177:
the aldea is west of
Guatemala City and at least 100 miles from the nearest Kʼicheʼ-speaking region. The exact origin of this mixed language's Kʼicheʼan grammatical base is not agreed upon, with some sources listing the Kʼicheʼ dialect of Joyabaj as having been the contributing grammar, while others state that the area of current-day city of Quetzaltenango is from where the original Santa María Cauqué founders and their respective Kʼicheʼ dialect came. In any case, it is clear that a variety of the original Kʼicheʼ language was brought into and has continued to manifest in the grammar of this Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Mixed Language, while it demonstrates the result of relexification over time from the surrounding Kaqchikel language. This particular process of relexification of the original Kʼicheʼ that had emigrated to a predominantly Kaqchikel-speaking region probably began with borrowing from the contact language (Kaqchikel) of roots and content morphemes, such as nouns and verbs. This heavy lexical influence is understood to have been a significant deviation in "content" words from those that were part of the original Joyabaj dialect of Kʼicheʼ to their current Kaqchikel counterparts in the Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Mixed Language, while at the same time there has been no structural borrowing from the surrounding Kaqchikel to replace the grammar that appears to have originated from Kʼicheʼ.
186:
Kaqchikel vocabulary. This includes verb inflection for present tense-aspect marker, from which the Kʼicheʼ prefix //k-// is implemented, contrasted with the more typical
Kaqchikel prefixes of //y-// and //n-//. Furthermore, Santa María Cauqué utilizes Kʼicheʼ suffixes at the end of a phrase that indicate whether the verb was transitive or intransitive, //-o//~//-u// or //-ik// respectively, those which Kaqchikel does not. In fact, the //-ik// suffix can also be found with positionals in Santa María Cauqué. Possession by a third person singular, preconsonantal, displays Kʼicheʼ //u-// and not Kaqchikel //ru-//. The third person pronoun is also affected, in that the mixed language shows a higher number of speakers displaying Kʼicheʼ
203:
the
Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Mixed Language in the Santa María Cauqué aldea. They are mainly adults older than 30 years of age, while there does not seem to be as much language transmission to the younger generations. These speakers also display bilingualism in the surrounding South Central Kaqchikel dialect, while the numbers of those also bilingual in Spanish continues to grow. While there are previous assertions that the mixed language has not undergone structural borrowing, there still appears to be a shift within the language to become more like
241:
403:
202:
Following Bakker and
Muysken's criteria of mixed languages, the Cauqué Mixed Language, with its convergence of Kʼicheʼ grammar and Kaqchikel lexicon, is a result of geographical and historical social influence of identity (López 1999). As documented in 1998 and 2003, there are about 2,000 speakers of
176:
While the language's grammatical base is from Kʼicheʼ, its lexicon is supplied by
Kaqchikel. It is generally thought that in the 15th century during the colonial period, its original Kʼicheʼ speakers came from the area of what is now the Department of Quiché and founded Santa María Cauqué. Currently,
185:
According to a preliminary phonological analysis by Paul S. Stevenson, the speech of those from Santa María Cauqué came from an original variety of Kʼicheʼ, which now acts as the mixed language's grammatical base. This evidence is realized in Kʼicheʼ morphological-syntactic elements surrounding
194:'him/her/it'. Function words are still marked by Kʼicheʼ as well, with //-ukʼ// 'with' and not Kaqchikel //-ikʼin//. While the majority of grammatical elements in Santa María Cauqué are presented in Kʼicheʼ, the majority of lexical elements are realized in Kaqchikel.
301:
Bakker, Peter & Pieter
Muysken. 1994. “Mixed languages and language intertwining.” Pidgins and Creoles: An introduction. Jacques Arends, Pieter Muysken, & Norval Smith (eds.). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp.
272:
Velásco, Miguel Pérez. 2014. Metodología para el
Aprendizaje de la Lectura y Escritura del idioma Ixil con estudiantes de Quinto Magisterio Bilingüe Intercultural de la ENBI del municipio de Nebaj (Tesis de Grado). Universidad Rafael
168:, in the heart of Kaqchikel territory, where they founded the village of Santa María Cauque. Today only older adults retain the Kʼicheʼ base to their speech: for younger speakers, the language has merged into Kaqchikel.
311:
Majzul, Filiberto Patal, Lolmay Pedro Oscar García Matzar, & Ixchel
Carmelina Espantzay Serech. 2000. Rujunamaxik ri Kaqchikel Chiʼ: Variación Dialectal en Kaqchikel. Guatemala City: Cholsamaj.
289:
Stevenson, Paul S. 1990. Santa María Cauqué: Un caso de mezcla de los idiomas
Cakchiquel y Quiche. Serie gramatical, 5a. Guatemala: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano de Centroamérica.
366:
260:
Romero, Sergio
Francisco. 2006. Sociolinguistic Variation and Linguistic History in Mayan: The Case of Kʼicheeʼ (Doctoral dissertation). University of Pennsylvania.
325:
Grimes, B. 2003. "Mixed Languages." International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Volume 4 (second ed.). William J. Frawley (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
699:
359:
1196:
352:
692:
165:
50:
916:
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1191:
1186:
685:
661:
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466:
149:
1151:
1079:
835:
829:
591:
532:
1201:
890:
725:
375:
240:
1032:
512:
157:
86:
1144:
818:
782:
621:
1063:
1042:
547:
527:
1137:
803:
1084:
741:
716:
666:
562:
537:
1206:
1037:
1012:
517:
499:
456:
389:
204:
161:
82:
932:
1094:
1089:
998:
972:
911:
823:
777:
756:
611:
596:
570:
552:
542:
484:
451:
436:
1058:
957:
856:
851:
731:
631:
606:
601:
522:
428:
408:
906:
708:
641:
636:
626:
616:
474:
77:
69:
153:
1167:
1112:
761:
575:
141:
124:
1180:
1027:
977:
885:
507:
479:
441:
993:
446:
398:
233:
228:
207:, since older speakers show more of a Kʼicheʼ morphological-syntactic base.
117:
101:
40:
108:
344:
677:
340:
Santa Maria Cauque: a case of Cakchiquel–Quiche language mixing.
681:
348:
297:
295:
256:
254:
252:
250:
268:
266:
164:(Cakchiquel). During the colonial era, Kʼicheʼ migrated to
285:
283:
281:
279:
1129:
1111:
1072:
1051:
1020:
1011:
986:
965:
956:
949:
925:
899:
878:
869:
844:
811:
802:
795:
770:
749:
740:
715:
654:
584:
561:
498:
465:
427:
418:
382:
115:
99:
94:
66:
56:
46:
36:
21:
321:
319:
317:
693:
360:
8:
1017:
962:
953:
875:
808:
799:
746:
700:
686:
678:
424:
367:
353:
345:
18:
16:Mixed Mayan language spoken in Guatemala
216:
224:
222:
220:
7:
190:'him/her/it', instead of Kaqchikel
14:
401:
239:
138:Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Mixed language
32:Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Mixed Language
27:Cakchiquel–Quiché Mixed Language
1:
160:(Quiché) base relexified by
1223:
1161:
396:
31:
26:
662:Guatemalan Sign Language
205:South Central Kaqchikel
152:, in the Department of
148:of Santa María Cauqué,
1197:Languages of Guatemala
376:Languages of Guatemala
338:Paul Stevenson, 1990.
156:in Guatemala. It is a
900:Qʼanjobʼalan–Jakaltek
150:Santiago Sacatepéquez
871:Qʼanjobalan–Chujean
667:Mayan Sign Language
62:(2,000 cited 1998)
1174:
1173:
1168:extinct languages
1152:Classical Kʼicheʼ
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1007:
1006:
945:
944:
941:
940:
865:
864:
791:
790:
675:
674:
650:
649:
383:Official language
237:(25th ed., 2022)
131:
130:
1214:
1018:
1013:Greater Quichean
963:
954:
876:
809:
804:Cholan–Tzeltalan
800:
771:Yucatec–Lacandon
747:
732:Huastec (Wastek)
702:
695:
688:
679:
425:
411:
409:Guatemala portal
406:
405:
404:
369:
362:
355:
346:
326:
323:
312:
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299:
290:
287:
274:
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261:
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245:
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226:
127:
111:
104:
89:
72:
19:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1192:Mixed languages
1187:Mayan languages
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1157:
1125:
1099:
1068:
1047:
1021:Quichean proper
1003:
982:
937:
921:
895:
861:
840:
787:
766:
736:
711:
709:Mayan languages
706:
676:
671:
646:
580:
557:
494:
461:
420:
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378:
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335:
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288:
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259:
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227:
218:
213:
200:
183:
174:
136:(also known as
123:
107:
100:
90:
81:
73:
70:Language family
68:
59:
58:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
1220:
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1204:
1199:
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1189:
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1171:
1162:
1159:
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1156:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1113:Mixed language
1109:
1108:
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738:
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734:
729:
721:
719:
713:
712:
707:
705:
704:
697:
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682:
673:
672:
670:
669:
664:
658:
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655:Sign languages
652:
651:
648:
647:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
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582:
581:
579:
578:
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559:
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397:
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386:
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372:
371:
364:
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349:
343:
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328:
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313:
304:
291:
275:
262:
246:
215:
214:
212:
209:
199:
196:
182:
179:
173:
170:
144:spoken in the
142:mixed language
129:
128:
121:
113:
112:
105:
97:
96:
95:Language codes
92:
91:
76:
74:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
38:
37:Native to
34:
33:
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24:
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1219:
1208:
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1203:
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1198:
1195:
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1169:
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1128:
1122:
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1026:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
987:Mamean proper
985:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
968:
964:
961:
959:
955:
952:
948:
934:
931:
930:
928:
926:Mototzintleco
924:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
898:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
881:
877:
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872:
868:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
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843:
837:
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832:
831:
827:
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822:
820:
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816:
814:
810:
807:
805:
801:
798:
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784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
773:
769:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
752:
748:
745:
743:
739:
733:
730:
728:
727:
726:Chicomuceltec
723:
722:
720:
718:
714:
710:
703:
698:
696:
691:
689:
684:
683:
680:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
657:
653:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
587:
583:
577:
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572:
569:
568:
566:
564:
560:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
503:
501:
497:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
470:
468:
464:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
432:
430:
426:
423:
417:
410:
399:
391:
388:
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385:
381:
377:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
351:
350:
347:
341:
337:
336:
332:
322:
320:
318:
314:
308:
305:
298:
296:
292:
286:
284:
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269:
267:
263:
257:
255:
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139:
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98:
93:
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
65:
61:
55:
52:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
30:
25:
20:
1163:
1150:
1145:Classic Maya
1143:
1136:
1121:Cauque Mayan
1120:
828:
783:Yucatec Maya
724:
622:Plautdietsch
339:
307:
232:
229:Cauque Mayan
201:
191:
187:
184:
175:
166:Sacatepéquez
154:Sacatepéquez
145:
137:
134:Cauqué Mayan
133:
132:
116:
51:Sacatepéquez
22:Cauque Mayan
1138:Proto-Mayan
1090:Sipakapense
543:Sipakapense
467:Qʼanjobalan
457:Chalchiteco
1181:Categories
1085:Sakapultek
917:Qʼanjobʼal
891:Tojolabʼal
750:Mopan–Itza
538:Sakapultek
490:Qʼanjobʼal
419:Indigenous
234:Ethnologue
211:References
1207:Kaqchikel
1166:indicate
1064:Poqomchiʼ
1043:Tzʼutujil
1038:Kaqchikel
845:Tzeltalan
742:Yucatecan
717:Huastecan
563:Yucatecan
548:Tzʼutujil
528:Poqomchiʼ
518:Kaqchikel
421:languages
273:Landívar.
162:Kaqchikel
118:Glottolog
102:ISO 639-3
83:Kaqchikel
41:Guatemala
1095:Uspantek
999:Tektitek
973:Awakatek
912:Jakaltek
836:Chʼortiʼ
830:Chʼoltiʼ
778:Lacandon
627:Lebanese
612:Japanese
597:Garifuna
553:Uspantek
533:Qʼeqchiʼ
500:Quichean
485:Jakaltek
452:Tektitek
437:Awaketek
181:Features
125:cakc1235
80:. Mixed
1202:K'iche'
1164:Italics
1130:History
1080:Qʼeqchi
1059:Poqomam
1033:Kʼicheʼ
966:Ixilean
950:Eastern
879:Chujean
857:Tzotzil
852:Tzeltal
819:Chontal
796:Western
632:Italian
607:Chinese
592:Chʼorti
523:Poqomam
513:Kʼicheʼ
390:Spanish
333:Sources
172:Origins
158:Kʼicheʼ
140:) is a
87:Kʼicheʼ
1073:others
958:Mamean
933:Mochoʼ
907:Akatek
642:Romani
637:French
617:Korean
475:Akatek
429:Mamean
302:41-52.
198:Status
47:Region
1052:Poqom
824:Chʼol
812:Chʼol
762:Mopan
757:Itzaʼ
602:Xinca
585:Other
576:Mopan
571:Itzaʼ
192:rijaʼ
188:rareʼ
146:aldea
78:Mayan
1028:Achi
978:Ixil
886:Chuj
508:Achi
480:Chuj
442:Ixil
994:Mam
447:Mam
231:at
109:ckz
1183::
316:^
294:^
278:^
265:^
249:^
219:^
701:e
694:t
687:v
368:e
361:t
354:v
85:–
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