297:, Jonson claimed that his epigram was stolen out of his pocket when he was drunk and given to Bulstrode, which he had not wanted to happen. The word "pucell" was an early modern term for prostitute, and "Cell" or "Sell" as short form for "Cecily", so Jonson seems to be calling Bulstrode a prostitute in this poem. He also accuses her of being promiscuous, bisexual, pretentious, hypocritical, and more. His accusation of bisexuality stems from her close relationship with Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford. However, another reading of the poem is that rather than a direct criticism of Bulstrode, the work was intended to evoke a "generic court pucelle", and by that means, an image of the false world. In another reading, the poem is a representation of Jonson's frustration with having to rely on women, like the countess of Bedford, for literary success. Lucy Russell was the matron of many writers, such as John Donne, and Jonson attempted to gain her matronage for many years. Jonson may have been frustrated by this apparent "inversion of traditional gender codes", so he used the "trope of prostitution" to reassert his position of power as a male.
210:, who was called upon by Bulstrode's mother after treatment under the College of Medicine physicians was unsuccessful, she showed improvement in symptoms in her final days, "for in all the other administering of this medicine ... her spirits were relieved! She daily recovered strength. All passions, symptoms, and accidents of disease ceased. Her sickness fully left her, and she recovered perfect health!"
342:. The former poem characterizes Death as an "all-consuming glutton who swallows the good" and argues that Bulstrode was one of the good. The latter poem says that Death is no longer needed because Bulstrode was the epitome of virtue, and now that she is dead, it is as if the entire world is dead. Donne may have written these elegies in the hope of getting a reward from his literary matron Lucy Russell.
452:. Though the full Latin title of the poem implies that Bulstrode died with an "unquiet spirit and conscience", the poem itself characterizes her as a highly religious virgin who resisted all sin up until her "noble soul" entered Heaven. Like others, Herbert in his commemoration was most likely trying to win Russell's support. Herbert fought over the hair-ribbon of
68:. Her parents Edward and Cecily produced nine other children, amongst them Edward (1588-1659), who served as a judge in the courts of chancery, king's bench, the Oxford assize circuits, and the Warwickshire quarter sessions throughout his lifetime. Cecily was the fourth of six daughters, the names of her nine siblings are recorded on her father's tomb at
321:. The reason behind Jonson's supposed change of heart is unknown. The likely reason is that he wanted to gain the favor of Lucy Russell, which he had been attempting to do for years. Jonson may have experienced true regret for his slanderous words after hearing of her painful death. However, in 1619, Jonson told Drummond that he still enjoyed reciting
202:"I fear earnestly that Mistress Boulstred will not escape that sickness in which she labors at this time. I sent this morning to ask of her passage of this night; and the return is, that she is as I left her yesternight... fear that she will scare last so long as that you, when you receive this letter, may do her any good office in praying for her.”
174:
This poem circulated at court as a letter to
Bulstrode from "J.R." presumably John Roe. The poem takes the viewpoint of a man who rejects the advances of his female friend because he doesn't want to ruin their friendship "for one poor hour’s love." Although the speaker claims to be a sincere friend
422:
in response to Donne's first elegy characterizing Death as a gluttonous monster. In the poem, she refers to Donne's Holy Sonnet 10, which starts with the famous line, "Death be not proud". Russell argues that Donne's interpretation of Death was more accurate in the Holy Sonnet than in his elegy.
237:
In death, Bulstrode's body became a theme of court poets who competed for the literary matronage of her Lucy
Russell, countess of Bedford. Lucy Russell's favour was highly valued, as she had a large amount of power and leverage at court as first Lady of the Queen's Bedchamber.
333:
John Donne was under the matronage of Lucy
Russell, Countess of Bedford, during the time that Bulstrode fell ill and died. He visited her when she was sick at Twickenham Park and concluded that she was suffering from hysteria. After she died, he wrote two poems in her honour,
475:
is the only known work credited to
Bulstrode, though scholar John Considine says "more ... by her may lie undiscovered". In this "witty piece", Bulstrode utilizes the satirical news form then common that "flourished" in Russell's circle from 1605 to 1610. As per the genre,
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in 1615, which became "an instant bestseller." Overbury's poem was published along with News articles such as
Bulstrode's after it was discovered that Overbury had been murdered by the woman he wrote the poem about, making the publication a huge hit. A line in Jonson's
427:, Bulstrode went to Heaven when she died, and Donne did not give her enough credit when he characterized her as a helpless victim of Death in his elegy. Perhaps responding to this criticism, Donne's second elegy focusses on Bulstrode's virtues instead of on Death.
110:, moved up with Lucy Russell, becoming Maidens of the Queen's Bedchamber. There, Bulstrode "became a noted wit in the court of James I." As a good friend of the countess of Bedford and servant of the Queen, Bulstrode was a lady of consequence at court.
591:
According to Price, Bulstrode wrote the piece in the style conforming to what Halli calls "a precise formula, which includes a declarative beginning, a series of noun clauses, conceited similes and metaphors, and an effective concluding praise."
552:. However, not all agree, Robert W. Halli, Jr. points out that this is only one line of many that is being unfairly singled out and misinterpreted. For Victoria E. White, “how this is” immediately “relevant to Jonson is not apparent."
194:", an imprecise diagnosis for ailments thought to attend upon feminine frailty. Her symptoms included stomach pain, sleeplessness, fever, and vomiting. No cure could be found, and she wasted away at the countess of Bedford's house,
273:
Jonson continued to write about
Bulstrode, most of it of a slanderous nature. In 1603/4, Jonson and Roe were kicked out of a masque at Hampton Court, an instance which Jonson blamed Bulstrode for and wrote about in his play
186:, Sir John Roe's cousin. This relationship most likely would have led to marriage if she had not become very sick in 1609. In 1609 over a few months, Bulstrode fell ill and died. Her illness was diagnosed by doctors of the
529:
Toward the end she writes: "That a man with a female wit is the worst hermaphrodite". This is perhaps the most memorable line, and has been interpreted by many as a jab at Ben Jonson, who "had a career-long interest in
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reads, "And in an
Epicoene fury can write News / Equal with that which for the best News goes", which may imply that the News articles published with Overbury's poem were written by Bulstrode's friends and that
233:
Although Sir Thomas Roe missed his chance to marry
Bulstrode, his love for her remained, and he carried a miniature watercolour portrait of her around with him for the rest of his life, even after he married.
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in response to her death. This poem paints a very different picture of
Bulstrode. In fact, it seems to retract each of the charges made in the epigram point by point. Jonson calls her a virgin, the fourth
225:
noted her death, “Cecill
Bulstrode, my wife’s sister, gentlewoman to Queen An, ordinary of her bedchamber, died at Twitnam in Middlesex, the erl of Bedford’s house, 4 August 1609”, and she was buried at
128:
While at court, Bulstrode became the topic of scandalous rumour. She had a brief courtship, and possible engagement, with Sir John Roe in 1602. The reason for their breakup is unknown, but in
121:, used the event of her death as an opportunity to gain favor with her friend and patron of the literary arts, the countess of Bedford. The only known work of Bulstrode's is
175:
who will keep the poem secret to protect her reputation, the poem was not kept secret and was most likely an attempt to ruin Bulstrode's reputation and allege, according to
179:, “that Boulstred solicited Roe for sex, which caused him to reject her as unfit for marriage.” In 1628, Ben Jonson revealed that he actually ghostwrote this poem for Roe.
19:(1584 – 4 August 1609) was a courtier and subject of poetry. She was the daughter of Edward Bulstrode (1550–1595) and Cecily Croke; she was a cousin of
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which has been called a "disturbingly ‘personal’ attack on a woman." Jonson supposedly wrote this poem as a response to a criticism she made of his play draft
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have been attributed to Sir John Roe. The former describes Bulstrode as a “Wench at Court.” Ben Jonson claimed authorship of the latter in his play
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was likely written around 1609, but did not rise to prominence until it was published amongst other short pieces as a supplement to
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Bedford's Elegy has an image of Bulstrode's breast as a crystal palace and the repository of her soul, clearer than the crystal;
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came to the throne, the countess of Bedford became First Lady of the Bedchamber to the queen. Bulstrode and her youngest sister
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was a friend of Jonson's as well as Sir Thomas and Sir John Roe. In July 1609 he commemorated Bulstrode's death with the
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Donne's second Elegy addresses Sorrow personified, Bulstrode in life was a gem, clear and pure like a blue sapphire;
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Donne's first Elegy for Bulstrode, opens with the image that Death's table is set with animals, vegetables, and the
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102:. In 1605, she became part of the entourage of her mother's first cousin Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford. When
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on 12 February 1584, Spelling variations on her first and last name include "Cecilia", "Celia", and "Boulstred".
615:
610:
456:, one of Bulstrode's companions at court in December 1609, and in 1611 became involved with Bulstrode's sister
198:, unable to hold down food or liquids. In a letter to Sir Henry Goodyere, John Donne reported on her condition;
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1028:"Lucy Russell-Harington, Countess of Bedford, 'Death be not proud'", Early Modern Women Research Network
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During her time at the court of Anne of Denmark, Bulstrode became the subject of works by poets such as
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132:
an elegy ghost-written for Roe by his friend Ben Jonson, Bulstrode seems accused of sluttish behavior:
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Michelle O'Callaghan, 'Lucy Russell: British Library Harley 4064', Early Modern Women Research Network
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Death is something that should not be proud, and that Donne's elegy gave Death too much credit. As a
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Subjects on the World's Stage: Essays on British Literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
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484:. Several of them are humorous criticisms of court and of people who claim to be religious:
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Lee, Jongsook. 'Who Is Cecilia, What Was She? Cecilia Bulstrode and Jonson's Epideictics',
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John Bruce, Liber Famelicus of Sir James Whitelocke (Camden Society, London, 1858), p. 18.
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But in regard to her “perfect health,” Anthony exaggerated. Although he gave her doses of
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In June 1608 Bulstrode's mother Cecily married again, to Sir John Brown of Flamberds, at
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who threatened her reputation with rumours of promiscuity. Other writers, including
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Sir Edward Herbert's Epitaph for Cecily Bulstrode, Early English Books online
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Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England
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Price, Victoria E. “Troping prostitution: Jonson and ‘The Court Pucell’.”
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That a Court-friend seldom goes further than the first degree of charity.
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306:
99:
317:, conscientious, and good. Jonson seems to have written the epitaph for
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314:
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John Donne, 'Elegy upon the Death of Mistress Boulstred'. Poetry Nook.
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That the most fear of the world’s opinion more than God’s displeasure.
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THAT to be good, the way is to be most alone—or the best accompanied.
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925:. Ed. M. Thomas Hester. vol. 121 (Detroit: Gale, 1992), pp. 186-212.
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Out of the Shadows: The Life of Lucy, Countess, Countess of Bedford
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Out of the Shadows: The Life of Lucy, Countess, Countess of Bedford
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Out of the Shadows: The Life of Lucy, Countess, Countess of Bedford
90:. Her grandfather Sir John Croke died at Chilton in February 1609.
683:. Online ed. Ed. Lawrence Goldman. Oxford: OUP, 2004. 16 Feb. 2016
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87:
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Claude J. Summers, 'Donne's 1609 Sequence of Grief and Comfort',
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John Considine, ‘Bulstrode, Cecily (bap. 1584, d. 1609)’ in the
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That the way to Heaven is mistaken for the most melancholy walk.
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Halli, Robert W., Jr. "Cecilia Bulstrode, 'The Court Pucell'."
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was written by Bulstrode. Some contributions were written by
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The most well-known of his literary jabs at Bulstrode is his
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puts it, Anthony was "a quack." Bulstrode's brother in-law,
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Seventeenth-Century British Nondramatic Poets: First Series
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in an attempt to cure her, Bulstrode died within days. As
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Considine, John. “Bulstrode, Cecily (bap. 1584, d.1609).”
534:" according to Foster and Banton, as evident in his works
98:
Bulstrode followed in the footsteps of her ancestors as a
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The History and Antiquities of the County of Buckingham
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John Donne, 'Elegy on Mistress Boulstred'. Poetry Nook.
584:. The publication itself only identifies the author of
696:. Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2007.
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4.2 (2007): 208+. Academic OneFile. Web. 15 Feb. 2016
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Verses on the Pucelle of the Court Mistriss Boulstred
289:. In 1619, in a conversation with the Scottish poet,
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Hadst thou stayed there, and looked out at her eyes,
692:Prest, Wilfrid. "Bulstrode, Edward (c.1588–1659),"
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Knew'st thou some would, that knew her not, lament,
794:. New York: Wicked Good Books, 2013. 36-57. Print.
580:, and Bulstrode's appears to be a response to his
182:Boulstred eventually started a relationship with
355:Whate'er hath slipped, that might diminish thee.
44:She was born to Edward Bulstrode (1550-1595) of
399:For they let out more light, than they took in,
369:Now he will seem to spare, and doth more waste,
361:Th'earth's race is but thy table; there are set
436:The clearer soule was call'd to endlesse rest.
409:Whoe'er saw crystal ordinance but would break?
405:Clay, flint, and jet now thy fit dwellings be;
385:Thou hast killed her, to make thy empire more?
383:Was't, that she did possess all hearts before,
371:Eating the best first, well preserved to last.
871:The Journal of English and Germanic Philology
611:Cecilia Bulstrode, from The Twickenham Museum
397:All had adored thee that now from thee flies,
367:Into his bloody, or plaguey, or starved jaws.
363:Plants, cattle, men, dishes for Death to eat.
8:
790:Foster, Donald W., and Tobian Banton, eds.
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434:From out the Christall Pallace of her brest
403:She was too sapphirine, and clear for thee;
393:But thou must raze it too, that was undone?
381:Tyrant, in the fifth and greatest monarchy,
1095:(Oxford, 2018), pp. 148-9: Peter Redford,
1078:. 295-312. Newark: U of Delaware P, 1995.
480:consists of a list of moral and satirical
401:They told not when, but did the day begin;
340:Elegy Upon the Death of Mistress Boulstred
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884:Liber Famelicus of Sir James Whitelocke
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681:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
641:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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70:St Laurence's Church, Upton-cum-Chalvey
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886:(Camden Society, London, 1858), p. 18.
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722:(Camden Society, London, 1858), p. 17.
379:Sorrow, to whom we owe all that we be,
365:In a rude hunger now he millions draws
145:My wit, and break the hymen of my Muse
912:(London: Hambledon, 2007), pp. 80-81.
353:Death I recant, and say, unsaid by me
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151:I’ll have a Succuba as good as you!
158:An Elegy to Mistress Boulsted, 1602
948:HMC 2nd Report (Bromley-Davenport)
899:, 89:2 (Spring 1992), pp. 211-231.
389:As in a deluge perish th'innocent?
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963:(London: Hambledon, 2007), p. 82.
938:(London: Hambledon, 2007), p. 81.
792:Women’s Works, Volume 3:1603-1625
359:That any can thy summons disobey.
190:as "the mother" also called the "
21:Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford
709:, vol. 4 (London, 1847), p. 475.
142:Shall I go force an elegy? abuse
921:Evans, Robert C. 'Ben Jonson',
846:, vol. 1 (London, 1899), p. 231
606:from Early English Books Online
1080:MLA International Bibliography
844:Life and Letters of John Donne
653:Tudor and Stuart women writers
418:The countess of Bedford wrote
257:An Elegy to Mistress Boulstred
1:
1099:(Manchester, 2017), pp. 53-4.
25:Gentlewoman of the Bedchamber
1151:Household of Anne of Denmark
992:(Oxford, 1990), pp. 185-186.
979:(Oxford, 1990), pp. 183-185.
302:Epitaph on Cecilia Bulstrode
148:For one poor hour’s love?...
125:, probably written in 1609.
56:1575–1608), the daughter of
52:and Cecily or Cecill Croke (
1063:Letters of John Chamberlain
1016:John Donne: The Major Works
1003:John Donne: The Major Works
990:John Donne: The Major Works
977:John Donne: The Major Works
569:Epigram on the Court Pucell
420:Elegy on Mistress Boulstred
336:Elegy on Mistress Boulstred
309:, a teacher to language to
283:Epigram on the Court Pucell
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1131:17th-century English women
1126:16th-century English women
287:Epicoene: the Silent Woman
130:To Mistress Boulsted, 1602
75:Bulstrode was baptized at
1146:Ladies of the Bedchamber
1005:(Oxford, 1990), pp. 183.
604:Newes of my Morning Work
450:Epitaph. Caecil. Boulser
108:Dorothy, later Lady Eyre
1141:Court of James VI and I
1061:Norman Egbert McClure,
873:85.1 (1986), pp. 20–34.
586:News of my Morning Work
574:News of My Morning Work
556:News of My Morning Work
513:News of My Morning Work
478:News of My Morning Work
473:News of My Morning Work
123:News of My Morning Work
1018:(Oxford, 1990), p.185.
950:(London, 1874), p. 79.
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228:St Mary's, Twickenham
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1082:. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
897:Studies in Philology
582:News from My Lodging
560:Sir Thomas Overbury
253:True Love Finds Wit
242:Literary References
188:College of Medicine
705:George Lipscombe,
655:, Louise Schleiner
446:Sir Edward Herbert
441:Sir Edward Herbert
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177:Donald Foster
160:lines 1-3, 24
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94:Life at Court
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1015:
1014:John Carey,
1010:
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1001:John Carey,
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988:John Carey,
984:
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882:John Bruce,
878:
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843:
839:Edmund Gosse
834:
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718:John Bruce,
714:
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414:Lucy Russell
378:
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349:, all alike;
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247:Sir John Roe
236:
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219:Jongsook Lee
215:potable gold
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104:King James I
97:
81:
77:Beaconsfield
74:
66:Beaconsfield
43:
16:
15:
1121:1609 deaths
1116:1584 births
276:The New Inn
265:in 1628/9.
262:The New Inn
84:Cold Norton
1110:Categories
973:John Carey
596:References
347:Human race
329:John Donne
295:Hawthonden
278:(1628/9).
269:Ben Jonson
251:The poems
119:John Donne
115:Ben Jonson
40:Early life
515:lines 1-5
482:aphorisms
425:Christian
46:Hedgerley
602:Text of
549:Epicoene
100:courtier
543:Volpone
315:Cynthia
62:Chilton
818:Nebula
564:A Wife
546:, and
311:Pallas
468:Works
307:Grace
88:Essex
64:, in
338:and
255:and
35:Life
562:’s
293:of
60:of
54:fl.
48:in
27:to
1112::
975:,
852:^
841:,
799:^
727:^
660:^
540:,
325:.
86:,
72:.
31:.
1041:.
643:.
511:-
156:-
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