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2597:
314:
of the kings of the Shang in their temple names. These consisted of a relational term ('father', 'mother', 'grandfather', 'grandmother') which was added to one of the ten Stems—e.g. 'Grandfather Jia'. These names are often found on Shang bronzes designating whom the bronze was honoring (and on which
319:, who specialized in ancient Chinese bronzes, believes that the Stems were chosen posthumously through divination. Some historians think the ruling class of the Shang had ten clans, but it is not clear whether their society reflected the myth or vice versa. Their association with the concepts of
275:
as the names of the ten days of the week. They were also used in Shang-era rituals in the names of dead family members, who were offered sacrifices on the corresponding day of the Shang week. Stems are no longer used as names for the days of the week, but have acquired many other uses. Most
1028:
355:
The literal meanings of the characters were, and are now, roughly as follows. Among the modern meanings, those deriving from the characters' position in the sequence of
Heavenly Stems are in italics.
671:) are used to indicate the larger and the smaller parties to a legal contract, respectively—and are sometimes used as synonyms for such. This use is also common in the Korean IT industry.
2192:
1839:
352:
systems. These would have been used to track the moon's progression along its monthly circuit, in conjunction with the earthly branches referring to its phase.
2457:
1321:
1308:
1239:
1191:
1165:
1146:
1116:
1011:
1984:
1397:
2275:
680:(1810–1882) developed a system using the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches to stand in for Latin letters in their use as labels for
887:; 'excellence') inserted prior to the Heavenly Stems in the list—i.e. the American grades A, B, C, D and F correspond to
1361:
1261:
2641:
1934:
955:
795:
752:
radical may be added to any of the aforementioned character to indicate the upper case form of the corresponding letter: e.g.
229:
98:
315:
day of the week their rites would have been performed, that day matching the day designated by their name). The sinologist
2636:
2280:
2218:
2011:
261:
2118:
1446:
1254:
Linguistics of the Sino-Tibetan Area: The State of the Art: Papers
Presented to Paul K. Benedict for his 71st Birthday
325:
2631:
2452:
2093:
1602:
1156:
Barnard, Noel (1986). "A New
Approach to the Study of Clan-Sign Inscriptions of Shang". In Kwang-chih Chang (ed.).
1307:
Smith, Adam (2011). "The
Chinese sexagenary cycle and the ritual origins of the calendar". In Steele, John (ed.).
2222:
1249:
2155:
1698:
1639:
1535:
2103:
1972:
1390:
929:
1929:
1553:
310:); the Heavenly Stems are conjectured to be the names for each of these ten suns. They were found in the
296:
Some scholars believe the
Heavenly Stems, and the associated ten-day week, are connected to a story from
2568:
2563:
2330:
681:
349:
2556:
2437:
2320:
2145:
2053:
1671:
1565:
1481:
1271:
1158:
Studies of Shang
Archaeology: Selected Papers from the International Conference on Shang Civilization
333:
332:
Jonathan Smith has proposed that the heavenly stems predate the Shang and originally referred to ten
2519:
2290:
2252:
2088:
2038:
1888:
1866:
1861:
1807:
1737:
1705:
159:
2026:
1327:
1201:
Chang Tai-Ping (1978). "The role of the t'ien-kan ti-chih terms in the naming system of the Yin".
136:
2610:
2427:
2325:
2048:
1991:
1962:
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1747:
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1451:
1317:
1287:
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1187:
1175:
1161:
1142:
1112:
1007:
344:
characters were drawings; he identifies similarities between these and asterisms in the later
297:
1093:
1002:, ed. (1991). "The Quest for Eternity in Ancient China: The Dead, Their Gifts, Their Names".
2447:
2187:
2177:
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1802:
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1742:
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1548:
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1210:
1179:
1048:
950:
285:
281:
277:
70:
47:
1252:(1985). "A Note on the Origins of the Chinese Duodenary Cycle". In Thurgood, Graham (ed.).
2477:
2472:
2403:
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2232:
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2140:
2058:
2043:
1979:
1967:
1957:
1903:
1834:
1824:
1757:
1720:
1661:
1624:
1577:
1572:
1353:
1232:
The
Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China, ca. 1200-1045 B.C
999:
647:
In Korea and Japan, the
Heavenly Stems are used in legal documents: the Korean renderings
316:
2257:
2031:
173:
2442:
2300:
2165:
2150:
2108:
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2021:
2016:
1939:
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1486:
1222:
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272:
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1004:
Ancient
Mortuary Traditions of China: Papers on Chinese Ceramic Funerary sculptures
933:
394:
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320:
126:
77:
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prominently, they have been used in conjunction with the associated set of twelve
1106:
2487:
2413:
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2133:
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1792:
1607:
1214:
1052:
747:
677:
640:
452:
311:
17:
1291:
1182:(1978). "T'ien kan: a key to the history of the Shang". In Roy, David (ed.).
1006:. Far Eastern Art Council, Los Angeles County Museum of Art. pp. 16–17.
2580:
2544:
2512:
2408:
2387:
2367:
1491:
1310:
Calendars and Years II: Astronomy and Time in the
Ancient and Medieval World
925:
921:
91:
700:
are represented by the twelve Earthly Branches, and the final four letters
300:
where ten suns appeared in the sky, whose order comprised a ten-day cycle (
2575:
2551:
2372:
2128:
1406:
937:
799:
622:
337:
112:
1299:
861:
813:
643:, similarly to the way the alphabet is used in languages like English.
517:
133:
192:
2362:
1234:. Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, University of California.
553:
264:
indigenous to China and used throughout East Asia, first attested
206:
639:
The Heavenly Stems remain widely used as ordinals throughout the
2492:
1379:
1139:
The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China
141:
1375:
1256:. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 85–89.
406:
words related to beetles, crustaceans, fingernails, toenails
1160:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 141–206.
117:
103:
1186:. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 13–42.
82:
660:
648:
234:
2532:
2396:
2350:
2339:
2309:
2266:
2201:
2004:
1950:
1917:
1500:
1439:
1413:
1033:地支 as Lunar Phases and Their Coordination with the
928:, the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches form the
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228:
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191:
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172:
158:
153:
132:
125:
111:
97:
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69:
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46:
41:
32:
1037:天干 as Ecliptic Asterisms in a China before Anyang"
360:
178:
164:
329:developed following the collapse of the Shang.
1141:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
974:
1391:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
787:
777:
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757:
735:
729:
723:
717:
52:
8:
1184:Ancient China: Studies in Early Civilization
666:
654:
211:
197:
1111:(in Chinese). 獨立作家－新銳文創. pp. 147–148.
692:are represented by the ten Heavenly Stems,
2596:
2347:
1508:
1398:
1384:
1376:
363:
220:
61:
967:
29:
27:System of ten ordinals native to China
1354:"Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches"
986:
877:Students' grades in Taiwan, with the
284:, an important feature of historical
7:
25:
2606:
2605:
2595:
1316:. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 1–37.
2458:English and British regnal year
1364:from the original on 2020-06-21
1084:Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1979.
956:Organic nomenclature in Chinese
741:
142:
118:
104:
879:
870:
853:
839:
822:
808:
684:. In Li's system, the letters
667:
655:
306:
235:
179:
83:
53:
1:
265:
1082:Reading and Writing Chinese.
740:('human') respectively. The
1105:Yang Ziqiang (楊自強) (2017).
1027:Smith, Jonathan M. (2011).
796:Names for organic chemicals
661:
649:
2658:
932:of Chinese metaphysics in
676:The Chinese mathematician
2591:
1511:
1230:Keightley, David (2000).
1215:10.1017/S0362502800005897
1053:10.1017/S0362502800000274
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60:
37:
1107:
2642:Chinese character lists
1526:Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)
2557:Dungeons & Dragons
1963:Ethiopian and Eritrean
682:mathematical variables
606:'to trust with office'
572:'to offend superiors'
165:
2569:The Lord of the Rings
2276:Hanke–Henry Permanent
1358:Hong Kong Observatory
1272:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
1137:Allan, Sarah (1991).
350:Twenty-Eight Mansions
1080:William McNaughton.
860:Sports leagues—e.g.
559:'age' (of a person)
269: 1250 BCE
230:Revised Romanization
2637:Eastern esotericism
2281:International Fixed
2219:Proleptic Gregorian
1840:Slavic Native Faith
1095:(pages 147 and 148)
975:Jonathan Smith 2011
716:are represented by
536:'thread on a loom'
260:) are a system of
160:Vietnamese alphabet
1951:Christian variants
1176:Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin
486:'fourth' (ordinal)
481:'nail' (fastener)
426:'second' (ordinal)
342:oracle bone script
2632:Chinese calendars
2619:
2618:
2601:List of calendars
2528:
2527:
2227:historiographical
2094:French Republican
2000:
1999:
1758:Manipuri (Meitei)
1323:978-1-84217-987-1
1241:978-1-55729-070-0
1193:978-962-201-144-1
1180:Chang, Kwang-chih
1167:978-0-300-03578-0
1148:978-0-7914-0459-1
1118:978-986-94864-1-5
1013:978-0-87587-157-8
989:, pp. 36–38.
632:
631:
460:'third' (ordinal)
390:'first' (ordinal)
340:, of which their
298:Chinese mythology
286:Chinese calendars
250:
249:
242:
241:
149:
148:
99:Yale Romanization
71:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
2649:
2609:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2463:Human (Holocene)
2448:Chinese Imperial
2348:
2268:Reform proposals
2223:Proleptic Julian
1985:Eastern Orthodox
1615:Germanic heathen
1593:Earthly Branches
1509:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1326:. Archived from
1315:
1303:
1280:Early China News
1278:as Phonograms".
1267:
1245:
1226:
1197:
1171:
1152:
1123:
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1102:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1000:Kuwayama, George
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
951:Chinese numerals
916:
915:
910:
909:
904:
903:
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897:
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891:
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824:
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743:
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738:
733:
732:
727:
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721:
720:
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711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
670:
669:
664:
658:
657:
652:
618:
595:
569:
552:'evening star' (
549:
533:
513:
478:
448:
418:
382:
358:
308:
303:
282:sexagenary cycle
280:in the compound
278:Earthly Branches
270:
267:
238:
237:
221:
215:
214:
201:
200:
182:
181:
168:
145:
144:
121:
120:
107:
106:
86:
85:
62:
56:
55:
30:
21:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2587:
2524:
2478:Nirayana system
2404:Ab urbe condita
2392:
2344:
2342:
2335:
2314:
2312:
2305:
2262:
2213:anthropological
2197:
1996:
1980:Liturgical year
1946:
1913:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1435:
1409:
1404:
1367:
1365:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1313:
1306:
1270:
1264:
1248:
1242:
1229:
1200:
1194:
1174:
1168:
1155:
1149:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1109:
1108:李善蘭: 改變近代中國的科學家
1104:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1079:
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1026:
1025:
1021:
1014:
998:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
964:
947:
864:is rendered as
783:
773:
763:
753:
745:
734:('earth'), and
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
637:
385:'turtle shell'
317:David Keightley
294:
268:
258:Celestial Stems
154:Vietnamese name
28:
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2475:
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2453:Chinese Minguo
2450:
2445:
2443:Before Present
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1940:Calendar round
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65:Transcriptions
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33:Heavenly Stems
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18:Celestial stem
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2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2612:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2559:
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2518:
2514:
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2449:
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2444:
2441:
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2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Anno Martyrum
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2412:
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2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
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2343:and numbering
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2259:
2258:'Pataphysical
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2200:
2194:
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2173:
2169:
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2159:
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2147:
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2139:
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2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
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2100:
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2077:
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2067:
2065:
2062:
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2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Tōnalpōhualli
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
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1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
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1956:
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1949:
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1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
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1806:
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1801:
1799:
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1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Vikram Samvat
1779:
1777:
1774:
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1635:Vikram Samvat
1633:
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1359:
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1346:
1333:on 2011-08-13
1329:
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1319:
1312:
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1293:
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1281:
1277:
1274:(1995). "The
1273:
1269:
1265:
1263:0-85883-319-0
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Norman, Jerry
1247:
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961:
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944:
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935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
882:
876:
873:
863:
859:
856:
854:yǐxíng gānyán
846:
842:
832:
828:
825:
815:
811:
801:
797:
794:
749:
683:
679:
675:
674:
663:
651:
646:
645:
644:
642:
635:Current usage
634:
627:
624:
620:
615:
611:
605:
603:'to shoulder'
602:
601:
600:
597:
592:
588:
582:
579:
576:
575:
574:
571:
566:
562:
558:
555:
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546:
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458:
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454:
450:
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423:
420:
415:
411:
405:
402:
399:
396:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
379:
375:
367:
361:Heavenly Stem
359:
356:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
327:
322:
318:
313:
309:
299:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
274:
273:Shang dynasty
263:
259:
255:
245:
233:
231:
227:
222:
218:
210:
208:
204:
196:
194:
190:
185:
177:
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167:
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161:
157:
152:
140:
138:
135:
131:
128:
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116:
114:
110:
102:
100:
96:
93:
89:
81:
79:
75:
72:
68:
63:
59:
51:
49:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2579:
2567:
2564:Middle-earth
2555:
2543:
2313:applications
2311:Displays and
2221: /
2202:By specialty
2171:
2032:Xiuhpōhualli
1930:Mesoamerican
1776:Nepal Sambat
1597:
1447:Astronomical
1366:. Retrieved
1357:
1335:. Retrieved
1328:the original
1309:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1253:
1231:
1206:
1202:
1183:
1157:
1138:
1130:Bibliography
1100:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1003:
994:
982:
970:
934:Qimen Dunjia
930:four pillars
878:
869:
852:
838:
821:
807:
728:('Heaven'),
722:('matter'),
638:
489:'male adult'
421:'fish guts'
395:methyl group
354:
331:
324:
321:yin and yang
305:
295:
257:
253:
251:
127:Southern Min
78:Hanyu Pinyin
42:Chinese name
2414:Anno Domini
2383:Regnal year
2378:Regnal name
2351:Terminology
2341:Year naming
2296:Symmetry454
2146:Pentecontad
2069:Culāsakaraj
2054:Cappadocian
1786:Yele Sambat
1672:Zoroastrian
1566:Bangladeshi
1504:limited use
1482:Solar Hijri
1477:Lunar Hijri
1440:In wide use
1203:Early China
1066:January 29,
1047:: 199–228.
1041:Early China
845:Hepatitis B
831:Hepatitis A
621:'grass for
498:'to strike'
431:ethyl group
372:Additional
346:Four Images
312:given names
271:during the
187:Korean name
2626:Categories
2520:Vietnamese
2433:Anno Mundi
2423:Anno Lucis
2418:Common Era
2321:Electronic
2291:Positivist
2253:Discordian
2243:Dreamspell
2178:Sexagenary
2119:Macedonian
2089:Florentine
2039:Babylonian
2005:Historical
1935:Long Count
1889:Vietnamese
1845:Macedonian
1808:Nanakshahi
1738:Lithuanian
1608:Solar term
1368:2018-11-04
1337:2011-06-10
987:Allan 1991
678:Li Shanlan
641:Sinosphere
583:'toilsome'
495:'T-shaped'
336:along the
2581:Star Trek
2545:Discworld
2540:Discworld
2533:Fictional
2409:Anka year
2388:Year zero
2368:Leap year
2326:Perpetual
2049:Byzantine
1768:Mongolian
1748:Malayalam
1492:Unix time
1467:Gregorian
1462:Ethiopian
1426:Lunisolar
1407:Calendars
1292:0362-5028
1286:: 29–30.
1223:161397647
1209:: 45–48.
1061:132200641
926:feng shui
922:astrology
598:'burden'
580:'piquant'
501:a surname
453:fish tail
334:asterisms
166:thiên can
143:thian-kan
119:tin1 gon1
2611:Category
2576:Stardate
2552:Greyhawk
2483:Seleucid
2468:Japanese
2438:Assyrian
2373:New Year
2209:Holocene
2161:Rapa Nui
2134:Tzolkʼin
2099:Germanic
2079:Egyptian
1815:Romanian
1793:Nisg̱a'a
1753:Mandaean
1743:Maithili
1716:Javanese
1711:Japanese
1666:medieval
1620:Georgian
1531:Assyrian
1521:Armenian
1452:Buddhist
1362:Archived
1300:23351501
1035:Tian Gan
945:See also
938:Daliuren
800:methanol
742:⼝
623:libation
577:'bitter'
492:'robust'
463:'bright'
400:'helmet'
369:Original
364:Meaning
338:ecliptic
262:ordinals
252:The ten
236:cheongan
113:Jyutping
2508:Dvapara
2488:Spanish
2397:Systems
2247:New Age
2237:Martian
2193:Turkmen
2188:Swedish
2074:Coligny
2012:Arabian
1973:Revised
1879:Tripuri
1874:Tibetan
1830:Sesotho
1803:Punjabi
1763:Melanau
1733:Kurdish
1699:Tabular
1689:Islamic
1657:Iranian
1588:Chinese
1583:Burmese
1561:Bengali
1549:Pawukon
1502:In more
1457:Chinese
1414:Systems
862:Serie A
814:ethanol
809:jiǎchún
786:→
776:→
766:→
756:→
744:
539:'self'
518:halberd
436:'twist'
403:'armor'
174:Chữ Hán
134:Hokkien
105:tīn gōn
84:tiāngān
48:Chinese
2473:Korean
2233:Darian
2183:Soviet
2156:Qumran
2141:Muisca
2059:Celtic
2044:Bulgar
1992:Saints
1968:Julian
1958:Coptic
1904:Yoruba
1835:Slavic
1825:Somali
1772:Nepal
1721:Korean
1683:Gaelic
1662:Jalali
1625:Hebrew
1603:Minguo
1578:Borana
1573:Berber
1536:Baháʼí
1320:
1298:
1290:
1276:Ganzhi
1260:
1238:
1221:
1190:
1164:
1145:
1115:
1059:
1031:Di Zhi
1010:
823:yǐchún
798:—e.g.
659:) and
466:'fire'
326:wuxing
292:Origin
193:Hangul
2503:Treta
2498:Satya
2493:Yugas
2363:Epoch
2301:World
2166:Roman
2151:Pisan
2129:Haabʼ
2109:Hindu
2104:Greek
2084:Enoch
2022:Aztec
2017:Attic
1925:Runic
1918:Types
1899:Xhosa
1894:Wicca
1867:solar
1862:lunar
1852:Tamil
1820:Shona
1726:Juche
1694:Fasli
1679:Irish
1647:Hmong
1630:Hindu
1545:Bali
1540:Badí‘
1472:Hindu
1431:Solar
1421:Lunar
1331:(PDF)
1314:(PDF)
1296:JSTOR
1219:S2CID
1057:S2CID
1029:"The
962:Notes
871:Yìjiǎ
748:MOUTH
554:Venus
207:Hanja
2513:Kali
2331:Wall
2172:Rumi
2124:Maya
2114:Inca
2064:Cham
1909:Zulu
1884:Tulu
1857:Thai
1798:Odia
1706:Jain
1652:Igbo
1640:Saka
1554:Saka
1516:Akan
1318:ISBN
1288:ISSN
1258:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1068:2022
1008:ISBN
936:and
924:and
911:and
849:乙型肝炎
835:甲型肝炎
712:and
348:and
323:and
256:(or
2358:Era
2286:Pax
1487:ISO
1211:doi
1049:doi
920:In
880:yōu
847:: (
843:),
812:),
662:eul
650:gap
613:10
307:xún
137:POJ
2628::
1360:.
1356:.
1294:.
1282:.
1217:.
1205:.
1178:;
1055:.
1045:33
1043:.
1039:.
905:,
899:,
893:,
868:;
866:意甲
857:).
851:;
837:;
826:).
820:;
818:乙醇
806:;
804:甲醇
782:,
772:;
762:,
708:,
704:,
696:–
688:–
628:—
590:9
564:8
556:)
544:7
528:6
523:—
508:5
473:4
455:'
443:3
413:2
377:1
304:;
288:.
266:c.
213:天干
199:천간
180:天干
54:天干
2584:)
2578:(
2572:)
2566:(
2560:)
2554:(
2548:)
2542:(
2416:/
1399:e
1392:t
1385:v
1371:.
1340:.
1302:.
1284:8
1266:.
1244:.
1225:.
1213::
1207:4
1196:.
1170:.
1151:.
1121:.
1070:.
1051::
1016:.
977:.
940:.
917:.
914:丁
908:丙
902:乙
896:甲
890:優
885:優
883:(
874:.
833:(
816:(
802:(
792:.
789:叮
784:D
779:丁
774:d
769:呷
764:A
759:甲
754:a
750:'
746:'
737:人
731:地
725:天
719:物
714:z
710:y
706:x
702:w
698:v
694:k
690:j
686:a
668:乙
665:(
656:甲
653:(
625:'
617:癸
594:壬
568:辛
548:庚
532:己
520:'
516:'
512:戊
477:丁
451:'
447:丙
433:'
429:'
417:乙
397:'
393:'
381:甲
302:旬
20:)
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