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support systems. The article then suggests using a dual-liner system in which an outer liner provides a surface against the cave surface and a pressure seal and an inner liner provides a habitat for the astronauts. Machinery and life support systems could be placed in between the redundant liners. The report also outlines methods of folding, manufacturing, transporting, replacing, and inflating these liners.
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MOMIS experiment has successfully completed multiple runs however the HUMIS experiment was deemed out of the scope of the investigation and although efforts were made to find test sites, the work done was reflected in a "Cave
Astrobiology" exploration-level class at Penn State College during the spring semester of 2004.
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Section 8 contains information on the spinoff science-fair experiments generated from this report and the other outreach impacts that this report and creating it had. This section also outlines educational activities for schools such as a "Find the lava tube activity" and "The
Masternauts Program".
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Next, the report outlines methods by which an inert pressure atmosphere could be created by pressurizing the gasses present on Mars, particularly Argon. This would allow human scientists only to wear breathing apparatuses and not require full pressure suits. It is suggested that cavernous spaces not
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Another main topic of this section is the "foamed in place" airlocks. These are designed to be shape-conforming to highly irregular openings along with easy to deploy and leak tight. Their final proposed system is an airlock unit with multiple extending telescoping legs to all of the cave walls. The
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The publication discusses each of these topics in detail and highlights the novel idea of using luminescent bacteria as a lighting backup solution and suggests lighting the habitat using "light piping" technology. The article also discusses skylights and radiation proof glass at length however this
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Section 5 contains information on the "Mouse
Mission to Inner Space" (MOMIS) and the Human equivalent, "HUMIS". The idea was to develop preliminary versions of some aspects of a Mars cave habitat such as using argon breathing mixtures and other new life support systems on mouse test subjects. The
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First, inflatable habitats were investigated to provide a "shirtsleeve indoor environment" for the astronauts. The article further suggests that if the cave's cross sectional surface area is properly sized, an inflatable cave liner could be placed in the cave and inflated requiring no additional
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Section 1 summarizes the entire project and claims that "This project developed a revolutionary system to exploit the novel idea of extraterrestrial cave use" and explaining that two experiments or "Missions" were tested to gather data.
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Finally, this section covers a system that would allow communication networks inside caves. This was also tested in a real cave (Robertson's Cave) and future modifications are suggested for increasing bandwidth and signal strength.
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be filled with oxygen or other reactive gasses as this would nullify any potential scientific value of the cave along with potentially being harmful to the humans breathing in the atmosphere inside.
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This section also contains some speculation on the existence and locations of such caves and what types of caves exist on Mars however it is largely outdated by newer research such as the
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The program also studied designs for inflatable modules and other such structures that would aid the astronauts to build a livable environment for humans and other
Earthian creatures.
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Section 2 addresses the question of "why caves ?" and provides a variety of different answers to the advantages of using caves as a foothold in
Martian exploration such as:
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Exploring caves is a key scientific interest as it makes it easy to study the geology, history, and possible presence of life on Mars without heavy excavation equipment.
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overhangs, and other
Martian cavities would be potentially useful for crewed missions, for they would provide considerable shielding from both the elements and intense
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Protocol and highlights its importance when exploring martian caves and suggests using "sterilized micro-robots" to perform exploration and science.
164:. For example, the innovation "Foamed-in-place Airlocks" are assigned a TRL of 5, while the "Inert Pressurization of Caves" is assigned a TRL of 2.
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Boston, P.; Frederick, G.; Welch, S.; Werker, J.; Meyer, T.R.; Sprungman, B.; Hildreth-Werker, V.; Murphy, D.; Thompson, S.L. (2004),
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is probably due to the lack of advanced solar panels and LED lighting technology available during the publication in 2000.
30:. The pits have been informally named (A) Dena, (B) Chloe, (C) Wendy, (D) Annie, (E) Abby (left) and Nikki, and (F) Jeanne.
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The project showed crickets and mice could breathe argon mixtures for extended periods without apparent problems.
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to which a Mars mission would expose astronauts. They might also offer access to minerals, gases, ices, and any
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It is surmised that atmosphere temperature variations are less experienced in caves than on the surface of Mars.
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space between the airlocks and the cave walls are then filled with hardening, spray-able, airtight foam.
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image of Mars hole "Jeanne", about 150 meters (492 feet) across and at least 178 meters (584 feet) deep.
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Herbert W. Franke, "Höhlen auf dem Mars", Naturwissenschaftliche
Rundschau 1998, Issue 5, page 169-175
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The project produced many educational materials, made available through its outreach initiative.
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Section 3 analyses a number of
Innovations necessary for the utilization and assigns them a
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Dealing with the dark (providing lighting solutions for the interior of the habitats)
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The ability of pressurizing caves to make them more habitable to human lifeforms.
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Caves protect lifeforms and equipment from harmful solar and galactic radiation.
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Sections 9 and 10 conclude the report and cite references for further reading.
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to assess the best place to situate the research and habitation modules that a
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Allows the easy extraction of subsurface materials such as ice and minerals.
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Program to assess the best place for research and habitation modules on Mars
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Section 4 describes the steps necessary for cave habitation. These are:
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life that the crew of such a mission would probably be searching for.
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Demonstrated wireless communications within limestone cave system.
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HiRISE image of a 35 m wide lava tube skylight surrounded by a
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image of a lava tube skylight entrance on the
Martian volcano
604:"Life in the Extremes: An Interview With Dr. Penelope Boston"
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Human utilization of subsurface extraterrestrial environments
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Human
Utilization Of Subsurface Extraterrestrial Environments
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Section 6 covers the different technology tests performed.
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would require. The final report was published in mid 2004.
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Caves protect from dust storms and micrometeorite impacts.
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was an early 2000s program funded through Phase II by the
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Appendix E: List and Statistical Analysis of NIAC Grants
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Protecting the scientific environment inside of a cave
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73:and other underground structures, including
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227:Planetary Protection Protocol Development
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467:"Digging and Sniffing for Life on Mars"
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1896:Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition
1879:Mars Analogue Research Station Program
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231:Section 7 covers the development of a
612:on the caves with NASA scientists by
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518:NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts
156:Enabling Technologies Identification
40:NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts
26:image of probable cave entrances on
332:skylight on the southeast flank of
408:Robert Braun; et al. (2009).
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1676:List of crewed Mars mission plans
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1722:Austere Human Missions to Mars
176:Finding extraterrestrial caves
168:Essential Tasks Identification
1:
1843:Mars Design Reference Mission
582:Gallegos, Emma (2009-10-21).
465:David, Leonard (2005-02-22).
328:HiRISE image of a 180 m wide
1826:Space Exploration Initiative
1768:Vision for Space Exploration
1727:Mars Piloted Orbital Station
1057:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
104:, is divided into 10 parts.
1491:Inspiration Mars Foundation
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1526:Artificial objects on Mars
248:Conclusions and references
162:Technology Readiness Level
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1543:List of films set on Mars
1358:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
1155:Classical albedo features
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588:Pasadena Star-News online
564:The Caves of Mars Project
1461:List of missions to Mars
416:National Academies Press
1806:Martian Piloted Complex
1619:Solar System portal
96:Summary of final report
2069:Human missions to Mars
2038:Mars atmospheric entry
1233:Solar eclipses on Mars
1092:"Swiss cheese" feature
948:Concentric crater fill
239:Education and Outreach
194:Demonstration Missions
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1970:Mars Excursion Module
1927:Caves of Mars Project
1753:Constellation program
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44:human mission to Mars
36:Caves of Mars Project
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2033:Terraforming of Mars
1996:Colonization of Mars
1433:Permanent settlement
385:Colonization of Mars
233:Planetary Protection
2001:Exploration of Mars
1706:SpaceX Mars program
1575:Timekeeping on Mars
1252:Planetary transits
1237:Satellite transits
1150:Observation history
998:Lobate debris apron
380:Exploration of Mars
372:Solar System portal
284:. You can help by
100:The final report,
75:Martian lava tubes
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1960:Crewed Mars rover
1901:Concordia Station
1837:The Case for Mars
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1531:Memorials on Mars
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1485:The Case for Mars
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1097:Terrain softening
1062:Ring mold craters
1030:North Polar Basin
953:Dark slope streak
798:Vastitas Borealis
695:Dust devil tracks
614:Planetary Society
425:978-0-309-14051-5
390:Martian lava tube
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203:Technology Trials
185:Cave Life support
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1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:Human mission
1426:
1424:
1423:Sample return
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
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1365:
1359:
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1323:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:Mars-crossers
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
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1234:
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1189:
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1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:Tharsis bulge
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Ore resources
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
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989:
986:
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979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:Chaos terrain
931:
929:
926:
924:
923:Brain terrain
921:
920:
918:
916:
912:
906:
903:
901:
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886:
883:
881:
878:
874:
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870:
869:
866:
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854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:Chaos terrain
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
823:
819:
816:
815:
813:
811:
805:
799:
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786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
753:Planum Boreum
751:
749:
746:
744:
743:Olympia Undae
741:
739:
736:
734:
733:Eridania Lake
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
713:
711:
707:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
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686:
683:
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631:
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589:
585:
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579:
578:
577:
570:
567:
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562:
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557:
543:on 2021-07-30
542:
538:
532:
529:
519:
515:
508:
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491:
489:
487:
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362:
357:
351:
344:
339:
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331:
324:
319:
315:
309:
304:
296:
287:
283:
280:This section
278:
275:
271:
270:
267:
264:
261:
255:
253:
247:
245:
238:
236:
234:
226:
224:
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193:
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147:
139:
136:
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116:
114:
107:
105:
103:
95:
93:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
61:
56:
49:
47:
45:
41:
37:
29:
25:
21:
1955:Mars habitat
1937:Mars Society
1926:
1860:Mars analogs
1835:
1798:
1790:20th-century
1732:Mars to Stay
1685:21st-century
1565:Life on Mars
1560:Flag of Mars
1501:Mars Society
1483:
1476:
1443:Terraforming
1438:Colonization
1208:Swift crater
1050:polar wander
778:Terra Sabaea
718:Arabia Terra
591:. Retrieved
587:
575:
574:
545:. Retrieved
541:the original
531:
521:, retrieved
514:USRA Reports
513:
474:. Retrieved
460:
429:. Retrieved
410:
403:
350:collapse pit
334:Pavonis Mons
290:
286:adding to it
281:
265:
262:
259:
251:
242:
230:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
197:
188:
171:
159:
143:
120:
117:Introduction
111:
101:
99:
91:
87:subterranean
69:
64:Pavonis Mons
35:
33:
2023:Mars cycler
1975:Mars lander
1831:Mars Direct
1821:Ride Report
1388:Exploration
1310:5261 Eureka
978:Groundwater
943:Composition
768:Tempe Terra
758:Quadrangles
685:Circulation
448:|work=
50:Description
2058:Categories
2043:Mars flyby
1989:Miscellany
1980:Mars rover
1045:Polar caps
1025:Mud cracks
1008:Meteorites
993:Lava tubes
928:Carbonates
863:Labyrinthi
738:Iani Chaos
677:Atmosphere
593:2009-10-25
547:2021-06-28
523:2010-06-30
476:2010-06-30
431:2010-06-30
396:References
152:missions.
28:Arsia Mons
1965:Mars suit
1792:proposals
1687:proposals
1570:Sub-Earth
1553:Mythology
1506:Mars race
1273:Asteroids
1169:Astronomy
1140:Hesperian
1135:Amazonian
1107:Volcanism
1082:Spherules
1003:Marsquake
958:Dichotomy
873:by height
868:Mountains
668:Geography
471:Space.com
450:ignored (
440:cite book
330:lava tube
1948:concepts
1946:Hardware
1920:Advocacy
1874:MARS-500
1758:Mars One
1606:Category
1470:Advocacy
1453:Missions
1396:Concepts
1225:Transits
1196:Monolith
1145:Noachian
1117:Yardangs
1013:on Earth
973:Glaciers
818:"Canals"
810:features
808:Physical
358:See also
2006:Fiction
1906:HI-SEAS
1715:Passive
1538:Fiction
1519:Related
1413:Landing
1408:Orbiter
1367:General
1336:2007 NS
1326:1999 UJ
1316:1998 VF
1305:Trojans
1292:2007 WD
1281:Impacts
1261:Mercury
1127:History
1087:Surface
1018:on Mars
983:Gullies
968:Geysers
915:Geology
905:Gravity
900:Valleys
853:Gullies
843:Craters
833:Catenae
828:Canyons
783:Tharsis
728:Cydonia
710:Regions
700:Methane
690:Climate
256:Results
2016:novels
1811:Aelita
1741:Former
1694:Active
1610:
1599:
1351:Comets
1246:Deimos
1241:Phobos
1203:Deimos
1186:Phobos
890:Plains
858:Mensae
848:Fossae
606:, 2000
422:
314:HiRISE
150:THEMIS
146:HiRISE
79:canyon
60:HiRISE
24:THEMIS
2011:films
1911:NEEMO
1884:FMARS
1418:Rover
1403:Flyby
1374:Orbit
1256:Earth
1178:Moons
1112:Water
988:Lakes
938:Color
788:Undae
510:(PDF)
71:Caves
1889:MDRS
1865:list
1665:Mars
1077:Soil
822:list
651:Mars
576:News
452:help
420:ISBN
148:and
34:The
1848:3.0
1816:TMK
1663:to
288:.
2060::
1318:31
586:.
516:,
512:,
485:^
469:.
444::
442:}}
438:{{
418:.
414:.
77:,
58:A
1867:)
1863:(
1653:e
1646:t
1639:v
1338:2
1328:7
1295:5
824:)
820:(
643:e
636:t
629:v
616:.
596:.
550:.
479:.
454:)
434:.
336:.
295:)
291:(
66:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
