1173:, like others in the woodpecker family, have the key feature of being able to excavate a hole, for a nest, from living or newly dead hard wood trees with soft centres. This process can take up to 2 weeks. Some species excavate bamboo whilst others will nest in arboreal ant or termite nests. Trees are chosen for position, habitat and weather conditions. Funneling is commenced on the outer hard wood of the tree leading to chipping away inside the soft wood to create a cylinder. Chips of wood are either removed, from the inside of the tree, or left as nest material being removed as needed when soiled. Previously constructed nests will be revisited for nesting or retreating. Nest dimension information is limited but a 50 mm hole diameter with cavity depth 150–300 mm has been reported. Nests heights have been recorded at 0.9 m to 30 m.
664:
532:
642:
33:
1299:
836:
774:
4869:
752:
554:
1118:
686:
4875:
938:
620:
2700:
2644:
2578:
2299:
1464:
5386:
4863:
903:
598:
3284:
4182:
576:
4187:
58:
3612:
708:
242:
730:
881:
in that it is mainly curved, not long and without nostril feathers. Like other woodpeckers its beak has a chisel like cutting edge. A hard rhamphotheca and complex beak microstructures strengthen the bill for pounding and drilling. The tail has evolved for support, clinging and climbing, acting as
1160:
Eggs are usually white in colour, laid daily and can be elongated or spherical. Some species shells are thinner than others. Clutch size ranges between 2-7 eggs with hatched young blind and naked. Males usually tend to the young overnight with both parents sharing care during daylight hours.
1318:
around humans, adapting to manmade environments mainly for nesting and feeding. They can be considered a nuisance when nesting activities involve agricultural damage. Utility poles, housing insulation, wood cabins, wooden houses and shutters are used by this genus often resulting in structural
924:
Head crests are bushy, shaggy or peaked in typical woodpecker style and, along with flight and body feathers, are chestnut colours of brown, black and cream (some almost yellow). There is a greater or lesser degree of barring (bars or stripes of feather colour) and sexual dimorphism badges are
920:
species use their tongue to capture food. The tongue is long and capable of lateral movements. Due to its length the tongue does not have the usual tongue retractor muscle found in most birds, instead, there is an elongated tongue muscle (the
Branchiomandibularis) along with bones of the hyoid
1269:
whose drumming roll is between 1.5-5 sec long finishing with a rhythm of drums 2– 3 minutes apart sounding like a stalling motorbike engine. Wing use for communication can be noisy and used for mating, territorial and defence communication through visual displays of dipping or undulating.
232:
mainly lighter in colour. The feet, tail, tongue and bill of the birds in the genus are adapted for the specialised resources required for its survival and reproduction (for example breeding sites and large food supplies). They are native residents and do not migrate. They are generally
1161:
Incubation is short, usually 15 – 20 days and chicks can remain in the nest for periods of up to 30 days after hatching. Nestlings of the genus species cannot be sexed. Young will stay with parents until the following years breeding season, some remaining to help with new brood.
1091:
will use body maneuvers such as gleaning, reaching and hanging to access food. Hammering or continuous pecking may be associated with food finding. Weather protected cavity roosts, and, a stable supply of ants and bark insects make feeding throughout the year possible. Some
894:
abilities, and therefore adapted to climbing vertical surfaces, however, they are not as specialised as other woodpeckers for this purpose. The first toe is short, the 4th toe being shorter or of equal length to remaining two toes. Most species in this genus use a
1270:
Specialised flight maneuvers often precede sexual activities. Whole body gestures or movements may be a show of wariness to approaching conflict or social communication. Head bobbing or swinging may be part of defense and mating displays. Some species of
1212:
do not get headaches. The forces produced during beak pounding and drumming, at high-speed acceleration and decelerations, are thought to be offset by a number of factors within the bill and skull. Dense spongy cranial bones, a relatively small brain, low
1319:
damage. Humans have had a large impact on this genus through extensive habitat degradation and loss and early specimen collections which may have led to declining populations. Provision of nest boxes for this species has been unsuccessful.
1264:
Bill drumming is strident and short and is used for primary and secondary communication with mates and other species. Drumming is used for attracting a mate and maintaining a territory and can range from weak short drumming to that of the
925:
mainly between the bill, eye and chin of males. These sexual badges are usually red. The oil gland is particularly large in this genus. Plumage convergence has been noted in divergent lineages possibly as a form of territorial
1136:
are the instigators of mating courtship which usually occurs near to the nest. Courtship may commence before completion of the nest with breeding season (notably different for each species) and can range between 2–6 months.
886:(tail vertebrae) is larger for strong tail muscles to be inserted and it is more or less stiff. There are six pairs of tail feathers, the middle feathers of which have strong central shafts for extra support. The feet are
237:
but will eat seeds and fruits. The birds are monogamous with both sexes sharing nest and brooding care. Some species nest communally. Many live near humans but are seen as destructive in agricultural areas.
1108:
Celeus will interact with other species usually through defending nests, but also as a means of increasing foraging success. Responding to other birds alarm calls reduces their need for constant vigilance.
5581:
1196:
is daily with oil used from the oil gland for weather proofing feathers and protecting from skin and feather mites. Toes are groomed, and trees are used for bill cleaning. Passive and active
1184:
display displacement movements such as tapping, pecking and drumming, intention of movement displays (e.g. looking to the side before moving away) and territorial and sexual displays.
1990:
Manegold, Albrecht; Louchart, Antoine (2012). "Biogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications of a new woodpecker species (Aves, Picidae) from the early
Pliocene of South Africa".
2372:
Benz, Brett W.; Robbins, Mark B.; Peterson, A. Townsend (2006). "Evolutionary history of woodpeckers and allies (Aves: Picidae): Placing key taxa on the phylogenetic tree".
984:
species inhabit diverse environmental regions and conditions from moist lowland forests and forest edges, swamps, heavily degraded woodlands and some species are found in
4868:
1257:
are distinct for alarm, territorial assertion, breeding and nestling calls, and for keeping in contact with partners or others of their social group. When captured
663:
2545:"Comparative study of the mechanical properties, micro-structure, and composition of the cranial and beak bones of the great spotted woodpecker and the lark bird"
5530:
1080:
and tools for food preparation. Forks in trees (anvils) have been used by this genus to hold food for preparation e.g. removal of stones from cherries. Some
815:
531:
921:
horn, which provide increased tongue protraction. Retraction of this long tongue may find it wrapped around an eye socket between the skull and the skin.
1217:, the unequal upper and lower bills of the beak and its position in relation to the brain work together to provide shock absorbency to the brain. Beak
5491:
813:). Neither of the splits was supported by the results of molecular genetic studies. These splits have not been adopted by the online edition of the
1087:
Feeding maneuvers include probing using the beak and tongue, pecking for exploration and excavation, chiseling, prying or levering to obtain food.
5517:
5586:
2852:
2833:
2140:
del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N.; Sharpe, C.J.; Christie, D.A. (2019). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
2107:
del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N.; Sharpe, C.J.; Christie, D.A. (2019). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
1624:
1527:
1351:, habitat degradation and fragmentation. Conservation actions are limited to surveys and some habitat protection. The helmeted woodpecker (
1237:
species has different song types, with structure and note compositions highly simplistic. Most species are highly vocal, an exception being
1052:
will sympatrically forage, with other species, as competition for their food is limited due to their specialised foraging strategies. The
641:
394:
too. However, its similarity seems to be due to convergent evolution, as it does not even seem to belong to the same tribe of
Picinae as
2898:
386:). The scaly-breasted woodpecker's English name has recently changed to scale-breasted woodpecker. The South Asian rufous woodpecker (
32:
4874:
2264:
Wang, LiZhen; Lu, Shan; Liu, XiaoYu; Niu, XuFeng; Wang, Chao; Ni, YiKun; Zhao, MeiYa; Feng, ChengLong; Zhang, Ming; Fan, YuBo (2013).
1971:
797:
635:
central
Bolivia and the Pantanal region of southwestern Brazil; also in central Paraguay and the border region of northern Argentina.
2038:"The profound influence of the Late Pliocene Panamanian uplift on the exchange, diversification, and distribution of New World birds"
5385:
2869:
2722:
1616:
4862:
2876:
1100:
are frequent drinkers obtaining water mainly from small puddles in tree forks but are also known to go to the ground for water.
4181:
3283:
2792:
824:
1298:
5522:
1188:
rest and use of nest holes for retreat is common. Water bathing and sunbathing has been observed but dust bathing is rare.
1610:
835:
773:
569:
Suriname; Brazil including Marajo Island, Ilha de Marajo, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, and
Venezuela .
1096:
will feed terrestrially and this is considered a secondary evolutionary adaptation. Faeces is typically hook shaped.
5465:
907:
581:
866:). Length, from tip of bill to tip of the tail, is between 19–32 cm (7.5–12.6 in). They are generally not
5535:
4186:
3611:
2077:
1081:
751:
473:
859:
2657:
Teschke, I.; Wascher, C. A. F.; Scriba, M. F.; von Bayern, A. M. P.; Huml, V.; Siemers, B.; Tebbich, S. (2013).
2471:
613:
Colombia, Venezuela and the
Guianas south to Ecuador, Bolivia and northern and western Brazil, and on Trinidad.
1303:
1121:
1053:
1048:
of wood boring insects, ants and termites, plant material, fruit and berries, nectar and sap. Some species of
713:
691:
647:
553:
274:
163:
57:
1117:
1061:
937:
735:
685:
619:
245:
206:
201:, found in tropical and subtropical forests and woodlands of Central and South America. The genus contains 13
723:
western Amazon basin in northern
Bolivia, far southwestern Brazil (Acre), eastern Ecuador, and eastern Peru.
2891:
1146:
941:
669:
625:
2699:
2643:
2577:
2298:
1463:
5571:
5405:
902:
340:
1376:
5470:
2512:
De
Kiriline Lawrence, Louise (1967). "A Comparative Life-History Study of Four Species of Woodpeckers".
1704:
Benz, Brett W.; Robbins, Mark B. (2011). "Molecular phylogenetics, vocalizations, and species limits in
1214:
1844:
1821:
597:
3674:
2591:
Wang, Lizhen; Cheung, Jason Tak-Man; Pu, Fang; Li, Deyu; Zhang, Ming; Fan, Yubo; Briffa, Mark (2011).
1775:
5576:
5457:
4284:
4254:
3734:
3328:
2604:
2431:
2381:
2321:
2049:
1999:
1717:
1653:
1142:
1068:) feed on ants from bamboo canes. Finding prey is by optical cues or sounds made by probing taps.
871:
496:
3711:
5050:
4263:
1880:
Lammertink, Martjan; Kopuchian, Cecilia; Brandl, Hanja B.; Tubaro, Pablo L.; Winkler, Hans (2015).
1150:
840:
779:
603:
537:
367:
217:
40:
5060:
4936:
4916:
4516:
3664:
3337:
3166:
355:
as basal taxa. Recent DNA analysis placed the rufous woodpecker, previously thought to belong to
5101:
4946:
4502:
4293:
3838:
3392:
3217:
3149:
3105:
2884:
2525:
2447:
2015:
1919:
1569:
1452:
867:
820:
336:
282:
52:
4956:
4308:
3654:
3132:
2218:"A Classification of the Bird Species of South America: Part 5. Trogoniformes to Psittaciformes"
1286:, for preparation and storage of food is thought to give this genus similar cognitive skills to
968:
with remaining species having smaller ranges from
Central, Southern and Eastern America to West
5070:
4926:
4335:
4229:
4131:
3814:
3469:
2763:
1937:
1221:
during pounding and drilling is straight and this reduces the forces of shearing and rotation.
575:
5543:
5478:
5007:
4798:
3761:
3351:
3088:
2865:
2848:
2829:
2718:
2688:
2632:
2566:
2397:
2287:
1967:
1733:
1671:
1620:
1523:
757:
465:
4525:
1881:
224:) the longest), and weigh between 63 and 172 g (2.2 and 6.1 oz). They have limited
5548:
4445:
2678:
2670:
2622:
2612:
2556:
2517:
2439:
2389:
2329:
2277:
2057:
2007:
1909:
1901:
1816:
1770:
1725:
1661:
1575:
A List of the Genera of Birds : with an
Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus
1442:
1356:
1241:
which is silent when not in breeding season. Calls range from low to loud whistling of the
1025:
858:
generally weigh between 63–172 g (2.2–6.1 oz); the heaviest of this genus is the
559:
507:
years before the present) that may have enabled westward movement of species in this genus.
229:
216:
The species in the genus are medium-sized, 19–32 cm (7.5–12.6 in) in length (with
805:
the ringed woodpecker, creating two more species: the Amazonian black-breasted woodpecker (
5262:
5023:
4996:
4100:
4020:
3777:
3566:
3018:
2990:
1589:
1193:
442:
316:
1882:"A striking case of deceptive woodpecker colouration: the threatened Helmeted Woodpecker
1798:
2608:
2435:
2385:
2325:
2053:
2003:
1752:
1721:
1657:
1008:) favour bamboo forests. Species range from sea level to 1,100 m (3,600 ft).
503:, or isolated, communities. Corridors may have opened up in the last glacial period (21
5324:
5255:
4756:
4724:
3865:
3750:
3315:
3302:
3197:
2957:
2912:
2683:
2658:
2627:
2592:
2217:
1543:
899:
hopping movement on vertical and horizontal surfaces. Claws have evolved for climbing.
266:
146:
2738:
1274:
have been noted to adopt a posture of bill pointing possibly directed at an opponent.
5565:
5359:
5144:
4789:
4459:
4300:
4093:
3630:
3503:
3406:
3380:
3360:
3226:
3122:
3071:
3053:
2916:
2908:
2347:
2062:
2037:
1807:
1761:
1641:
1348:
1328:
965:
701:
Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas to Peru, Bolivia, and the eastern part of Brazil
286:
234:
2019:
1923:
1456:
1425:
Leite, G.A; Pinheiro, R.T.; Marcdino, D.G.; Figueira, J.E.C; Delabie, J.H.C (2013).
5443:
5296:
5232:
5221:
5200:
5186:
4805:
4731:
4708:
4681:
4663:
4559:
4390:
4362:
4240:
3958:
3720:
3688:
3510:
3188:
3139:
2999:
973:
270:
202:
155:
5483:
2419:
2333:
2173:
2081:
707:
2739:"Farming is destroying the Brazilian cerrado—one of the world's richest savannas"
2617:
2312:
Bock, Walter J. (1999). "Functional and evolutionary morphology of woodpeckers".
2011:
5504:
5437:
5352:
5345:
5303:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5248:
5241:
5179:
5081:
4819:
4690:
4670:
4656:
4621:
4587:
4568:
4438:
4383:
4369:
4155:
4062:
4055:
4041:
3976:
3924:
3917:
3901:
3892:
3791:
3559:
3538:
3531:
3480:
3399:
3044:
2393:
2266:"Biomechanism of impact resistance in the woodpecker's head and its application"
1729:
1666:
1593:
1573:
1547:
1209:
1145:
layers. Male contribution to nest making and brood rearing has made multi-nest
1037:
878:
488:
423:
404:
401:
2239:
1598:. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 122.
5366:
5331:
5207:
5193:
5130:
5110:
5090:
4987:
4812:
4745:
4738:
4697:
4649:
4642:
4628:
4614:
4466:
4429:
4411:
4346:
4204:
3985:
3965:
3872:
3828:
3802:
3784:
3743:
3697:
3580:
3545:
3524:
3496:
3450:
3246:
3095:
3078:
3062:
3029:
3008:
2951:
2920:
2561:
2544:
2282:
2265:
1905:
1230:
1218:
1041:
1029:
891:
887:
500:
480:
environmental changes are thought to be responsible for the relatively recent
477:
469:
434:
364:
119:
109:
5428:
2593:"Why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation"
1522:(1st ed.). South Africa: Russel Friedman Books. pp. 7–13, 326–336.
1447:
1426:
1229:
Woodpecker vocalisation is thought to be genetically hardwired; different to
5317:
5310:
5172:
5165:
4765:
4539:
4114:
4077:
4006:
3992:
3942:
3883:
3858:
3849:
3770:
3573:
3156:
3112:
2978:
2963:
993:
883:
729:
504:
481:
420:
379:
332:
301:
241:
69:
2692:
2674:
2636:
2570:
2401:
2291:
1737:
1675:
1520:
Woodpeckers A Guide to the Woodpeckers, Piculets and Wrynecks of the World
5422:
5338:
5158:
5151:
4967:
4717:
4605:
4418:
4376:
4107:
4034:
3931:
3821:
3552:
3459:
3441:
3417:
2939:
1548:"Bemerkungen über Species und einige ornithologische Familien und Sippen"
1315:
1185:
985:
767:
northern Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and western Venezuela.
453:
426:
407:
in woodpeckers has made genus identification of fossils difficult and no
375:
89:
2529:
591:
Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama.
5496:
5452:
5214:
5034:
4976:
4892:
4830:
4780:
4594:
4548:
4452:
4404:
4319:
4143:
4121:
4086:
3999:
3517:
2451:
1914:
1287:
997:
926:
896:
802:
492:
416:
344:
308:
304:
225:
198:
129:
2663:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
484:
of this genus and for the shallow genetic structures of the remaining
5509:
5121:
4635:
4577:
4397:
4270:
4027:
4013:
3951:
3910:
3587:
3489:
3173:
2933:
2521:
1331:
accounting for 27% of the woodpecker family. Red listed species are
1197:
1077:
1045:
969:
79:
5399:
2443:
789:
northeastern Argentina, southeastern Brazil, and eastern Paraguay.
657:
Brazil, southeastern Paraguay, and extreme northeastern Argentina.
213:), was believed to be extinct until a specimen was caught in 2006.
5016:
4355:
4162:
3426:
3371:
2945:
2142:
2109:
1297:
1116:
936:
901:
834:
240:
194:
2659:"Did tool-use evolve with enhanced physical cognitive abilities?"
476:, with later radiations of these birds back across the Isthmus.
4481:
4048:
99:
5403:
4890:
4202:
3628:
3300:
2976:
2880:
348:
2420:"Foraging ecology of temperate-zone and tropical woodpeckers"
429:, and is believed to be the earliest recorded North American
2195:
1640:
Shakya, S.B.; Fuchs, J.; Pons, J.M.; Sheldon, F.H. (2017).
382:
in 2006, and was elevated in 2008 to Kaempfers woodpecker (
411:
fossils are noted. An example of a woodpecker fossil,
1157:
will construct nests in the nests of arboreal insects.
441:
is ambiguous; it is not believed to have originated in
1642:"Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight"
335:. Head markings were the main diagnostic feature for
547:
Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama
5066:
5056:
5046:
4952:
4942:
4932:
4922:
4912:
4583:
4536:
4513:
4498:
4331:
4281:
4251:
4236:
4224:
4151:
4127:
3834:
3810:
3731:
3708:
3685:
3670:
3660:
3650:
3465:
3388:
3348:
3325:
3162:
3145:
3128:
3118:
3101:
3084:
3025:
3014:
1966:(2nd ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press.
390:) is a peculiar species that was formerly placed in
5582:
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Neotropics
5412:
5272:
5231:
5120:
5100:
5080:
5033:
5006:
4986:
4966:
4903:
4829:
4788:
4779:
4755:
4707:
4680:
4604:
4567:
4558:
4535:
4512:
4489:
4480:
4428:
4345:
4318:
4280:
4250:
4215:
4142:
4076:
3975:
3941:
3900:
3891:
3882:
3848:
3801:
3760:
3730:
3707:
3684:
3641:
3479:
3449:
3440:
3416:
3379:
3370:
3347:
3324:
3313:
3245:
3225:
3216:
3196:
3187:
3061:
3052:
3043:
2998:
2989:
374:) previously thought extinct was captured, using a
2141:
2108:
1822:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22731646A131330745.en
2543:Wang, LiZhen; Zhang, HongQuan; Fan, YuBo (2011).
1776:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681314A92901215.en
1040:. Diet varies between species but may include
1000:woodlands whilst the rufous-headed woodpecker (
976:contains the greatest species diversity of the
929:but no real conclusions have been made as yet.
2196:"Checklist of North and Middle American Birds"
809:) and the Atlantic black-breasted woodpecker (
2892:
1427:"Foraging behaviour of Kaempfer's woodpecker
1149:difficult for this genus that is essentially
964:) are distributed widely throughout northern
510:The genus contains the following 12 species:
8:
2715:Woodpeckers of the World: The Complete Guide
1612:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2826:A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
2036:Smith, Brian Tilston; Klicka, John (2010).
1518:Winkler, H; Christie, D; Nurney, D (1995).
5400:
5039:
4900:
4887:
4785:
4564:
4486:
4324:
4212:
4199:
3897:
3888:
3638:
3625:
3446:
3376:
3321:
3310:
3297:
3222:
3193:
3058:
3049:
2995:
2986:
2973:
2899:
2885:
2877:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
31:
20:
2682:
2626:
2616:
2560:
2281:
2061:
1985:
1983:
1913:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1820:
1774:
1665:
1578:. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 55.
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1446:
1192:fluff feathers when dozing or sleeping.
1032:foragers whilst the helmeted woodpecker (
351:analysis of this genus found the species
2465:
2463:
2461:
2152:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
2119:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
988:. Of note the pale-crested woodpecker (
816:Clements Checklist of Birds of the World
512:
347:list. Benz and Robbins (2011) in their
2031:
2029:
1368:
1028:of ant and termite foraging. Most are
265:was introduced by the German zoologist
2472:"The nests of two bamboo specialists:
2413:
2411:
2110:"Amazonian Black-breasted Woodpecker (
285:in 1840. The generic name is from the
2828:(2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing.
2374:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2143:"Atlantic Black-breasted Woodpecker (
2088:. International Ornithologists' Union
1710:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1646:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1327:Four species in the genus are on the
823:, nor in the lists maintained by the
7:
1615:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
960:) and the cream-colored woodpecker (
1808:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1762:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
996:woodland, semi decayed forests and
273:was subsequently designated as the
2863:A guide to the birds of Costa Rica
2793:"Threatened Birds of the Americas"
1992:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1249:, to parrot like screeches of the
798:Handbook of the Birds of the World
445:and may have come originally from
197:of bird in the woodpecker family,
14:
2220:. American Ornithological Society
2198:. American Ornithological Society
1964:The origin and evolution of birds
1383:. The Trust for Avian Systematics
874:to match their unique lifestyle.
464:occurred with the opening of the
5384:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4185:
4180:
3610:
3282:
2698:
2642:
2576:
2297:
2063:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.06335.x
1595:Check-list of Birds of the World
1462:
1200:has been noted in some species.
819:maintained by ornithologists at
772:
750:
728:
706:
684:
662:
640:
618:
596:
574:
552:
530:
343:analysis brought changes to the
56:
2080:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
1797:BirdLife International (2018).
1751:BirdLife International (2016).
1359:for educating school children.
1208:A common question asked is why
825:American Ornithological Society
1708:woodpeckers (Aves: Picidae)".
870:and have evolved specialised
296:This genus is a member of the
1:
2334:10.1080/00306525.1999.9639746
1355:) protected by law and is a
1347:. All are threatened due to
1245:high pitched laughing of the
1004:) and Kaempfer's woodpecker (
956:), the chestnut woodpecker (
5587:Taxa named by Friedrich Boie
2847:. London: Christopher Helm.
2618:10.1371/journal.pone.0026490
2487:Journal of Field Ornithology
2348:"Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
2176:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2012:10.1080/02724634.2012.664597
1845:"Cornell lab of Ornithology"
1282:Use of anvils and tools, by
882:a third leg or tripod. The
877:The beak differs from other
311:. Most of the 13 species of
2549:Science China Life Sciences
2470:Kratter, Andrew W. (1998).
2394:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.021
2086:World Bird List Version 9.2
1938:"Scaly-breasted woodpecker"
1730:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.05.001
1667:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005
908:chestnut-colored woodpecker
582:Chestnut-colored woodpecker
456:continental interchange of
437:. The origin of the genus
415:, was found in 1959 in the
353:C. loricatus - C. torquatus
281:) by the English zoologist
5603:
2418:Askins, Robert A. (1983).
2352:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1849:Cornell lab of Ornithology
1609:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1225:Vocalization/communication
795:The online edition of the
474:Great American Interchange
307:of the woodpecker family,
293:for a "green woodpecker".
5382:
5042:
4899:
4886:
4859:
4327:
4211:
4198:
4178:
3637:
3624:
3607:
3309:
3296:
3279:
2985:
2972:
2928:
2824:ffrench, Richard (1991).
2562:10.1007/s11427-011-4242-2
2514:Ornithological Monographs
2283:10.1007/s11427-013-4523-z
1906:10.1007/s10336-015-1254-x
1815:: e.T22731646A131330745.
1408:Atualidades Ornitologicas
1104:Interspecies interactions
860:scaly-breasted woodpecker
228:colour with the head and
179:
174:
161:
154:
53:Scientific classification
51:
39:
30:
23:
2923:and their extinct allies
2843:Hilty, Steven L (2003).
1769:: e.T22681314A92901215.
1448:10.1525/cond.2013.120062
1314:Woodpeckers are usually
1304:blond-crested woodpecker
1294:Relationship with humans
1122:Cream-colored woodpecker
1084:food in the anvil area.
1054:rufous-headed woodpecker
1036:) has been noted to be
933:Distribution and habitat
714:Rufous-headed woodpecker
692:Cream-colored woodpecker
648:Blond-crested woodpecker
275:blond-crested woodpecker
2713:Gorman, Gerard (2014).
2244:Encyclopædia Britannica
1962:Feduccia, Alan (1999).
1755:Micropternus brachyurus
1233:that learn song. Each
1076:genera in their use of
952:The ringed woodpecker (
942:Pale-crested woodpecker
854:The birds of the genus
670:Ochre-backed woodpecker
626:Pale-crested woodpecker
433:dated at 2.588 – 0.012
388:Micropternus brachyurus
361:Micropternus brachyurus
2800:Birdlife International
2772:Birdlife International
2743:Birdlife International
2675:10.1098/rstb.2012.0418
1942:Birdlife International
1894:Journal of Ornithology
1311:
1129:
949:
914:
851:
372:C. spectabilis obrieni
341:molecular phylogenetic
253:
2764:"Helmeted Woodpecker
1886:belongs in the genus
1414:(Ivaipora-PR Brasil).
1301:
1261:are known to scream.
1215:cerebral spinal fluid
1177:Displays and grooming
1132:Females of the genus
1120:
1072:are similar to other
1062:Kaempfer's woodpecker
940:
905:
838:
736:Kaempfer's woodpecker
331:being exceptions as
246:Kaempfer's woodpecker
244:
207:Kaempfer's woodpecker
2861:Stiles and Skutch,
2174:"Clements Checklist"
1843:Clements Checklist.
1431:a bamboo specialist"
1402:Prado, A.D (2006). "
1381:aviansystematics.org
1012:Behavior and ecology
845:(Dryocopus galeatus)
413:Bathoceleus hyphalus
2609:2011PLoSO...626490W
2436:1983Ecol...64..945A
2386:2006MolPE..40..389B
2326:1999Ostri..70...23B
2112:Celeus occidentalis
2054:2010Ecogr..33..333S
2004:2012JVPal..32..926M
1722:2011MolPE..61...29B
1658:2017MolPE.116..182S
1570:Gray, George Robert
1406:. 80 anos depois".
1153:. Some species of
841:helmeted woodpecker
807:Celeus occidentalis
780:Helmeted woodpecker
604:Chestnut woodpecker
538:Cinnamon woodpecker
368:caatinga woodpecker
319:, with the species
218:chestnut woodpecker
41:Chestnut woodpecker
4503:Rupelramphastoides
3218:Picodynastornithes
2845:Birds of Venezuela
2766:Hylatomus galeatus
2669:(1630): 20120418.
2145:Celeus tinnunculus
1884:Dryocopus galeatus
1312:
1253:. Calls from the
1130:
1002:Celeus spectabilis
950:
915:
911:(Celeus castaneus)
868:sexually dimorphic
852:
821:Cornell University
811:Celeus tinnunculus
719:Celeus spectabilis
283:George Robert Gray
254:
5559:
5558:
5544:Open Tree of Life
5406:Taxon identifiers
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5375:
4882:
4881:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4775:
4774:
4476:
4475:
4194:
4193:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4072:
4071:
3762:Brachypteraciidae
3620:
3619:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3436:
3435:
3352:Messelirrisoridae
3292:
3291:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3183:
3182:
3039:
3038:
2854:978-0-7136-6418-8
2835:978-0-8014-9792-6
2555:(11): 1036–1041.
1626:978-1-4081-2501-4
1590:Peters, James Lee
1529:978-0-9583223-7-9
1308:Celeus flavescens
849:(Celeus galeatus)
793:
792:
758:Ringed woodpecker
653:Celeus flavescens
491:with some of the
466:Isthmus of Panama
279:Celeus flavescens
186:
185:
150:
5594:
5552:
5551:
5539:
5538:
5526:
5525:
5513:
5512:
5500:
5499:
5487:
5486:
5474:
5473:
5461:
5460:
5458:E5B9DF68B0801937
5448:
5447:
5446:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5401:
5388:
5068:
5058:
5048:
5040:
4954:
4944:
4934:
4924:
4914:
4901:
4888:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4786:
4585:
4565:
4538:
4515:
4500:
4487:
4446:Galbalcyrhynchus
4333:
4325:
4283:
4253:
4238:
4226:
4213:
4200:
4189:
4184:
4153:
4129:
3898:
3889:
3836:
3812:
3733:
3710:
3687:
3675:Quasisyndactylus
3672:
3662:
3652:
3639:
3626:
3615:
3614:
3467:
3447:
3390:
3377:
3350:
3327:
3322:
3311:
3298:
3287:
3286:
3223:
3194:
3164:
3147:
3130:
3120:
3103:
3086:
3059:
3050:
3027:
3016:
2996:
2987:
2974:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2858:
2839:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2686:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2564:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2522:10.2307/40166747
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2484:
2467:
2456:
2455:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2285:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2149:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2033:
2024:
2023:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1877:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1701:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1558:. Cols 538–548 .
1540:
1534:
1533:
1515:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1429:(Celeus obrieni)
1422:
1416:
1415:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1357:flagship species
1026:ecological niche
954:Celeus torquatus
776:
763:Celeus torquatus
754:
732:
710:
688:
679:eastern Brazil.
675:Celeus ochraceus
666:
644:
622:
600:
587:Celeus castaneus
578:
560:Waved woodpecker
556:
543:Celeus loricatus
534:
513:
378:by A.D Prado in
164:Picus flavescens
145:
61:
60:
35:
21:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5547:
5542:
5534:
5529:
5521:
5516:
5508:
5503:
5495:
5490:
5482:
5477:
5469:
5464:
5456:
5451:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5408:
5398:
5389:
5372:
5268:
5263:Reinwardtipicus
5227:
5116:
5096:
5076:
5029:
5002:
4982:
4962:
4895:
4878:
4845:
4825:
4771:
4751:
4703:
4676:
4600:
4554:
4531:
4508:
4472:
4424:
4341:
4314:
4285:Sylphornithidae
4276:
4255:Gracilitarsidae
4246:
4207:
4190:
4168:
4138:
4068:
3971:
3937:
3878:
3844:
3797:
3778:Brachypteracias
3756:
3735:Primobucconidae
3726:
3703:
3680:
3633:
3616:
3609:
3593:
3567:Rhabdotorrhinus
3475:
3432:
3412:
3366:
3343:
3329:Laurillardiidae
3318:
3305:
3288:
3281:
3261:
3241:
3212:
3179:
3035:
3019:Plesiocathartes
2991:Leptosomiformes
2981:
2968:
2924:
2905:
2855:
2842:
2836:
2823:
2820:
2818:Further reading
2815:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2482:
2478:Cercomacra manu
2469:
2468:
2459:
2444:10.2307/1937215
2417:
2416:
2409:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2154:. Lynx Edicions
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2121:. Lynx Edicions
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2035:
2034:
2027:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1879:
1878:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1703:
1702:
1683:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1544:Boie, Friedrich
1542:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1471:
1461:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1325:
1323:Status concerns
1296:
1280:
1227:
1206:
1179:
1167:
1165:Holes and nests
1115:
1106:
1019:
1014:
990:Celeus lugubris
946:Celeus lugubris
935:
833:
785:Celeus galeatus
631:Celeus lugubris
522:Scientific name
472:as part of the
443:Central America
259:
170:
167:
144:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5600:
5598:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5564:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5540:
5527:
5514:
5501:
5488:
5475:
5462:
5449:
5434:
5418:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5325:Leuconotopicus
5321:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5259:
5256:Chrysocolaptes
5252:
5245:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5126:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5106:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5086:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5064:
5054:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5020:
5012:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4940:
4930:
4920:
4909:
4907:
4905:incertae sedis
4897:
4896:
4891:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4794:
4792:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4761:
4759:
4757:Semnornithidae
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4725:Aulacorhynchus
4721:
4713:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4581:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4544:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4521:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4495:
4493:
4491:incertae sedis
4484:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4287:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4221:
4219:
4217:incertae sedis
4209:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3904:
3895:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3751:Septencoracias
3747:
3739:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3712:Geranopteridae
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3658:
3647:
3645:
3643:incertae sedis
3635:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3333:
3331:
3319:
3316:Bucerotiformes
3314:
3307:
3306:
3303:Bucerotiformes
3301:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3198:Bucerotiformes
3191:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3160:
3153:
3143:
3136:
3126:
3116:
3109:
3099:
3092:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3012:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2958:Coraciimorphae
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2859:
2853:
2840:
2834:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2784:
2755:
2730:
2723:
2717:. Bloomsbury.
2705:
2649:
2603:(10): e26490.
2583:
2535:
2504:
2474:C. spectabilis
2457:
2430:(4): 945–956.
2407:
2380:(2): 389–399.
2364:
2339:
2304:
2276:(8): 715–719.
2256:
2240:"Rhamphotheca"
2231:
2209:
2187:
2165:
2132:
2099:
2069:
2048:(2): 333–342.
2025:
1998:(4): 926–938.
1979:
1973:978-0300078619
1972:
1954:
1929:
1900:(1): 109–116.
1861:
1835:
1801:Celeus obrieni
1789:
1743:
1681:
1632:
1625:
1601:
1592:, ed. (1948).
1581:
1561:
1535:
1528:
1469:
1441:(2): 221–229.
1417:
1404:Celeus obrieni
1394:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1341:C. tinnunculus
1324:
1321:
1295:
1292:
1279:
1276:
1226:
1223:
1205:
1202:
1178:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1058:C. spectabilis
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:Celeus obrieni
958:Celeus elegans
934:
931:
832:
829:
791:
790:
787:
782:
777:
769:
768:
765:
760:
755:
747:
746:
743:
741:Celeus obrieni
738:
733:
725:
724:
721:
716:
711:
703:
702:
699:
694:
689:
681:
680:
677:
672:
667:
659:
658:
655:
650:
645:
637:
636:
633:
628:
623:
615:
614:
611:
609:Celeus elegans
606:
601:
593:
592:
589:
584:
579:
571:
570:
567:
565:Celeus undatus
562:
557:
549:
548:
545:
540:
535:
527:
526:
523:
520:
517:
267:Friedrich Boie
258:
255:
250:Celeus obrieni
222:Celeus elegans
205:species. One,
184:
183:
177:
176:
172:
171:
168:
159:
158:
152:
151:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
45:Celeus elegans
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Genus of birds
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5599:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:Celeus (bird)
5570:
5569:
5567:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5387:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5360:Xiphidiopicus
5357:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5145:Chrysophlegma
5142:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5051:Australopicus
5045:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4864:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4790:Indicatoridae
4787:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4460:Jacamaralcyon
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:Palaegithalus
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:Gracilitarsus
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4188:
4183:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4094:Baryphthengus
4091:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3631:Coraciiformes
3627:
3623:
3613:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:Anthracoceros
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3407:Rhinopomastus
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3381:Phoeniculidae
3378:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3361:Messelirrisor
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3227:Coraciiformes
3224:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:Masillatrogon
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3072:Apalharpactes
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Trogoniformes
3051:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:0-8014-9600-4
2867:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2801:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2759:
2756:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2724:9781408147160
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:Science China
2267:
2260:
2257:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2136:
2133:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2103:
2100:
2087:
2083:
2082:"Woodpeckers"
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
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2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1980:
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1969:
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1930:
1925:
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1911:
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1577:
1576:
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1557:
1554:(in German).
1553:
1552:Isis von Oken
1549:
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1521:
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1398:
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1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:deforestation
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:IUCN Red List
1322:
1320:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1267:C. brachyurus
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:C. grammicus,
1240:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:indeterminate
1140:
1135:
1127:
1126:Celeus flavus
1123:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
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1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:South America
963:
962:Celeus flavus
959:
955:
947:
943:
939:
932:
930:
928:
922:
919:
912:
909:
904:
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869:
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799:
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766:
764:
761:
759:
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753:
749:
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742:
739:
737:
734:
731:
727:
726:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
709:
705:
704:
700:
698:
697:Celeus flavus
695:
693:
690:
687:
683:
682:
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676:
673:
671:
668:
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660:
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566:
563:
561:
558:
555:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
533:
529:
528:
525:Distribution
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
511:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
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459:
455:
450:
448:
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440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:until recent
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:
300:tribe in the
299:
294:
292:
288:
287:Ancient Greek
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:in 1831. The
268:
264:
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
235:insectivorous
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:
182:
178:
173:
166:
165:
160:
157:
153:
148:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
5413:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5297:Dendrocoptes
5295:
5288:
5281:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:Campephilini
5220:
5213:
5206:
5201:Mulleripicus
5199:
5192:
5187:Micropternus
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5109:
5089:
5069:
5061:Palaeonerpes
5059:
5049:
5022:
5015:
4995:
4975:
4955:
4945:
4937:Palaeonerpes
4935:
4925:
4917:Bitumenpicus
4915:
4904:
4866:
4818:
4811:
4806:Melichneutes
4804:
4797:
4764:
4744:
4737:
4732:Pteroglossus
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:Ramphastidae
4696:
4689:
4682:Megalaimidae
4669:
4664:Trachyphonus
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4593:
4586:
4576:
4560:Ramphastides
4547:
4524:
4517:Miopiconidae
4501:
4490:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4391:Micromonacha
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4363:Chelidoptera
4361:
4354:
4334:
4307:
4299:
4292:
4269:
4262:
4241:Pristineanis
4239:
4228:
4216:
4161:
4154:
4130:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3964:
3959:Chloroceryle
3957:
3950:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3837:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3749:
3742:
3721:Geranopterus
3719:
3696:
3689:Eocoraciidae
3673:
3665:Paracoracias
3663:
3653:
3642:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3511:Berenicornis
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3468:
3458:
3425:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3359:
3338:Laurillardia
3336:
3189:Picocoraciae
3172:
3167:Septentrogon
3165:
3155:
3148:
3140:Pharomachrus
3138:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3104:
3094:
3087:
3077:
3070:
3028:
3017:
3007:
3000:Leptosomidae
2950:Infraclass:
2874:
2862:
2844:
2825:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2771:
2765:
2758:
2746:. Retrieved
2742:
2733:
2714:
2708:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2516:(5): 1–156.
2513:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2490:
2486:
2477:
2473:
2427:
2423:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2351:
2342:
2320:(1): 23–31.
2317:
2313:
2307:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2151:
2144:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2118:
2111:
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2085:
2072:
2045:
2041:
1995:
1991:
1963:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1941:
1932:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1812:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1766:
1760:
1754:
1746:
1716:(1): 29–44.
1713:
1709:
1705:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1611:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1538:
1519:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:C. torquatus
1332:
1326:
1313:
1307:
1283:
1281:
1278:Intelligence
1271:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1207:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1154:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1107:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1033:
1021:
1020:
1005:
1001:
989:
981:
977:
974:Amazon basin
961:
957:
953:
951:
945:
923:
917:
916:
913:, Costa Rica
910:
876:
864:C. grammicus
863:
855:
853:
848:
844:
814:
810:
806:
796:
794:
784:
762:
740:
718:
696:
674:
652:
630:
608:
586:
564:
542:
509:
485:
462:C. torquatus
461:
458:C. loricatus
457:
451:
446:
438:
430:
412:
408:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
371:
360:
356:
352:
328:
324:
321:C. castaneus
320:
312:
297:
295:
290:
278:
271:type species
262:
260:
249:
221:
215:
210:
189:
188:
187:
180:
169:Gmelin, 1788
162:
156:Type species
140:
139:
44:
24:
18:
5577:Bird genera
5505:iNaturalist
5438:Wikispecies
5353:Veniliornis
5346:Sphyrapicus
5304:Dendropicos
5290:Dendrocopos
5283:Chloropicus
5274:Melanerpini
5249:Campephilus
5242:Blythipicus
5180:Geocolaptes
5102:Hemicircini
5082:Nesoctitini
4947:Palaeopicus
4840:See below ↓
4820:Prodotiscus
4691:Caloramphus
4671:Tricholaema
4657:Stactolaema
4622:Cryptolybia
4588:Capitonides
4569:Capitonidae
4439:Brachygalba
4384:Malacoptila
4370:Hapaloptila
4294:Oligosylphe
4156:Palaeotodus
4063:Todiramphus
4056:Tanysiptera
4042:Pelargopsis
3977:Halcyoninae
3925:Corythornis
3902:Alcedininae
3893:Alcedinidae
3839:Miocoracias
3792:Uratelornis
3560:Penelopides
3539:Horizocerus
3532:Ceratogymna
3481:Bucerotidae
3400:Phoeniculus
3393:Phirriculus
3256:See below ↓
3236:See below ↓
3207:See below ↓
3150:Primotrogon
3106:Foshanornis
3045:Eucavitaves
2921:woodpeckers
2917:kingfishers
2078:Gill, Frank
1915:11336/27098
1828:12 November
1782:12 November
1652:: 182–191.
1353:C. galeatus
1345:C. galeatus
1239:C. galeatus
1210:woodpeckers
1038:crepuscular
1034:C. galeatus
879:woodpeckers
831:Description
519:Common name
495:capable of
489:sister taxa
424:Pleistocene
405:homogeneity
402:Postcranial
325:C. galeatus
5566:Categories
5367:Yungipicus
5332:Melanerpes
5208:Pardipicus
5194:Meiglyptes
5131:Campethera
5111:Hemicircus
5091:Nesoctites
5024:Verreauxia
4988:Picumninae
4957:Piculoides
4813:Melignomon
4746:Selenidera
4739:Ramphastos
4698:Psilopogon
4650:Pogonornis
4643:Pogoniulus
4629:Gymnobucco
4615:Buccanodon
4467:Jacamerops
4430:Galbulidae
4412:Notharchus
4347:Bucconidae
4309:Sylphornis
4205:Piciformes
3986:Actenoides
3966:Megaceryle
3873:Nyctyornis
3829:Eurystomus
3803:Coraciidae
3785:Geobiastes
3744:Primobucco
3698:Eocoracias
3655:Cryptornis
3581:Rhyticeros
3546:Lophoceros
3525:Bycanistes
3497:Anorrhinus
3451:Bucorvidae
3247:Piciformes
3133:Paratrogon
3096:Euptilotis
3079:Apaloderma
3063:Trogonidae
3030:Waltonavis
3009:Leptosomus
2952:Neognathae
2907:Genera of
2493:(1): 37–44
1435:The Condor
1363:References
1337:C. obrieni
1251:C. elegans
1231:passerines
1219:trajectory
1151:monogamous
1066:C. obrieni
1042:arthropods
1024:filled an
992:) prefers
892:scansorial
888:zygodactyl
872:morphology
501:allopatric
478:Quaternary
468:3.1 - 4.0
384:C. obrieni
365:Subspecies
329:C. obrieni
261:The genus
211:C. obrieni
110:Piciformes
5318:Leiopicus
5311:Dryobates
5173:Gecinulus
5166:Dryocopus
5071:Pliopicus
4927:Breacopus
4799:Indicator
4766:Semnornis
4540:Picavidae
4336:Jacamatia
4230:Homalopus
4132:Protornis
4115:Hylomanes
4078:Momotidae
4007:Clytoceyx
3993:Caridonax
3943:Cerylinae
3884:Alcedines
3859:Meropogon
3850:Meropidae
3815:Chehuenia
3771:Atelornis
3574:Rhinoplax
3470:Euroceros
3157:Priotelus
3113:Harpactes
2979:Cavitaves
2964:Cavitaves
2932:Kingdom:
2913:hornbills
2158:10 August
2125:10 August
2092:10 August
2042:Ecography
1377:"Picidae"
1247:C. flavus
1204:Headaches
994:dry Chaco
884:pygostyle
843:formerly
497:dispersal
482:gene flow
421:limestone
380:Tocantins
333:monotypic
317:polytypic
302:subfamily
181:See text
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
5423:Wikidata
5339:Picoides
5159:Dinopium
5152:Colaptes
5008:Sasiinae
4997:Picumnus
4968:Jynginae
4718:Andigena
4606:Lybiidae
4419:Nystalus
4377:Hypnelus
4108:Eumomota
4101:Electron
4035:Melidora
3932:Ispidina
3822:Coracias
3553:Ocyceros
3460:Bucorvus
3442:Buceroti
3418:Upupidae
3089:Eotrogon
2940:Chordata
2938:Phylum:
2934:Animalia
2805:15 March
2777:15 March
2748:15 March
2693:24101628
2637:22046293
2597:PLOS ONE
2571:22173310
2530:40166747
2497:14 March
2402:16635580
2357:12 March
2292:23838811
2249:15 March
2224:9 August
2202:9 August
2180:9 August
2020:85421020
1947:15 March
1924:18767414
1854:12 March
1738:21596145
1676:28890006
1572:(1840).
1546:(1831).
1457:84327719
1316:amicable
1194:preening
1186:Arboreal
1147:polygamy
1113:Breeding
986:Savannas
745:Brazil.
499:to form
454:Pliocene
427:sinkhole
376:mist net
337:taxonomy
257:Taxonomy
175:Species
116:Family:
90:Chordata
86:Phylum:
80:Animalia
66:Domain:
5497:2478432
5453:Avibase
5429:Q135923
5215:Piculus
5035:Picinae
4893:Picidae
4831:Picidae
4781:Picides
4595:Eubucco
4549:Picavus
4526:Miopico
4453:Galbula
4405:Nonnula
4320:Galbuli
4144:Todidae
4122:Momotus
4087:Aspatha
4021:Halcyon
4000:Cittura
3518:Buceros
2962:Clade:
2956:Clade:
2944:Class:
2909:trogons
2684:4027416
2628:3202538
2605:Bibcode
2452:1937215
2432:Bibcode
2424:Ecology
2382:Bibcode
2322:Bibcode
2314:Ostrich
2050:Bibcode
2000:Bibcode
1718:Bibcode
1654:Bibcode
1387:26 July
1288:parrots
1074:Picidae
1030:diurnal
1017:Feeding
998:Cerrado
980:genus.
972:. The
927:mimicry
897:bipedal
890:, with
839:Female
493:species
447:Eurasia
431:Picidae
417:Bahamas
359:, in
345:species
309:Picidae
305:Picinae
226:plumage
199:Picidae
147:F. Boie
136:Genus:
126:Tribe:
120:Picidae
106:Order:
96:Class:
5549:724182
5536:315361
5523:553532
5444:Celeus
5414:Celeus
5138:Celeus
5122:Picini
4636:Lybius
4578:Capito
4398:Monasa
4271:Neanis
4028:Lacedo
4014:Dacelo
3952:Ceryle
3911:Alcedo
3866:Merops
3588:Tockus
3490:Aceros
3174:Trogon
2868:
2851:
2832:
2721:
2691:
2681:
2635:
2625:
2569:
2528:
2450:
2400:
2290:
2018:
1970:
1922:
1888:Celeus
1736:
1706:Celeus
1674:
1623:
1526:
1455:
1284:Celeus
1272:Celeus
1259:Celeus
1255:Celeus
1235:Celeus
1198:anting
1190:Celeus
1182:Celeus
1171:Celeus
1155:Celeus
1139:Celeus
1134:Celeus
1098:Celeus
1094:Celeus
1089:Celeus
1078:anvils
1070:Celeus
1060:) and
1050:Celeus
1046:larvae
1022:Celeus
982:Celeus
978:Celeus
970:Panama
918:Celeus
856:Celeus
847:- now
486:Celeus
439:Celeus
419:in a
409:Celeus
398:does.
396:Celeus
392:Celeus
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