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musical events and rituals. Clusters of paintings were often found in areas with notable acoustics, sometimes even replicating the sounds of the animals depicted on the walls. The human voice was also theorized to be used as an echolocation device to navigate darker areas of the caves where torches were less useful. Dots of red ochre are often found in spaces with the highest resonance, where the production of paintings was too difficult.
476:
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127:; it can occur over the course of millions of years. Caves can range widely in size, and are formed by various geological processes. These may involve a combination of chemical processes, erosion by water, tectonic forces, microorganisms, pressure, and atmospheric influences. Isotopic dating techniques can be applied to cave sediments, to determine the timescale of the geological events which formed and shaped present-day caves.
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2339:, and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andalucía). Collectively, these results show that cave art in Iberia is older than 64.8 thousand years (ka). This cave art is the earliest dated so far and predates, by at least 20 ka, the arrival of modern humans in Europe, which implies Neandertal authorship."
1147:
in 1924, was also thought for many years to come from a cave, where it had been deposited after being predated on by an eagle. However, this is now debated (Hopley et al., 2013; Am. J. Phys. Anthrop.). Caves do form in the dolomite of the Ghaap
Plateau, including the Early, Middle and Later Stone Age
665:
Caves are found throughout the world, although the distribution of documented cave system is heavily skewed towards those countries where caving has been popular for many years (such as France, Italy, Australia, the UK, the United States, etc.). As a result, explored caves are found widely in Europe,
460:
Corrasional or erosional caves are those that form entirely by erosion by flowing streams carrying rocks and other sediments. These can form in any type of rock, including hard rocks such as granite. Generally there must be some zone of weakness to guide the water, such as a fault or joint. A subtype
1252:
provides one of the best examples for modern musical usages of caves. Not only are the caves utilized for reverberation, but for the dampening qualities of their abnormal faces as well. The irregularities in the walls of the
Cumberland Caverns diffuse sounds bouncing off the walls and give the space
2135:
2335:"we present dating results for three sites in Spain that show that cave art emerged in Iberia substantially earlier than previously thought. Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates on carbonate crusts overlying paintings provide minimum ages for a red linear motif in La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in
988:
Of these animals, the troglobites are perhaps the most unusual organisms. Troglobitic species often show a number of characteristics, termed troglomorphic, associated with their adaptation to subterranean life. These characteristics may include a loss of pigment (often resulting in a pale or white
130:
It is estimated that a cave cannot be more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) vertically beneath the surface due to the pressure of overlying rocks. This does not, however, impose a maximum depth for a cave which is measured from its highest entrance to its lowest point, as the amount of rock above
1244:
The importance of sound in caves predates a modern understanding of acoustics. Archaeologists have uncovered relationships between paintings of dots and lines, in specific areas of resonance, within the caves of Spain and France, as well as instruments depicting paleolithic motifs, indicators of
429:
Sea caves are found along coasts around the world. A special case is littoral caves, which are formed by wave action in zones of weakness in sea cliffs. Often these weaknesses are faults, but they may also be dykes or bedding-plane contacts. Some wave-cut caves are now above sea level because of
1485:
Laureano, Fernando V.; Karmann, Ivo; Granger, Darryl E.; Auler, Augusto S.; Almeida, Renato P.; Cruz, Francisco W.; Strícks, Nicolás M.; Novello, Valdir F. (15 November 2016). "Two million years of river and cave aggradation in NE Brazil: Implications for speleogenesis and landscape evolution".
146:
Caves can be classified in various other ways as well, including a contrast between active and relict: active caves have water flowing through them; relict caves do not, though water may be retained in them. Types of active caves include inflow caves ("into which a stream sinks"), outflow caves
1950:
1209:. This may have allowed rapid expansion of humans out of Africa and colonization of areas of the world such as Australia by 60–50,000 years ago. Throughout southern Africa, Australia, and Europe, early modern humans used caves and rock shelters as sites for rock art, such as those at
677:
contain many documented caves. As the world's expanses of soluble bedrock are researched by cavers, the distribution of documented caves is likely to shift. For example, China, despite containing around half the world's exposed limestone—more than 1,000,000 square kilometres
2196:
Marean, Curtis W.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Fisher, Erich; Goldberg, Paul; Herries, Andy I. R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Jerardino, Antonieta; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Minichillo, Tom; Nilssen, Peter J.; Thompson, Erin; Watts, Ian; Williams, Hope M. (2007).
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1011:
such as
Oligaphorura (formerly Archaphorura) schoetti are troglophiles, reaching 1.7 millimetres (0.067 in) in length. They have extensive distribution and have been studied fairly widely. Most specimens are female, but a male specimen was collected from
461:
of the erosional cave is the wind or aeolian cave, carved by wind-born sediments. Many caves formed initially by solutional processes often undergo a subsequent phase of erosional or vadose enlargement where active streams or rivers pass through them.
989:
coloration), a loss of eyes (or at least of optical functionality), an elongation of appendages, and an enhancement of other senses (such as the ability to sense vibrations in water). Aquatic troglobites (or stygobites), such as the endangered
2284:
D. L. Hoffmann; C. D. Standish; M. García-Diez; P. B. Pettitt; J. A. Milton; J. Zilhão; J. J. Alcolea-González; P. Cantalejo-Duarte; H. Collado; R. de Balbín; M. Lorblanchet; J. Ramos-Muñoz; G.-Ch. Weniger; A. W. G. Pike (2018).
973:(species that use caves, but cannot complete their life cycle fully in caves) and accidentals (animals not in one of the previous categories). Some authors use separate terminology for aquatic forms (for example,
554:
Anchialine caves are caves, usually coastal, containing a mixture of freshwater and saline water (usually sea water). They occur in many parts of the world, and often contain highly specialized and endemic fauna.
733:, with a depth of 2,204 m (7,231 ft). This was the first cave to be explored to a depth of more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft). (The first cave to be descended below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) was
438:, solutional caves have been flooded by the sea and are now subject to littoral erosion. Sea caves are generally around 5 to 50 metres (16 to 164 ft) in length, but may exceed 300 metres (980 ft).
601:
largely resemble surface braided streams with their passages separating and then meeting further down drainage. They usually form along one bed or structure, and only rarely cross into upper or lower beds.
993:, live in bodies of water found in caves and get nutrients from detritus washed into their caves and from the feces of bats and other cave inhabitants. Other aquatic troglobites include cave fish, and
1205:
In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves as shelter starting about 180,000 years ago when they learned to exploit the sea for the first time. The oldest known site is PP13B at
613:
form as irregular large rooms, galleries, and passages. These randomized three-dimensional rooms form from a rising water table that erodes the carbonate rock with hydrogen-sulfide enriched water.
595:
form from intersecting fissures of carbonate rock that have had fractures widened by chemical erosion. These fractures form high, narrow, straight passages that persist in widespread closed loops.
2450:
514:
Fracture caves are formed when layers of more soluble minerals, such as gypsum, dissolve out from between layers of less soluble rock. These rocks fracture and collapse in blocks of stone.
621:(vertical caves, potholes, or simply "pits") consist of a vertical shaft rather than a horizontal cave passage. They may or may not be associated with one of the above structural patterns.
396:
Lava caves include but are not limited to lava tubes. Other caves formed through volcanic activity include rifts, lava molds, open vertical conduits, inflationary, blisters, among others.
1253:
an almost recording studio-like quality. During the 20th century musicians began to explore the possibility of using caves as locations as clubs and concert halls, including the likes of
369:
flows downhill, its surface cools and solidifies. Hot liquid lava continues to flow under that crust, and if most of it flows out, a hollow tube remains. Such caves can be found in the
581:
resemble surface dendritic stream patterns; they are made up of passages that join downstream as tributaries. Branchwork caves are the most common of cave patterns and are formed near
1265:. Unlike today, these early performances were typically held in the mouths of the caves, as the lack of technology made depths of the interior inaccessible with musical equipment. In
1051:
Cave entrances often have typical florae. For instance, in the eastern temperate United States, cave entrances are most frequently (and often densely) populated by the bulblet fern,
135:
caves the maximum depth is determined on the basis of the lower limit of karst forming processes, coinciding with the base of the soluble carbonate rocks. Most caves are formed in
865:. It is 4.6 km (2.9 mi) in length, 80 m (260 ft) high and wide over most of its length, but over 140 m (460 ft) high and wide for part of its length.
745:
caves in
Georgia, (1,830 m or 6,000 ft, and 1,753 m or 5,751 ft respectively) are the current second- and third-deepest caves. The deepest outside Georgia is
528:
Talus caves are formed by the openings among large boulders that have fallen down into a random heap, often at the bases of cliffs. These unstable deposits are called talus or
3926:
1968:
1037:
Because of the fragility of cave ecosystems, and the fact that cave regions tend to be isolated from one another, caves harbor a number of endangered species, such as the
607:
are formed when solution cavities are joined by mixing of chemically diverse water. The cavities form a pattern that is three-dimensional and random, resembling a sponge.
1140:. However, it is not generally thought that these early humans were living in the caves, but that they were brought into the caves by carnivores that had killed them.
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1048:
Caves are visited by many surface-living animals, including humans. These are usually relatively short-lived incursions, due to the lack of light and sustenance.
1122:, Cooper's D, Gladysvale, Gondolin and Makapansgat have yielded a range of early human species dating back to between three and one million years ago, including
3874:
1152:; however, the caves that form along the escarpment's edge, like that hypothesised for the Taung Child, are formed within a secondary limestone deposit called
2005:
1657:"Merging the concepts of pseudokarst and paleoseismicity in Sweden: A unified theory on the formation of fractures, fracture caves, and angular block heape"
3901:
1156:. There is numerous evidence for other early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago in different parts of the world, including
226:
The largest and most abundant solutional caves are located in limestone. Limestone dissolves under the action of rainwater and groundwater charged with H
3621:
3859:
3706:
2454:
99:
is the science of exploration and study of all aspects of caves and the cave environment. Visiting or exploring caves for recreation may be called
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1698:"Talus Caves: Geotourist Attractions Formed by Spheroidal and Exfoliation Weathering on Akure-Ado Inselbergs, Southwestern Nigeria"
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This is a rough generalization, as large expanses of North
America and Asia contain no documented caves, whereas areas such as the
1523:
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have been found throughout the world dating from 64,800 years old for non-figurative art and 43,900 years old for figurative art.
1982:
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670:
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1521:Комиссия спелеологии и карстоведения. Д. А. Тимофеев, В. Н. Дублянский, Т. З. Кикнадзе. Терминология карста. Базис карстования
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occurs. Each passage or branch is fed by a separate recharge source and converges into other higher order branches downstream.
3921:
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327:). The acid then dissolves the limestone from below, rather than from above, by acidic water percolating from the surface.
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1910:
1817:
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498:
Glacier caves are formed by melting ice and flowing water within and under glaciers. The cavities are influenced by the
1925:
830:), a sloping, boulder strewn chamber with an area of 154,500 m (1,663,000 sq ft). The largest room in a
3884:
3711:
3463:
2013:
1978:
1832:
315:) gas rising from below, where reservoirs of oil give off sulfurous fumes. This gas mixes with groundwater and forms H
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943:
858:
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2017:
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257:
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1973:
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2402:"Cave acoustics in prehistory: Exploring the association of Palaeolithic visual motifs and acoustic response"
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3103:
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found in caves come from a series of caves near
Krugersdorp and Mokopane in South Africa. The cave sites of
1027:
38:
3316:
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3275:
3048:
3043:
2827:
1289:
1002:
506:", though this latter term is properly reserved for bedrock caves that contain year-round ice formations.
1833:"Mammoth Cave Just Got A Little More "Mammoth" - Mammoth Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
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has been developed that generates sound by mallets striking stalactites, each with a different pitch.
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are classified as trogloxenes, because they roost in caves by day and forage above ground at night.
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4002:
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3393:
3038:
2565:
2336:
2157:
Podestá, María
Mercedes; Raffino, Rodolfo A.; Paunero, Rafael Sebastián; Rolandi, Diana S. (2005).
1080:. The art in the cave is dated between 7,300 BC and 700 AD; stenciled, mostly left hands are shown.
990:
502:
of the ice, which tends to collapse the caves again. Glacier caves are sometimes misidentified as "
499:
46:
1065:
1030:, are trogloxenes and are often found in caves; they forage outside of the caves. Some species of
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are the most frequently occurring caves. Such caves form in rock that is soluble; most occur in
2199:"Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene"
563:
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1210:
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1038:
898:
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730:
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419:
253:
223:, joints, and comparable features. Over time cracks enlarge to become caves and cave systems.
74:
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4019:
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1709:
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1534:, The Commission for Speleology and Karst, Moscow Center of the Russian Geographical Society
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902:
764:. The second deepest is Ghar-e-Ghala at 562 m (1,844 ft) in the Parau massif near
757:
567:
312:
296:
50:
1864:. El Centro Investigador del Sistema Acuífero de Quintana Roo A.C.(CINDAQ). 26 January 2023
969:(species that can live their entire lives in caves, but also occur in other environments),
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3290:
3201:
3149:
2779:
1544:
1527:
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Asia, North
America and Oceania, but are sparse in South America, Africa, and Antarctica.
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390:
304:
220:
196:
175:
2349:
Aubert, M.; et al. (11 December 2019). "Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art".
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are now believed to be examples of another type of solutional cave. They were formed by H
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are smaller openings that extend a relatively short distance underground (such as
802:, with a measured volume of 10,780,000 m (381,000,000 cu ft). The
393:
is a remarkably long and deep lava tube; it is 65.6 km long (40.8 mi).
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162:
2287:"U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art"
1225:). Among the known sacred caves are China's Cave of a Thousand Buddhas and the
131:
the lowest point is dependent on the topography of the landscape above it. For
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147:("from which a stream emerges"), and through caves ("traversed by a stream").
96:
89:). Caves which extend further underground than the opening is wide are called
78:
54:
2499:"Why Brandi Carlile, Steve Earle and More Are Performing in a Tennessee Cave"
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Caves continue to provide usage for modern-day explorers of acoustics. Today
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1332: – Structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water
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in China were used for shelter; other caves were used for burials (such as
17:
2107:
2040:
World
Heritage Sites: a Complete Guide to 1007 UNESCO World Heritage Sites
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People have made use of caves throughout history. The earliest human
823:
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204:
200:
100:
1889:"World's Deepest Caves List from The National Speleological Society"
1796:"World's Longest Caves List from The National Speleological Society"
211:, solutional caves result when rock is dissolved by natural acid in
1338: – River that runs wholly or partly beneath the ground surface
1309: – Natural pit or sinkhole that exposes groundwater underneath
242:. The dissolution process produces a distinctive landform known as
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and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called
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1969:"China's "Supercave" Takes Title as World's Most Enormous Cavern"
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Caves formed at the same time as the surrounding rock are called
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and underground drainage. Limestone caves are often adorned with
3533:
3238:
2524:"Real Live Cave Music: Marvel at the World's Largest Instrument"
1857:
1153:
815:
769:
386:
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2554:
2484:"Cumberland Caverns: A Subterranean Concert Venue In Tennessee"
678:(390,000 sq mi)—has relatively few documented caves.
3072:
2944:
2550:
1738:"Peldanga Labyrinth (Liepniekvalka Caves), Latvia - redzet.eu"
1019:
998:
954:
1926:"Iranian cavers discover one of the world's deepest shafts"
1798:. 21 August 2022. Archived from the original on 15 May 2006
721:—measured from its highest entrance to its lowest point—is
1951:"Hranice Abyss is believed to be 1200 m. deep (in Czech)"
1702:
Ethiopian
Journal of Environmental Studies and Management
749:
in Austria, which is 1,623 m (5,325 ft) deep.
293:
or the local level of the groundwater will be flooded.
1298: – Recreational pastime of exploring cave systems
1530:
D.A. Timofeev, V.N. Dublyansky, T.Z. Kiknadze, 1991,
289:
The portions of a solutional cave that are below the
1696:
Kolawole, F.; Anifowose, A. Y. B. (1 January 2011).
1655:
Mörner, Nils-Axel; Sjöberg, Rabbe (September 2018).
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Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
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365:activity and are the most common primary caves. As
121:The formation and development of caves is known as
2109:Art & Place: Site-Specific Art of the Americas
1386:
1143:The first early hominid ever found in Africa, the
191:, but they can also form in other rocks including
2160:El arte rupestre de Argentina indígena: Patagonia
961:Cave-inhabiting animals are often categorized as
2406:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2260:Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations
2469:"Music Went With Cave Art In Prehistoric Caves"
1891:. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017
1320: – Cave with significant vertical passages
1766:
1764:
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2163:(in Spanish). Grupo Abierto Communicaciones.
1962:
1960:
1455:Lowe, J. John; Walker, Michael J. C. (2014).
37:"Cavern" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1598:"Learning about caves; how caves are formed"
3902:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
1790:
1788:
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1784:
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1780:
756:in a cave is 603 m (1,978 ft) in
430:later uplift. Elsewhere, in places such as
81:of rock and often extend deep underground.
3875:History of hard rock miners' organizations
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2573:
2559:
2551:
1831:National Park Service (8 September 2022).
2425:
2320:
2310:
1713:
1672:
1625:
1623:
1362:The UNESCO dates the art to 13,000–9,000
1326: – Science of cave and karst systems
3860:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
3707:North American Aerospace Defense Command
1883:
1881:
1879:
1172:in South Africa at the Cave of Hearths (
2006:"World's Biggest Cave Found in Vietnam"
1634:. Elsevier Academic Press. p. 84.
1378:
1355:
747:Lamprechtsofen Vogelschacht Weg Schacht
699:, US, at 675.9 km (420.0 mi).
1902:
1809:
1458:Reconstructing Quaternary Environments
1344: – Lake under the Earth's surface
1061:Archaeological and cultural importance
783:at 450 metres (1,480 ft), is the
714:, Mexico at 436 km (271 mi).
27:Natural void under the Earth's surface
2536:from the original on 24 November 2021
1604:. Project Underground. Archived from
1292: – Waterfall located underground
7:
2400:Fazenda, Bruno (11 September 2017).
2177:from the original on 29 October 2021
2138:from the original on 29 October 2021
1480:
1478:
1415:participating institution membership
781:remotely operated underwater vehicle
1774:, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, p. 207
1661:International Journal of Speleology
653:An entrance of the Torhola Cave in
3800:Journey to the Center of the Earth
3702:Naples underground geothermal zone
2451:"Turns out, cavemen loved to sing"
2087:from the original on 14 April 2021
2077:"Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas"
1967:Vergano, Dan (28 September 2014).
1221:), or as religious sites (such as
25:
3917:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
3912:International Union of Speleology
2592:Glossary of caving and speleology
706:, and second longest overall, is
532:, and may be subject to frequent
256:formations produced through slow
2482:Farmer, Blake (11 August 2015).
1772:Surface Processes and Landforms
1190:Archaeological Site of Atapuerca
671:Madagascar dry deciduous forests
157:in Hall of the Mountain King of
3907:Institution of Mining Engineers
3672:Underground Great Wall of China
2981:Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings
2449:Whipps, Heather (3 July 2008).
1434:. Academic Press. p. 304.
1286: – Cave entrance barricade
855:Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park
3922:Society of Economic Geologists
3890:National Speleological Society
3840:Wonderland (fictional country)
2263:. CCC Publishing. p. 16.
2075:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
1508:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.08.009
1461:. Routledge. pp. 141–42.
1:
3347:Subterranean rivers of London
2497:Parton, Chris (4 June 2018).
2106:Renshaw, Amanda, ed. (2013).
804:largest known room by surface
743:Illyuzia-Mezhonnogo-Snezhnaya
491:
3880:National Mine Map Repository
3322:Jewel Cave National Monument
3034:List of UK caving fatalities
2081:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1428:Moratto, Michael J. (2014).
800:largest known room by volume
69:is a natural void under the
3885:National Mining Association
3712:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
2014:National Geographic Society
2004:Owen, James (4 July 2009).
1979:National Geographic Society
1858:"CINDAQ 2022 Annual report"
1674:10.5038/1827-806X.47.3.2225
4094:
3825:Tunnels in popular culture
3667:Underground City, Montreal
3662:Underground City (Beijing)
3607:816 Nuclear Military Plant
3337:Mammoth Cave National Park
1602:Journey into amazing caves
1269:, Virginia, a functioning
1125:Australopithecus africanus
1043:liphistius trapdoor spider
932:
873:
849:ever discovered is in the
547:
521:
468:
403:
238:) and naturally occurring
173:
77:. Caves often form by the
36:
29:
3632:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
3057:
2589:
2371:10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y
2337:Maltravieso (Extremadura)
1909:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1816:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1630:Culver, David C. (2004).
1549:Nova (American TV series)
1394:Oxford English Dictionary
944:Townsend's big-eared bats
919:Shuanghedong Cave Network
812:Gunung Mulu National Park
687:The cave system with the
377:, the basaltic plains of
3998:Underground construction
3870:Cave Research Foundation
3010:Cave of Forgotten Dreams
2010:National Geographic News
1974:National Geographic News
1770:Easterbrook, Don, 1999,
1575:. New Leaf. p. 38.
1569:Silvestru, Emil (2008).
1094:in a cave in Puerto Rico
965:(cave-limited species),
682:Records and superlatives
442:Corrasional or erosional
3484:Missile launch facility
3357:Wind Cave National Park
3003:Diving into the Unknown
2312:10.1126/science.aap7778
1399:Oxford University Press
1131:Australopithecus sediba
1028:Mexican free-tailed bat
946:in a cave in California
691:of surveyed passage is
626:Geographic distribution
381:, and in other places.
161:, a solutional cave in
39:Cavern (disambiguation)
3637:Chicago Tunnel Company
3276:Subterranean waterfall
3049:Tham Luang cave rescue
3044:Riesending cave rescue
1431:California Archaeology
1407:10.1093/OED/8886318356
1290:Subterranean waterfall
1198:in Indonesia, and the
1095:
1081:
1003:Texas blind salamander
958:
947:
754:deepest vertical shaft
662:
646:
574:
495:
457:
426:
414:Painted Cave, a large
348:
166:
58:
3652:Kőbánya cellar system
3642:Houston tunnel system
3622:Almadén Mercury Mines
3617:The Caves of Ægissíða
3017:The Underground Eiger
2046:. 2014. p. 607.
1632:Encyclopedia of Caves
1227:sacred caves of Crete
1202:in southern Siberia.
1179:Homo neanderthalensis
1137:Paranthropus robustus
1087:
1068:
1054:Cystopteris bulbifera
953:
942:
876:List of longest caves
870:Five longest surveyed
702:The longest surveyed
689:greatest total length
652:
633:
593:Angular network caves
566:
482:in Big Four Glacier,
478:
449:
413:
338:
153:
49:
32:Cave (disambiguation)
4047:Subterranean warfare
3820:Subterranea (comics)
3805:Moria (Middle-earth)
3785:Allegory of the cave
3769:Subterranean fiction
2257:Olsen, Brad (2004).
2116:. pp. 354–355.
1715:10.4314/ejesm.v4i3.1
1302:Caving organizations
1213:. Caves such as the
1185:Homo heidelbergensis
1045:, and the gray bat.
1014:St Cuthberts Swallet
587:groundwater recharge
159:Ogof Craig a Ffynnon
30:For other uses, see
4003:Tunnel construction
3727:Subterranean Toledo
3722:Subterranean London
3612:Caves of Maastricht
3039:Alpazat cave rescue
2684:Types and formation
2418:2017ASAJ..142.1332F
2412:(1332): 1332–1349.
2363:2019Natur.576..442A
2303:2018Sci...359..912H
2228:10.1038/nature06204
2220:2007Natur.449..905M
1924:Brocklebank, Tony.
1500:2016Geomo.273...63L
1397:(Online ed.).
1240:Caves and acoustics
991:Alabama cave shrimp
957:in a Slovenian cave
859:Quảng Bình Province
361:are formed through
248:, characterized by
215:that seeps through
4025:Mining engineering
4010:Underground living
3835:Underland (Narnia)
3750:Fictional features
3529:Underground hangar
3271:Subterranean river
3266:Subterranean fauna
2966:Cave-dwelling Jews
2713:Estavelle/Inversac
1985:on 31 January 2017
1526:2013-02-15 at the
1336:Subterranean river
1250:Cumberland Caverns
1096:
1082:
1070:Cueva de las Manos
959:
948:
719:deepest known cave
663:
647:
575:
496:
458:
427:
349:
167:
59:
4078:Fluvial landforms
4073:Erosion landforms
4055:
4054:
3943:Cave conservation
3848:
3847:
3745:
3744:
3591:Ventilation shaft
3370:Man-made features
3365:
3364:
3070:
3069:
2848:(Cave formations)
2611:Cave conservation
2427:10.1121/1.4998721
2357:(7787): 442–445.
2297:(6378): 912–915.
2214:(7164): 905–908.
2170:978-987-1121-16-8
2123:978-0-7148-6551-5
2053:978-1-77085-640-0
2044:UNESCO Publishing
1930:Darkness Below UK
1532:Karst Terminology
1413:(Subscription or
1195:Homo floresiensis
1169:Homo rhodesiensis
1039:Tooth cave spider
899:Sistema Sac Actun
893:Sistema Ox Bel Ha
836:Salle de la Verna
708:Sistema Ox Bel Ha
599:Anastomotic caves
559:Physical patterns
484:Big Four Mountain
420:Santa Cruz Island
254:calcium carbonate
16:(Redirected from
4085:
4020:Mine exploration
3795:Greek Underworld
3754:
3732:Turda Salt Mines
3717:Shanghai tunnels
3581:Smuggling tunnel
3524:Underground base
3519:Underground city
3434:Dugout (shelter)
3384:Air raid shelter
3374:
3332:Lechuguilla Cave
3312:Castellana Caves
3281:Underground lake
3115:
3111:Natural features
3097:
3090:
3083:
3074:
2693:Anchihaline cave
2675:Caves by country
2575:
2568:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2453:. Archived from
2446:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2203:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2042:(6th ed.).
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2016:. Archived from
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1981:. Archived from
1964:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1792:
1775:
1768:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1545:"How Caves Form"
1541:
1535:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1390:
1383:
1367:
1360:
1342:Underground lake
995:cave salamanders
903:Sistema Dos Ojos
758:Vrtoglavica Cave
737:in France.) The
605:Spongework caves
579:Branchwork caves
568:Castellana Caves
493:
313:hydrogen sulfide
297:Lechuguilla Cave
260:. These include
181:Solutional caves
51:Lechuguilla Cave
21:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4051:
3931:
3844:
3773:
3741:
3647:Kosvinsky Kamen
3595:
3454:Fallout shelter
3424:Crypt Mausoleum
3361:
3352:Veryovkina Cave
3342:Reed Flute Cave
3295:
3202:Solutional cave
3150:Communal burrow
3106:
3101:
3071:
3066:
3053:
3022:
2995:Popular culture
2990:
2949:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2780:Solutional cave
2685:
2679:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2457:on 22 May 2015.
2448:
2447:
2443:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2171:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2054:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2020:on 27 July 2009
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1778:
1769:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:Wayback Machine
1519:
1515:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1279:
1242:
1150:Wonderwerk Cave
1063:
937:
931:
879:
872:
847:largest passage
808:Sarawak Chamber
798:is the world's
777:underwater cave
723:Veryovkina Cave
704:underwater cave
684:
628:
561:
552:
550:Anchialine cave
546:
526:
520:
512:
473:
467:
444:
408:
402:
400:Sea or littoral
333:
322:
318:
310:
305:Carlsbad Cavern
233:
229:
178:
176:Solutional cave
172:
119:
117:Formation types
57:, United States
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4091:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4060:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4005:
3995:
3993:Trench warfare
3990:
3988:Tunnel network
3985:
3983:Tunnel warfare
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3936:Related topics
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3692:Mount Yamantau
3689:
3684:
3682:Mines of Paris
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3551:
3549:Secret passage
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Hang Sơn Đoòng
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:Lava tree mold
3221:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2971:Cave monastery
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Speleoseismite
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:Breathing cave
2695:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2515:
2489:
2474:
2471:. 5 July 2008.
2460:
2441:
2392:
2341:
2276:
2269:
2249:
2188:
2169:
2149:
2122:
2098:
2067:
2052:
2031:
1996:
1956:
1942:
1916:
1875:
1849:
1823:
1776:
1754:
1729:
1688:
1667:(3): 393–405.
1647:
1641:978-0121986513
1640:
1619:
1596:John Burcham.
1588:
1581:
1561:
1536:
1513:
1474:
1467:
1447:
1440:
1420:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1241:
1238:
1234:cave paintings
1223:Buddhist caves
1219:rock-cut tombs
1211:Giant's Castle
1207:Pinnacle Point
1062:
1059:
1022:, such as the
933:Main article:
930:
927:
926:
925:
916:
906:
896:
890:
874:For more, see
871:
868:
867:
866:
851:Son Doong Cave
843:
838:in the French
792:
789:Czech Republic
779:bottomed by a
773:
750:
735:Gouffre Berger
715:
700:
683:
680:
627:
624:
623:
622:
614:
611:Ramiform caves
608:
602:
596:
590:
560:
557:
548:Main article:
545:
542:
522:Main article:
519:
516:
511:
508:
500:very slow flow
469:Main article:
466:
463:
443:
440:
404:Main article:
401:
398:
371:Canary Islands
332:
329:
320:
316:
308:
231:
227:
217:bedding planes
174:Main article:
171:
168:
118:
115:
91:endogene caves
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4090:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Civil defense
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Cave painting
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:Organisations
3851:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:Mustang Caves
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:Semi-basement
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Subway system
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Utility vault
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:Rock-cut tomb
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Passage grave
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Earth shelter
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Blast shelter
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Kazumura Cave
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Volcanic pipe
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Maternity den
3232:
3230:
3229:Magma chamber
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Burrow fossil
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Dogtooth spar
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Calcite rafts
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Speleogenesis
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Cave painting
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Biospeleology
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2270:9781888729160
2266:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2189:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2114:Phaidon Press
2111:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1743:
1742:www.redzet.eu
1739:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
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1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1608:on 3 May 2009
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1582:9780890514962
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:The Cave Book
1565:
1562:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:Geomorphology
1481:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:9781317753711
1464:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1441:9781483277356
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1313:List of caves
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:Luray Caverns
1264:
1263:Benny Goodman
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1188:in Europe at
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1074:Perito Moreno
1071:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1032:cave crickets
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
956:
952:
945:
941:
936:
935:Biospeleology
928:
924:
920:
917:
914:
910:
907:
904:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
884:
881:
880:
877:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:
786:
785:Hranice Abyss
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
713:
709:
705:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:
681:
679:
676:
673:and parts of
672:
667:
660:
656:
651:
644:
640:
636:
632:
625:
620:
619:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
580:
577:
576:
573:
569:
565:
558:
556:
551:
543:
541:
539:
535:
531:
525:
517:
515:
509:
507:
505:
501:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
464:
462:
456:
452:
448:
441:
439:
437:
436:Phang Nga Bay
433:
425:
421:
417:
412:
407:
399:
397:
394:
392:
388:
384:
383:Kazumura Cave
380:
379:Eastern Idaho
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
354:
353:primary caves
346:
342:
337:
330:
328:
326:
325:sulfuric acid
314:
306:
302:
298:
294:
292:
287:
285:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:precipitation
255:
251:
247:
246:
241:
240:organic acids
237:
236:carbonic acid
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:. Except for
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
169:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
142:
138:
134:
128:
126:
125:
124:speleogenesis
116:
114:
112:
111:
107:
103:
98:
94:
92:
88:
87:rock shelters
84:
83:Exogene caves
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3948:Cave dweller
3810:Nome Kingdom
3764:Hollow Earth
3677:Maginot Line
3576:Storm cellar
3394:Burial vault
3256:Rock shelter
3167:Glacier cave
3161:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2961:Cave dweller
2875:Cave popcorn
2814:Underground
2733:Karst spring
2723:Glacier cave
2581:
2538:. Retrieved
2527:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2503:RollingStone
2502:
2492:
2477:
2463:
2455:the original
2444:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2294:
2290:
2279:
2259:
2252:
2211:
2205:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2159:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2108:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2080:
2070:
2039:
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:the original
2009:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1983:the original
1972:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:
1919:
1893:. Retrieved
1866:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:
1826:
1800:. Retrieved
1771:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:
1732:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1631:
1610:. Retrieved
1606:the original
1601:
1591:
1571:
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1539:
1531:
1516:
1491:
1487:
1457:
1450:
1430:
1423:
1392:
1381:
1358:
1247:
1243:
1232:Paleolithic
1231:
1204:
1193:
1183:
1177:
1167:
1162:in China at
1159:Homo erectus
1157:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1104:Sterkfontein
1097:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1036:
1018:
1009:Cave insects
1007:
997:such as the
987:
967:troglophiles
960:
913:South Dakota
883:Mammoth Cave
846:
803:
799:
776:
775:The deepest
753:
718:
703:
693:Mammoth Cave
688:
668:
664:
639:Slovak Karst
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
578:
553:
527:
513:
497:
480:Glacier cave
471:Glacier cave
459:
428:
395:
357:
352:
350:
339:Exploring a
295:
288:
281:
243:
225:
203:, salt, and
184:
180:
179:
145:
129:
122:
120:
109:
105:
101:
95:
90:
82:
66:
62:
60:
43:
4030:Mole people
4015:Mine rescue
3963:Cave rescue
3953:Cave diving
3697:Mogao Caves
3627:Coober Pedy
3586:Spider hole
3564:Septic tank
3504:Root cellar
3155:Paleoburrow
3104:Subterranea
2840:Speleothems
2753:Exploration
2653:Troglofauna
2621:Cave survey
2599:Main topics
2322:10498/21578
1989:20 December
1837:www.nps.gov
1612:8 September
1255:Dinah Shore
1174:Makapansgat
1164:Zhoukoudian
1145:Taung Child
1092:petroglyphs
979:stygophiles
971:trogloxenes
963:troglobites
635:Domica Cave
455:Mount Sodom
303:and nearby
291:water table
283:speleothems
278:soda straws
270:stalagmites
266:stalactites
213:groundwater
185:karst caves
163:South Wales
155:Speleothems
141:dissolution
18:Cave system
4062:Categories
4042:Speleology
4035:in fiction
3815:Pellucidar
3657:Kome Caves
3307:Balve Cave
3251:Pit crater
3207:Talus cave
3130:Ant colony
2976:Kome Caves
2940:Stalagnate
2935:Stalagmite
2930:Stalactite
2920:Soda straw
2910:Shelfstone
2870:Cave pearl
2845:Speleogens
2810:Talus cave
2743:Ley tunnel
2670:Speleology
2648:Stygofauna
1868:3 February
1842:6 November
1708:(3): 1–6.
1417:required.)
1374:References
1330:Speleothem
1324:Speleology
1200:Denisovans
1108:Swartkrans
983:stygoxenes
975:stygobites
909:Jewel Cave
766:Kermanshah
544:Anchialine
538:landslides
524:Talus cave
488:Washington
424:California
359:Lava tubes
301:New Mexico
274:helictites
262:flowstones
209:salt caves
170:Solutional
110:spelunking
97:Speleology
79:weathering
55:New Mexico
3958:Cave gate
3830:Underdark
3778:Exemplars
3600:Exemplars
3539:Wine cave
3414:Catacombs
3300:Exemplars
3197:Show cave
3187:Lava tube
3182:Lava cave
3027:Incidents
2954:Dwellings
2895:Helictite
2890:Frostwork
2885:Flowstone
2855:Anthodite
2828:Waterfall
2800:Suffosion
2785:Show cave
2770:Salt cave
2738:Lava cave
2686:processes
2636:Equipment
2387:209311825
2132:865298990
2062:910986576
1935:1 January
1895:28 August
1724:1998-0507
1683:0392-6672
1494:: 63–77.
1284:Cave gate
1259:Roy Acuff
1112:Kromdraai
1078:Argentina
1016:in 1969.
832:show cave
810:, in the
796:Miao Room
618:Pit caves
583:sinkholes
534:rockfalls
504:ice caves
341:lava tube
250:sinkholes
189:limestone
137:limestone
106:potholing
3571:Stepwell
3559:Sewerage
3469:Hypogeum
3449:Erdstall
3439:Dry well
3419:Casemate
3399:Borehole
3389:Basement
3261:Sinkhole
3192:Pit Cave
3177:Ice cave
3062:Category
2915:Snottite
2905:Rimstone
2900:Moonmilk
2790:Sinkhole
2775:Sea cave
2760:Pit cave
2728:Ice cave
2534:Archived
2436:28964077
2379:31827284
2331:29472483
2236:17943129
2175:Archived
2142:27 March
2136:Archived
2085:Archived
1905:cite web
1812:cite web
1524:Archived
1318:Pit cave
1277:See also
1148:site of
1116:Drimolen
1024:gray bat
1001:and the
905:, Mexico
895:, Mexico
887:Kentucky
840:Pyrenees
828:Malaysia
762:Slovenia
727:Abkhazia
697:Kentucky
643:Slovakia
510:Fracture
453:cave in
432:Thailand
416:sea cave
406:Sea cave
363:volcanic
197:dolomite
3865:Bergamt
3790:Batcave
3737:Yaodong
3474:Manhole
3464:Foxhole
3429:Dungeon
3135:Aquifer
2986:Yaodong
2860:Boxwork
2703:Cave-in
2529:YouTube
2414:Bibcode
2359:Bibcode
2299:Bibcode
2291:Science
2244:4387442
2216:Bibcode
2181:1 March
2091:7 April
2024:29 July
1802:11 June
1496:Bibcode
1215:yaodong
1100:fossils
929:Ecology
863:Vietnam
834:is the
820:Sarawak
787:in the
731:Georgia
712:Yucatán
659:Finland
465:Glacier
375:Jeju-do
331:Primary
75:surface
3973:Caving
3895:Grotto
3509:Tunnel
3494:Quarry
3404:Bunker
3291:Warren
3214:Cenote
3172:Grotto
3140:Burrow
3125:Alcove
2795:Spring
2708:Cenote
2631:Diving
2626:Caving
2584:topics
2508:4 June
2434:
2385:
2377:
2351:Nature
2329:
2267:
2242:
2234:
2207:Nature
2167:
2130:
2120:
2060:
2050:
1862:CINDAQ
1747:17 May
1722:
1681:
1638:
1579:
1554:1 July
1465:
1438:
1388:"cave"
1307:Cenote
1296:Caving
1261:, and
1120:Malapa
981:, and
824:Borneo
675:Brazil
585:where
391:Hawaii
345:Hawaii
221:faults
205:gypsum
201:marble
102:caving
67:cavern
4068:Caves
3757:Types
3459:Fogou
3377:Types
3219:Karst
3118:Types
2823:River
2765:Ponor
2718:Foiba
2660:Karst
2643:Fauna
2540:5 May
2383:S2CID
2240:S2CID
2202:(PDF)
1411:
1350:Notes
1271:organ
1089:Taíno
923:China
739:Sarma
655:Lohja
572:Italy
530:scree
518:Talus
385:near
245:karst
193:chalk
133:karst
108:, or
71:Earth
3534:Well
3479:Mine
3239:Nest
3162:Cave
2843:and
2818:Lake
2805:Sump
2748:Mine
2582:Cave
2542:2020
2510:2018
2432:PMID
2375:PMID
2327:PMID
2265:ISBN
2232:PMID
2183:2021
2165:ISBN
2144:2021
2128:OCLC
2118:ISBN
2093:2021
2058:OCLC
2048:ISBN
2026:2009
1991:2014
1937:2017
1911:link
1897:2007
1870:2023
1844:2022
1818:link
1804:2023
1749:2020
1720:ISSN
1679:ISSN
1636:ISBN
1614:2009
1577:ISBN
1556:2013
1463:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1182:and
1154:tufa
1134:and
1026:and
1020:Bats
955:Olms
915:, US
889:, US
845:The
816:Miri
794:The
770:Iran
752:The
741:and
717:The
536:and
494:1920
451:Salt
387:Hilo
367:lava
63:cave
3244:Bee
2945:Vug
2422:doi
2410:142
2367:doi
2355:576
2317:hdl
2307:doi
2295:359
2224:doi
2212:449
1710:doi
1669:doi
1504:doi
1492:273
1403:doi
1176:),
1114:B,
999:olm
985:).
857:in
853:in
806:is
768:in
760:in
725:in
710:in
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