58:, the U.S. government officially apologized to the Native Hawaiian people, acknowledging that the Republic of Hawaiʻi transferred these lands "without the consent of or any compensation to the Native Hawaiian people of Hawaiʻi or their sovereign government" and that "the indigenous Hawaiian people never directly relinquished their claims . . . over their national lands to the United States." Although the lands are commonly referred to as "ceded lands" or "public lands," some refer to them as "seized lands" or "Hawaiian national lands" or "crown lands" to highlight the illegal nature of the land transfer, acknowledge different interpretations of the legal effect of the Joint Resolution, and to recognize that Native Hawaiians maintain claims to these lands. Many Native Hawaiian individuals and organizations insist on the return of title, which would be consistent with international law and recognition of the rights of Indigenous peoples, whereas others seek back rent for the use of the land.
153:, including the HHCA lands, which assumed the role of trustee as a condition of statehood. Under pressure from the federal government, the new State of Hawaiʻi leased a total of 30,176.185 acres (12,211.869 ha) back to the U.S. for sixty-five years for a dollar for each lease. Section 5(f) of the Admission Act establishes the state's responsibilities in relation to those lands as follows: "the proceeds from the sale or other disposition of any such lands and the income therefrom, shall be held by said State as a public trust for the support of public schools and other educational institutions, for the betterment of the conditions of native Hawaiians, as defined in the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act, 1920, as amended, for the development of farm and home ownership on as widespread a basis as possible for the making of public improvements, and for the provision of lands for public use."
105:(July 4, 1894 - August 12, 1898). The 1895 Land Act repealed most of the land laws of the Hawaiian Kingdom and merged the Government and Crown Lands – two distinct categories of landholdings with different purposes – into one category: "public lands." The 1895 Land Act also repealed a previous 1865 law making the Crown lands inalienable, allowing commissioners of Public Lands to sell “land patents” at public auction and establish a comprehensive homesteading program on the public lands. The Joint Resolution recognized the "special nature of the Government and Crown Lands, stating that their revenues and proceeds should be used solely for the benefit of the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands for educational and other public purposes.”
117:. Although the U.S. asserted title to the Government and Crown lands during this period, the Territory of Hawaiʻi exercised administrative control and use of the lands. Funds received from disposition of these lands were to be used for the benefit of Hawaiʻi's people. Because both the 1898 Joint Resolution and the Organic Act of 1900 recognized that these lands were impressed with a unique trust, grounded in Hawaiian monarchs' duties to care for their people but now held under another government's proprietorship, some argue that Hawaiʻi's Government and Crown lands never became part of the federal public domain – "the United States received ʻlegal' title to the lands, while beneficial title rested with the inhabitants of Hawaiʻi."
193:, but acknowledged the State's obligation: “it is incumbent upon the legislature to enact legislation that gives effect to the rights of native Hawaiians to benefit from the ceded lands trust.” In 2006, the Legislature passed Act 178, which established the interim revenue to be transferred to OHA annually as $ 15.1 million. It also required a one-time payment of $ 17.5 million to OHA for past underpayments of revenues and required the
168:(OHA), and directed that OHA was to receive the income and proceeds derived from a pro rata portion of the trust revenue. In addition, Article XII, Section 6, of the Constitution "requires the OHA Trustees to manage and administer income and proceeds from a variety of sources, including a pro rata portion of the public land trust".
530:
Legislative
Auditor, Final Report on the Public Land Trust 29 (Audit Report No. 86-17, 1986); Department of Land & Natural Resources, Report to the Twenty-First Legislature, Regular Session of 2001, on the Progress Towards the Completion of the State Land Information Management System (Nov.
231:
ruled in favor of OHA and the individual plaintiffs. The Court also determined that monetary payments would not suffice because of
Hawaiians' intimate cultural and spiritual connection with the lands. The Court acknowledged: "(1) the cultural importance of the land to native Hawaiians, (2) that the
205:
The controversy over public land trust revenue remains ongoing, and recent efforts to determine the actual amount of OHA's pro rata share have not been successful. For example, in 2018 and 2019, relying on the definition of revenue historically agreed to by OHA and the state, data collected from
180:
passed legislation requiring that 20 percent of ceded land revenues would go to OHA. Since then, the state and OHA have disagreed about which lands OHA should receive revenues from, among other issues. In 1990, the
Legislature passed Act 304, which defined how OHA’s 20 percent share would be
41:
annexed Hawaiʻi based on a Joint
Resolution of Annexation (Joint Resolution). Questions about the legitimacy of the U.S. acquiring Hawaii through a joint resolution, rather than a treaty, were actively debated in Congress in 1898, and is the subject of ongoing debate. Upon annexation, the
69:
launched the Public Land Trust
Information System, a web-based inventory of state and county-managed lands. A number of facilities, including airports and military bases, are located on former Kingdom Government and Crown lands, which contributes to controversy surrounding the issue.
232:
ceded lands were illegally taken from the native
Hawaiian monarchy, (3) that future reconciliation between the state and the native Hawaiian people is contemplated, and, (4) once any ceded lands are alienated from the public lands trust, they will be gone forever."
250:
In 2011, a law was passed requiring a two-thirds majority approval in the
Legislature for any permanent alienation of ceded lands. In 2014, a law was passed requiring a simple majority approval for the proposed exchange of public lands for private lands.
226:
as illegal and that lands taken without their consent should be returned. OHA and four individual plaintiffs filed suit to challenge a pending transfer of ceded lands and further enjoin the state from selling any other ceded lands. In
January 2008, the
197:
to conduct annual accounting for revenues from all ceded lands. In 2012, OHA and the state reached another settlement through Act 15, which resolved back payment claims from 1978 through June 2012 and transferred ten parcels of property in
597:
Native land and foreign desires = ko Hawaiʻi ʻāina a me nā koi puʻumake a ka poʻe haole: a history of land tenure change in Hawaiʻi from traditional times until the 1848 Māhele, including an analysis of
Hawaiian aliʻi nui and American
281:
is also part of the corpus of Crown and
Government Lands. Self-described "protectors" of the mountain maintain that these lands were illegally seized, and the United States and State of Hawaiʻi therefore do not have rightful
128:
beneficiaries under 99-year leases. By statehood in 1959, 287,078.44 acres (116,176.52 ha) of Hawai‘i’s former Government and Crown Lands had been set aside for federal government use. For instance, the island of
206:
agency reporting, and an analysis of underreported receipts, proposed legislation declared that the amount of revenue OHA should receive annually is closer to $ 35 million, not $ 15.1 million.
267:, ruling that the state has an affirmative duty to preserve and protect ceded lands. The case involved the state’s lease of approximately 22,900 acres (9,300 ha) to the U.S. military at
124:(HHCA) withdrew approximately 203,500 acres (82,400 ha) of public land, including Crown Lands, bringing them under the jurisdiction of the Hawaiian Homes Commission, to be leased to
259:
One major concern of Native Hawaiians and other Hawaiʻi residents has been the U.S. military’s use of large areas of trust land and its misuse of the land. In August 2019, the
1163:
194:
66:
1040:
160:
acknowledged that little attention had been given to the trust language in Section 5(f) especially as it related to Native Hawaiians, and added new sections to the
724:
699:
Robert H. Horwitz et al., Public Land Policy in Hawaii: An Historical Analysis, State of Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau Report No. 5, at 75-76 (1969),
512:
R. Hōkūlei Lindsey (2009). "Native Hawaiians and the Ceded Lands Trust: Applying Self-Determination as an Alternative to the Equal Protection Analysis".
1138:
157:
1158:
1153:
860:
856:
182:
275:. The court concluded that an essential part of the state’s duty is an obligation to reasonably monitor a third party’s use of the property.
121:
831:
236:
181:
derived. Despite this, OHA and the state remained in dispute about some categories of trust revenue, including proceeds from the
671:
571:
473:
441:
396:
223:
94:
863:; S.B. 1363 and H.B. 402, Relating to Increasing the Office of Hawaiian Affairs’ Pro Rata Share of Public Land Trust Funds (2019),
864:
855:
S.B. 2136 and H.B. 1747, Relating to Increasing the Office of Hawaiian Affairs’ Pro Rata Share of Public Land Trust Funds (2018),
1143:
868:
336:
Joint Resolution to Provide for Annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, J. Res. 55, 55th Cong., 30 Stat. 750 (1898).
1064:
Iokepa Casumbal-Salazar (2017). "A Fictive Kinship: Making "Modernity," "Ancient Hawaiians," and the Telescopes on Mauna Kea".
760:
605:
149:. Effective upon Hawaiʻi's admission into the Union, the U.S. transferred the majority of Government and Crown lands to the
305:
725:
https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated/ohr/upload/An-Act-to-Provide-for-the-Admission-of-the-State-of-Hawai.pdf
243:
to reconsider its decision based on state law. The majority of the suit was subsequently settled out of court, and the
1148:
946:
Yamamoto, Eric K.; Ayabe, Sara D. (2011). "Courts in the Age of Reconciliation: Office of Hawaiian Affairs v. HCDCH".
165:
861:
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/Archives/measure_indiv_Archives.aspx?billtype=HB&billnumber=1747&year=2018
857:
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/Archives/measure_indiv_Archives.aspx?billtype=SB&billnumber=2136&year=2018
161:
1026:
491:
The American occupation of the Hawaiian kingdom : beginning the transition from occupied to restored state
219:
177:
65:. There have been several efforts over the years to create an accurate inventory of ceded lands. In 2018, the
412:
268:
260:
244:
240:
186:
101:. This led to the establishment of a Provisional Government (January 17, 1893 - July 3, 1894) and then the
38:
933:
OHA v. HCDCH, 117 Haw. 174, 177 P.3d 884 (2008), rev'd sub nom., Hawaii v. OHA, 129 S. Ct. 1436 (2009),
1100:
917:
905:
893:
881:
1101:"Protectors of the Future, Not Protestors of the Past: Indigenous Pacific Activism and Mauna a Wākea"
239:
reversed, overturning the portion of the decision based on federal law and remanding the case to the
228:
146:
150:
347:
1081:
310:
215:
125:
102:
86:
system for the purpose of protecting Hawaiian land in the face of encroaching foreign interests.
55:
43:
865:
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/measure_indiv.aspx?billtype=SB&billnumber=1363&year=2019
1085:
869:
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/measure_indiv.aspx?billtype=HB&billnumber=402&year=2019
677:
667:
611:
601:
577:
567:
494:
469:
437:
392:
978:
1115:
1073:
988:
461:
429:
98:
761:
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0010/HRS_0010-0013_0005.htm
629:
272:
934:
300:
79:
61:
At present, control of these lands is divided mostly between the U.S. government and the
315:
1132:
773:
424:"Senate Joint Resolution 19 to Acknowledge the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai'i",
411:
Pub. L. 103-150, 107 Stat. 1510 (1993) (Apology Resolution passed by U.S. Congress),
90:
1077:
283:
700:
222:
passed similar legislation acknowledging that many Native Hawaiians view the 1893
748:
736:
348:"Darkness over Hawaii: The Annexation Myth is the Greatest Obstacle to Progress"
295:
199:
433:
83:
47:
1119:
1027:
https://www.courts.state.hi.us/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/SCAP-18-0000432.pdf
681:
581:
498:
983:
615:
278:
130:
114:
82:
began the conversion of Hawaiʻi's communal land tenure system to a western
17:
1007:
Act 169, 2011 Haw. Sess. Laws 579 (codified at HRS §§ 171-50(c), 171-64.7)
465:
413:
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf
1041:"High court rules state breached trust duties at Pohakuloa Training Area"
800:
46:
transferred approximately 1.8 million acres of Hawaiian Government and
31:
62:
51:
918:
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/slh/Years/SLH1993/SLH1993_Act340.pdf
906:
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/slh/Years/SLH1997/SLH1997_Act329.pdf
894:
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/slh/Years/SLH1993/SLH1993_Act359.pdf
882:
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/slh/Years/SLH1993/SLH1993_Act354.pdf
832:"OHA Presses For A Bigger Share Of Money From Hawaii's Trust Lands"
652:
Act of Aug. 14, 1895, No. 26, § 2, 1895 Haw. Laws Spec. Sess. 49.
89:
On January 17, 1893, a small group of businessmen, backed by the
134:
113:
From 1900 through 1959, the United States governed Hawaiʻi as a
286:, and have asserted a number of legal claims to this effect.
391:. Honolulu, Hawaii: Kamehameha Publishing. pp. 79–146.
711:
Public Law 56-331, the Hawaiian Organic Act, April 30, 1900
541:
387:
MacKenzie, Melody Kapilialoha (2015). "Public Land Trust".
255:
Litigation involving the state's management of trust lands
916:
Act of June 30, 1993, No. 340, 1992 Haw. Sess. Laws 803,
904:
Act of June 30, 1997, No. 329, 1997 Haw. Sess. Laws 956,
892:
Act of July 1, 1993, No. 359, 1993 Haw. Sess. Laws 1009,
210:
Litigation involving the sale and transfer of trust lands
50:
to the United States (U.S.), which are today held by the
880:
Act of July 1, 1993, No. 354, 1993 Haw. Sess. Laws 999,
247:
dismissed the remaining, non-settled claims as unripe.
1016:
2014 Haw. Sess. Laws 559 (codified at HRS § 171-50(c))
935:
http://oaoa.hawaii.gov/jud/opinions/sct/2008/25570.htm
164:
to implement the trust provisions. They created the
723:Act of March 18, 1959, Pub. L. 86-3, 73 Stat. 4,
156:Almost twenty years later, delegates to the 1978
666:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 188–189.
701:http://lrbhawaii.info/lrbrpts/65/landhist65.pdf
749:https://lrb.hawaii.gov/constitution#articlexii
737:https://lrb.hawaii.gov/constitution#articlexii
820:Act 15, 2012 Haw. Sess. Laws 24
811:Act 15, 2012 Haw. Sess. Laws 24
564:No mākou ka mana : liberating the nation
109:Status of lands during the territorial period
8:
214:After the U.S. Congress passed the landmark
979:"U.S. high court rules in ceded lands case"
1164:Territorial evolution of the United States
929:
927:
925:
158:State of Hawaiʻi Constitutional Convention
254:
195:Department of Land and Natural Resources
67:Department of Land and Natural Resources
426:Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia
326:
1066:Native American and Indigenous Studies
830:Hofschneider, Anita (April 11, 2019).
542:"Public Land Trust Information System"
355:Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal
145:In 1959, the U.S. Congress passed the
1025:Ching v. Case, 449 P.3d 1146 (2019),
719:
717:
695:
693:
691:
634:University of Hawaii at Manoa Library
122:Hawaiian Homes Commission Act of 1921
7:
965:Hawaii v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs
801:http://oaoa.hawaii.gov/jud/20281.pdf
562:Beamer, Kamanamaikalani (May 2014).
382:
380:
378:
376:
374:
372:
370:
368:
332:
330:
172:Income and proceeds from trust lands
93:and diplomatic personnel, illegally
27:Disputed land in the state of Hawaii
664:Who owns the Crown lands of Hawaii?
1099:Goodyear-Kaʻōpua, Noelani (2017).
25:
759:Hawaii Revised Statutes 10-13.5,
600:. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.
428:, SAGE Publications, Inc., 2014,
137:were set aside for military use.
1139:Indigenous land rights in Hawaii
735:Haw. Const. art. XII, § 5,
189:invalidated Act 304 in the case
1159:Separatism in the United States
1154:Pre-statehood history of Hawaii
948:University of Hawaii Law Review
595:Lilikalā Kame'eleihiwa (1992).
389:Native Hawaiian Law: A Treatise
141:Status of lands after statehood
30:For ceded lands elsewhere, see
1086:10.5749/natiindistudj.4.2.0001
1078:10.5749/natiindistudj.4.2.0001
346:Williamson B.C. Chang (2015).
1:
306:Hawaiian sovereignty movement
185:on ceded lands. In 2001, the
1108:The South Atlantic Quarterly
1039:Burnett, John (2019-08-23).
772:Tiffany Hill (2019-05-01).
747:Haw. Const. art. XII, § 6,
456:Coffman, Tom (2016-07-15).
1180:
977:Chris Emery (2009-04-01).
514:American Indian Law Review
434:10.4135/9781452281889.n465
166:Office of Hawaiian Affairs
29:
460:. Duke University Press.
1120:10.1215/00382876-3749603
967:, 129 S.Ct. 1436 (2009).
778:Hawaii Business Magazine
662:Jon M. Van Dyke (2008).
220:Hawaii State Legislature
1144:Native Hawaiian history
630:"Annexation of Hawaii"
39:United States Congress
1045:Big Island Video News
774:"What's Next for OHA"
466:10.1215/9780822373988
261:Hawaiʻi Supreme Court
245:Hawaiʻi Supreme Court
241:Hawaiʻi Supreme Court
229:Hawaiʻi Supreme Court
187:Hawaiʻi Supreme Court
147:Hawaiʻi Admission Act
74:Historical background
799:96 Haw. 388 (2001),
133:and Mākua Valley on
836:Honolulu Civil Beat
103:Republic of Hawaiʻi
44:Republic of Hawai‘i
1149:Politics of Hawaii
489:Sai, David Keanu.
311:Hawaiian home land
237:U.S. Supreme Court
216:Apology Resolution
162:State Constitution
56:Apology Resolution
178:State Legislature
16:(Redirected from
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48:Crown Lands
18:Ceded lands
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994:2012-10-15
954:: 503–536.
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639:2019-10-17
607:0930897595
598:Calvinists
520:: 223–258.
322:References
263:published
131:Kahoʻolawe
84:fee simple
682:896136107
582:879583086
499:663428206
361:: 70–115.
279:Mauna Kea
269:Pōhakuloa
224:overthrow
115:territory
95:overthrew
78:The 1848
616:27390188
296:Ahupuaʻa
290:See also
202:to OHA.
200:Kakaʻako
32:Cession
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135:Oʻahu
843:2019
678:OCLC
668:ISBN
612:OCLC
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568:ISBN
549:2019
495:OCLC
470:ISBN
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120:The
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