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3554:
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3545:
3544:
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3528:
3527:
3526:
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3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3385:
3383:Fátima prayers
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3325:Seat of Wisdom
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2944:
2942:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2667:Marian shrines
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2403:Word of wisdom
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2347:Weeping statue
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2140:
2123:
2113:History of Art
2109:
2095:
2077:
2060:
2054:
2037:
2022:
2019:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1945:
1920:
1895:
1874:
1860:
1837:
1814:
1791:
1780:
1769:
1749:
1738:
1718:
1698:
1678:
1658:
1637:
1611:
1591:
1571:
1560:
1540:
1520:
1500:
1480:
1457:
1437:
1426:
1403:
1383:
1372:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1289:'s encyclical
1150:Washington, DC
1107:
1104:
971:
968:
896:Pope Eugene IV
865:
862:
761:
758:
738:John Damascene
659:
656:
644:Upper Basilica
614:
611:
550:church houses
532:
529:
457:, events. The
389:as a child in
353:
350:
259:
256:
169:papal basilica
139:Church of Mary
121:edict of Milan
93:
92:The beginnings
90:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3652:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3610:
3609:
3608:Saints Portal
3604:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:Agiosoritissa
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Black Madonna
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3289:of all graces
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
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2627:Saint Michael
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2519:Popular piety
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2322:Lourdes water
2320:
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2180:0-89870-631-9
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2153:
2152:0-7064-0857-8
2149:
2145:
2142:Ilan Rachum,
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2139:
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2131:
2127:
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2122:
2121:0-8109-3442-6
2118:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2107:3-8290-3109-2
2104:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2093:0-674-54815-9
2090:
2086:
2083:, Cambridge:
2082:
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2075:0-7506-2267-9
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2055:0-500-27921-7
2051:
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2034:0-669-20900-7
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1991:on 2017-12-28
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:Mercier Press
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1765:0-7546-6789-8
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1736:pages 207-208
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:1-59158-723-9
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:0-312-38708-3
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1676:pages 179-180
1675:
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1655:
1654:1-57918-355-7
1651:
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1612:
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1607:1-57607-004-2
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1595:
1592:
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1587:0-8059-2328-4
1584:
1580:
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1561:
1558:pages 308-309
1557:
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1536:0-85115-881-1
1533:
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1524:
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1516:0-271-02551-4
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1496:88-8265-217-3
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1259:
1255:
1254:
1253:Ad diem illum
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:Pope Pius XII
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:was built in
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
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1159:
1155:
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1103:
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1097:
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1077:
1073:
1072:Alexander VII
1069:
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964:Paolo Uccello
961:
957:
956:Filippo Lippi
953:
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863:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
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832:
827:
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821:
817:
814:Cathedral in
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
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790:
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784:
780:
776:
770:
766:
759:
757:
755:
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728:
724:
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717:Cathedral in
716:
712:
710:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:Forum Boarium
665:
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637:
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628:
623:
619:
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610:
607:
603:
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587:
583:
578:
576:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Pope Pius XII
555:
554:
549:
541:
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342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:St. Michael's
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
294:Marian belief
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
268:
264:
257:
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249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
194:Pope John VII
191:
190:
189:Forum Romanum
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
128:Constantine I
126:
125:Roman Emperor
122:
117:
116:New Testament
110:
109:Pope John VII
106:
105:Forum Romanum
102:
98:
91:
89:
87:
83:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:Pope Pius XII
66:
62:
58:
57:Pope Pius XII
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
29:
25:
21:
3606:
3594:
3521:
3501:Stabat Mater
3483:
3371:Regina caeli
3366:Salve Regina
3265:Coredemptrix
3260:Christotokos
3220:month of May
3204:
3029:: later life
3010:Resurrection
2948:Annunciation
2917:Presentation
2900:: early life
2690:Knock Shrine
2666:
2595:Divine Mercy
2583:Sacred Heart
2559:Seven Dolors
2544:Consecration
2481:Sensus fidei
2479:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2171:
2168:
2143:
2129:
2112:
2101:, Konemann,
2098:
2080:
2066:
2041:
2036:(Paperback).
2025:
2011:
1993:. Retrieved
1989:the original
1979:
1970:
1961:
1948:
1937:. Retrieved
1923:
1912:. Retrieved
1898:
1877:
1863:
1847:
1824:
1801:
1783:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1741:
1725:
1721:
1706:
1701:
1685:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1645:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:the original
1614:
1598:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1563:
1547:
1543:
1528:
1523:
1508:
1503:
1488:
1483:
1467:
1444:
1440:
1429:
1413:
1390:
1386:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1322:
1306:Stary Licheń
1299:
1268:
1251:
1246:
1227:
1216:
1174:
1143:
1128:
1117:Basilica of
1109:
1076:original sin
1061:
1034:
1022:
1003:
984:
937:
919:
907:
900:
884:Quattrocento
878:
846:original sin
838:Mariological
835:
828:
805:
791:
773:
750:Salve Regina
735:
713:
684:
661:
643:
629:
626:
582:Tepeyac hill
579:
572:
551:
544:
524:
505:
478:
473:
463:
451:Pope Francis
447:Benedict XVI
443:John Paul II
427:Cova da Iria
412:
375:
365:
346:John Paul II
343:
318:
312:
302:
271:
233:
225:Vatican City
206:
201:
197:
187:
181:
150:
136:
113:
75:
54:
33:
32:
3531:Derzhavnaya
3193:Apparitions
3000:Crucifixion
2497:Christology
2470:Magisterium
2429:Discernment
2383:Glossolalia
2342:Thaumaturgy
2337:Tabor Light
2231:Revelations
1455:pages 37-40
1365:Encyclical
1270:ex cathedra
1234:Pope Pius X
1162:Mexico City
1064:Pope Paul V
999:Renaissance
933:Renaissance
920:Last Supper
881:Renaissance
864:Renaissance
850:Duns Scotus
398:in France,
286:Renaissance
240:Mexico City
3624:Categories
3548:Hodegetria
3469:Assumption
3422:Magnificat
3227:Feast days
3182:Veneration
3146:Protestant
3080:Apocryphal
3058:Coronation
3053:Assumption
3005:Deposition
2960:Visitation
2566:Pilgrimage
2410:Levitation
2363:Bilocation
2044:. London:
1995:2015-03-30
1939:2008-06-01
1914:2008-06-01
1833:0879739142
1810:0809147440
1777:Zenit News
1734:0195154665
1674:0195178076
1556:1576072231
1476:1856694399
1453:097129819X
1422:159884654X
1399:0520074122
1348:References
1279:Assumption
1267:to define
1249:encyclical
1084:Immaculata
1068:Gregory XV
836:One major
706:colonnaded
676:Romanesque
658:Romanesque
570:encyclical
435:John XXIII
278:Romanesque
86:Marian art
73:encyclical
38:veneration
3378:Ave Maria
3351:Antiphons
3330:Theotokos
3285:Mediatrix
3232:Patronage
3215:Devotions
3210:Christmas
3111:Christian
3102:Mariology
3063:Queenship
3041:Dormition
3027:Tradition
3017:Pentecost
2898:Tradition
2867:Elizabeth
2845:(husband)
2617:Holy Hour
2502:Mariology
2437:Documents
1353:Citations
1295:Mediatrix
1211:Argentina
1199:, Spain.
1168:to Saint
1135:cathedral
1102:in 1742.
1014:Aragonese
944:Donatello
754:Ave Maria
702:sandstone
690:Mariendom
592:to Saint
568:with the
217:Aparecida
152:Theotokos
103:, in the
3596:Category
3432:Memorare
3393:Akathist
3151:Lutheran
3141:Orthodox
3124:Catholic
3119:Anglican
2863:(mother)
2857:(father)
2648:Scapular
2487:Theology
2415:Stigmata
2393:Prophecy
2295:Miracles
2254:interior
2249:Locution
2167:(1998).
2087:, 1965,
1933:Archived
1908:Archived
1888:Archived
1858:page 213
1835:page 194
1767:page 217
1696:page 553
1656:page 189
1589:page 235
1538:page 175
1478:page 290
1424:page 161
1336:See also
1197:Tenerife
1181:Shanghai
1010:Zaragoza
981:, Venice
952:Masaccio
748:and the
727:transept
698:basilica
493:Holy See
431:Pius XII
276:towards
61:Montreal
3557:Related
3346:Angelus
3339:Prayers
3300:Panagia
3295:New Eve
3237:Shrines
3169:Islamic
3129:history
2938:In the
2855:Joachim
2658:Shrines
2629:
2368:Charism
2221:in the
2006:Sources
1716:page 69
1630:28 June
1609:page 38
1518:page 21
1498:page 34
1281:of the
1277:of the
1158:Tepeyac
1092:Angelus
991:Baroque
970:Baroque
723:Belgium
719:Tournai
709:gallery
700:of red
666:in the
520:Madonna
439:Paul VI
391:Lourdes
335:Chicago
319:hey-now
290:Baroque
143:Ephesus
40:of the
3536:Eleusa
3437:Rosary
3415:Loreto
3410:Litany
3252:Titles
2843:Joseph
2835:Family
2734:Others
2571:Rosary
2177:
2150:
2136:
2119:
2105:
2091:
2073:
2052:
2032:
1854:
1831:
1808:
1763:
1732:
1712:
1692:
1672:
1652:
1605:
1585:
1554:
1534:
1514:
1494:
1474:
1451:
1420:
1397:
1314:Europe
1310:Poland
1242:dogmas
1219:rosary
1213:, 2014
1189:Manila
1125:, 1955
1123:Brazil
1106:Modern
1088:Rosary
1029:Venice
929:Gothic
858:rosary
820:Tuscan
808:façade
760:Gothic
731:Gothic
694:Speyer
648:Gothic
634:. The
596:. The
586:Mexico
516:Fátima
314:hejnał
309:Poland
282:Gothic
229:Marian
3491:Pietà
3388:Hymns
3162:Other
3134:papal
2940:Bible
2912:Birth
2851:(son)
2849:Jesus
1275:dogma
1018:oculi
914:mural
816:Siena
797:Paris
795:near
692:) in
606:tilma
602:tilma
584:, in
470:Genoa
3510:East
3461:West
3198:list
3046:Tomb
2890:Life
2861:Anne
2175:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2071:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2030:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1632:2011
1603:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1300:The
1273:the
1247:The
1236:and
1129:The
1066:and
1047:and
1004:The
985:The
962:and
918:the
740:and
672:Rome
464:The
449:and
371:Rome
329:and
250:and
163:and
137:The
114:The
28:Rome
3452:Art
1304:in
1195:in
1156:on
1027:in
1008:in
989:'s
923:by
916:of
890:in
810:of
670:in
487:in
483:by
468:in
425:in
381:in
333:in
307:in
238:in
223:in
215:in
141:in
3626::
2128:,
2069:,
2065:,
2048:.
1931:.
1906:.
1840:^
1817:^
1794:^
1460:^
1406:^
1320:.
1297:.
1244:.
1209:,
1148:;
1121:,
1078:.
1070:.
1043:,
1039:,
1001:.
958:,
954:,
950:,
946:,
935:.
860:.
826:.
789:.
577:.
445:,
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288:,
284:,
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192:.
179:.
159:,
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3291:)
3287:(
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2812:t
2805:v
2211:e
2204:t
2197:v
2183:.
2058:.
1998:.
1942:.
1917:.
1634:.
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