4071:
4066:
152:
414:
4094:
637:
562:
2180:
122:
602:, the front snout bone, is short in front of its nasal branch. The outer sides of the two praemaxillae run more parallel compared to the snouts of later forms which are strongly diverging to behind. The cutting edge of the bone core of the upper beak is limited to the front of the praemaxilla. Each praemaxilla has six (conical)
710:
formation. Formerly, it had been assumed that such armour plates were either formed by direct skin ossification into distinct scutes which later fused to the skull (the more popular theory), or by a reaction of the skull bones to the pattern of overlying scales. The lack of a clear pattern in
2870:
Park, J. Y.; Lee, Y. N.; Currie, P. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Koppelhus, E.; Barsbold, R.; Mateus, O.; Lee, S.; Kim, S. H. (2019). "Additional skulls of
Talarurus plicatospineus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae) and implications for paleobiogeography and paleoecology of armored dinosaurs".
437:, but was later interpreted as being from the bottom of the Mussentuchit Member. The age of the layer was originally thought to have been 104.46 ± 0.95 Ma, but more recent estimates date it to 98.2 ± 0.6 to 93 Ma. In 1998, the discovery was reported by
674:
a unique opportunity to examine the individual bones instead of being limited to an ossified unit. The skull is relatively elongated and does not show a strongly appending beak. Of the conical premaxillary teeth, the first is the largest. The
2227:
Carpenter, K., Kirkland, J. I., Burge, D., and Bird, J. 2001. Disarticulated skull of a new primitive ankylosaurid from the Lower
Cretaceous of Utah. in Carpenter, K. (editor) 2001. The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University
735:
and offered two interpretations of its position. The first was that it could be the basalmost known ankylosaurid, i.e. the first discovered branch to split off from the ankylosaurid stem line. This would be in line with its
628:
is elongated from the front to the rear and has a saddle-shaped process on its outer edge oriented to behind and sideways. The coronoid process of the rear lower jaw has an oval process at the inside. The straight
2348:"A new microvertebrate assemblage from the Mussentuchit Member, Cedar Mountain Formation: insights into the paleobiodiversity and paleobiogeography of early Late Cretaceous ecosystems in western North America"
499:
from the Price River II Quarry, which is about 24.5 km southeast of Price River, Utah and at the base of the
Mussentuchit Member. The quarry also produced specimens pertaining to four individuals of a
2942:, and Weishampel, D. B. (2004). Chapter Seventeen: Ankylosauria. in The Dinosauria (2nd edition), Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H., editors. University of California Press.
4226:
2644:
Arbour, V.M.; Zanno, L.E.; Gates, T. (2016). "Ankylosaurian dinosaur palaeoenvironmental associations were influenced by extirpation, sea-level fluctuation, and geodispersal".
610:, and with it the entire back of the skull, is inclined to the front. The head of the quadrate is not fused with the paroccipital process, contrary to the situation in
4172:
2906:
G. Frauenfelder, Timothy; R. Bell, Phil; Brougham, Tom; J. Bevitt, Joseph; D. C. Bicknell, Russell; P. Kear, Benjamin; Wroe, Stephen; E. Campione, Nicolás (2022).
2468:
Richard S. Thompson, Jolyon C. Parish, Susannah C. R. Maidment and Paul M. Barrett, 2012, "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)",
2244:; Bartlett, Jeff; Bird, John; Barrick, Reese (2008). "Ankylosaurs from the Price River Quarries, Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), east-central Utah".
715:
suggested to
Carpenter that the ossification took place in an intermediate layer between the scales and the skull roof itself, which he surmised to have been the
445:. In 2001, it was subsequently described, along with other material, by Kenneth Carpenter, James Kirkland, Don Burge, and John Bird. The holotype specimen,
433:
while they were visiting an excavation in the surrounding area. The site was originally interpreted as being from the top of the Ruby Ranch Member of the
744:
age made it one of the oldest known ankylosaurids. The second was that it formed an early ankylosaurid branch, or clade, Shamosaurinae together with
4246:
4241:
4159:
4070:
4236:
3025:
2681:"A new ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Judith River Formation of Montana, USA, based on an exceptional skeleton with soft tissue preservation"
2459:
Carpenter, K. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the
Ankylosauria. in Carpenter, K. (editor) 2001. The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press
647:
shows a mix of basal and derived traits. The presence of premaxillary teeth is a plesiomorphic character because it is inherited from earlier
651:. In contrast, closure of the opening on the side of the skull behind the orbit, the lateral temporal fenestra, is an advanced, derived (
2758:"The most basal ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Albian–Cenomanian of China, with implications for the evolution of the tail club"
737:
4087:
2552:"A New Basal Ankylosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, China"
2193:
2486:
466:
134:
405:
ornamentation and is one of the only known ankylosaurs with individual skull bones that are not completely fused together.
4251:
4065:
2013:
1152:
2908:"New Ankylosaurian Cranial Remains From the Lower Cretaceous (Upper Albian) Toolebuc Formation of Queensland, Australia"
2813:
Rivera-Sylva, H.E.; Frey, E.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Carbot-Chanona, G.; Sanchez-Uribe, I.E.; Guzmán-Gutiérrez, J.R. (2018).
1714:
465:
specimens. Both holotype and paratype specimens represent at least three individuals and are currently housed at the
2609:
Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J. (2015). "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs".
2289:"First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition"
151:
3018:
1843:
1611:
620:
is long and sticking out to behind, like with nodosaurids, not obliquely to below as in typical ankylosaurids. The
1898:
3116:
1965:
434:
368:
2525:
2485:
Rongjun Chen; Wenjie Zheng; Yoichi Azuma; Masateru
Shibata; Tianliang Lou; Qiang Jin; Xingsheng Jin (2013).
2443:
2399:
Carpenter K., Kirkland J.I., 1998, "Review of Lower and middle
Cretaceous ankylosaurs from North America",
4231:
4114:
2030:
1948:
1635:
702:
The skulls, though of large and thus not juvenile individuals, do not show a distinctive pattern of fused
4198:
3143:
3011:
1989:
1135:
305:
4146:
4097:
2826:
2769:
2692:
2653:
2563:
2498:
2302:
2253:
1915:
1810:
1793:
573:. (2001) originally gave Cedarpelta an estimated length of 7.5-8.5 metres (24.6-27.9 feet). However,
397:
has an estimated length of 7 metres (23 feet) and weight of 5 tonnes (11,023 lbs). The skull of
282:
1582:. Wiersma & Irmis (2018) also interpreted Cedarpelta as a nodosaurid. The results of Vickaryous
3503:
3400:
2939:
2346:
Haviv M. Avrahami; Terry A. Gates; Andrew B. Heckert; Peter J. Makovicky; Lindsay E. Zanno (2018).
2293:
870:
578:
430:
3239:
2888:
2852:
2626:
2269:
1738:
684:
526:
146:
2815:"Paleodiversity of Late Cretaceous Ankylosauria from Mexico and their phylogenetic significance"
2487:"A New Nodosaurid Ankylosaur from the Chaochuan Formation of Dongyang, Zhejiang Province, China"
4203:
706:, head tiles. This inspired Carpenter to propose an alternative hypothesis of ankylosaur skull
4185:
4177:
3996:
3260:
2989:
2844:
2795:
2718:
2591:
2379:
2328:
2241:
1323:
617:
577:
gave a lower estimate of 7 metres (23 feet) and a weight of 5 tonnes (11,023 lbs), while
442:
438:
413:
390:
386:
4190:
624:, appending processes of the rear lower braincase, form a large wedge directed to below. The
3461:
3408:
3246:
2979:
2969:
2919:
2880:
2834:
2785:
2777:
2756:
Wenjie Zheng; Xingsheng Jin; Yoichi Azuma; Qiongying Wang; Kazunori Miyata; Xing Xu (2018).
2708:
2700:
2661:
2618:
2581:
2571:
2506:
2369:
2359:
2318:
2310:
2261:
2185:
1867:
3926:
3890:
3830:
3796:
3789:
3682:
3623:
3495:
3392:
3308:
3268:
3101:
1762:
1110:
937:
814:
692:
574:
501:
356:
41:
17:
2830:
2773:
2696:
2657:
2567:
2502:
2306:
2257:
699:
from the orbital rim. The postcranial skeleton was in 2001 not described in any detail.
3989:
3975:
3961:
3869:
3842:
3738:
3719:
3634:
3580:
3445:
3415:
3385:
3348:
3324:
2984:
2958:
gen. et sp. nov., from the upper
Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, USA"
2953:
2790:
2757:
2713:
2680:
2586:
2551:
2444:"Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages"
2374:
2347:
2323:
2288:
1406:
1380:
849:
732:
671:
625:
345:
257:
4220:
3952:
3862:
3855:
3807:
3751:
3698:
3664:
3565:
3511:
3486:
3468:
3371:
3317:
3290:
3282:
2892:
2856:
2630:
2273:
1068:
887:
680:
607:
477:
79:
3982:
3968:
3897:
3781:
3705:
3650:
3601:
3573:
3558:
3545:
3518:
3437:
3422:
3378:
3358:
3225:
3207:
3185:
3155:
3128:
3076:
3034:
2739:(Dinosauria: Ankylosaurinae) from the Mid-Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, China",
1682:
1566:
1561:
1363:
1275:
648:
583:
521:
517:
505:
422:
244:
212:
2884:
2622:
636:
561:
2665:
2576:
4017:
3934:
3883:
3823:
3774:
3616:
3594:
3526:
3475:
3275:
3253:
3085:
2265:
1572:
1430:
1092:
1035:
978:
826:
756:
688:
612:
599:
426:
228:
138:
54:
2781:
4010:
4003:
3941:
3816:
3759:
3712:
3657:
3643:
3609:
3587:
3453:
3297:
3232:
2924:
2907:
2839:
2814:
2314:
2175:
1578:
1233:
1018:
920:
820:
746:
716:
652:
382:
360:
99:
64:
4137:
2848:
2735:
YANG Jingtao, YOU Hailu, XIE Li & ZHOU Hongrui, 2017, "A New
Specimen of
4024:
3904:
3691:
3671:
3533:
3430:
3332:
2510:
1306:
1192:
741:
707:
513:
458:
163:
104:
48:
2993:
2799:
2722:
2595:
2383:
2332:
670:
skulls was found disarticulated, a first for an ankylosaur skull, allowing
666:
is estimated to have been roughly 60 centimetres (24 in). One of the
4131:
4031:
3067:
3058:
1447:
809:
761:
534:
530:
462:
454:
425:
were discovered by Evan Hall and Sue Ann Bilbey at the CEM site near the
364:
348:
196:
183:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
2704:
4164:
3919:
3911:
2974:
2364:
1216:
676:
630:
542:
538:
121:
109:
84:
581:
gave a higher estimation at 9 meters suggesting that it was rivalling
488:, honours Sue Ann Bilbey and Evan Hall, who discovered the remains of
3052:
509:
461:, postcranial material and a disarticulated skull were designated as
173:
4108:
367:
stage, 98.2 to 93 Ma) in what is now the
Mussentuchit Member of the
3876:
842:. The results of Arbour & Currie (2015) are reproduced below.
751:
696:
659:
635:
603:
560:
550:
546:
450:
412:
402:
378:
341:
4151:
4038:
352:
4112:
3045:
3007:
3003:
2526:"First discovery of polacanthine ankylosaur dinosaur in Asia"
633:
has a knob-shaped boss at the inside near the pubic pedicle.
2287:
Chure, D.; Britt, B.; Whitlock, J.A.; Wilson, J.A. (2010).
565:
Reconstructed skull containing 70% of original fossil bone.
2550:
Han, F.; Zheng, W.; Hu, D.; Xu, X.; Barrett, P.M. (2014).
679:
bears eighteen teeth. The eye socket is surrounded by the
2401:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
655:) character only known in ankylosaurid ankylosaurians.
476:, is derived from the Cedar Mountain Formation and the
377:, is known from multiple specimens including partial
2524:
Yang J.-T.; You H.-L.; Li D.-Q.; Kong D.-L. (2013).
594:(2001) established several distinguishing traits of
4121:
3951:
3841:
3806:
3737:
3681:
3633:
3544:
3485:
3357:
3346:
3307:
3205:
3154:
3127:
3100:
2430:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 2nd Edition
2646:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
808:to be within Ankylosauridae, as either within a
525:. The referred material includes: CEUM 10396, a
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
495:In 2008, additional specimens were referred to
740:traits and the fact that the in 2001 supposed
3019:
2679:Arbour, Victoria M.; Evans, David C. (2017).
2395:
2393:
780:. (2014), Arbour & Currie (2015), Arbour
8:
4227:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
2952:Jelle P. Wiersma; Randall B. Irmis (2018).
467:College of Eastern Utah, Prehistoric Museum
4109:
3847:
3743:
3550:
3363:
3354:
3217:
3213:
3202:
3133:
3106:
3097:
3042:
3026:
3012:
3004:
2236:
2234:
784:. (2016), Arbour & Evans (2017), Yang
120:
31:
2983:
2973:
2954:"A new southern Laramidian ankylosaurid,
2923:
2838:
2789:
2712:
2585:
2575:
2373:
2363:
2322:
1564:, positioned even below the nodosaurids
2491:Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition)
2205:
2417:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
1560:as the basalmost member of the family
484:" (small shield). The specific name,
7:
2611:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2470:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2419:, Princeton University Press p. 231
2005:
1981:
1940:
1890:
1883:
1859:
1835:
1785:
1778:
1754:
1730:
1706:
1658:
1651:
1627:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1422:
1355:
1348:
1298:
1291:
1267:
1208:
1184:
1177:
1127:
1084:
1060:
1010:
1003:
953:
912:
862:
855:
845:
2246:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
385:material. It was named in 2001 by
25:
529:; CEUM 10412, CEUM 10404, caudal
417:Cedar Mountain Formation in Utah.
4093:
4092:
4069:
4064:
2178:
1586:. (2004) are reproduced below.
150:
4247:Taxa named by Kenneth Carpenter
4242:Taxa named by James I. Kirkland
2194:Timeline of ankylosaur research
2819:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
658:Two skulls are known, and the
453:that is missing the snout and
135:USU Eastern Prehistoric Museum
1:
4237:Fossil taxa described in 2001
2885:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104340
2623:10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985
2014:Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus
1153:Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus
371:. The type and only species,
2666:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.033
2577:10.1371/journal.pone.0104551
2432:, Princeton University Press
393:, Don Burge, and John Bird.
2266:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1089
1715:Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum
4268:
2912:Frontiers in Earth Science
2782:10.1038/s41598-018-21924-7
2768:(1): Article number 3711.
2685:Royal Society Open Science
2535:(in Chinese and English).
1844:Tsagantegia longicranialis
1612:Lesothosaurus diagnosticus
800:. (2019) and Frauenfelder
537:; CEUM 10256, CEUM 11629,
421:The partial remains of an
4082:
4062:
3850:
3746:
3553:
3366:
3220:
3216:
3201:
3182:
3136:
3109:
3096:
3041:
2925:10.3389/feart.2022.803505
2840:10.1007/s13358-018-0153-1
2442:Holtz, Thomas R. (2012).
2315:10.1007/s00114-010-0650-6
2027:
2010:
2003:
1986:
1979:
1962:
1945:
1938:
1912:
1899:Ankylosaurus magniventris
1895:
1888:
1881:
1864:
1857:
1840:
1833:
1807:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1759:
1752:
1735:
1728:
1711:
1704:
1680:
1667:Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum
1663:
1656:
1649:
1632:
1625:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1444:
1427:
1420:
1403:
1377:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1320:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1272:
1265:
1230:
1213:
1206:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1149:
1132:
1125:
1106:
1089:
1082:
1065:
1058:
1032:
1015:
1008:
1001:
975:
958:
951:
934:
917:
910:
884:
867:
860:
853:
374:Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum
318:Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum
311:
304:
147:Scientific classification
145:
131:Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum
128:
119:
34:
27:Extinct genus of reptiles
18:Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum
2737:Crichtonpelta benxiensis
1966:Talarurus plicatospineus
804:. (2022) have all found
727:Carpenter (2001) placed
449:, consists of a partial
435:Cedar Mountain Formation
369:Cedar Mountain Formation
2956:Akainacephalus johnsoni
2511:10.1111/1755-6724.12077
792:. (2018), Rivera-Sylva
516:, and specimens of the
2533:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
2031:Tianzhenosaurus youngi
1949:Saichania chulsanensis
1636:Huayangosaurus taibaii
838:or as sister taxon to
641:
566:
418:
355:that lived during the
297:C. bilbeyhallorum
4199:Paleobiology Database
2741:Acta Geologica Sinica
1990:Pinacosaurus grangeri
1556:. (2004) interpreted
1136:Pinacosaurus grangeri
639:
564:
416:
4252:Ornithischian genera
1916:Euoplocephalus tutus
1811:Shamosaurus scutatus
1794:Gobisaurus domoculus
549:; and CEUM 11640, a
409:Discovery and naming
133:, on display at the
2938:Vickaryous, M. K.,
2873:Cretaceous Research
2831:2018SwJP..137...83R
2774:2018NatSR...8.3711Z
2705:10.1098/rsos.161086
2697:2017RSOS....461086A
2658:2016PPP...449..289A
2568:2014PLoSO...9j4551H
2503:2013AcGlS..87..658C
2307:2010NW.....97..379C
2294:Naturwissenschaften
2258:2008JVPal..28.1089C
431:Carbon County, Utah
2975:10.7717/peerj.5016
2762:Scientific Reports
2428:Paul, G.S., 2016,
2415:Paul, G.S., 2010,
2365:10.7717/peerj.5883
2242:Carpenter, Kenneth
1739:Minmi paravertebra
754:and the eponymous
731:within the family
642:
640:Top view of skull.
616:. The neck of the
598:. The body of the
567:
472:The generic name,
419:
4214:
4213:
4186:Open Tree of Life
4115:Taxon identifiers
4106:
4105:
4078:
4077:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
3997:Nodocephalosaurus
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3342:
3341:
3261:Serendipaceratops
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2041:
1927:
1926:
1822:
1821:
1693:
1692:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1392:
1391:
1335:
1334:
1324:Nodocephalosaurus
1254:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1164:
1163:
1047:
1046:
990:
989:
899:
898:
750:of north-central
618:occipital condyle
541:; CEUM 10266, an
527:cervical vertebra
439:Kenneth Carpenter
387:Kenneth Carpenter
333:
332:
285:
16:(Redirected from
4259:
4207:
4206:
4194:
4193:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4167:
4155:
4154:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4110:
4096:
4095:
4073:
4068:
3848:
3744:
3551:
3462:Propanoplosaurus
3409:Glyptodontopelta
3364:
3355:
3247:Priodontognathus
3218:
3214:
3203:
3134:
3107:
3098:
3091:
3090:
3043:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3005:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2977:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2842:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2753:
2747:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2482:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2252:(4): 1089–1101.
2238:
2229:
2225:
2188:
2186:Dinosaurs portal
2183:
2182:
2181:
2006:
1982:
1941:
1891:
1884:
1868:Tarchia gigantea
1860:
1836:
1786:
1779:
1755:
1731:
1707:
1659:
1652:
1628:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1423:
1356:
1349:
1299:
1292:
1268:
1209:
1185:
1178:
1128:
1085:
1061:
1011:
1004:
954:
913:
863:
856:
846:
788:. (2017), Zheng
691:, excluding the
622:tubera basilaria
545:; CEUM 11334, a
533:; CEUM 10371, a
401:lacks extensive
320:
316:
276:
269:
256:
243:
227:
211:
155:
154:
124:
114:
51:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4202:
4197:
4189:
4184:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4158:
4150:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4074:
4044:
3947:
3927:Tianzhenosaurus
3891:Minotaurasaurus
3837:
3831:Zhongyuansaurus
3802:
3797:Zhejiangosaurus
3790:Liaoningosaurus
3725:
3683:Struthiosaurini
3677:
3629:
3624:Tatankacephalus
3540:
3496:Gargoyleosaurus
3481:
3393:Gargoyleosaurus
3351:
3338:
3309:Parankylosauria
3303:
3269:Sinankylosaurus
3210:
3189:
3170:
3150:
3123:
3117:Avemetatarsalia
3102:Avemetatarsalia
3092:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3032:
3002:
3001:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2734:
2730:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2410:
2398:
2391:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2207:
2202:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
1928:
1823:
1763:Gastonia burgei
1694:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1393:
1336:
1255:
1246:
1165:
1111:Zhejiangosaurus
1048:
991:
938:Liaoningosaurus
900:
815:Liaoningosaurus
796:. (2018), Park
772:. (2013), Yang
768:. (2012), Chen
725:
672:paleontologists
575:Gregory S. Paul
559:
411:
357:Late Cretaceous
329:
322:
314:
313:
300:
275:
267:
254:
241:
225:
209:
149:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
42:Late Cretaceous
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4265:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4195:
4182:
4169:
4156:
4143:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3990:Euoplocephalus
3986:
3979:
3976:Anodontosaurus
3972:
3965:
3962:Akainacephalus
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3870:Crichtonsaurus
3866:
3859:
3851:
3845:
3843:Ankylosaurinae
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3747:
3741:
3739:Ankylosauridae
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3720:Struthiosaurus
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3637:
3635:Panoplosaurini
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3581:Niobrarasaurus
3577:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3446:Polacanthoides
3442:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3416:Horshamosaurus
3412:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3386:Dongyangopelta
3382:
3375:
3367:
3361:
3352:
3349:Euankylosauria
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3325:Kunbarrasaurus
3321:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3211:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3055:
3046:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2944:
2931:
2898:
2862:
2805:
2748:
2728:
2671:
2636:
2601:
2562:(8): e104551.
2542:
2516:
2497:(3): 658–671.
2477:
2461:
2452:
2434:
2421:
2408:
2389:
2338:
2301:(4): 379–391.
2279:
2230:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:Euoplocephalus
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:Anodontosaurus
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
992:
988:
987:
984:
983:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
957:
952:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
916:
911:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
897:
896:
893:
892:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
866:
861:
859:
854:
852:
850:Ankylosauridae
844:
776:. (2013), Han
733:Ankylosauridae
724:
723:Classification
721:
558:
555:
486:bilbeyhallorum
443:James Kirkland
410:
407:
391:James Kirkland
340:is an extinct
331:
330:
323:
309:
308:
302:
301:
293:
291:
287:
286:
265:
261:
260:
258:Ankylosauridae
252:
248:
247:
239:
232:
231:
223:
216:
215:
207:
200:
199:
194:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
143:
142:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4264:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:Ankylosaurids
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4099:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4072:
4067:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3953:Ankylosaurini
3950:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:Crichtonpelta
3860:
3858:
3857:
3856:Bissektipelta
3853:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3808:Shamosaurinae
3805:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:Ahshislepelta
3749:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:Hungarosaurus
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:Panoplosaurus
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:Ahshislepelta
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:Hoplitosaurus
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3487:Polacanthinae
3484:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:Rhadinosaurus
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3372:Acanthopholis
3369:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3318:Antarctopelta
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3291:Tianchisaurus
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:Stegosaurides
3280:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3006:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2940:Maryanska, T.
2935:
2932:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2691:(5): 161086.
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2539:(4): 265–277.
2538:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:Crichtonpelta
1063:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
994:
986:
985:
982:
981:
980:
973:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
963:
956:
955:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
939:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
922:
915:
914:
908:
907:
904:
903:
895:
894:
891:
890:
889:
888:Ahshislepelta
882:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
872:
865:
864:
858:
857:
851:
848:
847:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:
823:
822:
817:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
753:
749:
748:
743:
739:
738:plesiomorphic
734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
714:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
638:
634:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
563:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:iguanodontian
503:
502:brachiosaurid
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
415:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
343:
339:
338:
327:
321:
319:
310:
307:
306:Binomial name
303:
299:
298:
292:
289:
288:
284:
280:
274:
273:
266:
263:
262:
259:
253:
250:
249:
246:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
118:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
47:98.2–93
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4122:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3983:Dyoplosaurus
3981:
3974:
3969:Ankylosaurus
3967:
3960:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3903:
3898:Pinacosaurus
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3795:
3788:
3782:Hylaeosaurus
3780:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3718:
3711:
3706:Pawpawsaurus
3704:
3697:
3690:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3651:Denversaurus
3649:
3642:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3602:Peloroplites
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3574:Borealopelta
3572:
3564:
3559:Acantholipan
3557:
3546:Nodosaurinae
3532:
3525:
3519:Peloroplites
3517:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3438:Mymoorapelta
3436:
3429:
3423:Hylaeosaurus
3421:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3384:
3379:Anoplosaurus
3377:
3370:
3359:Nodosauridae
3331:
3323:
3316:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3226:Cryptosaurus
3224:
3208:Ankylosauria
3186:Ankylosauria
3184:
3156:Ankylosauria
3144:Ornithischia
3129:Ornithischia
3081:
3077:Ornithischia
3072:
3063:
3035:Ankylosauria
2965:
2961:
2955:
2947:
2934:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2825:(1): 83–93.
2822:
2818:
2808:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2746:(3): 781-790
2743:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2519:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2475:(2): 301–312
2472:
2469:
2464:
2455:
2437:
2429:
2424:
2416:
2411:
2403:
2400:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2298:
2292:
2282:
2249:
2245:
2029:
2028:
2012:
2011:
1988:
1987:
1964:
1963:
1947:
1946:
1914:
1913:
1897:
1896:
1866:
1865:
1842:
1841:
1809:
1808:
1792:
1791:
1761:
1760:
1737:
1736:
1713:
1712:
1683:Nodosauridae
1681:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1634:
1633:
1610:
1609:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1567:Pawpawsaurus
1565:
1562:Nodosauridae
1557:
1553:
1551:
1446:
1445:
1429:
1428:
1405:
1404:
1379:
1378:
1364:Ankylosaurus
1362:
1361:
1322:
1321:
1305:
1304:
1276:Dyoplosaurus
1274:
1273:
1232:
1231:
1215:
1214:
1191:
1190:
1151:
1150:
1134:
1133:
1108:
1107:
1091:
1090:
1067:
1066:
1034:
1033:
1017:
1016:
977:
976:
961:
960:
959:
936:
935:
919:
918:
886:
885:
869:
868:
839:
835:
831:
825:
819:
813:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
755:
745:
728:
726:
712:
703:
701:
687:and a large
685:supraorbital
667:
663:
657:
649:Ornithischia
644:
643:
621:
611:
595:
591:
589:
584:Ankylosaurus
582:
579:Thomas Holtz
570:
568:
522:Peloroplites
520:
496:
494:
489:
485:
481:
473:
471:
446:
420:
398:
394:
373:
372:
346:ankylosaurid
336:
335:
334:
325:
317:
312:
296:
295:
278:
271:
270:
245:Ankylosauria
235:
219:
213:Ornithischia
203:
190:
130:
35:
29:
4018:Scolosaurus
3935:Tsagantegia
3884:Jinyunpelta
3824:Shamosaurus
3775:Chuanqilong
3617:Silvisaurus
3595:Patagopelta
3527:Polacanthus
3476:Sauroplites
3276:Spicomellus
3254:Sarcolestes
3086:Thyreophora
2652:: 289–299.
2617:(5): 1–60.
1573:Silvisaurus
1552:Vickaryous
1431:Scolosaurus
1093:Tsagantegia
1036:Shamosaurus
979:Chuanqilong
840:Chuanqilong
836:Shamosaurus
827:Chuanqilong
764:. Thompson
757:Shamosaurus
704:caputegulae
689:postorbital
683:, a single
662:length for
613:Shamosaurus
600:praemaxilla
557:Description
457:. Numerous
427:Price River
383:postcranial
229:Thyreophora
139:Price, Utah
4221:Categories
4123:Cedarpelta
4086:See also:
4011:Platypelta
4004:Oohkotokia
3942:Zaraapelta
3817:Gobisaurus
3768:Cedarpelta
3760:Aletopelta
3713:Stegopelta
3658:Edmontonia
3644:Animantarx
3610:Sauropelta
3588:Nodosaurus
3454:Priconodon
3298:Vectipelta
3233:Dracopelta
3165:see below↓
3068:Dinosauria
2879:: 104340.
2200:References
1579:Sauropelta
1558:Cedarpelta
1234:Zaraapelta
1019:Gobisaurus
962:Cedarpelta
921:Aletopelta
832:Gobisaurus
821:Aletopelta
806:Cedarpelta
747:Gobisaurus
729:Cedarpelta
717:periosteum
713:Cedarpelta
693:prefrontal
668:Cedarpelta
664:Cedarpelta
653:apomorphic
645:Cedarpelta
596:Cedarpelta
590:Carpenter
569:Carepnter
518:nodosaurid
497:Cedarpelta
490:Cedarpelta
474:Cedarpelta
459:osteoderms
455:lower jaws
447:CEUM 12360
423:ankylosaur
399:Cedarpelta
395:Cedarpelta
361:Cenomanian
337:Cedarpelta
324:Carpenter
277:Carpenter
272:Cedarpelta
197:Dinosauria
36:Cedarpelta
4025:Talarurus
3905:Saichania
3692:Europelta
3672:Texasetes
3534:Taohelong
3431:Invictarx
3333:Stegouros
3051:Kingdom:
2968:: e5016.
2893:212423361
2857:134924657
2849:1664-2376
2631:214625754
2406:: 249-270
2358:: e5883.
2274:129480044
1307:Talarurus
1193:Saichania
742:Barremian
708:osteoderm
626:pterygoid
531:vertebrae
514:pterosaur
363:to lower
344:of basal
290:Species:
170:Kingdom:
164:Eukaryota
129:Skull of
4132:Wikidata
4098:Category
4088:Timeline
4032:Ziapelta
3504:Gastonia
3401:Gastonia
3059:Chordata
3057:Phylum:
3053:Animalia
2994:30065856
2918:: 1–17.
2800:29487376
2723:28573004
2596:25118986
2556:PLOS ONE
2384:30479889
2333:20179896
2172:See also
1448:Ziapelta
871:Gastonia
810:polytomy
762:Mongolia
695:and the
681:lacrimal
608:quadrate
535:coracoid
469:, Utah.
463:paratype
365:Turonian
359:period (
349:dinosaur
251:Family:
184:Chordata
180:Phylum:
174:Animalia
160:Domain:
4191:4946554
4178:1247063
4165:4823330
4152:4530880
4138:Q135487
3920:Tarchia
3912:Shanxia
2985:6063217
2827:Bibcode
2791:5829254
2770:Bibcode
2714:5451805
2693:Bibcode
2654:Bibcode
2587:4131922
2564:Bibcode
2499:Bibcode
2375:6241397
2324:2841758
2303:Bibcode
2254:Bibcode
1217:Tarchia
677:maxilla
631:ischium
543:ischium
403:cranial
315:†
294:†
264:Genus:
2992:
2982:
2891:
2855:
2847:
2798:
2788:
2721:
2711:
2629:
2594:
2584:
2382:
2372:
2331:
2321:
2272:
1576:, and
606:. The
592:et al.
539:humeri
510:turtle
480:word "
379:skulls
328:, 2001
326:et al.
279:et al.
4204:81293
4173:IRMNG
3877:Datai
3240:Minmi
3082:Clade
3073:Clade
3064:Clade
2962:PeerJ
2889:S2CID
2853:S2CID
2627:S2CID
2529:(PDF)
2447:(PDF)
2352:PeerJ
2270:S2CID
2228:Press
1584:et al
1554:et al
812:with
802:et al
798:et al
794:et al
790:et al
786:et al
782:et al
778:et al
774:et al
770:et al
766:et al
752:China
697:jugal
660:skull
604:teeth
571:et al
551:tibia
547:femur
504:, an
482:pelte
478:Greek
451:skull
351:from
342:genus
236:Clade
220:Clade
204:Clade
191:Clade
4160:GBIF
4039:Zuul
3142:see
3115:see
2990:PMID
2845:ISSN
2796:PMID
2719:PMID
2592:PMID
2380:PMID
2329:PMID
834:and
512:, a
508:, a
441:and
381:and
353:Utah
283:2001
55:PreꞒ
4147:EoL
2980:PMC
2970:doi
2920:doi
2881:doi
2877:108
2835:doi
2823:137
2786:PMC
2778:doi
2709:PMC
2701:doi
2662:doi
2650:449
2619:doi
2582:PMC
2572:doi
2507:doi
2370:PMC
2360:doi
2319:PMC
2311:doi
2262:doi
760:of
429:in
4223::
4201::
4188::
4175::
4162::
4149::
4134::
3084::
3075::
3066::
2988:.
2978:.
2964:.
2960:.
2916:10
2914:.
2910:.
2887:.
2875:.
2851:.
2843:.
2833:.
2821:.
2817:.
2794:.
2784:.
2776:.
2764:.
2760:.
2744:91
2717:.
2707:.
2699:.
2687:.
2683:.
2660:.
2648:.
2625:.
2615:14
2613:.
2590:.
2580:.
2570:.
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