1549:
1199:
takes more than a year to mature; sheep and goats often have twins and these are ready for slaughter in less than a year; pigs are more prolific, producing more than one litter of up to about 11 piglets each year. Horses, donkeys, deer, buffalo, llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas are farmed for meat in various regions. Some desirable traits of animals raised for meat include fecundity, hardiness, fast growth rate, ease of management and high food conversion efficiency. About half of the world's meat is produced from animals grazing on open ranges or on enclosed pastures, the other half being produced intensively in various factory-farming systems; these are mostly cows, pigs or poultry, and often reared indoors, typically at high densities.
735:
457:
47:
1102:
1208:
304:
1244:
5887:
1610:
414:
830:
698:
1315:
720:; pigs may be housed in climate-controlled buildings and never go outdoors; poultry may be reared in barns and kept in cages as laying birds under lighting-controlled conditions. In between these two extremes are semi-intensive, often family-run farms where livestock graze outside for much of the year, silage or hay is made to cover the times of year when the grass stops growing, and fertiliser, feed, and other inputs are brought onto the farm from outside.
903:
1446:
consumption has nearly doubled worldwide. Developing countries had a surge in meat consumption, particularly of monogastric livestock. Animal husbandry drives climate change, ocean acidification, and biodiversity loss, and kills 60 billion animals annually. It uses between 20 and 33% of the world's fresh water, Livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of the Earth's ice-free land. Livestock production contributes to species
607:
523:
1354:, five thousand years ago, and man had been harvesting honey from the wild long before that. Fixed comb hives are used in many parts of the world and are made from any locally available material. In more advanced economies, where modern strains of domestic bee have been selected for docility and productiveness, various designs of hive are used which enable the combs to be removed for processing and extraction of honey. Quite apart from the
776:
1306:. Similar facilities can be used to raise species with conservation needs to be released into the wild, or game fish for restocking waterways. Important aspects of husbandry at these early stages include selection of breeding stock, control of water quality and nutrition. In the wild, there is a massive amount of mortality at the nursery stage; farmers seek to minimise this while at the same time maximising growth rates.
1154:
5720:
488:, one of thousands of villages recorded in the book, had in 1086 "2 fisheries worth 7s and 6d and 20 acres of meadow . Woodland for 70 pigs." The improvements of animal husbandry in the medieval period in Europe went hand in hand with other developments. Improvements to the plough allowed the soil to be tilled to a greater depth. Horses took over from oxen as the main providers of traction, new ideas on
5732:
1438:
749:, the main exceptions being the pig and the chicken which are omnivorous. The herbivores can be divided into "concentrate selectors" which selectively feed on seeds, fruits and highly nutritious young foliage, "grazers" which mainly feed on grass, and "intermediate feeders" which choose their diet from the whole range of available plant material. Cattle, sheep, goats, deer and antelopes are
1462:. Some 70% of the agricultural land and 30% of Earth's land surface is involved directly or indirectly in animal husbandry. Habitat is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for grazing, while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted because of a perceived threat to livestock profits; for example, animal husbandry causes up to 91% of the
1231:
within six or seven weeks of hatching. Newly hatched chicks are restricted to a small area and given supplementary heating. Litter on the floor absorbs the droppings and the area occupied is expanded as they grow. Feed and water is supplied automatically and the lighting is controlled. The birds may be harvested on several occasions or the whole shed may be cleared at one time.
1002:
5756:
5744:
753:; they digest food in two steps, chewing and swallowing in the normal way, and then regurgitating the semidigested cud to chew it again and thus extract the maximum possible food value. The dietary needs of these animals is mostly met by eating grass. Grasses grow from the base of the leaf-blade, enabling it to thrive even when heavily grazed or cut.
1198:
and essential nutrients around the world, averaging about 8% of man's energy intake. The actual types eaten depend on local preferences, availability, cost and other factors, with cattle, sheep, pigs and goats being the main species involved. Cattle generally produce a single offspring annually which
814:
Selective breeding has been responsible for large increases in productivity. For example, in 2007, a typical broiler chicken at eight weeks old was 4.8 times as heavy as a bird of similar age in 1957, while in the thirty years to 2007, the average milk yield of a dairy cow in the United States nearly
372:
had been domesticated, probably before 3,000 BC, as beasts of burden and for their wool. Neither was strong enough to pull a plough which limited the development of agriculture in the New World. Horses occur naturally on the steppes of
Central Asia and their domestication began around 3,000 BC in the
786:
Extensively reared animals may subsist entirely on forage, but more intensively kept livestock will require energy and protein-rich foods in addition. Energy is mainly derived from cereals and cereal by-products, fats and oils and sugar-rich foods, while protein may come from fish or meat meal, milk
323:
of livestock was driven by the need to have food on hand when hunting was unproductive. The desirable characteristics of a domestic animal are that it should be useful to the domesticator, should be able to thrive in his or her company, should breed freely, and be easy to tend. Domestication was not
1388:
and in Europe, only one generation is normally raised each year as this is a deciduous tree. In China, Korea and Japan however, two generations are normal, and in the tropics, multiple generations are expected. Most production of silk occurs in the Far East, with a synthetic diet being used to rear
1230:
In the developed world, the majority of the poultry reared for meat is raised indoors in big sheds, with automated equipment under environmentally controlled conditions. Chickens raised in this way are known as broilers, and genetic improvements have meant that they can be grown to slaughter weight
1221:
Poultry, kept for their eggs and for their meat, include chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks. The great majority of laying birds used for egg production are chickens. Methods for keeping layers range from free-range systems, where the birds can roam as they will but are housed at night for their own
973:
There is no single universally agreed definition of which species are livestock. Widely agreed types of livestock include cattle for beef and dairy, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry. Various other species are sometimes considered livestock, such as horses, while poultry birds are sometimes excluded.
507:
Exploration and colonisation of North and South
America resulted in the introduction into Europe of such crops as maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes and manioc, while the principal Old World livestock β cattle, horses, sheep and goats β were introduced into the New World for the first time along with
1109:
Although all mammals produce milk to nourish their young, the cow is predominantly used throughout the world to produce milk and milk products for human consumption. Other animals used to a lesser extent for this purpose include sheep, goats, camels, buffaloes, yaks, reindeer, horses and donkeys.
795:
in grass and other forages, so they are fed entirely on cereals and other high-energy foodstuffs. The ingredients for the animals' rations can be grown on the farm or can be bought, in the form of pelleted or cubed, compound foodstuffs specially formulated for the different classes of livestock,
1234:
A similar rearing system is usually used for turkeys, which are less hardy than chickens, but they take longer to grow and are often moved on to separate fattening units to finish. Ducks are particularly popular in Asia and
Australia and can be killed at seven weeks under commercial conditions.
1113:
All these animals have been domesticated over the centuries, being bred for such desirable characteristics as fecundity, productivity, docility and the ability to thrive under the prevailing conditions. Whereas in the past cattle had multiple functions, modern dairy cow breeding has resulted in
1261:
Aquaculture has been defined as "the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants and implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies
810:
The breeding of farm animals seldom occurs spontaneously but is managed by farmers with a view to encouraging traits seen as desirable. These include hardiness, fertility, docility, mothering abilities, fast growth rates, low feed consumption per unit of growth, better body proportions, higher
1445:
Animal husbandry has a significant impact on the world environment. Both production and consumption of animal products have increased rapidly. Since 1950, meat production has tripled, whereas the production of dairy products doubled and that of eggs almost increased fourfold. Meanwhile, meat
1601:
Farm animals are widespread in books and songs for children; the reality of animal husbandry is often distorted, softened, or idealized, giving children an almost entirely fictitious account of farm life. The books often depict happy animals free to roam in attractive countryside, a picture
1226:
are arranged in long rows in multiple tiers, with external feeders, drinkers, and egg collection facilities. This is the most labour saving and economical method of egg production but has been criticised on animal welfare grounds as the birds are unable to exhibit their normal behaviours.
894:
are available against certain diseases, and antibiotics are widely used where appropriate. At one time, antibiotics were routinely added to certain compound foodstuffs to promote growth, but this practice is now frowned on in many countries because of the risk that it may lead to
930:
is present in wild bird populations and can be carried large distances by migrating birds. This virus is easily transmissible to domestic poultry, and to humans living in close proximity with them. Other infectious diseases affecting wild animals, farm animals and humans include
468:
In northern Europe, agriculture including animal husbandry went into decline when the Roman empire collapsed. Some aspects such as the herding of animals continued throughout the period. By the 11th century, the economy had recovered and the countryside was again productive. The
359:
was domesticated by 6,000 BC. Fossilised chicken bones dated to 5040 BC have been found in northeastern China, far from where their wild ancestors lived in the jungles of tropical Asia, but archaeologists believe that the original purpose of domestication was for the sport of
1694:
93 people who had visited a
British interactive farm in an outbreak in 2009. Historic farms such as those in the United States offer farmstays and "a carefully curated version of farming to those willing to pay for it", sometimes giving visitors a romanticised image of a
428:, cattle were the most important livestock, and sheep, goats, and pigs were also kept; poultry including ducks, geese, and pigeons were captured in nets and bred on farms, where they were force-fed with dough to fatten them. The Nile provided a plentiful source of fish.
629:
way of life, producing not only the food needed by the family but also the fuel, fertiliser, clothing, transport and draught power. Killing the animal for food was a secondary consideration, and wherever possible its products such as wool, eggs, milk and blood (by the
859:. In the European Union, when farmers treat their own animals, they are required to follow the guidelines for treatment and to record the treatments given. Animals are susceptible to a number of diseases and conditions that may affect their health. Some, like
1281:
provide larval and juvenile fish, crustaceans and shellfish, for use in aquaculture systems. When large enough these are transferred to growing-on tanks and sold to fish farms to reach harvest size. Some species that are commonly raised in hatcheries include
685:
In the uplands of the United
Kingdom, sheep are turned out on the fells in spring and graze the abundant mountain grasses untended, being brought to lower altitudes late in the year, with supplementary feeding being provided in winter. In rural locations,
352:, pulling a plough to increase production of crops, and drawing a sledge, and later a cart, to bring the produce home from the field. Draught animals were first used about 4,000 BC in the Middle East, increasing agricultural production immeasurably.
568:
The semi-natural, unfertilised pastures formed by traditional agricultural methods in Europe were managed by grazing and mowing. As the ecological impact of this land management strategy is similar to the impact of such natural disturbances as a
475:
recorded every parcel of land and every animal in
England: "there was not one single hide, nor a yard of land, nay, moreover ... not even an ox, nor a cow, nor a swine was there left, that was not set down in writ." For example, the royal
657:
involves large herds of cattle grazing widely over public and private lands. Similar cattle stations are found in South
America, Australia and other places with large areas of land and low rainfall. Ranching systems have been used for
1266:
of the stock being cultivated." In practice it can take place in the sea or in freshwater, and be extensive or intensive. Whole bays, lakes or ponds may be devoted to aquaculture, or the farmed animal may be retained in cages (fish),
336:, were predisposed to become part of the human pack and join in the hunt. Prey animals, sheep, goats, pigs and cattle, were progressively domesticated early in the history of agriculture. Pigs were domesticated in the
239:
like cattle and sheep are adapted to feed on grass; they can forage outdoors or may be fed entirely or in part on rations richer in energy and protein, such as pelleted cereals. Pigs and poultry cannot digest the
1136:
In many communities, milk production is only part of the purpose of keeping an animal which may also be used as a beast of burden or to draw a plough, or for the production of fibre, meat and leather, with the
4871:
262:, which in the 14th century referred to the ownership and care of a household or farm, but today means the "control or judicious use of resources", and in agriculture, the cultivation of plants or animals.
492:
were developed and the growing of crops for winter fodder gained ground. Peas, beans and vetches became common; they increased soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, allowing more livestock to be kept.
851:
are the main contributors to animal health on the farm, bringing economic benefits through maximised production. When, despite these precautions, animals still become sick, they are treated with
549:
in the 18th century. One of his most important breeding programs was with sheep. Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. The
974:
In some parts of the world, livestock includes species such as buffalo, and the South
American camelids, the alpaca and llama. Some authorities use much broader definitions to include fish in
348:
in the areas of modern Turkey and
Pakistan around 8,500 BC. A cow was a great advantage to a villager as she produced more milk than her calf needed, and her strength could be put to use as a
772:(fermented grass). Other forage crops are also grown and many of these, as well as crop residues, can be ensiled to fill the gap in the nutritional needs of livestock in the lean season.
557:
and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines. These sheep were exported widely and have contributed to numerous modern breeds. Under his influence, English farmers began to breed
1222:
protection, through semi-intensive systems where they are housed in barns and have perches, litter and some freedom of movement, to intensive systems where they are kept in cages. The
1548:
4231:
1528:
for humans to use non-human animals, provided that no unnecessary suffering is caused, and that the benefits to humans outweigh the costs to the livestock. An opposing view is that
212:. On poorer soil, such as in uplands, animals are often kept more extensively and may be allowed to roam widely, foraging for themselves. Animal agriculture at modern scale drives
436:, all the livestock known in ancient Egypt were available. In addition, rabbits were domesticated for food by the first century BC. To help flush them out from their burrows, the
914:, diseases that humans may acquire from animals. Wild animal populations may harbour diseases that can affect domestic animals which may acquire them as a result of insufficient
4122:
645:
Animals can be kept extensively or intensively. Extensive systems involve animals roaming at will, or under the supervision of a herdsman, often for their protection from
694:
can obtain much of their nutrition from scavenging, and in
African communities, hens may live for months without being fed, and still produce one or two eggs a week.
577:. This strategy is declining in Europe today due to the intensification of agriculture. The mechanized and chemical methods used are causing biodiversity to decline.
4862:
4588:
2743:
5953:
5705:
5360:
5323:
796:
their growth stages and their specific nutritional requirements. Vitamins and minerals are added to balance the diet. Farmed fish are usually fed pelleted food.
4491:
1996:
Cattle were independently domesticated from the aurochs, a wild bovine species, in the vicinity of the current countries of Turkey and Pakistan ~10,000 y ago.
5793:
5058:
2283:
Campbell, Bruce M.S.; Overton, M. (1993). "A New Perspective on Medieval and Early Modern Agriculture: Six Centuries of Norfolk Farming, c. 1250 β c. 1850".
4742:
6063:
3527:
McAfee, Alison J.; McSorley, Emeir M.; Cuskelly, Geraldine J.; Moss, Bruce W.; Wallace, Julie M. W.; Bonham, Maxine P.; Fearon, Anna M. (January 2010).
1520:. Standards and laws for animal welfare have been created worldwide, broadly in line with the most widely held position in the western world, a form of
1400:
larvae in the south. The crickets are kept in pens, boxes or drawers and fed on commercial pelleted poultry food, while the palm weevil larvae live on
4292:
4205:
5673:
5617:
3492:
1540:. Animal rights activists have objected to long-distance transport of animals; one result was the banning of live exports from New Zealand in 2003.
1432:
3809:
2954:
1463:
734:
3054:
Innes, Gabriel K.; Randad, Pranay R.; Korinek, Anton; Davis, Meghan F.; Price, Lance B.; So, Anthony D.; Heaney, Christopher D. (2020-04-02).
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2710:
2676:
2649:
2551:
2526:
2499:
2437:
2123:
2098:
1928:
1823:
3839:
332:. Half-wild dogs, perhaps starting with young individuals, may have been tolerated as scavengers and killers of vermin, and being naturally
5978:
5003:
5760:
4391:
4266:
328:
in the Middle East, while cattle and pigs were associated with more settled communities. The first wild animal to be domesticated was the
4153:
883:
are affecting farmed salmon in Scotland. Reducing the parasite burdens of livestock results in increased productivity and profitability.
5575:
3700:
2048:
553:
was improved by Bakewell and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. It was
1129:, grazing pastures and being fed hay in winter, nowadays there is a trend towards larger herds, more intensive systems, the feeding of
5605:
791:
and other plant foods, often the by-products of vegetable oil extraction. Pigs and poultry are non-ruminants and unable to digest the
324:
a single event, but a process repeated at various periods in different places. Sheep and goats were the animals that accompanied the
5031:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4726:
4129:
2153:
1793:
1428:
542:
531:
141:
716:; dairy cows may be kept in zero-grazing conditions with all their forage brought to them; beef cattle may be kept in high density
456:
5973:
5948:
5786:
5051:
4830:
2702:
3111:
Chua, K.B.; Chua, B.H.; Wang, C.W. (2002). "Anthropogenic deforestation, El NiΓ±o and the emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia".
5653:
5638:
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5410:
546:
517:
129:
1207:
6033:
5700:
5695:
5643:
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405:
becoming beasts of burden. By 1000 BC, caravans of Arabian camels were linking India with Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean.
1708:
6028:
6011:
5983:
5375:
5088:
4960:
2231:
2814:
2307:
5988:
5906:
5395:
5370:
3028:
2903:
1955:
4347:
Machovina, B.; Feeley, K. J.; Ripple, W. J. (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption".
1662:, dressing farm animals in clothes and having them walk on two legs, live in houses, and perform human activities. The
811:
yields, and better fibre qualities. Undesirable traits such as health defects and aggressiveness are selected against.
6101:
6001:
5938:
5928:
5779:
5380:
5044:
3866:
2022:
46:
3661:
573:, this agricultural system shares many beneficial characteristics with a natural habitat, including the promotion of
3894:
Prehistoric textiles: the development of cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with special reference to the Aegean
2253:
1366:
of crops and wild plants, and in many places hives are transported around the countryside to assist in pollination.
6006:
5886:
5420:
5355:
5184:
4599:
6091:
5159:
4659:
3440:
1619:
1579:
1397:
1101:
6056:
5668:
5254:
5169:
5154:
5109:
4894:
2868:
Jarman, M.R.; Clark, Grahame; Grigson, Caroline; Uerpmann, H.P.; Ryder, M.L. (1976). "Early Animal Husbandry".
2380:
Pykala, Juha (2000). "Mitigating Human Effects of European Biodiversity Through Traditional Animal Husbandry".
1667:
1243:
1145:. Sheep and goats may be favoured for dairy production in climates and conditions that do not suit dairy cows.
1115:
896:
886:
Where the condition is serious, governments impose regulations on import and export, on the movement of stock,
713:
706:
702:
601:
298:
197:
3056:"External Societal Costs of Antimicrobial Resistance in Humans Attributable to Antimicrobial Use in Livestock"
1670:" describes a farmer named MacDonald and the various animals he keeps, celebrating the noises they each make.
1082:
can serve as a fertiliser, returning minerals and organic matter to the soil in a semi-closed organic system.
3946:
1408:
trees, which limits their production to areas where these trees grow. Another delicacy of this region is the
5871:
5595:
5318:
5313:
5204:
5174:
3466:
1848:
1470:. Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for 35 to 40% of the overall
1119:
38:
5027:
4209:
3411:
2009:
Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration
1658:. Pigs tend to be "bearers of cheerfulness, good humour and innocence". Many of these books are completely
5663:
5648:
5590:
5585:
5340:
5271:
5264:
5083:
5078:
4230:
Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017).
4095:
3371:"Critical Steps in the Production of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies: Evaluation and Recommendations"
1728:
1562:
1351:
868:
283:
98:
3730:
3499:
2929:
5802:
5479:
5259:
3567:
3322:"Innovative vaccine production technologies: the evolution and value of vaccine production technologies"
1409:
1122:
is widely available to allow farmers to select for the particular traits that suit their circumstances.
860:
654:
303:
2333:
906:
Familiar livestock: ink and watercolour drawing of a farmyard with cow, horse, pigs, and chickens, 1869
4492:"Cow farts have 'larger greenhouse gas impact' than previously thought; methane pushes climate change"
1474:
of the planet. Further, livestock production is responsible for 65% of all human-related emissions of
5724:
5560:
5350:
5209:
5164:
4971:
4950:
4940:
4548:
4418:"Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions"
4356:
3843:
2877:
2389:
2185:
2139:
1959:
1883:
1809:
561:
for use primarily as beef. Long-horned heifers were crossed with the Westmoreland bull to create the
294:
90:
2958:
1677:; in Britain, some five million people a year visit a farm of some kind. This presents some risk of
1532:, should not be regarded as property, are not necessary to use, and should never be used by humans.
1133:
and "zero grazing", a system where grass is cut and brought to the cow, which is housed year-round.
5179:
4596:
Trans-Scripts 3: An Interdisciplinary Online Journal in Humanities And Social Sciences at UC Irvine
1663:
1609:
1459:
1455:
944:
852:
824:
626:
217:
200:
in the more developed parts of the world, where, for example, beef cattle are kept in high-density
193:
5731:
3817:
1602:
completely at odds with the realities of the impersonal, mechanized activities involved in modern
6096:
5933:
5901:
5736:
5658:
5484:
5400:
4566:
4437:
3351:
2737:
2692:
2405:
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2071:
538:
502:
125:
82:
3639:
2585:
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2355:
1654:
697:
413:
4815:
2516:
829:
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4021:
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3925:
3898:
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3592:
3548:
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3343:
3300:
3145:
3139:
3120:
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2848:
2791:
2706:
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2645:
2639:
2590:
2547:
2522:
2495:
2433:
2149:
2119:
2094:
1987:
1909:
1819:
1789:
1603:
1517:
1471:
1314:
1263:
1158:
221:
4789:
3919:
3892:
3783:
3294:
3071:
2785:
2049:"The Introduction of Domestic Camels to the Southern Levant: Evidence from the Aravah Valley"
1412:, and the best rearing and harvesting techniques in semi-natural habitats are being studied.
5836:
5565:
5523:
5415:
5306:
5214:
4889:
4668:
4629:
4556:
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4429:
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4248:
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4011:
3708:
3586:
3540:
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3333:
3083:
3067:
2980:
2885:
2580:
2489:
2427:
2397:
2288:
2217:
2193:
2063:
1977:
1967:
1899:
1891:
1813:
1733:
1659:
1525:
1318:
995:
562:
554:
461:
341:
308:
133:
1275:, either arriving naturally or being introduced, and both crops can be harvested together.
5993:
5540:
5276:
3756:
1639:
1635:
1451:
1268:
1216:
805:
550:
445:
386:
137:
5748:
4715:
4456:
2906:. European Platform for the Responsible Use of Medicines in Animals. 2010. Archived from
1638:
stories, and somewhat more darkly (with a hint of animals going to slaughter) as Babe in
922:
in Malaysia in 1999 was traced back to pigs becoming ill after contact with fruit-eating
4552:
4360:
4320:
4096:"Greenwashing the Animal-Industrial Complex: Sustainable Intensification and Happy Meat"
2881:
2726:
United States Agricultural Research Service, Animal Husbandry Research Division (1959).
2393:
2189:
1963:
1887:
606:
6046:
5876:
5866:
5821:
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5017:
4584:
4512:
Steinfeld, H.; Gerber, P.; Wassenaar, T.; Castel, V.; Rosales, M.; de Haan, C. (2006).
3188:
3088:
3055:
1982:
1943:
1904:
1871:
1757:
Both the name Bull and the reference to bacon indicate the archetypal livestock farmer.
1627:
1614:
1583:
1521:
1493:
1487:
1467:
1338:
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regions the summer pasture was up in the mountains, the winter pasture in the valleys.
610:
394:
349:
325:
312:
213:
169:
4838:
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1384:, each larva produces an exceedingly long, slender thread of silk. The larvae feed on
875:
animals. Animals living under intensive conditions are prone to internal and external
522:
6085:
6051:
5966:
5961:
5861:
5690:
5555:
5513:
5459:
5281:
5104:
4570:
4441:
2401:
2067:
1783:
1723:
1644:
1587:
1567:
1529:
1475:
1373:
1278:
1178:
1170:
1096:
936:
926:, their faeces and urine. The pigs in turn passed the infection to humans. Avian flu
872:
638:, people and livestock moved seasonally between fixed summer and winter pastures; in
631:
618:
527:
489:
471:
425:
418:
402:
320:
153:
102:
94:
81:, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, management, production, nutrition,
4513:
4368:
3210:
2758:
2409:
2075:
775:
6018:
5916:
5911:
5610:
5469:
5444:
5286:
5244:
5191:
5149:
4747:
4696:
4589:"Animals are not things: A view on animal welfare based on neurological complexity"
4297:
4048:
3951:
3528:
3355:
1713:
1674:
1595:
1591:
1509:
1401:
1248:
1223:
1153:
856:
761:
635:
614:
574:
433:
209:
74:
31:
4763:
4561:
4536:
4206:"Unit 9: Biodiversity Decline // Section 7: Habitat Loss: Causes and Consequences"
4064:
4049:"World meat consumption patterns: An overview of the last fifty years (1961β2011)"
3969:
3544:
3003:
2609:
2463:
1788:(11 ed.). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2004. p. 607.
1536:
of animals has risen to meet increased global demand for livestock such as in the
432:
were domesticated from at least the Old Kingdom, providing both honey and wax. In
3971:
Six-legged Livestock: Edible insect farming, collection and marketing in Thailand
2842:
2727:
2666:
2197:
2143:
1942:
McTavish, E.J.; Decker, J.E.; Schnabel, R.D.; Taylor, J.F.; Hillis, D.M. (2013).
5851:
5826:
5600:
5535:
5518:
5491:
5464:
5449:
5425:
5296:
5139:
5067:
3233:
1738:
1649:
1537:
1533:
1377:
1369:
1342:
1334:
1322:
1272:
1256:
1186:
1182:
1162:
1126:
987:
979:
975:
968:
964:
948:
940:
919:
915:
833:
729:
634:) were harvested while the animal was still alive. In the traditional system of
597:
477:
382:
378:
333:
189:
173:
62:
4417:
2569:"Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health"
2429:
Animal Husbandry Regained: The Place of Farm Animals in Sustainable Agriculture
2011:, Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 1, 10 July 2004 59. Indian Academy of Sciences.
1944:"New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events"
1437:
902:
381:
region. Although horses were originally seen as a source of meat, their use as
17:
5921:
5291:
5239:
5234:
5119:
4433:
4239:
4016:
3999:
3338:
3321:
3256:
1631:
1505:
1447:
1385:
1363:
1330:
1001:
923:
887:
750:
236:
185:
165:
4618:"What is animal welfare? Common definitions and their practical consequences"
4072:
4025:
3947:"Insects could be the key to meeting food needs of growing global population"
3079:
3032:
2907:
764:, so some areas of the crop are set aside to be cut and preserved, either as
5846:
5501:
5229:
4252:
3187:
Ferguson, W.; Ademosun, A.A.; von Kaufmann, R.; Hoste, C.; Rains, A. Blair.
2292:
1972:
1691:
1575:
1554:
1497:
1405:
1347:
1063:
1051:
991:
960:
792:
746:
646:
586:
485:
429:
374:
361:
337:
241:
228:
86:
4672:
4643:
4376:
4080:
4033:
3552:
3396:
3347:
3124:
3097:
2889:
2594:
1991:
1913:
4680:
4466:
4156:. Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations. Archived from
3977:. Bangkok: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2013.
3665:
3387:
3370:
1058:. Animals are also kept for more specialised purposes, such as to produce
128:, when Old World livestock were brought to the New World, and then in the
6068:
5196:
4985:, in Food and Agriculture, Scientific American Books, San Francisco 1976.
4791:
The Mythology of the Animal Farm in Children's Literature: Over the Fence
4743:"'This one has heat stress': the shocking reality of live animal exports"
3686:
Sherwin, C.M. (2010). "Turkeys: Behavior, Management and Well-Being". In
2261:
1696:
1678:
1558:
1501:
1393:
1138:
1067:
1005:
911:
880:
876:
570:
398:
356:
232:
201:
51:
4945:
The walking larder. Patterns of domestication, pastoralism and predation
4392:"Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet"
2462:. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute. p. 12. Archived from
1872:"Insights into early pig domestication provided by ancient DNA analysis"
1673:
Many urban children experience animal husbandry for the first time at a
1492:
Since the 18th century, people have become increasingly concerned about
1372:, the rearing of silkworms, was first adopted by the Chinese during the
756:
In many climates grass growth is seasonal, for example in the temperate
460:
Shepherd with sheep in woven hurdle pen. Medieval France. 15th century,
6041:
5831:
5550:
5506:
5474:
4261:
1718:
1687:
1682:
1513:
1303:
1295:
1195:
1059:
891:
864:
848:
788:
780:
717:
691:
667:
639:
437:
345:
315:
across the Middle East and central Asia with a reliable source of food.
267:
258:
205:
181:
3498:. Republic of Kenya: Ministry of Livestock Development. Archived from
3213:. Texas A&M University Department of Agriculture and Life Sciences
2608:
Meyer, Vernon M.; Driggers, L. Bynum; Ernest, Kenneth; Ernest, Debra.
2211:
1895:
5771:
5528:
5454:
5124:
5114:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1271:, racks or strings (shellfish). Fish and prawns can be cultivated in
1174:
1130:
1079:
1071:
1055:
1047:
1009:
932:
769:
757:
738:
679:
558:
481:
441:
369:
263:
161:
106:
66:
4123:"A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products"
4965:
Storia cronologica delle epizoozie dal 1409 av. Cristo sino al 1800
2870:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
1392:
Insects form part of the human diet in many cultures. In Thailand,
5545:
4461:. World Bank Working Papers. Washington: World Bank Publications.
4293:"Plant-based diets crucial to saving global wildlife, says report"
3690:. Wilson G. Pond and Alan W. Bell (Eds). Marcel Dekker. pp. 847β49
1608:
1547:
1436:
1355:
1313:
1287:
1242:
1206:
1152:
1100:
1000:
901:
841:
828:
774:
733:
696:
675:
659:
650:
605:
521:
455:
412:
390:
365:
302:
256:, meaning "to manage carefully", derives from an older meaning of
157:
149:
110:
45:
4955:
Horse power: a history of the horse and donkey in human societies
3296:
Counting Sheep: A Celebration of the Pastoral Heritage of Britain
2957:. National Institute for Animal Agriculture. 2001. Archived from
5436:
5224:
4657:
Broom, D.M. (1991). "Animal welfare: concepts and measurement".
3415:
2518:
Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World
1929:"New light shed on the domestication history of sheep and goats"
1381:
1191:
1075:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1013:
927:
837:
712:
At the other extreme, in the more developed parts of the world,
663:
177:
145:
114:
78:
70:
5775:
5040:
3165:
1030:
Animals are raised for a wide variety of products, principally
541:
for desired traits was established as a scientific practice by
5856:
5036:
4325:
1359:
1043:
765:
687:
671:
329:
118:
3529:"Red meat consumption: An overview of the risks and benefits"
2456:'You can't go home again' β Pastoralism in the new millennium
1396:
are farmed for this purpose in the north of the country, and
1598:; he is practical and down to earth, and anti-intellectual.
1118:
animals that produce large quantities of milk economically.
4541:
Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development
4537:"The Sustainability Challenges of Our Meat and Dairy Diets"
4514:"Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options"
2567:
Silbergeld, Ellen K.; Graham, Jay; Price, Lance B. (2008).
1699:
idyll from an unspecified time in the pre-industrial past.
1376:. The only species farmed commercially is the domesticated
1194:, mainly from farmed animals, is a major source of dietary
30:"Husbandry" redirects here. For cultivation of plants, see
4000:"Global Production and Consumption of Animal Source Foods"
3664:. Australian Chicken Meat Federation. 2013. Archived from
2171:"Livestock and animal husbandry in early medieval England"
340:
between 8,500 and 8000 BC, sheep and goats in or near the
97:, from around 13,000 BC onwards, predating farming of the
4535:
Stoll-Kleemann, Susanne; O'Riordan, Tim (23 April 2015).
3924:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 21β22.
3763:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
3737:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2491:
Let the Cowboy Ride: Cattle Ranching in the American West
1681:, especially if children handle animals and then fail to
1586:'s political satires, and soon afterwards in cartoons by
140:
sheep were rapidly improved by agriculturalists, such as
4232:"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice"
3785:
Australian Fish Farmer: A Practical Guide to Aquaculture
4967:, in Gazzetta medico-veterinaria, IβII, Milano 1871β72.
3522:
3520:
3320:
Bae, K.; Choi, J.; Jang, Y.; Ahn, S.; Hur, B. (2009).
2118:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 409.
867:
are specific to one type of stock, while others, like
3369:
Leenaars, Marlies; Hendriksen, Coenraad F.M. (2005).
3166:"Welcome to Equine Research, Education, and Outreach"
1125:
Whereas in the past cows were kept in small herds on
4957:, National history Museum publications, London 1992.
168:, are used as livestock in some parts of the world.
132:
of the 18th century, when livestock breeds like the
5894:
5809:
5682:
5626:
5574:
5435:
5339:
5138:
5097:
4981:Janick, Jules; Noller, Carl H.; Rhyker, Charles L.
4978:, Natural History Museum Publications, London 1988.
4458:
Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Rainforest
3414:. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from
890:restrictions and the reporting of suspected cases.
385:and for riding followed. Around the same time, the
188:, is widespread. Modern animal husbandry relies on
4861:
4714:
4695:
3234:"A classification of livestock production systems"
2314:. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
1441:Livestock production requires large areas of land.
89:. Husbandry has a long history, starting with the
3566:Aherne, Frank; Kirkwood, Roy (16 February 2001).
3259:. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety
2619:. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service
4422:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
4121:Mekonnen, Mesfin M.; Hoekstra, Arjen Y. (2012).
3867:"The Mind-Boggling Math of Migratory Beekeeping"
2935:. The Center for Food Security and Public Health
1165:, now raised in many countries around the world.
625:Traditionally, animal husbandry was part of the
244:in forage and require other high-protein foods.
4863:"Children's Petting Farms Face Tough New Rules"
598:Agriculture Β§ Livestock production systems
270:who raise livestock are considered to practice
4883:
4881:
4818:. Compassion in World Farming. 1 October 2015.
4321:"Humans 'threaten 1m species with extinction'"
3138:Norrgren, Leif; Levengood, Jeffrey M. (2012).
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1141:being used for fuel or for the improvement of
5787:
5052:
3585:Gregory, Neville G.; Grandin, Temple (2007).
3004:"Scottish salmon farming's sea lice 'crisis'"
101:. By the time of early civilisations such as
8:
4507:
4505:
3144:. Baltic University Press. pp. 103β04.
2515:Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (2003).
2254:"The progress of farming in Medieval Europe"
2021:Adler, Jerry; Lawler, Andrew (1 June 2012).
1870:Caliebe, Amke; et al. (16 March 2017).
1818:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1β2.
745:Animals used as livestock are predominantly
393:were domesticated soon after this, with the
4976:Two hundred years of British farm livestock
4100:3rd ISA Forum of Sociology, Vienna, Austria
3435:
3433:
2742:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2586:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904
1350:have been kept in hives since at least the
307:The domestication of ruminants, like these
5794:
5780:
5772:
5059:
5045:
5037:
4829:Waltz, Robert B.; Engle, David G. (2016).
3964:
3962:
3897:. Princeton University Press. p. 31.
3612:Miller, G. Tyler; Spoolman, Scott (2014).
2421:
2419:
2047:Sapir-Hen, Lidar; Ben-Yosef, Erez (2013).
4783:
4781:
4633:
4560:
4260:
4154:"Livestock a major threat to environment"
4128:. Water Footprint Network. Archived from
4015:
3412:"Animal Husbandry in Organic Agriculture"
3386:
3337:
3087:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2584:
2116:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology
1981:
1971:
1927:Orozco-terWengel, Pablo (20 March 2018).
1903:
1849:"History of the domestication of animals"
1815:A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals
1594:. He likes food, beer, dogs, horses, and
231:, except for pigs and chickens which are
148:. A wide range of other species, such as
4983:The Cycles of Plant and Animal Nutrition
3072:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043954
2763:Animal production based on crop residues
1626:Pigs, for example, appear in several of
1105:A modern rotary milking parlour, Germany
4291:Carrington, Damian (February 3, 2021).
4047:Sans, P.; Combris, P. (November 2015).
3189:"5. Livestock resources and management"
3031:. Animal Health Ireland. Archived from
2260:. University of Reading. Archived from
1785:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
1775:
1750:
1496:. Possible measures of welfare include
1433:Environmental impact of meat production
1362:they produce, honey bees are important
192:adapted to the type of land available.
3842:. Bees for Development. Archived from
2809:
2807:
2735:
2546:. Penguin: Random House. p. 286.
2220:; Ingram, J. Project Gutenberg. 1996.
2169:O'Connor, Terry (30 September 2014).
2145:Domesticated animals from early times
2023:"How the Chicken Conquered the World"
996:crickets raised for human consumption
714:animals are often intensively managed
344:about 8,500 BC, and cattle from wild
7:
5743:
4416:Ilea, Ramona Cristina (2008-12-11).
4390:Smithers, Rebecca (5 October 2017).
3945:Carrington, Damian (1 August 2010).
3002:Fraser, Douglas (14 February 2017).
2844:Animal Breeding, Welfare and Society
847:Good husbandry, proper feeding, and
5755:
4794:. Lexington Books. pp. 18β29.
4208:. Annenberg Learner. Archived from
3788:. Landlinks Press. pp. 25β28.
3688:The Encyclopaedia of Animal Science
3236:. Food and Agriculture Organization
3191:. Food and Agriculture Organization
2847:. Routledge. p. Introduction.
1574:Since the 18th century, the farmer
1458:. and is the primary driver of the
364:. Meanwhile, in South America, the
208:may be raised in broiler houses or
5606:Environmental impact of irrigation
4992:, M. Dekker, New York, Basel 2002.
4721:. University of California Press.
3921:The Economic Importance of Insects
3588:Animal Welfare and Meat Production
3493:"Housing in a zero grazing system"
3113:The Malaysian Journal of Pathology
2093:. Cologne: KΓΆnemann. p. 381.
1464:deforestation in the Amazon region
25:
5032:National Animal Interest Alliance
4860:Laurance, Jeremy (15 June 2010).
4094:Boscardin, Livia (12 July 2016).
3865:Jabr, Ferris (1 September 2013).
3618:. Cengage Learning. p. 138.
3232:Steinfeld, H.; MΓ€ki-Hokkonen, J.
1466:. In addition, livestock produce
1429:Environmental impact of livestock
965:Aquaculture Β§ Species groups
508:wheat, barley, rice and turnips.
5885:
5754:
5742:
5730:
5719:
5718:
4874:from the original on 2022-05-07.
4349:Science of the Total Environment
3998:Speedy, Andrew W. (2003-11-01).
3782:Mosig, John; Fallu, Ric (2004).
3257:"Chapter 70 β Livestock Rearing"
2703:British Broadcasting Corporation
2402:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99119.x
2091:Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs
2068:10.1179/033443513x13753505864089
1630:'s "little books", as Piglet in
144:, to yield more meat, milk, and
124:Major changes took place in the
5674:Agriculture and the environment
5411:British Agricultural Revolution
4622:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
4369:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022
4184:. Academic Press. p. 277.
3761:Fishery Statistical Collections
3735:Fishery Statistical Collections
3731:"Global Aquaculture Production"
3568:"Factors Affecting Litter Size"
2610:"Swine Growing-Finishing Units"
910:Governments are concerned with
779:Cattle feed pellets of pressed
547:British Agricultural Revolution
518:British Agricultural Revolution
130:British Agricultural Revolution
5618:Climate change and agriculture
5391:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
4990:A History of the Life Sciences
4888:Searle, Sarah (30 June 2014).
4788:Hoult-Saros, Stacy E. (2016).
3060:Annual Review of Public Health
2644:. Elsevier. pp. 360β362.
2573:Annual Review of Public Health
1553:Opening of the budget; β or β
1:
4562:10.1080/00139157.2015.1025644
4065:10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.012
3816:. 6 June 2003. Archived from
3757:"Fish culture in rice fields"
3642:. Compassion in World Farming
3545:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.029
3471:Dairy production and products
3445:Dairy production and products
3299:. Profile Books. p. 16.
2453:Blench, Roger (17 May 2001).
2334:"Robert Bakewell (1725β1795)"
2089:Manuelian, Peter der (1998).
1078:are grown alongside animals,
5396:Arab Agricultural Revolution
4915:Storia delle scienze agrarie
4835:The Traditional Ballad Index
4496:International Business Times
4319:McGrath, Matt (6 May 2019).
4178:Whitford, Walter G. (2002).
3810:"Ancient Egypt: Bee-keeping"
3282:. Routledge. pp. 179ff.
2784:Dryden, Gordon McL. (2008).
2665:Dryden, Gordon McL. (2008).
2432:. Routledge. pp. 4β10.
2198:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.09.019
1956:National Academy of Sciences
899:in livestock and in humans.
121:were being raised on farms.
4947:, Unwin Hyman, London 1988.
4917:, 4 vols, Bologna 1984β89,
2641:Intensive Livestock Farming
2494:. JHU Press. pp. 1β2.
2114:Nicholson, Paul T. (2000).
1494:the welfare of farm animals
6118:
6007:Monkeys in Chinese culture
5356:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
5028:Animal husbandry practices
4890:"Stop Romanticizing Farms"
4831:"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
4717:The Case for Animal Rights
2148:. Heinemann. p. 145.
1485:
1426:
1328:
1254:
1214:
1168:
1094:
1023:
990:, as well as insects from
978:, micro-livestock such as
958:
822:
803:
727:
595:
584:
515:
500:
389:was being tamed in Egypt.
292:
281:
36:
29:
27:Management of farm animals
5883:
5715:
5706:Universities and colleges
5324:Universities and colleges
5131:
5074:
5018:Resources in your library
4816:"Livestock in literature"
4660:Journal of Animal Science
4455:Margulis, Sergio (2003).
4434:10.1007/s10806-008-9136-3
4181:Ecology of desert systems
3339:10.1007/s12272-009-1400-1
3141:Ecology and Animal Health
2213:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1709:Animalβindustrial complex
1620:The Tale of Pigling Bland
1580:English national identity
1070:) for medical use. Where
311:in Afghanistan, provided
5691:Agriculturist profession
5170:Agricultural engineering
5155:Agricultural cooperative
4004:The Journal of Nutrition
3918:Hill, Dennis S. (2012).
3293:Walling, Philip (2014).
3168:. University of Kentucky
2790:. CABI. pp. 16β19.
2787:Animal Nutrition Science
2759:"Ensiling crop residues"
2757:Jianxin, Liu; Jun, Guo.
2668:Animal Nutrition Science
2488:Starrs, Paul F. (2000).
2308:"The Columbian Exchange"
2178:Quaternary International
1668:Old MacDonald Had a Farm
1389:the silkworms in Japan.
897:antimicrobial resistance
879:; increasing numbers of
855:, by the farmer and the
741:around an outdoor feeder
707:Midwestern United States
602:Intensive animal farming
440:was domesticated as the
299:Domestication of animals
198:intensive animal farming
93:when animals were first
5872:Animal-assisted therapy
5596:Agricultural wastewater
5319:Sustainable food system
5314:Sustainable agriculture
5205:Animal-free agriculture
5175:Agricultural technology
4017:10.1093/jn/133.11.4048s
3891:Barber, E.J.W. (1992).
3662:"Growing meat chickens"
3640:"About egg laying hens"
3278:Unklesbay, Nan (1992).
2930:"Classical swine fever"
2817:. Food Standards Agency
2815:"What farm animals eat"
2542:Rebanks, James (2015).
2234:. The National Archives
2232:"Interpreting Domesday"
1973:10.1073/pnas.1303367110
1120:Artificial insemination
512:Agricultural Revolution
444:, its use described by
196:is being superseded by
39:Animal Husbandry (game)
37:For the dice game, see
5696:Agricultural machinery
5654:History of agriculture
5639:Agriculture by country
5634:Agricultural machinery
5591:Agricultural pollution
5586:Agricultural expansion
5361:Austronesian expansion
5272:Mechanised agriculture
4673:10.2527/1991.69104167x
3591:. CABI. pp. 1β2.
2890:10.1098/rstb.1976.0072
2841:Turner, Jacky (2010).
2671:. CABI. pp. 1β3.
2638:Blount, W. P. (2013).
2617:Pork Industry handbook
2521:. Sage. p. 1139.
2426:Webster, John (2013).
2258:History of Agriculture
1729:Industrial agriculture
1623:
1571:
1442:
1352:First Dynasty of Egypt
1326:
1252:
1212:
1166:
1116:Holstein Friesian-type
1106:
1016:
961:Livestock Β§ Types
907:
869:foot-and-mouth disease
844:
783:
742:
709:
622:
535:
530:breed was improved by
465:
421:
355:In southern Asia, the
316:
284:History of agriculture
55:
5701:Government ministries
5644:Agriculture companies
5480:Convertible husbandry
5160:Agricultural supplies
5110:Agricultural Engineer
4972:Clutton Brock, Juliet
4951:Clutton Brock, Juliet
4941:Clutton Brock, Juliet
4616:Hewson, C.J. (2003).
4490:Ross, Philip (2013).
4467:10.1596/0-8213-5691-7
4253:10.1093/biosci/bix125
3388:10.1093/ilar.46.3.269
2293:10.1093/past/141.1.38
2140:Clutton-Brock, Juliet
1931:. Cardiff University.
1810:Clutton-Brock, Juliet
1612:
1590:and others including
1551:
1440:
1329:Further information:
1323:for human consumption
1317:
1246:
1210:
1156:
1104:
1046:, but also including
1004:
905:
861:classical swine fever
832:
823:Further information:
778:
768:(dried grass), or as
737:
700:
655:Western United States
609:
596:Further information:
585:Further information:
525:
459:
416:
409:Ancient civilisations
306:
282:Further information:
85:, and the raising of
49:
5351:Neolithic Revolution
5210:Cellular agriculture
5165:Agricultural science
4102:. ISAConf.confex.com
3615:Sustaining the Earth
2955:"Scrapie Fact Sheet"
2382:Conservation Biology
2027:Smithsonian Magazine
1423:Environmental impact
1380:. When it spins its
1211:Battery hens, Brazil
1161:is a hardy breed of
853:veterinary medicines
627:subsistence farmer's
534:in the 18th century.
295:Neolithic Revolution
91:Neolithic Revolution
69:that are raised for
4694:Garner, R. (2005).
4553:2015ESPSD..57c..34S
4361:2015ScTEn.536..419M
4272:on 15 December 2019
4010:(11): 4048Sβ4053S.
3871:Scientific American
3211:"Livestock Species"
2961:on 12 December 2020
2882:1976RSPTB.275...85J
2705:. pp. 113β14.
2693:Attenborough, David
2544:The Shepherd's Life
2394:2000ConBi..14..705P
2190:2014QuInt.346..109O
1964:2013PNAS..110E1398M
1888:2017NatSR...744550C
1648:, and as Wilbur in
1530:animals have rights
1516:, and freedom from
1460:Holocene extinction
1456:habitat destruction
1264:corporate ownership
825:Veterinary medicine
227:Most livestock are
218:ocean acidification
204:, and thousands of
194:Subsistence farming
6102:Animals and humans
5803:Mammals in culture
5485:Rotational grazing
5401:Columbian exchange
4913:Saltini, Antonio.
4713:Regan, T. (1983).
4605:on 19 August 2014.
3505:on 28 January 2018
3280:World Food and You
3029:"Parasite control"
2469:on 1 February 2012
2356:"English Longhorn"
2007:Gupta, Anil K. in
1876:Scientific Reports
1624:
1572:
1526:morally acceptable
1443:
1410:bamboo caterpillar
1327:
1253:
1213:
1167:
1107:
1017:
908:
845:
784:
743:
710:
623:
539:Selective breeding
536:
503:Columbian exchange
497:Columbian exchange
466:
452:Medieval husbandry
422:
417:Milking cattle in
317:
289:Birth of husbandry
190:production systems
126:Columbian exchange
83:selective breeding
56:
50:Cattle feedlot in
6079:
6078:
5842:Laboratory animal
5769:
5768:
5329:Urban agriculture
5302:Rice-duck farming
5250:Intensive farming
5220:Extensive farming
5004:Library resources
4988:Manger, Louis N.
4801:978-1-4985-1978-6
4476:978-0-8213-5691-3
4247:(12): 1026β1028.
4191:978-0-12-747261-4
3984:978-92-5-107578-4
3931:978-94-011-5348-5
3904:978-0-691-00224-8
3795:978-0-643-06865-0
3625:978-1-285-76949-3
3598:978-1-84593-216-9
3410:Godinho, Denise.
3306:978-1-84765-803-6
3255:Myers, Melvin L.
3151:978-91-86189-12-9
2983:. The Cattle Site
2854:978-1-136-54187-2
2797:978-1-84593-412-5
2712:978-0-563-20207-3
2698:The Living Planet
2678:978-1-78064-056-3
2651:978-1-4831-9565-0
2553:978-0-14-197936-6
2528:978-0-7619-2598-9
2501:978-0-8018-6351-6
2439:978-1-84971-420-4
2125:978-0-521-45257-1
2100:978-3-89508-913-8
1896:10.1038/srep44550
1825:978-0-521-63495-3
1604:intensive farming
1518:immunosuppression
1472:methane emissions
918:. An outbreak of
222:biodiversity loss
61:is the branch of
16:(Redirected from
6109:
6092:Animal husbandry
5889:
5837:Animals in sport
5817:Animal husbandry
5796:
5789:
5782:
5773:
5758:
5757:
5746:
5745:
5734:
5722:
5721:
5566:Wildlife farming
5416:Green Revolution
5367:Ancient history
5307:Rice-fish system
5215:Contract farming
5201:Animal husbandry
5061:
5054:
5047:
5038:
5009:Animal husbandry
4900:
4899:
4885:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4837:. Archived from
4826:
4820:
4819:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4785:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4637:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4598:. Archived from
4593:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4564:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4265:. Archived from
4264:
4236:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4127:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4019:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3976:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3707:. Archived from
3697:
3691:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3341:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2981:"Foot-and-mouth"
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2838:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2614:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2461:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2306:Crosby, Alfred.
2303:
2297:
2296:
2285:Past and Present
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2216:. Translated by
2208:
2202:
2201:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1985:
1975:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1845:
1830:
1829:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1780:
1758:
1755:
1734:Wildlife farming
1683:wash their hands
1613:Dressed pigs in
1578:has represented
1468:greenhouse gases
1269:artificial reefs
955:Range of species
703:intensive system
613:in an extensive
563:Dishley Longhorn
551:Lincoln Longwool
528:Lincoln Longwool
462:Bodleian Library
342:Fertile Crescent
309:fat-tailed sheep
272:animal husbandry
138:Lincoln Longwool
134:Dishley Longhorn
59:Animal husbandry
21:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6075:
5890:
5881:
5805:
5800:
5770:
5765:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5678:
5669:Poultry farming
5622:
5577:
5570:
5541:Poultry farming
5431:
5407:Modern history
5387:Post-classical
5335:
5334:
5333:
5277:Organic farming
5134:
5133:
5129:
5093:
5070:
5065:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4995:
4961:Fleming, George
4909:
4904:
4903:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4868:The Independent
4859:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4751:. 30 July 2018.
4741:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4702:. Polity Press.
4693:
4692:
4688:
4667:(10): 4167β75.
4656:
4655:
4651:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4591:
4585:Grandin, Temple
4583:
4582:
4578:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4503:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4046:
4045:
4041:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3820:on 9 March 2016
3814:Reshafim.org.il
3808:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3441:"Dairy animals"
3439:
3438:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2840:
2839:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2734:
2729:Hay crop silage
2725:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2360:The Cattle Site
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2287:(141): 38β105.
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1833:
1826:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1705:
1664:children's song
1660:anthropomorphic
1655:Charlotte's Web
1640:Dick King-Smith
1636:Winnie the Pooh
1546:
1512:, freedom from
1490:
1484:
1452:desertification
1435:
1427:Main articles:
1425:
1418:
1386:mulberry leaves
1345:
1312:
1279:Fish hatcheries
1259:
1241:
1219:
1217:Poultry farming
1205:
1189:
1169:Main articles:
1151:
1099:
1093:
1088:
1028:
1022:
971:
959:Main articles:
957:
827:
821:
808:
806:Animal breeding
802:
732:
726:
604:
594:
589:
583:
543:Robert Bakewell
532:Robert Bakewell
520:
514:
505:
499:
454:
446:Pliny the Elder
411:
301:
293:Main articles:
291:
286:
280:
250:
142:Robert Bakewell
65:concerned with
54:, United States
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Cattle breeding
15:
12:
11:
5:
6115:
6113:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6084:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6047:Whale watching
6044:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6024:Spotted hyenas
6021:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5904:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5891:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5877:Working animal
5874:
5869:
5867:Service animal
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5776:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5752:
5740:
5728:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5582:
5580:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5499:
5497:Insect farming
5494:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5376:Ancient Greece
5373:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5021:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:External links
4996:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4968:
4963:; Guzzoni, M.
4958:
4948:
4938:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4877:
4852:
4841:on 12 May 2016
4821:
4807:
4800:
4777:
4762:Johnson, Ben.
4754:
4734:
4727:
4705:
4686:
4649:
4608:
4576:
4527:
4501:
4482:
4475:
4447:
4428:(2): 153β167.
4408:
4382:
4339:
4311:
4283:
4222:
4197:
4190:
4170:
4145:
4113:
4086:
4039:
3990:
3983:
3958:
3937:
3930:
3910:
3903:
3883:
3857:
3846:on 18 May 2011
3831:
3801:
3794:
3774:
3748:
3722:
3692:
3679:
3653:
3631:
3624:
3604:
3597:
3577:
3558:
3516:
3484:
3458:
3429:
3402:
3361:
3326:Arch Pharm Res
3312:
3305:
3285:
3270:
3247:
3224:
3202:
3179:
3157:
3150:
3130:
3103:
3046:
3035:on 14 May 2017
3020:
2994:
2972:
2946:
2921:
2910:on 26 May 2017
2895:
2876:(936): 85β97.
2860:
2853:
2828:
2803:
2796:
2776:
2749:
2718:
2711:
2684:
2677:
2657:
2650:
2630:
2600:
2559:
2552:
2534:
2527:
2507:
2500:
2480:
2445:
2438:
2415:
2372:
2347:
2325:
2298:
2275:
2264:on 5 June 2023
2245:
2223:
2203:
2161:
2154:
2131:
2124:
2106:
2099:
2081:
2039:
2013:
2000:
1934:
1919:
1862:
1851:. Historyworld
1831:
1824:
1801:
1794:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1685:; a strain of
1628:Beatrix Potter
1615:Beatrix Potter
1596:country sports
1584:John Arbuthnot
1563:save his bacon
1545:
1542:
1522:utilitarianism
1488:Animal welfare
1486:Main article:
1483:
1482:Animal welfare
1480:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1339:Insect farming
1311:
1308:
1262:individual or
1255:Main article:
1240:
1237:
1215:Main article:
1204:
1201:
1150:
1147:
1143:soil fertility
1095:Main article:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1026:Animal product
1024:Main article:
1021:
1018:
1012:sheep for its
956:
953:
820:
817:
804:Main article:
801:
798:
728:Main article:
725:
722:
611:Herdwick sheep
593:
590:
582:
579:
516:Main article:
513:
510:
501:Main article:
498:
495:
464:, MS Douce 195
453:
450:
410:
407:
395:Bactrian camel
350:working animal
290:
287:
279:
276:
249:
246:
214:climate change
170:Insect farming
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6114:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6052:Whale worship
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5967:Horse worship
5965:
5963:
5962:Horses in art
5960:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5862:Equestrianism
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5763:
5762:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5717:
5714:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:Meat industry
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5649:Biotechnology
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5576:Environmental
5573:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5556:Sheep farming
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5460:Dairy farming
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5437:Farming Types
5434:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:Ancient Egypt
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5282:Paludiculture
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5185:Biotechnology
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Agriculturist
5103:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5050:
5048:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4997:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:88-206-2415-X
4932:
4931:88-206-2414-1
4928:
4927:88-206-2413-3
4924:
4923:88-206-2412-5
4920:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4895:Modern Farmer
4891:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4856:
4853:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4766:. Historic UK
4765:
4758:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4730:
4728:9780520049048
4724:
4719:
4718:
4709:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4698:Animal Ethics
4690:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4628:(6): 496β99.
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4528:
4515:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4409:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4233:
4226:
4223:
4212:on 2018-10-28
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4171:
4160:on 2008-03-28
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4135:on 2015-03-11
4131:
4124:
4117:
4114:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3887:
3884:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3845:
3841:
3840:"Fixed combs"
3835:
3832:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3778:
3775:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3711:on 4 May 2017
3710:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3668:on 2017-05-15
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3418:on 2017-05-18
3417:
3413:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3381:(3): 269β79.
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3332:(4): 465β80.
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2631:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2481:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:(3): 705β12.
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2336:. BBC History
2335:
2329:
2326:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2155:9780434139507
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:(2): 277β85.
2061:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:: 1398β1406.
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1795:0-87779-825-7
1791:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1751:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Food vs. feed
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1645:The Sheep-Pig
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:James Gillray
1585:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1568:James Gillray
1565:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:: that it is
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1476:nitrous oxide
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Shang dynasty
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1321:being raised
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:battery cages
1218:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:Sheep farming
1176:
1172:
1171:Meat industry
1164:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1097:Dairy farming
1090:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
966:
962:
954:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:leptospirosis
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
904:
900:
898:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
873:cloven-hoofed
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
819:Animal health
818:
816:
812:
807:
799:
797:
794:
790:
782:
777:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
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748:
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736:
731:
723:
721:
719:
715:
708:
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699:
695:
693:
689:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
628:
620:
619:Lake District
616:
612:
608:
603:
599:
591:
588:
580:
578:
576:
572:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
533:
529:
524:
519:
511:
509:
504:
496:
494:
491:
490:crop rotation
487:
483:
479:
474:
473:
472:Domesday Book
463:
458:
451:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:ancient Egypt
420:
419:ancient Egypt
415:
408:
406:
404:
403:Arabian camel
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
367:
363:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
321:domestication
314:
310:
305:
300:
296:
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285:
277:
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255:
247:
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199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:, as well as
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:water buffalo
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:ancient Egypt
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6019:Seal hunting
5917:Bear hunting
5912:Bear-baiting
5822:Draft animal
5816:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5723:
5611:Overdrafting
5470:Goat farming
5381:Ancient Rome
5287:Permaculture
5245:Horticulture
5192:Agroforestry
5150:Agribusiness
5008:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4964:
4954:
4944:
4914:
4893:
4867:
4855:
4843:. Retrieved
4839:the original
4834:
4824:
4810:
4790:
4768:. Retrieved
4757:
4748:The Guardian
4746:
4737:
4716:
4708:
4697:
4689:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4600:the original
4595:
4579:
4547:(3): 34β48.
4544:
4540:
4530:
4518:. Retrieved
4495:
4485:
4457:
4450:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4399:. Retrieved
4396:The Guardian
4395:
4385:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4330:. Retrieved
4324:
4314:
4302:. Retrieved
4298:The Guardian
4296:
4286:
4274:. Retrieved
4267:the original
4244:
4238:
4225:
4214:. Retrieved
4210:the original
4200:
4180:
4173:
4162:. Retrieved
4158:the original
4148:
4137:. Retrieved
4130:the original
4116:
4104:. Retrieved
4099:
4089:
4056:
4053:Meat Science
4052:
4042:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3970:
3952:The Guardian
3950:
3940:
3920:
3913:
3893:
3886:
3874:. Retrieved
3870:
3860:
3848:. Retrieved
3844:the original
3834:
3822:. Retrieved
3818:the original
3813:
3804:
3784:
3777:
3765:. Retrieved
3760:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3734:
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3709:the original
3704:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3666:the original
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3634:
3614:
3607:
3587:
3580:
3572:The Pig Site
3571:
3561:
3536:
3533:Meat Science
3532:
3507:. Retrieved
3500:the original
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3470:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3444:
3420:. Retrieved
3416:the original
3405:
3378:
3375:ILAR Journal
3374:
3364:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3250:
3238:. Retrieved
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3182:
3170:. Retrieved
3160:
3140:
3133:
3119:(1): 15β21.
3116:
3112:
3106:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3037:. Retrieved
3033:the original
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3007:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2959:the original
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2908:the original
2898:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2843:
2819:. Retrieved
2786:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2762:
2752:
2728:
2721:
2697:
2687:
2667:
2660:
2640:
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2616:
2603:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2543:
2537:
2517:
2510:
2490:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2464:the original
2455:
2448:
2428:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2359:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2311:
2301:
2284:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2257:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2226:
2212:
2206:
2181:
2177:
2164:
2144:
2134:
2115:
2109:
2090:
2084:
2059:
2055:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2026:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1922:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1814:
1804:
1784:
1778:
1753:
1714:Agribusiness
1686:
1675:petting farm
1672:
1653:
1643:
1625:
1618:
1600:
1592:John Tenniel
1573:
1552:
1510:reproduction
1491:
1444:
1419:
1402:cabbage palm
1391:
1368:
1346:
1277:
1273:rice paddies
1260:
1249:fish farming
1233:
1229:
1220:
1190:
1135:
1127:family farms
1124:
1114:specialised
1112:
1108:
1066:(containing
1029:
972:
945:tuberculosis
924:flying foxes
909:
885:
857:veterinarian
846:
813:
809:
785:
762:rainy season
760:or tropical
755:
744:
711:
684:
644:
636:transhumance
624:
615:hill farming
575:biodiversity
567:
537:
506:
470:
467:
434:ancient Rome
423:
383:pack animals
362:cockfighting
354:
334:pack hunters
318:
271:
257:
253:
251:
226:
123:
95:domesticated
58:
57:
43:
32:Horticulture
5852:Pack animal
5827:Fur farming
5761:Wikiproject
5601:Overgrazing
5536:Pig farming
5519:Paddy field
5492:Hydroponics
5465:Fur farming
5450:Aquaculture
5445:Agrivoltaic
5426:Monoculture
5347:Prehistory
5297:Polyculture
5120:Farm worker
5098:Occupations
5068:Agriculture
4764:"John Bull"
4520:13 December
4355:: 419β431.
4262:11336/71342
4059:: 106β111.
3705:Poultry Hub
3539:(1): 1β13.
3066:: 141β157.
2579:: 151β169.
2312:History Now
2218:Giles, J.A.
1739:Zootechnics
1650:E. B. White
1582:, first in
1557:giving his
1538:Middle East
1534:Live export
1398:palm weevil
1370:Sericulture
1364:pollinators
1343:Sericulture
1335:Entomophagy
1257:Aquaculture
1247:Freshwater
1239:Aquaculture
1187:Cuniculture
1183:Pig farming
1163:beef cattle
988:guinea pigs
976:aquaculture
969:Entomophagy
949:trichinosis
941:brucellosis
920:Nipah virus
916:biosecurity
871:affect all
834:Vaccinating
747:herbivorous
730:Animal feed
701:Pigs in an
545:during the
379:Caspian Sea
186:crustaceans
174:aquaculture
136:cattle and
99:first crops
63:agriculture
6086:Categories
6012:Orangutans
5922:Teddy bear
5627:Categories
5292:Plantation
5240:Free range
5235:Feed ratio
4240:BioScience
4216:2020-06-18
4164:2015-10-05
4139:2015-10-05
3467:"Breeding"
2184:: 109β18.
1765:References
1632:A.A. Milne
1544:In culture
1506:physiology
1448:extinction
1331:Beekeeping
1325:, Thailand
1068:antibodies
992:honey bees
888:quarantine
787:products,
430:Honey bees
254:to husband
229:herbivores
166:guinea pig
6097:Livestock
5979:Kangaroos
5949:Elephants
5847:Livestock
5659:Livestock
5502:Livestock
5230:Farmhouse
4970:Hall, S;
4571:153809456
4442:154306257
4401:5 October
4304:August 5,
4276:10 August
4106:10 August
4073:0309-1740
4026:0022-3166
3172:18 August
3080:0163-7525
2904:"Farmers"
2738:cite book
1882:: 44550.
1770:Citations
1679:infection
1576:John Bull
1570:(d. 1815)
1555:John Bull
1498:longevity
1406:sago palm
1074:or other
1064:antiserum
1052:isinglass
877:parasites
815:doubled.
793:cellulose
751:ruminants
647:predators
621:, England
587:Livestock
581:Practices
486:Berkshire
375:Black Sea
338:Near East
252:The verb
248:Etymology
242:cellulose
237:Ruminants
233:omnivores
210:batteries
87:livestock
6069:Werewolf
6002:Gorillas
5998:Simians
5725:Category
5551:Orchards
5524:Pastoral
5197:Agronomy
4872:Archived
4644:12839246
4587:(2013).
4377:26231772
4332:3 August
4081:26117396
4034:14672310
3553:20374748
3397:15953834
3348:19407962
3125:16329551
3098:31910712
2695:(1984).
2595:18348709
2410:53393839
2142:(1981).
2076:44282748
2056:Tel Aviv
1992:23530234
1914:28300151
1812:(1999).
1703:See also
1697:pastoral
1692:infected
1617:'s 1913
1559:breeches
1502:behavior
1394:crickets
1378:silkmoth
1319:Crickets
1304:scallops
1251:, France
1159:Hereford
1086:Branches
1060:vaccines
1020:Products
1006:Shearing
912:zoonoses
892:Vaccines
881:sea lice
800:Breeding
718:feedlots
651:Ranching
617:system,
571:wildfire
555:hornless
401:and the
399:Mongolia
387:wild ass
368:and the
357:elephant
268:ranchers
206:chickens
202:feedlots
182:molluscs
52:Colorado
6042:Whaling
6038:Whales
6034:Weasels
5974:Jaguars
5958:Horses
5934:Coyotes
5832:Hunting
5749:Commons
5561:Terrace
5507:Pasture
5475:Grazing
5421:Organic
5341:History
5255:animals
5180:Digital
5140:General
5084:History
5079:Outline
4907:Sources
4681:1778832
4549:Bibcode
4357:Bibcode
3356:9066150
3089:7199423
2878:Bibcode
2390:Bibcode
2340:20 July
2186:Bibcode
1983:3625352
1960:Bibcode
1905:5353713
1884:Bibcode
1719:Fishery
1688:E. coli
1514:disease
1416:Effects
1310:Insects
1300:oysters
1296:tilapia
1284:shrimps
1203:Poultry
1196:protein
984:rodents
980:rabbits
865:scrapie
849:hygiene
789:legumes
781:linseed
724:Feeding
692:poultry
668:ostrich
653:in the
640:montane
592:Systems
438:polecat
346:aurochs
278:History
264:Farmers
259:husband
67:animals
6064:Wolves
6029:Tigers
5984:Koalas
5810:Topics
5737:Portal
5578:impact
5529:Bocage
5455:Cattle
5125:Herder
5115:Farmer
5006:about
4921:
4845:18 May
4798:
4770:26 May
4725:
4679:
4642:
4635:340178
4632:
4569:
4473:
4440:
4375:
4188:
4079:
4071:
4032:
4024:
3981:
3928:
3901:
3876:22 May
3850:22 May
3824:22 May
3792:
3767:26 May
3741:26 May
3715:26 May
3701:"Duck"
3672:26 May
3646:26 May
3622:
3595:
3551:
3509:5 June
3477:23 May
3451:23 May
3422:25 May
3395:
3354:
3346:
3303:
3263:24 May
3240:24 May
3217:24 May
3195:24 May
3148:
3123:
3096:
3086:
3078:
3039:20 May
3013:20 May
2987:20 May
2965:6 June
2939:20 May
2914:18 May
2851:
2821:18 May
2794:
2769:18 May
2709:
2675:
2648:
2623:17 May
2593:
2550:
2525:
2498:
2473:4 June
2436:
2408:
2365:26 May
2318:28 May
2268:28 May
2238:26 May
2152:
2122:
2097:
2074:
2032:5 June
1990:
1980:
1954:(15).
1912:
1902:
1855:3 June
1822:
1792:
1454:, and
1382:cocoon
1341:, and
1292:salmon
1288:prawns
1185:, and
1175:Cattle
1131:silage
1080:manure
1072:fodder
1056:rennet
1048:tallow
1042:, and
1010:Merino
967:, and
933:rabies
770:silage
758:summer
739:Cattle
680:alpaca
632:Maasai
600:, and
559:cattle
482:Earley
442:ferret
391:Camels
370:alpaca
326:nomads
313:nomads
220:, and
184:, and
164:, and
162:rabbit
117:, and
107:cattle
6057:Orcas
5989:Lions
5954:Foxes
5907:Bears
5895:Types
5683:Lists
5546:Ranch
5514:Mixed
5265:crops
5089:Index
4603:(PDF)
4592:(PDF)
4567:S2CID
4516:. FAO
4438:S2CID
4270:(PDF)
4235:(PDF)
4133:(PDF)
4126:(PDF)
3975:(PDF)
3503:(PDF)
3496:(PDF)
3473:. FAO
3447:. FAO
3352:S2CID
2933:(PDF)
2765:. FAO
2613:(PDF)
2467:(PDF)
2460:(PDF)
2406:S2CID
2174:(PDF)
2072:S2CID
2052:(PDF)
1745:Notes
1356:honey
1091:Dairy
1076:crops
986:like
842:Niger
676:llama
660:sheep
478:manor
366:llama
158:llama
150:horse
115:goats
111:sheep
75:fibre
5994:Pigs
5944:Deer
5939:Dogs
5929:Cats
5902:Bats
5260:pigs
5225:Farm
4919:ISBN
4847:2017
4796:ISBN
4772:2017
4723:ISBN
4677:PMID
4640:PMID
4522:2017
4471:ISBN
4403:2017
4373:PMID
4334:2021
4306:2021
4278:2021
4186:ISBN
4108:2021
4077:PMID
4069:ISSN
4030:PMID
4022:ISSN
3979:ISBN
3926:ISBN
3899:ISBN
3878:2017
3852:2017
3826:2017
3790:ISBN
3769:2017
3743:2017
3717:2017
3674:2017
3648:2017
3620:ISBN
3593:ISBN
3549:PMID
3511:2017
3479:2017
3453:2017
3424:2017
3393:PMID
3344:PMID
3301:ISBN
3265:2017
3242:2017
3219:2017
3197:2017
3174:2017
3146:ISBN
3121:PMID
3094:PMID
3076:ISSN
3041:2017
3015:2017
2989:2017
2967:2018
2941:2017
2916:2017
2849:ISBN
2823:2017
2792:ISBN
2771:2017
2744:link
2707:ISBN
2673:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2625:2017
2591:PMID
2548:ISBN
2523:ISBN
2496:ISBN
2475:2017
2434:ISBN
2367:2017
2342:2012
2320:2017
2270:2017
2240:2017
2150:ISBN
2120:ISBN
2095:ISBN
2034:2017
1988:PMID
1948:PNAS
1910:PMID
1857:2017
1820:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1431:and
1404:and
1358:and
1348:Bees
1302:and
1192:Meat
1157:The
1149:Meat
1139:dung
1062:and
1054:and
1044:eggs
1040:milk
1036:wool
1032:meat
1014:wool
982:and
947:and
928:H5N1
863:and
838:goat
690:and
688:pigs
678:and
664:deer
526:The
377:and
319:The
297:and
266:and
178:fish
146:wool
119:pigs
79:milk
71:meat
5857:Pet
4669:doi
4630:PMC
4557:doi
4463:doi
4430:doi
4365:doi
4353:536
4326:BBC
4257:hdl
4249:doi
4061:doi
4057:109
4012:doi
4008:133
3541:doi
3383:doi
3334:doi
3084:PMC
3068:doi
3008:BBC
2886:doi
2874:275
2581:doi
2398:doi
2289:doi
2194:doi
2182:346
2064:doi
1978:PMC
1968:doi
1952:110
1900:PMC
1892:doi
1652:'s
1642:'s
1634:'s
1566:by
1561:to
1360:wax
994:to
766:hay
672:emu
484:in
480:of
424:In
397:in
330:dog
224:.
176:of
6088::
5030:β
4974:.
4953:.
4943:.
4933:,
4929:,
4925:,
4892:.
4880:^
4870:.
4866:.
4833:.
4780:^
4745:.
4675:.
4665:69
4663:.
4638:.
4626:44
4624:.
4620:.
4594:.
4565:.
4555:.
4545:57
4543:.
4539:.
4504:^
4494:.
4469:.
4436:.
4426:22
4424:.
4420:.
4394:.
4371:.
4363:.
4351:.
4323:.
4295:.
4255:.
4245:67
4243:.
4237:.
4098:.
4075:.
4067:.
4055:.
4051:.
4028:.
4020:.
4006:.
4002:.
3961:^
3949:.
3869:.
3812:.
3759:.
3733:.
3703:.
3570:.
3547:.
3537:84
3535:.
3531:.
3519:^
3469:.
3443:.
3432:^
3391:.
3379:46
3377:.
3373:.
3350:.
3342:.
3330:32
3328:.
3324:.
3117:24
3115:.
3092:.
3082:.
3074:.
3064:41
3062:.
3058:.
3006:.
2884:.
2872:.
2831:^
2806:^
2761:.
2740:}}
2736:{{
2701:.
2615:.
2589:.
2577:29
2575:.
2571:.
2418:^
2404:.
2396:.
2386:14
2384:.
2358:.
2310:.
2256:.
2192:.
2180:.
2176:.
2070:.
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