Catholic art - Knowledge

31: 1576:...every superstition shall be removed ... all lasciviousness be avoided; in such wise that figures shall not be painted or adorned with a beauty exciting to lust... there be nothing seen that is disorderly, or that is unbecomingly or confusedly arranged, nothing that is profane, nothing indecorous, seeing that holiness becometh the house of God. And that these things may be the more faithfully observed, the holy Synod ordains, that no one be allowed to place, or cause to be placed, any unusual image, in any place, or church, howsoever exempted, except that image have been approved of by the bishop ... 1269: 1690: 1820:, almost absurdly so. The Church was now less important as a patron than royalty and the aristocracy, and the middle class demand for art, mostly secular, was increasing rapidly. Artists could now have a successful career painting portraits, landscapes, still lifes or other genre specialisms, without ever painting a religious subject – something hitherto unusual in the Catholic countries, though long the norm in Protestant ones. The number of sales of paintings, metalwork and other church fittings to private collectors increased during the century, especially in Italy, where the 4113: 941: 1521: 2062: 1663: 2053: 1783: 56: 653: 1877:, intensified considerably. By 1830 much of the best Catholic religious art was on public display in museums, as has been the case ever since. This undoubtedly widened access to many works, and promoted public awareness of the heritage of Catholic art, but at a cost, as objects came to be regarded as of primarily artistic rather than religious significance, and were seen out of their original context and the setting they were designed for. 2037: 823: 422: 6208: 1086: 6197: 4125: 1290: 1886: 742: 851:, developed in Western Europe from approximately 1000 AD until the rise of the Gothic style. Church-building was characterized by an increase in height and overall size. Vaulted roofs were supported by thick stone walls, massive pillars and rounded arches. The dark interiors were illumined by frescoes of Jesus, Mary and the saints, often based on Byzantine models. 321: 1312:) of interest in the art and culture of classical antiquity, initially continued the trends of the preceding period without fundamental changes, but using classical clothing and architectural settings which were after all very appropriate for New Testament scenes. However a clear loss of religious intensity is apparent in many 1210:, made it possible even for peasants to have devotional images at home. These images, tiny at the bottom of the market, often crudely coloured, were sold in thousands but are now extremely rare, most having been pasted to walls. Souvenirs of pilgrimages to shrines, such as clay or lead badges, medals and 2027:

The early adoption of modernist styles at the dawn of the 21st century continued with the trends from the 20th century. Artists began to experiment with materials and colours. In many cases this contributed to simplifications which led to resemblance to the early Christian art. Simplicity was seen as

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Outside these and similar movements, the establishment art world produced much less religious painting than at any time since the Roman Empire, though many types of applied art for church fittings in the Gothic style were made. Commercial popular Catholic art flourished using cheaper techniques for

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and his largely Protestant mercenary troops was enormously destructive both of art and artists, many of whose biographical records end abruptly. Other artists managed to escape to different parts of Italy, often finding difficulty in picking up the thread of their careers. Italian artists, with the

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Most fifteenth-century pictures from this period were religious pictures. This is self-evident, in one sense, but “religious pictures” refers to more than just a certain range of subject matter; it means that the pictures existed to meet institutional ends. The Church commissioned artwork for three

1603:, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said. But the number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian 503:

or other figures, was held to have a status not far off that of a scriptural text. They could be copied, but not improved upon. As a concession to Iconoclast sentiment, monumental religious sculpture was effectively banned. Neither of these attitudes were held in Western Europe, but Byzantine art

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of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Inquisition: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast. Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a

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are of a 6th-century Imperial triumph, adapted to the triumph of Christ and the Virgin. However, they also drew on the Insular tradition, especially for decorative detail, whilst greatly improving on that in terms of the depiction of the human figure. Copies of the scriptures or liturgical books

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While the Western Roman Empire's political structure collapsed after the fall of Rome, the Church continued to fund art where it could. The most numerous surviving works of the early period are illuminated manuscripts, at this date all presumably created by the clergy, often including abbots and

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To the Western church images were just objects made by craftsmen, to be utilized for stimulating the senses of the faithful, and to be respected for the sake of the subject represented, not in themselves. Although in popular devotional practice a tendency to go beyond these limits has often been

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Subjects were shown in a direct and dramatic fashion, with relatively few abstruse allusions. Choice of subjects was widened considerably, as Baroque artists delighted in finding new biblical episodes and dramatic moments from the lives of saints. As the movement continued into the 17th century

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allowed public Christian worship and led to the development of a monumental Christian art. Christians were able to build edifices for worship larger and more handsome than the furtive meeting places they had been using. Existing architectural formulas for temples were unsuitable because pagan

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was largely confined to the circle of the Imperial court and different monastic centres, each of which had its own distinct artistic style. Carolingian artists consciously tried to emulate such examples of Byzantine and Late Antique art as were available to them, copying manuscripts like the

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in about 1240 – and now royal and aristocratic examples became the type of manuscript most often lavishly decorated. Most religious art, including illuminated manuscripts, was now produced by lay artists, but the commissioning patron often specified in detail what the work was to contain.

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main reasons: The first was indoctrination, clear images were able to relay meaning to an uneducated person. The second was ease of recall, depictions of saints and other religious figures allow for a point of mental contact. The third is to incite awe in the heart of the viewer,

1557:, a highly sophisticated style, striving for effect, that drew the concern of many churchman that it lacked appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the 1987:

styles of architecture and art. This movement rejected traditional forms in favour of utilitarian shapes with a bare minimum of decoration. Such art as there was eschewed naturalism and human qualities, favouring stylised and abstract forms. Examples of modernism include the

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By now the rate of production of religious art was noticeably slowing down. After a spate of building and re-building in the Baroque period, Catholic countries were mostly clearly overstocked with churches, monasteries and convents, in the case of some places such as

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naturalism with a more abstract aesthetic. The primary purpose of this new style was to convey religious meaning rather than accurately render objects and people. Realistic perspective, proportions, light and colour were ignored in favor of geometric simplification,

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disintegrated and was taken over by "barbarian" peoples, the art of the Byzantine Empire reached levels of sophistication, power and artistry not previously seen in Christian art, and set the standards for those parts of the West still in touch with Constantinople.

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Baroque art, developing over the decades following the Council of Trent, though the extent to which this was an influence on it is a matter of debate, certainly met most of the council's requirements, especially in the earlier, simpler phases associated with the

1941: 1469:, was especially heavy. Some stone sculpture, illuminated manuscripts and stained glass windows (expensive to replace) survived, but of the thousands of high quality works of painted and wood-carved art produced in medieval Britain, virtually none remain. 1639:

and defended the devout and simple nature of much medieval imagery. But other writers were less sympathetic to medieval art and many traditional iconographies considered without adequate scriptural foundation were in effect prohibited (for example the

365:. Although it appears that early altars were constructed of wood (as is the case in the Dura-Europos church) altars of this period were built of stone, and began to become more richly designed. Richer materials could now be used for art, such as the 813:

and a few smaller reliquary figures are now all that remain of this spectacular tradition, completely outside Byzantine norms. Like the Essen figure, these were presumably all made of thin sheets of gold or silver supported by a wooden core.

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were at the anti-iconic end of the spectrum of Catholic views, being for example rather disapproving of the lighting of candles before images. Such views were often expressed by individual church leaders, such as the famous example of Saint

636:, although many others leant the other way, and encouraged and commissioned art for their churches. Bernard was in fact only opposed to decorative imagery in monasteries that was not specifically religious, and popular preachers like Saint 612:, approving the veneration of images for what they represented, but not accepting what became the Orthodox position, that images partook in some degree of the nature of the thing they represented (a belief later to resurface in the West in 1402:

transformed Catholic art more fundamentally, breaking with the old iconography that was thoroughly integrated with theological conventions for original compositions that reflected both artistic imperatives, and the influence of

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room are among the most ancient Christian paintings. We can see the "Good Shepherd", the "Healing of the paralytic" and "Christ and Peter walking on the water". A much larger fresco depicts the two Marys visiting Christ's tomb.

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and other art may be included as well. Expressions of art may or may not attempt to illustrate, supplement and portray in tangible form Catholic teaching. Catholic art has played a leading role in the history and development of

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to large numbers of individual churches, especially in Southern France and Italy. In more prosperous areas, many Romanesque churches survive covered up by a Baroque makeover, much easier to do with these than a Gothic church.

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in nature, reflecting a belief that the events of the Old Testament pre-figured those of the New, and that that was indeed their main significance. Old and New Testament scenes were shown side by side in works like the

738:, which still divides art historians as to whether it is a copy of a much earlier manuscript, or an original Carolingian creation. This in turn was copied three times in England, lastly in an Early Gothic style. 1433:

believed that this was easier to do with image than with words. Considering these three tenets, it can be assumed that gold was used to inspire awe in the mind and heart of the beholder, where later during the

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style became the norm for other church institutions. Medieval Gothic churches, especially in England and France, were restored, often very heavy-handedly. In painting, similar attitudes led to the German

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The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person themselves, not the image, and further instructed that:

1226:, where they were most popular. By the end of the century, printed books with illustrations, still mostly on religious subjects, were rapidly becoming accessible to the prosperous middle class, as were 337:

sacrifices occurred outdoors in the sight of the gods, with the temple, housing the cult figures and the treasury, as a backdrop. As an architectural model for large churches, Christians chose the

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saw large quantities of the finest art, paintings in particular, carefully selected for appropriation by the French armies or the secular regimes they established. Many were sent to Paris for the

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was a German innovation right at the start of the period. The capitals of columns were also often elaborately carved with figurative scenes. The ensemble of large and well-preserved churches at

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became important media – even more important in terms of modern understanding, as nearly all of the few surviving works, other than buildings, from the period consist of these portable objects.

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present, the church was, before the advent of the idea of collecting old art, usually brutal in disposing of images no longer needed, much to the regret of art historians. Most

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simplicity and realism tended to reduce, more slowly in Spain and France, but the drama remained, produced by the depiction of extreme moments, dramatic movement, colour and

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was able to do so. In the later part of the century there was a reaction, especially in architecture, against the Baroque, and a turning back to more austere classical and

3441: 2921: 1723:(1598–1680) epitomises the Baroque style in those arts. Baroque art spread across Catholic Europe and into the overseas missions of Asia and the Americas, promoted by the 280:, dating to the beginning of the 2nd century. As a persecuted sect, however, the earliest Christian images were arcane and meant to be intelligible only to the initiated. 1561:

in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic

5376: 3816: 1157:, or occupying the central space themselves (this usually for works designed for side-chapels). Over the period many ancient iconographical features that originated in 554:

Although the influence has often been resisted, especially in Russia, Catholic art has also affected Orthodox depictions in many respects, especially in countries like

4162: 3891: 239:. In the 19th century the leadership in Western art moved away from the Catholic Church which, after embracing historical revivalism, was increasingly affected by the 5697: 915: 6089: 5876: 4879: 4216: 3201: 2928: 159: 1644:), as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus. According to the medievalist 4759: 2880: 874:

in Spain, are among the best places today to appreciate the impact of the new larger churches on a city landscape, but many individual buildings exist, from

1007:, though religious imagery was also expressed in metalwork, tapestries and embroidered vestments. The architectural innovations of the pointed arch and the 5428: 5171: 4709: 3474: 2967: 5113: 6084: 5016: 3856: 3155: 1627:, 1582), and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. One of the earliest of these, 952:

1145). These architectural statues are among the earliest Gothic sculptures and were a revolution in style and the model for a generation of sculptors.

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had approved the worship of images, which in fact was not the case. The Catholic counterblast set out a middle course between the extreme positions of

596:, although this, the fullest medieval expression of Western views on images, was in fact unknown during the Middle Ages. It was prepared circa 790 for 5911: 4829: 1133:, which emphasized his human suffering and vulnerability, in a parallel movement to that in depictions of the Virgin. Many such images were now small 4424: 3609: 1541:

for, among other things, nudity (later painted over for several centuries), not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of

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may well have been of Byzantine origin – it has been repainted and this is hard to tell. Other images that are certainly of Greek origin, like the

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was combined with subtle and complex theological allusions, expressed precisely through the highly detailed settings of religious scenes. The

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in the 16th century produced new waves of image-destruction, to which the Catholic Church responded with the dramatic, elaborate emotive

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was often freer, making more use of lively line drawings, and there were other distinct traditions, such as the group of extraordinary

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mass-reproduction. Colour lithography made it possible to reproduce coloured images cheaply, leading to a much broader circulation of

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had evolved, which continued until the late 15th century, and beyond in many areas. The principal media of Gothic art were sculpture,

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The 19th Century saw a widespread repudiation by both Catholic and Protestant churches of Classicism, which was associated with the

1061:, brought realism and a more natural humanity to art. Western artists, and their patrons, became much more confident in innovative 1035:, in which the visual arts played a major part. Images of the Virgin Mary developed from the Byzantine hieratic types, through the 30: 2417:, p 165-8, English trans of 3rd edn, 1913, Collins, London (and many other editions) is a classic work on French Gothic church art 1011:, allowed taller, lighter churches with large areas of glazed window. Gothic art made full use of this new environment, telling a 455:, which soon became a separate political unit. Major Constantinopolitan churches built under the Emperor Constantine and his son, 6162: 5710: 5463: 5408: 5273: 5008: 5004: 4749: 4534: 4481: 3916: 3396: 3286: 1989: 1924:

in France. Across the world, thousands of Gothic churches and Cathedrals were produced in a new wave of church-building, and the

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all followed the Reformers. The development of German religious painting had come to an abrupt halt by about 1540, although many

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was prepared to live with much existing Catholic art so long as it did not become a focus of devotion, the more radical views of

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having apparently been diverted from the same church three centuries earlier by Leonardo himself, to go to the King of France.

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house church on the borders of Syria dates from around 265 AD and holds many images from the persecution period. The surviving

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Protestant control over much of the continent. In England and Scotland destruction of religious art, most intense during the

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The invisible divine in the history of art. Is Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968) still relevant for decoding Christian iconography?

2327:"The figure (...) is an allegory of Christ as the shepherd" Andre Grabard, "Christian iconography, a study of its origins", 1324:(1485–1490) seem more interested in the detailed depiction of scenes of bourgeois city life than their actual subjects, the 914:, became very sophisticated, and many spectacular shrines made to hold relics have survived, of which the best known is the 243:

movement, a movement that in its "rebellion" against nature counters the church's emphasis on nature as a good creation of

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of Mary; the definitive iconography for the latter seems to have been established by the master and then father-in-law of

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the ability to render gold through the use of plain pigments displayed an artist's skill in a way that the application of

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returned after a brief period in Venice, and was able to switch between Italian and Greek styles. Even the traditionalist

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has always been rather closer to the Orthodox art of Greece and Russia and in countries near the Orthodox world, notably

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and swirling clouds, all intended to overwhelm the worshipper. Architecture and sculpture aimed for the same effects;

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flowered in the Western Church as the style of painting and statuary moved in an increasingly naturalistic direction.

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alongside, though often much smaller than, the Virgin or saints depicted. These were usually displayed in the home.

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Architects began to revive other earlier Christian styles, and experiment with new ones, producing results such as

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and adorned with precious metals were produced in abbeys and nunneries across Western Europe. A work like the

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of the first millennium that has survived was broken up and reused as rubble in the re-building of churches.

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The Catholic theological position on sacred images has remained effectively identical to that set out in the

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or destruction of religious images, which rocked the Empire between 726 and 843. The restoration of orthodox

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since at least the 4th century. The principal subject matter of Catholic art has been the life and times of

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in 1497; in fact other preachers had been holding similar events for decades, but on a smaller scale. Many

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Few of the large wall-paintings that originally covered most churches have survived in good condition. The

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In practical matters relating to the use of images, as opposed to their theoretical place in theology, the

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that provoked Luther helped to finance the Papal artistic programme, as many historians have pointed out.

1298: 1004: 771: 410: 220: 809:, and many such objects, all now vanished, are recorded in large Anglo-Saxon churches and elsewhere. The 6232: 5906: 5733: 5158: 4939: 4804: 4650: 4356: 4294: 4253: 4238: 3836: 3821: 3534: 3391: 3298: 3098: 3081: 2994: 2938: 2849: 2262: 2104: 1993: 1980: 1751: 1488:, seem to have had little attraction to Protestantism. In Germany, however, the leading figures such as 957: 575: 179: 103: 4389: 3886: 3446: 1965: 940: 1360:

launched his attack on the worldliness of the life and art of the citizens, culminating in his famous

976:, were important builders who developed distinctive styles which they disseminated across Europe. The 341:, the Roman public building used for justice and administration. These basilica-churches had a center 304:

that recognizable representations of Christian figures first appear in number. The recently excavated

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In Early Netherlandish painting, from the richest cities of Northern Europe, a new minute realism in

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other senior figures. The monastic hybrid between "barbarian" decorative styles and the book in the

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built functional city churches with huge open naves for preaching to large congregations. However,

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were extremely devout, and the latter was one of many who fell under the influence of Savonarola.

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remained important, even when, by the late 14th century, a coherent universal style known as

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In the 18th Century, secular Baroque developed into the still more flamboyant but lighter

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from the 7th century was to be enormously influential in European art for the rest of the

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Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century

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analyses all these works in detail. See also the references in the articles on the works.

1031:, and the decoration of churches. The Gothic period coincided with a great resurgence in 2036: 1512:

and book illustrations, especially of Old Testament subjects, continued to be produced.

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Charlemagne had a life-size crucifix with the figure of Christ in precious metal in his

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symbols include the dove, the fish, the lamb, the cross, symbolic representation of the

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is nearly as old as Christianity itself. The oldest Christian sculptures are from Roman

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theologian Andrea Gilio da Fabriano, joined the chorus of criticism of Michelangelo's

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The Protestant Reformation was a holocaust of art in many parts of Europe. Although

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and the proper interpretation of the Second Commandment, which led to the crisis of

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became almost extinct in Catholic art; Molanus and others had written against it.

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intended for private meditation and devotion in the homes of the wealthy. Even in

516:. Where possible, Byzantine artists were borrowed for projects such as mosaics in 495:

became increasingly conservative, as the form of images themselves, many accorded

2865: 2081:–1399), tempera on wood, each section 57 cm × 29.2 cm (22.44 1956:. Much of this art continued to use watered-down versions of Baroque styles. The 1838:

by the church in Milan that it was painted for in about 1781; the version in the

6157: 6013: 5886: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5841: 5143: 5078: 4934: 4859: 4837: 4685: 4447: 4409: 3881: 3710: 3685: 3660: 3633: 3620: 3529: 3431: 3118: 2428:

The Altar and the Altarpiece, Sacramental Themes in Early Netherlandish Painting

2212: 2008: 1792: 1728: 1712: 1585: 1509: 1450: 1446: 1333: 1289: 1150: 1062: 961: 721:

set out to create works of art appropriate to the status of his revived Empire.

718: 703: 695: 687: 676: 597: 579: 513: 175: 128: 6196: 4124: 2447: 551:, both icons in Rome, have been subjects of specific veneration for centuries. 508:, and remained very popular long after that, with vast numbers of icons of the 5851: 5846: 5670: 5597: 5213: 5133: 4764: 3665: 3250: 1885: 1821: 1683: 1462: 1422: 1373: 1357: 1231: 1146: 977: 973: 969: 931: 827: 641: 500: 277: 213: 197: 193: 99: 59: 178:

of Roman Christians exhibit the earliest surviving carved statuary of Jesus,

5956: 5951: 5921: 5617: 5380: 5364: 5349: 5193: 5083: 4961: 4951: 4819: 4598: 1984: 1953: 1809: 1770:

became a very common subject, and (despite a Caravaggio of the subject) the

1593: 1554: 1439: 1249: 1227: 1218:, with both text and images cut as woodcut, seem to have been affordable by 1215: 1149:

showed saints relevant to the particular church or donor in attendance on a

775: 609: 484: 325: 313: 240: 171: 155: 107: 17: 2257: 451:

as capital in 330 AD created a great new Christian artistic centre for the

51:

as identical figures, as specified by the cleric who commissioned the work.

2378: 1352:, the heart of the Early Renaissance, and the place where the charismatic 1141:

Christ was now usually shown exposing his chest to show the wounds of his

6104: 5931: 5030: 4399: 3479: 3233: 3221: 2151: 1458: 1349: 1211: 1130: 863: 567: 338: 151: 2520: 1348:. Both these examples (which still used contemporary clothes) come from 1105:

Iconography was affected by changes in theology, with depictions of the

854:

Carvings in stone adorned the exteriors and interiors, particularly the

600:

after a bad translation had led his court to believe that the Byzantine

5901: 5181: 4739: 4613: 4556: 3736: 3350: 2972: 2661: 2242: 1763: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1657: 1604: 1454: 1421:. The connection between the events was not just chronological, as the 1399: 1207: 903: 871: 867: 754: 661: 555: 521: 374: 366: 320: 224: 189: 1549:

Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of

1214:

stamped with images were also popular and cheap. From the mid-century

208:, after which artistic development progressed in separate directions. 182:

and other biblical figures. The legalisation of Christianity with the

6054: 5359: 5344: 5288: 5255: 3345: 3255: 3160: 1850: 1839: 1817: 1801: 1550: 1408: 1341: 1278: 1219: 1078: 1046: 1015:

through pictures, sculpture, stained glass and soaring architecture.

1000: 767: 536: 517: 487:

resulted in a strict standardization of religious imagery within the

309: 232: 228: 44: 2347:. Ed. B Myers, T Copplestone. (Hamlyn Publishing, 1965, 1985) p.187. 1165:, though others were too well-established, and considered harmless. 2415:

The Gothic Image, Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century

2373:(University Park, 1971); N. Henck, "Constantius ho Philoktistes?", 1746:

New iconic subjects popularized in the Baroque period included the

188:(313) transformed Catholic art, which adopted richer forms such as 6152: 5320: 5284: 4140: 2542:

Painting in Sixteenth-Century Venice: Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto

2035: 1939: 1884: 1858: 1804:

style, which was difficult to adapt to religious themes, although

1781: 1688: 1661: 1609:

De Picturis et Imaginibus Sacris, pro vero earum usu contra abusus

1519: 1407:. Both Michelangelo and Raphael worked almost exclusively for the 1288: 1267: 1084: 980: 939: 821: 740: 651: 420: 362: 346: 319: 300:

like the peacock, grapevines, and the good shepherd. It is in the

254: 140: 69: 54: 29: 2567:, chapter VIII, especially pp. 107-128, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), 1069:

was developed, mainly for the lay user able to afford them – the

5325: 5044: 2082: 475:

This achievement was checked by the controversy over the use of

426: 402: 401:

and standardized conventions to portray individuals and events.

350: 342: 4144: 3902:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

2869: 1565:

had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike

2568: 2371:

The early churches of Constantinople: architecture and liturgy

1960:

was a new subject of the 19th century, and new apparitions at

528:

may be an example of work by a Greek artist working in Italy.

91: 2028:

the best way to bring pure Christian messages to the viewer.

906:, became the typical focus of illumination, with much use of 380:

Much Christian art borrowed from Imperial imagery, including

2648:(2008), "Storia, memoria, arte sacra tra passato e futuro", 2358:

Elfenbeinarbeiten der Spätantike und des frühen Mittelalters

1411:

for much of their careers, including the year of 1517, when

1161:

were gradually eliminated under clerical pressure, like the

782:, in imitation of Roman and Byzantine Imperial manuscripts. 710:, was usually the type of book most lavishly decorated; the 2094:

Some of the most common subjects depicted in Catholic art:

1597:

three-month period – in fact he just changed the title to

1073:

seems to have written for an unknown laywoman living in a

956:

Gothic art emerged in France in the mid-12th century. The

3791:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

1569:

ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.

898:

in the apse semi-dome. Extensive narrative cycles of the

1968:, as well as new saints, provided new subjects for art. 566:

art under Venetian rule in the 15th and 16th centuries.

135:, along with people associated with him, including his 1457:

and others saw public religious images of any sort as

1039:, to more human and intimate types, and cycles of the 964:

was the first major building in the Gothic style. New

644:

regularly targeted secular images owned by the laity.

3822:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

2642:

9, pp. 1–36. DOI: 10.1080/23753234.2024.2322546.

582:, nevertheless shows unmistakable Western influence. 27:

Art produced by or for members of the Catholic Church

1256:, were becoming increasingly popular, often showing 6118: 5975: 5788: 5724: 5634: 5524: 5375: 5264: 5157: 5104: 5029: 5000: 4925: 4850: 4785: 4730: 4649: 4544: 4519: 4433: 4365: 4310: 4229: 4206: 4006: 3872: 3799: 3734: 3618: 3553: 3455: 3377: 3279: 3268: 3191: 3051: 3040: 2907: 1983:in London. The 20th century led to the adoption of 753:Ivory carvings, often for book covers, drew on the 1316:religious paintings – the famous frescoes in the 539:, Catholic art has many Orthodox influences. The 174:and the religious artists of the time. The stone 3892:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 2766:Myers, Bernard; Trewin Copplestone Ed. (1985) . 1766:also contracted the approval of new images. The 1537:(1534–1541) came under persistent attack in the 858:above the main entrance, which often featured a 761:. For example, the front and back covers of the 504:nonetheless had great influence there until the 150:The earliest surviving artworks are the painted 2604:"Georges Rouault, French Expressionist Painter" 2041:The Ghent Altarpiece: The Adoration of the Lamb 1611:("Treatise on Sacred Images"), 1570), Cardinal 1308:, heavily influenced by the "rebirth" (French: 1202:In the 15th century, the introduction of cheap 894:was normally shown on the western wall, with a 870:, then the largest city north of the Alps, and 324:Virgin and Child. Wall painting from the early 2844:"Metalwork in the Service of the Church" 1731:, highlighting painting and/or sculpture from 916:Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral 377:, where narrative sequences begin to develop. 4156: 2881: 1824:gave rise to networks of dealers and agents. 1715:lighting, and if necessary hosts of agitated 1117:, which produced new treatments of Christ in 8: 2686:How Christianity Came to Britain and Ireland 2402:How Christianity came to Britain and Ireland 2043:(interior view) painted 1432 by Jan van Eyck 1890:The Renunciation of St. Elizabeth of Hungary 353:at one end: on this raised platform sat the 2469:. Princeton University Press, 1981, p. 215. 1834:was sold to the Scottish artist and dealer 6085:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 5026: 4541: 4226: 4163: 4149: 4141: 3907:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 3857:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 3276: 3265: 3048: 2888: 2874: 2866: 1979:in Barcelona and the Byzantine-influenced 1113:, and in devotional practices such as the 1145:. Saints were shown more frequently, and 706:, with figurative art confined mostly to 373:in Rome and the 5th century basilicas of 1648:, this was "the death of medieval art". 902:were developed, and the Bible, with the 2404:. (Lion Hudson, 2006) pp. 176, 177, 191 2320: 459:, included the original foundations of 862:or in Judgement, and the large wooden 790:manuscripts from Spain, including the 570:left Crete when relatively young, but 1340:(1459–1461) is more a celebration of 910:. Metalwork, including decoration in 7: 2853:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2517:"Transcript of Veronese's testimony" 2202:Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art 3761:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 2862:from The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2565:Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1660 1741:Chilote School of Religious Imagery 499:or thought to have been painted by 3316:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 2482:. (Viking Penguin, 1990) pp.47-65. 1295:Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht 774:("Gold Book") might be written in 586:Catholic doctrine on sacred images 512:exported to Europe as late as the 94:produced by or for members of the 81:Santa Maria della Concezione, Rome 25: 2841:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 2640:Church, Communication and Culture 2192:Christ taking leave of his Mother 745:Saint Mark, from the Carolingian 392:Christian art replaced classical 6207: 6206: 6195: 6163:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 5711:Criticism of the Catholic Church 4123: 4111: 3442:Fourth Council of Constantinople 3397:Second Council of Constantinople 2060: 2051: 1999:Modern Catholic artists include 1990:Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral 1045:were very popular. Artists like 405:of Christ, Mary and the saints, 200:controversy briefly divided the 4330:First seven ecumenical councils 3412:Third Council of Constantinople 3336:First Council of Constantinople 2632:; Jasiński, Maciej Jan (2024), 2448:The birth and growth of Utrecht 2305:List of illuminated manuscripts 1301:iconoclasm in the 16th century. 4905:Separation of church and state 3651:Dissolution of the monasteries 2917:History of the Catholic Church 2818:from Augusta State University. 2099:Category:Christian iconography 1695:The Crucifixion of Saint Peter 1600:The Feast in the House of Levi 944:The Western (Royal) Portal at 296:also adapted Roman decorative 1: 3525:Fourth Council of the Lateran 3500:Second Council of the Lateran 3109:Apostles in the New Testament 2075: 1944:Typical popular image of the 1791:Madonna and Child with Saint 1762:, to whom the Inquisition in 1384: 734:and producing works like the 73: 3639:Catholic Counter-Reformation 3505:Third Council of the Lateran 3495:First Council of the Lateran 2951:Catholic ecumenical councils 2544:, 2nd ed 1997, Cambridge UP 1912:secularism. This led to the 1109:gaining ground on the older 1059:Early Netherlandish painting 1029:Speculum Humanae Salvationis 1019:is a prime example of this. 714:is the most famous example. 558:, and in the post-Byzantine 541:Black Madonna of Częstochowa 524:. The enigmatic frescoes at 79:, in the Capuchin church of 2703:Rice, David Talbot (1997). 2684:Brown, Michelle P. (2006). 1758:, the painter and theorist 1580:Ten years after the decree 1192:Madonna of Chancellor Rolin 922:and others (ca 1180–1225). 830:of about 960 (frame later). 465:Church of the Holy Apostles 349:at each side and a rounded 6249: 6202:Catholic Church portal 2985:History of the Roman Curia 2430:, Harper & Row, 1984, 2295:Early Renaissance painting 2127:Adoration of the shepherds 1900:, a convert to Catholicism 1871:Edict on Idle Institutions 1655: 1230:of fairly high-quality by 929: 833: 674: 549:Our Lady of Perpetual Help 440: 266: 158:and meeting houses of the 6190: 6128:Aid to the Church in Need 5749:Vatican Television Center 5394:Eastern Catholic Churches 4178: 4106: 3721:European wars of religion 3032:Eastern Catholic Churches 2727:Lost Treasures of Britain 2588:The death of Medieval Art 2480:Lost Treasures of Britain 2290:Roman Catholic Marian art 2182:Roman Catholic Marian art 807:Palatine Chapel in Aachen 614:Renaissance Neo-Platonism 417:Byzantine and Eastern art 388:as a symbol of sanctity. 6070:Communion and Liberation 5534:Eastern Catholic liturgy 4699:Mystici Corporis Christi 4627:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 3852:Mary of the Divine Heart 3475:Clash against the empire 3427:Second Council of Nicaea 3321:Old St. Peter's Basilica 2768:Landmarks of Western Art 2706:Art of the Byzantine Era 2608:www.visual-arts-cork.com 2465:Alberti, Leon Battista. 2345:Landmarks of Western Art 2207:Coronation of the Virgin 2147:The Raising of the Cross 2117:Nativity of Jesus in art 2087:National Gallery, London 1992:of Christ the King, and 1958:Immaculate Heart of Mary 1946:Immaculate Heart of Mary 1629:Degli Errori dei Pittori 1592:, a huge canvas for the 1506:Hans Holbein the Younger 1163:midwives at the Nativity 1037:Coronation of the Virgin 717:The 9th century Emperor 700:Hiberno-Scottish mission 602:Second Council of Nicaea 332:In the 4th century, the 36:Coronation of the Virgin 4885:Philosophy of canon law 4815:Mariology of the saints 4395:Investiture Controversy 4118:Vatican City portal 3470:Investiture Controversy 3326:First Council of Nicaea 2785:Levey, Michael (1961). 2745:Beckwith, John (1969). 2085:× 11.50 in). 1881:19th and 20th centuries 1845:The wars following the 1670:, pilgrimage church in 1494:Lucas Cranach the Elder 1362:Bonfire of the Vanities 1244:For the wealthy, small 1159:New Testament apocrypha 958:Basilica at Saint-Denis 847:, long preceded by the 840:Romanesque architecture 811:Golden Madonna of Essen 489:Eastern Orthodox Church 411:illuminated manuscripts 6138:Catholic Charities USA 5772:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 5760:Vatican Polyglot Press 4810:Mariology of the popes 4448:Protestant Reformation 4130:Catholicism portal 3941:Second Vatican Council 3827:Our Lady of La Salette 3634:Protestant Reformation 3621:Protestant Reformation 3540:Second Council of Lyon 2929:Ecclesiastical history 2788:From Giotto to Cézanne 2157:Descent from the Cross 2044: 1948: 1901: 1797: 1707: 1704:Santa Maria del Popolo 1674: 1578: 1546: 1436:Protestant Reformation 1302: 1286: 1102: 1071:earliest known example 1005:illuminated manuscript 953: 831: 772:Stockholm Codex Aureus 750: 672: 438: 329: 264: 221:Protestant Reformation 170:was influenced by the 143:, and motifs from the 122:. In a broader sense, 84: 52: 5892:Good Shepherd Sisters 5734:Holy See Press Office 4972:Doctors of the Church 4805:Immaculate Conception 4760:Anointing of the Sick 4295:History of the papacy 3837:First Vatican Council 3535:First Council of Lyon 3299:Constantine the Great 2995:Christian monasticism 2850:Catholic Encyclopedia 2823:"The Function of Art" 2816:Christian Iconography 2791:. Thames and Hudson. 2751:. Thames and Hudson. 2709:. Thames and Hudson. 2652:, F. Gualdoni ed. et 2590:Extract from book by 2375:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 2263:Stations of the Cross 2122:Adoration of the Magi 2105:Life of Christ in art 2039: 1994:Los Angeles Cathedral 1981:Westminster Cathedral 1943: 1922:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 1888: 1869:, for example in the 1785: 1752:Immaculate Conception 1692: 1665: 1574: 1523: 1292: 1271: 1121:subjects such as the 1088: 1022:Gothic art was often 943: 825: 744: 702:. At this period the 655: 576:Theophanes the Cretan 424: 384:, and the use of the 323: 258: 160:persecuted Christians 58: 33: 5765:L'Osservatore Romano 5703:Role in civilisation 5429:Croatian and Serbian 5177:Episcopal conference 5139:St. Peter's Basilica 4497:Sexual abuse scandal 4453:Catholic Reformation 4014:Sexual abuse scandal 3923:Mit brennender Sorge 3766:Age of Enlightenment 3545:Bernard of Clairvaux 3422:Byzantine Iconoclasm 3361:Council of Chalcedon 3141:Council of Jerusalem 3010:Role in civilization 2990:Religious institutes 2922:By country or region 2724:Strong, Roy (1990). 2377:55 (2001), 279-304 ( 2300:Baroque architecture 1875:Joseph II of Austria 1806:Gianbattista Tiepolo 1787:Gianbattista Tiepolo 1584:was summoned by the 1467:English Commonwealth 1442:to a panel does not 1405:Renaissance humanism 1322:Domenico Ghirlandaio 1236:Israhel van Meckenem 1184:Washington Van Eyck 1100:Hamburger Kunsthalle 989:International Gothic 908:historiated initials 708:Evangelist portraits 634:Bernard of Clairvaux 622:monumental sculpture 606:Byzantine iconoclasm 578:, working mainly on 469:Western Roman Empire 453:Eastern Roman Empire 371:Santa Maria Maggiore 328:, Rome, 4th century. 231:styles to emphasise 154:on the walls of the 6100:Neocatechumenal Way 6065:Charismatic Renewal 5779:Annuario Pontificio 5377:Particular churches 5053:Ecumenical councils 4825:Perpetual virginity 4660:Communitas perfecta 4604:Sermon on the Mount 3842:Papal infallibility 3832:Our Lady of Lourdes 3781:Shimabara Rebellion 3625:Counter-Reformation 2497:history.hanover.edu 2413:Male, Emile (1913) 2253:Evangelist portrait 2197:Death of the Virgin 1863:Enlightened despots 1831:Virgin of the Rocks 1772:Death of the Virgin 1642:Swoon of the Virgin 1588:to explain why his 1539:Counter-Reformation 1486:Girolamo da Treviso 1484:odd exception like 1346:Arrival of the Magi 1274:Virgin of the Rocks 1111:Death of the Virgin 985:regional variations 936:Gothic architecture 732:Chronography of 354 658:Lindisfarne Gospels 656:Folio 27r from the 638:Bernardino of Siena 545:Salus Populi Romani 533:Eastern Catholicism 399:reverse perspective 288:as beasts, and the 269:Early Christian art 5937:Premonstratensians 4320:Ante-Nicene period 4198:Lists of Catholics 3887:Our Lady of Fátima 3676:Ignatius of Loyola 3600:Catherine of Siena 3568:Pope Boniface VIII 3387:Benedict of Nursia 3356:Council of Ephesus 3193:Ante-Nicene period 3146:Split with Judaism 2980:Crusading movement 2748:early Medieval Art 2730:. Viking Penguin. 2453:2013-12-14 at the 2384:2009-03-27 at the 2243:The Trinity in Art 2187:Life of the Virgin 2167:Ascension of Jesus 2045: 1949: 1902: 1798: 1768:Assumption of Mary 1750:of Jesus, and the 1708: 1675: 1547: 1498:Albrecht Altdorfer 1418:Ninety-Five Theses 1326:Life of the Virgin 1303: 1287: 1107:Assumption of Mary 1103: 1042:Life of the Virgin 1017:Chartres cathedral 954: 946:Chartres Cathedral 920:Nicholas of Verdun 884:Tournai Cathedrals 832: 800:the Morgan Library 792:Saint-Sever Beatus 751: 673: 665:Liber generationis 572:Michael Damaskinos 447:The dedication of 439: 433:, a very rare pre- 431:Christ Pantocrator 330: 265: 259:Christ Jesus, the 85: 53: 41:Enguerrand Quarton 6220: 6219: 5630: 5629: 5023: 4846: 4845: 4538: 4515: 4514: 4507:COVID-19 pandemic 4477:French Revolution 4467:Thirty Years' War 4375:Islamic conquests 4288:Apostolic fathers 4223: 4138: 4137: 4098:COVID-19 pandemic 4076:Pope Benedict XVI 3981:Pope John Paul II 3756:Pope Benedict XIV 3742:French Revolution 3726:Thirty Years' War 3716:Robert Bellarmine 3701:John of the Cross 3605:Pope Alexander VI 3590:Council of Vienne 3520:Francis of Assisi 3510:Pope Innocent III 3379:Early Middle Ages 3373: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3311:Arian controversy 3264: 3263: 3212:Apostolic Fathers 2829:on 29 August 2009 2398:Michelle P. Brown 2223:Madonna and Child 2172:Christ in Majesty 1931:Nazarene movement 1926:collegiate Gothic 1906:French Revolution 1847:French Revolution 1826:Leonardo da Vinci 1760:Francisco Pacheco 1666:The altar of the 1621:Gabriele Paleotti 1613:Federico Borromeo 1553:, developed into 1526:The Last Judgment 1392:Leonardo da Vinci 1368:artists, such as 1366:Early Renaissance 1318:Tornabuoni Chapel 1314:Early Renaissance 1283:Leonardo da Vinci 1175:Mérode Altarpiece 1055:Pietro Lorenzetti 968:, especially the 896:Christ in Majesty 860:Christ in Majesty 669:Gospel of Matthew 648:Early Middle Ages 382:Christ in Majesty 345:with one or more 302:Catacombs of Rome 65:Archangel Michael 16:(Redirected from 6240: 6210: 6209: 6200: 6199: 5942:Redemptoristines 5790:Religious orders 5716:Anti-Catholicism 5666:Church buildings 5526:Catholic liturgy 5266:Consecrated life 5124:Apostolic Palace 5091:Synod of Bishops 5027: 5003: 4609:Ten Commandments 4542: 4524: 4425:Age of Discovery 4259:Great Commission 4227: 4211: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4142: 4128: 4127: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4093:Patriarch Kirill 3966:Pope John Paul I 3771:Anti-clericalism 3751:Pope Innocent XI 3671:Society of Jesus 3656:Council of Trent 3610:Age of Discovery 3555:Late Middle Ages 3457:High Middle Ages 3447:East–West Schism 3331:Pope Sylvester I 3277: 3266: 3176:General epistles 3171:Pauline epistles 3104:John the Baptist 3087:Great Commission 3049: 3000:Catholic culture 2890: 2883: 2876: 2867: 2854: 2846: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2825:. Archived from 2802: 2781: 2762: 2741: 2720: 2699: 2671: 2658:Titus Burckhardt 2630:Bühren, Ralf van 2618: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2600: 2594: 2585: 2579: 2558: 2552: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2519:. Archived from 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2489: 2483: 2476: 2470: 2463: 2457: 2445: 2439: 2426:Lane, Barbara G, 2424: 2418: 2411: 2405: 2395: 2389: 2379:available online 2367: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2325: 2310:Western Painting 2285:Catholic culture 2228:Hortus conclusus 2132:Baptism of Jesus 2080: 2077: 2064: 2055: 1933:and the English 1668:Vierzehnheiligen 1617:De Pictura Sacra 1559:Council of Trent 1516:Council of Trent 1492:and his pupils, 1476:by the Catholic 1389: 1386: 1381:High Renaissance 1330:John the Baptist 1199:) are examples. 1195:(both 1430s, by 1155:Virgin and Child 506:High Middle Ages 294:Early Christians 286:Four Evangelists 192:and illuminated 98:. This includes 78: 75: 43:(1453-54), with 21: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6194: 6186: 6165: 6148:Relief Services 6114: 6060:Catholic Action 6050:Military orders 5987:Confraternities 5979:of the faithful 5978: 5971: 5793: 5784: 5720: 5626: 5520: 5379: 5371: 5304:Prior, Prioress 5260: 5153: 5149:Vatican Museums 5100: 5033: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4921: 4875:Social teaching 4842: 4781: 4726: 4681:One true church 4645: 4622:Sixtine Vulgate 4618:Official Bible 4532: 4528: 4523: 4511: 4429: 4361: 4306: 4276:Petrine primacy 4219: 4215: 4210: 4202: 4174: 4172:Catholic Church 4169: 4139: 4134: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4024:World Youth Day 4002: 3991:World Youth Day 3935:Pacem in terris 3929:Pope John XXIII 3868: 3795: 3786:Edict of Nantes 3744: 3740: 3730: 3696:Teresa of Ávila 3691:Tridentine Mass 3627: 3623: 3614: 3595:Knights Templar 3549: 3451: 3407:Gregorian chant 3365: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3272: 3260: 3187: 3056: 3044: 3036: 2903: 2901:Catholic Church 2894: 2840: 2832: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2806: 2799: 2784: 2778: 2765: 2759: 2744: 2738: 2723: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2688:. Lion Hudson. 2683: 2669: 2626: 2621: 2612: 2610: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2586: 2582: 2559: 2555: 2540:David Rostand, 2539: 2535: 2526: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2499: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2473: 2464: 2460: 2455:Wayback Machine 2446: 2442: 2425: 2421: 2412: 2408: 2396: 2392: 2386:Wayback Machine 2368: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2338: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2276: 2162:Noli me tangere 2152:The Crucifixion 2142:Arrest of Jesus 2137:The Last Supper 2092: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2078: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2057: 2056: 2034: 2025: 2017:Georges Rouault 1977:Sagrada Familia 1935:Pre-Raphaelites 1920:in England and 1898:James Collinson 1883: 1780: 1756:Diego Velázquez 1672:Upper Franconia 1660: 1654: 1631:(1564), by the 1619:) and Cardinal 1563:Church councils 1518: 1387: 1344:status than an 1338:Benozzo Gozzoli 1306:Renaissance art 1293:Statues in the 1266: 1264:Renaissance art 1258:donor portraits 1246:panel paintings 1139:Last Judgements 1115:Devotio Moderna 1096:Meister Francke 1033:Marian devotion 1013:narrative story 1009:flying buttress 966:monastic orders 938: 930:Main articles: 928: 842: 834:Main articles: 820: 794:, and those in 784:Anglo-Saxon art 766:illustrated on 736:Utrecht Psalter 683: 681:Carolingian art 675:Main articles: 650: 588: 445: 419: 361:, and also the 282:Early Christian 271: 253: 112:decorative arts 96:Catholic Church 76: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6246: 6244: 6236: 6235: 6225: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6166: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6095:Legion of Mary 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6024:Lay Carmelites 6021: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5983: 5981: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5872:Conceptionists 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5807:Assumptionists 5803: 5801: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5640: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5530: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5509:Syro-Malankara 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5459:Italo-Albanian 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5347: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5313: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5277: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5168: 5166: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5129:Lateran Treaty 5126: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5055: 5050: 5041: 5039: 5024: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4931: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4890: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4865:Moral theology 4862: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4655: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4548: 4546: 4539: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4450: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4380:Pope Gregory I 4377: 4371: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4352:Biblical canon 4349: 4347:Late antiquity 4344: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4283:Church fathers 4280: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4235: 4233: 4224: 4217:Ecclesiastical 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4120: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4021: 4016: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3912:Lateran Treaty 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3737:Baroque period 3735: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3706:Peter Canisius 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3681:Francis Xavier 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3645:Exsurge Domine 3641: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3585:Pope Clement V 3582: 3581: 3580: 3578:Avignon Papacy 3573:Western Schism 3570: 3565: 3563:Thomas Aquinas 3559: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3417:Saint Boniface 3414: 3409: 3404: 3402:Pope Gregory I 3399: 3394: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3341:Biblical canon 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3295: 3293: 3274: 3270:Late antiquity 3262: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3217:Pope Clement I 3207:Church Fathers 3204: 3198: 3196: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3063: 3061: 3046: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3007: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2968:Biblical canon 2963:Catholic Bible 2960: 2959: 2958: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2913: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2855: 2838: 2819: 2811: 2810:External links 2808: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2782: 2776: 2763: 2757: 2742: 2736: 2721: 2715: 2700: 2694: 2681: 2643: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2595: 2580: 2553: 2533: 2508: 2484: 2471: 2458: 2440: 2419: 2406: 2390: 2362: 2360:(Mainz, 1976). 2356:W.F. Volbach, 2349: 2336: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2102: 2101: 2072:Wilton Diptych 2069: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2021: 1918:Augustus Pugin 1914:Gothic Revival 1894:Pre-Raphaelite 1892:(1850) by the 1882: 1879: 1836:Gavin Hamilton 1779: 1776: 1656:Main article: 1653: 1650: 1637:Last Judgement 1582:Paolo Veronese 1531:Sistine Chapel 1529:fresco in the 1517: 1514: 1490:Albrecht Dürer 1297:, attacked in 1265: 1262: 1220:parish priests 1127:Pensive Christ 1123:Man of Sorrows 1119:andachtsbilder 1091:Man of Sorrows 1057:in Italy, and 993:panel painting 927: 924: 900:Life of Christ 892:Last Judgement 849:Pre-Romanesque 845:Romanesque art 836:Romanesque art 819: 816: 763:Lorsch Gospels 759:Late Antiquity 649: 646: 629:Libri Carolini 593:Libri Carolini 587: 584: 564:Greek Orthodox 457:Constantius II 449:Constantinople 441:Main article: 418: 415: 369:that decorate 334:Edict of Milan 267:Main article: 263:, 2nd century. 252: 249: 237:transcendental 206:Eastern Church 202:Western Church 185:Edict of Milan 168:Church in Rome 145:Catholic Bible 124:Catholic music 49:God the Father 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6245: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6213: 6205: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6143:Home Missions 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6036:Saint Francis 6034: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6019:Saint Dominic 6017: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5832:Bethlehemites 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5754:Vatican Radio 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5739:Vatican Media 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036:List of popes 5032: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820:Mother of God 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4705:People of God 4703: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4694: 4693:Infallibility 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4569:Body and soul 4567: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4472:Enlightenment 4470: 4468: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4443:Protestantism 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4420:Scholasticism 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4405:Schism (1378) 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:Schism (1054) 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3971:Mother Teresa 3969: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3897:Pope Pius XII 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3863:Rerum novarum 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3847:Pope Leo XIII 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3817:United States 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3807:Pope Pius VII 3805: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3490:Scholasticism 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3465:Pope Urban II 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3241:Justin Martyr 3239: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3151:New Testament 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3114:Commissioning 3112: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058:Apostolic Age 3054: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944:Papal primacy 2942: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2807: 2800: 2798:0-500-20024-6 2794: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2777:0-600-35840-2 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2758:0-500-20019-X 2754: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2737:0-670-83383-5 2733: 2729: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2716:0-500-20004-1 2712: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2695:0-7459-5153-8 2691: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2678:9788887915402 2675: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2656:, S. Yanagi, 2655: 2654:Tristan Tzara 2651: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2577:0-19-881050-4 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561:Blunt Anthony 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550:0-521-56568-5 2547: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2523:on 2009-09-29 2522: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2436:0-06-430133-8 2433: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2343:Jean Lassus. 2340: 2337: 2334: 2333:0-691-01830-8 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2280:Christian art 2278: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:Tree of Jesse 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2248:Angels in art 2246: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2218:Madonna (art) 2216: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2088: 2084: 2073: 2063: 2054: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2013:Imogen Stuart 2010: 2006: 2005:Efren Ordoñez 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1910:Enlightenment 1907: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867:Ancien Régime 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1705: 1701: 1700:Cerasi Chapel 1697: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502:Danube school 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1472:In Rome, the 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1431:John of Genoa 1426: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1413:Martin Luther 1410: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:Low Countries 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1180:Robert Campin 1177: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1153:or enthroned 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:oil paintings 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1075:small village 1072: 1068: 1067:book of hours 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997:stained glass 994: 990: 986: 982: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 951: 947: 942: 937: 933: 925: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 841: 837: 829: 824: 817: 815: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:purple vellum 777: 773: 769: 764: 760: 756: 748: 743: 739: 737: 733: 728: 724: 720: 715: 713: 712:Book of Kells 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 692:British Isles 689: 682: 678: 670: 666: 663: 660:contains the 659: 654: 647: 645: 643: 639: 635: 630: 625: 623: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594: 585: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 560:Cretan School 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 510:Cretan School 507: 502: 498: 497:divine origin 494: 493:Byzantine art 490: 486: 482: 478: 477:graven images 473: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 444: 443:Byzantine art 436: 432: 428: 425:6th? century 423: 416: 414: 412: 408: 407:ivory carving 404: 400: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 327: 322: 318: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 290:Good Shepherd 287: 283: 279: 275: 274:Christian art 270: 262: 261:Good Shepherd 257: 250: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 82: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 50: 46: 42: 38: 37: 32: 19: 6233:Catholic art 6182:Universities 6014:Third orders 5977:Associations 5967:Visitandines 5962:Trinitarians 5912:Mercedarians 5897:Hieronymites 5842:Camaldoleses 5827:Benedictines 5817:Augustinians 5777: 5770: 5763: 5744:Vatican News 5698:Distinctions 5643: 5504:Syro-Malabar 5389:Latin Church 5311:Grand master 5209:Metropolitan 5106:Vatican City 5001:Organisation 4880:Philosophers 4745:Confirmation 4722:In canon law 4716:Subsistit in 4714: 4710:Three states 4697: 4658: 4651:Ecclesiology 4633:Nova Vulgata 4631: 4589:Original sin 4584:Nicene Creed 4574:Divine grace 4533: 4415:Universities 4385:Papal States 4312:Great Church 4254:Resurrection 4231:Early Church 4085: 4081:Pope Francis 4007:21st century 3956:Pope Paul VI 3933: 3921: 3874:20th century 3861: 3812:Pope Pius IX 3800:19th century 3776:Pope Pius VI 3643: 3515:Latin Empire 3485:Universities 3437:Pope Leo III 3304:Christianity 3289:state church 3281:Great Church 3082:Resurrection 3045:(30–325/476) 3042:Early Church 3027:Latin Church 3022:Papal States 3017:Vatican City 3004: 2857: 2848: 2831:. Retrieved 2827:the original 2805: 2787: 2767: 2747: 2726: 2705: 2685: 2649: 2646:Jean Soldini 2639: 2633: 2611:. Retrieved 2607: 2598: 2583: 2564: 2556: 2541: 2536: 2525:. Retrieved 2521:the original 2511: 2500:. Retrieved 2496: 2487: 2479: 2478:Roy Strong. 2474: 2466: 2461: 2443: 2427: 2422: 2414: 2409: 2401: 2393: 2374: 2370: 2369:T. Mathews, 2365: 2357: 2352: 2344: 2339: 2323: 2237: 2233:Holy Kinship 2176: 2112:Annunciation 2103: 2093: 2071: 2040: 2026: 2023:21st century 2001:Brian Whelan 1998: 1970: 1950: 1903: 1889: 1844: 1829: 1814: 1799: 1790: 1778:18th century 1748:Sacred Heart 1745: 1737:Cuzco School 1733:Quito School 1709: 1693: 1676: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1608: 1598: 1589: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1548: 1535:Michelangelo 1524: 1474:sack of 1527 1471: 1444: 1427: 1417: 1396:Michelangelo 1378: 1370:Fra Angelico 1345: 1328:and that of 1325: 1309: 1304: 1272: 1254:oil painting 1243: 1240:Master E. S. 1206:, mostly in 1201: 1197:Jan van Eyck 1190: 1186:Annunciation 1185: 1173: 1170:oil painting 1167: 1138: 1104: 1098:, ca. 1435, 1089: 1051:Fra Angelico 1040: 1021: 955: 949: 899: 889: 859: 853: 843: 804: 752: 747:Ebbo Gospels 727:Ottonian art 716: 684: 664: 628: 626: 618: 591: 589: 562:, which led 553: 530: 526:Castelseprio 476: 474: 461:Hagia Sophia 446: 390:Late Antique 379: 331: 306:Dura-Europos 272: 218: 183: 164:Roman Empire 149: 133:Jesus Christ 120:architecture 116:applied arts 88:Catholic art 87: 86: 63: 34: 18:Catholic Art 6172:Health care 6158:Pax Christi 6110:Schoenstatt 6075:Sant'Egidio 5907:Legionaries 5887:Franciscans 5862:Cistercians 5857:Carthusians 5812:Annonciades 5671:Altarpieces 5564:West Syriac 5559:East Syriac 5539:Alexandrian 5163:Holy orders 5144:Swiss Guard 5084:Dicasteries 5079:Roman Curia 4977:Evangelists 4935:Holy Family 4870:Personalism 4860:Natural law 4838:Josephology 4772:Holy orders 4410:Inquisition 4367:Middle Ages 4357:Monasticism 4325:Constantine 4249:Crucifixion 4087:Laudato si' 3882:Pope Pius X 3711:Philip Neri 3686:Pope Pius V 3661:Thomas More 3530:Inquisition 3432:Charlemagne 3392:Monasticism 3202:Persecution 3094:Holy Spirit 3077:Crucifixion 2956:First seven 2467:On Painting 2213:Holy family 2079: 1395 2009:Ade Bethune 1973:Sacre Coeur 1793:Philip Neri 1729:Franciscans 1713:chiaroscuro 1652:Baroque art 1590:Last Supper 1586:Inquisition 1447:Lutheranism 1423:indulgences 1388: 1490 1334:Magi Chapel 1310:renaissance 1299:Reformation 1285:, 1483–1486 1232:printmakers 1178:(1420s) of 1151:Crucifixion 1147:altarpieces 1063:iconography 1024:typological 974:Carthusians 970:Cistercians 962:Abbot Suger 723:Carolingian 719:Charlemagne 704:Gospel book 696:Middle Ages 688:Insular art 677:Insular art 598:Charlemagne 580:Mount Athos 531:The art of 514:Renaissance 485:iconodulism 394:Hellenistic 194:manuscripts 129:Western art 104:iconography 77: 1636 5927:Oratorians 5882:Dominicans 5852:Carmelites 5847:Camillians 5795:institutes 5608:Tridentine 5544:Antiochian 5464:Macedonian 5409:Belarusian 5299:Provincial 5214:Archbishop 5134:Roman Rota 5096:Properties 5021:By country 5017:Precedence 4982:Confessors 4962:Archangels 4952:Patriarchs 4852:Philosophy 4830:Veneration 4795:Assumption 4765:Last rites 4732:Sacraments 4676:Four marks 4487:Vatican II 4435:Modern era 4271:Succession 3960:coronation 3666:Pope Leo X 3251:Tertullian 3181:Revelation 3156:Background 2833:2009-08-08 2770:. Hamlyn. 2650:Sacre Arti 2624:References 2613:2020-12-01 2592:Émile Mâle 2527:2008-06-28 2502:2020-12-01 1975:in Paris, 1954:holy cards 1873:(1780) of 1828:'s London 1822:Grand Tour 1684:Caravaggio 1646:Émile Mâle 1463:iconoclast 1415:wrote his 1390:–1520) of 1379:The brief 1374:Botticelli 1358:Savonarola 1332:, and the 1281:version), 1250:polyptychs 1228:engravings 1216:blockbooks 978:Franciscan 932:Gothic art 926:Gothic art 828:Gero Cross 818:Romanesque 642:Savonarola 610:iconodules 501:Saint Luke 481:iconoclasm 435:Iconoclasm 278:sarcophagi 251:Beginnings 214:Gothic art 210:Romanesque 198:iconoclasm 176:sarcophagi 100:visual art 60:Guido Reni 6168:See also: 6120:Charities 6029:Discalced 5957:Trappists 5952:Theatines 5922:Olivetans 5867:Clarisses 5837:Blue nuns 5822:Basilians 5799:societies 5707:See also: 5593:Mozarabic 5583:Ambrosian 5569:Malankara 5554:Byzantine 5514:Ukrainian 5489:Ruthenian 5454:Hungarian 5439:Ethiopian 5414:Bulgarian 5381:sui iuris 5365:Postulant 5274:Religious 5229:Auxiliary 5224:Coadjutor 5194:Patriarch 5062:Cardinals 5009:Canon law 5005:Hierarchy 4987:Disciples 4910:Relations 4898:Evolution 4889:See also: 4834:See also: 4787:Mariology 4777:Matrimony 4750:Eucharist 4671:Ecumenism 4599:Salvation 4535:Catechism 4530:Tradition 4492:Communism 4340:Chalcedon 3976:Communism 3946:Ecumenism 3292:(380–451) 3284:(180–451) 3273:(313–476) 3195:(100–325) 2672:166–233. 2316:Footnotes 1985:modernist 1810:Palladian 1796:, 1739–40 1633:Dominican 1594:refectory 1555:Mannerism 1481:Charles V 1440:gold leaf 1356:preacher 1354:Dominican 960:built by 788:Mozarabic 776:gold leaf 467:. As the 326:catacombs 314:baptistry 241:modernist 172:Roman art 156:catacombs 137:disciples 108:sculpture 68:tramples 6227:Category 6212:Category 6105:Opus Dei 6090:Scouting 6080:Focolare 5947:Servites 5932:Piarists 5877:Crosiers 5613:Anglican 5549:Armenian 5479:Romanian 5469:Maronite 5444:Georgian 5434:Eritrean 5419:Chaldean 5404:Armenian 5399:Albanian 5280:Superior 5239:Emeritus 5219:Diocesan 5072:Advisers 5031:Holy See 4957:Prophets 4915:Politics 4686:Catholic 4666:Councils 4521:Theology 4400:Crusades 4335:Nicaea I 4266:Apostles 4244:Ministry 4213:Timeline 4193:Glossary 3986:HIV/AIDS 3480:Crusades 3234:Irenaeus 3227:Ignatius 3222:Polycarp 3072:Ministry 3060:(30–100) 2934:Timeline 2451:Archived 2382:Archived 2274:See also 2032:Subjects 1698:, 1601. 1680:Carracci 1625:Discorso 1567:Orthodox 1500:and the 1459:idolatry 1350:Florence 1212:ampullae 1182:and the 1003:and the 972:and the 864:crucifix 856:tympanum 755:diptychs 608:and the 568:El Greco 463:and the 339:basilica 310:frescoes 204:and the 152:frescoes 6177:Schools 6133:Caritas 6041:Secular 6007:Workers 5902:Jesuits 5688:Museums 5683:Library 5661:Writers 5656:Artists 5636:Culture 5603:Paul VI 5484:Russian 5474:Melkite 5316:Brother 5294:General 5234:Titular 5204:Primate 5182:Eparchy 5172:Diocese 5119:Outline 5058:College 5048:Francis 4992:Virgins 4967:Martyrs 4893:Science 4800:History 4755:Penance 4740:Baptism 4641:Worship 4614:Vulgate 4562:Kingdom 4557:Trinity 4545:General 4300:Primacy 4208:History 4188:Outline 3951:Judaism 3351:Vulgate 3161:Gospels 3136:Stephen 3053:Origins 2973:Vulgate 2909:General 2899:of the 2897:History 2662:Bologna 2238:Other: 1962:Lourdes 1896:artist 1865:of the 1812:forms. 1764:Seville 1725:Jesuits 1721:Bernini 1717:cherubs 1658:Baroque 1605:Molanus 1478:Emperor 1455:Zwingli 1400:Raphael 1248:, even 1222:in the 1208:woodcut 1143:Passion 904:Psalter 872:Segovia 868:Cologne 690:of the 667:of the 662:incipit 556:Romania 522:Palermo 375:Ravenna 367:mosaics 359:priests 312:of the 225:Baroque 190:mosaics 162:of the 6055:Fimcap 5997:Marian 5917:Minims 5649:Marian 5499:Syriac 5494:Slovak 5424:Coptic 5360:Oblate 5355:Master 5350:Novice 5345:Hermit 5333:Sister 5289:Abbess 5256:Deacon 5251:Priest 5246:Parish 5189:Bishop 5159:Polity 4945:Joseph 4927:Saints 4594:Saints 4482:Nazism 3917:Nazism 3739:to the 3346:Jerome 3256:Origen 2939:Papacy 2795: 2774: 2755: 2734: 2713: 2692: 2676: 2575: 2548: 2493:"CT25" 2434: 2331: 2258:Maestà 2177:Mary: 2015:, and 1966:Fátima 1851:Louvre 1840:Louvre 1818:Naples 1802:Rococo 1706:, Rome 1551:Venice 1543:Charon 1510:prints 1504:, and 1451:Calvin 1409:Papacy 1342:Medici 1279:Louvre 1204:prints 1079:Oxford 1047:Giotto 1001:fresco 981:friars 912:enamel 876:Durham 796:Girona 768:vellum 537:Poland 518:Venice 409:, and 355:bishop 347:aisles 298:motifs 233:beauty 229:Rococo 196:. The 166:. The 141:saints 139:, the 118:, and 45:Christ 6153:CIDSE 6002:Youth 5726:Media 5693:Music 5618:Zaire 5598:Roman 5588:Braga 5578:Latin 5449:Greek 5321:Friar 5285:Abbot 5199:Major 5114:Index 5013:Laity 4579:Dogma 4526:Bible 4502:Islam 4458:Trent 4239:Jesus 4221:Legal 4183:Index 4019:Islam 3287:Roman 3246:Canon 3119:Peter 3067:Jesus 2638:, in 1859:Milan 1855:Brera 1234:like 1131:Pietà 1077:near 437:icon. 403:Icons 363:altar 235:as a 70:Satan 5678:Folk 5326:Monk 5067:List 5045:Pope 4940:Mary 4069:2023 4064:2019 4059:2016 4054:2013 4049:2011 4044:2008 4039:2005 4034:2002 4029:2000 3996:1995 3166:Acts 3129:Paul 3124:John 3099:Mary 2793:ISBN 2772:ISBN 2753:ISBN 2732:ISBN 2711:ISBN 2690:ISBN 2674:ISBN 2573:ISBN 2546:ISBN 2432:ISBN 2329:ISBN 2211:The 2070:The 1964:and 1908:and 1739:and 1727:and 1682:and 1398:and 1372:and 1238:and 1129:and 1053:and 934:and 882:and 838:and 826:The 798:and 725:and 679:and 640:and 547:and 520:and 427:icon 386:halo 357:and 351:apse 343:nave 227:and 219:The 212:and 180:Mary 47:and 5992:Lay 5644:Art 5338:Nun 5060:of 4552:God 3055:and 3005:Art 2666:FMR 2569:OUP 1857:in 1533:by 1336:of 1320:by 1277:, ( 1252:in 1189:or 1094:by 950:ca. 918:by 880:Ely 778:on 757:of 616:). 429:of 245:God 106:), 92:art 90:is 83:). 62:'s 39:by 6229:: 5797:, 5287:, 2847:. 2670:p. 2668:, 2664:, 2660:, 2606:. 2571:, 2563:, 2495:. 2400:. 2388:). 2107:: 2083:in 2076:c. 2019:. 2011:, 2007:, 2003:, 1996:. 1789:, 1743:. 1735:, 1702:, 1496:, 1453:, 1394:, 1385:c. 1125:, 1049:, 999:, 995:, 878:, 802:. 491:. 292:. 247:. 147:. 114:, 110:, 74:c. 5792:, 5276:: 5165:) 5161:( 5038:) 5034:( 4164:e 4157:t 4150:v 3962:) 3958:( 2889:e 2882:t 2875:v 2836:. 2801:. 2780:. 2761:. 2740:. 2719:. 2698:. 2680:. 2616:. 2530:. 2505:. 2074:( 1623:( 1615:( 1607:( 1545:. 1383:( 948:( 749:. 671:. 102:( 72:( 20:)

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