1367:
2442:
2736:
1580:
2166:) were used when there were characters that were phonetically close to a native Vietnamese word's pronunciation would be used as a chữ Nôm character. Most chữ Hán characters that were used for Vietnamese words were often used for their Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations rather than their meaning which could be completely different from the actual word being used. These characters were called chữ giả tá (phonetic loan characters), due to them being borrowed phonetically. This was one reason why it was preferred to create a chữ Nôm character rather than using a chữ Hán character causing confusion between pronunciations.
1027:
1351:
1335:
1640:
1042:
1600:
8238:
1411:
1193:
33:
1177:
2667:
2649:
298:
1434:; 1965). Students could begin learning Chinese characters in secondary school. The department dealing with Literary Chinese and Chinese characters was called Ban Hán-tự D. Students could either chose to learn a second language such as English and French or choose to learn Literary Chinese. Exams for Literary Chinese mainly tested students on their ability to translate Literary Chinese to Vietnamese. These exams typically took around 2 hours.
2631:
1661:
8262:
8250:
991:) where it initially described a calligraphic style of writing Chinese characters. Over time, however, the term evolved and broadened in scope, eventually coming to refer to the Chinese script in general. This meaning came from the viewpoint that the script belonged to followers of Confucianism. This is further shown with Neo-Confucianism becoming the state ideology of the
257:
4208:
In the past, like
Japanese and Korean people, Vietnamese people adopted and used official and variant characters imported from China, but they also created their own variant characters. By analysing the Chinese character variants in the book titled The Complete Secrets for Buddhist Monks in Practice
1188:
Today, Chinese characters can still be seen adorned in temples and old buildings. Chữ Hán is now relegated to obscurity and cultural aspects of
Vietnam. During Vietnamese festivals, calligraphists will write some couplets written in Chinese characters wishing prosperity and longevity. Calligraphists
1236:
In my childhood, under the guidance of my elders and conforming to the customs, I first studied the "Three
Character Classic" and various histories of the Three Emperors. Afterward, I delved into the classics and their commentaries, honing my skills in calligraphy and writing, aiming to conform to
3055:
Discussing the history of translation in
Vietnam without mentioning the history of the Vietnamese written languages would be a mistake because the systems of written language in Vietnam passed through three stages: Chữ Hán (Chinese characters), Nôm (ideograms specific to Vietnam) and Chữ quốc ngữ
1668:
Owing to historical contact with
Chinese characters before the adoption of Chinese characters and how they were adapted into Vietnamese, multiple readings can exist for a single character. While most characters usually have one or two pronunciations, some characters can have up to as many as four
1104:. It was during this era, that the Red River Delta was under direct Chinese rule for about a millennium. Around this time, Chinese characters became widespread in northern Vietnam. Government documents, literature, and religious texts such as Buddhist sutras were all written in Literary Chinese (
1453:
In
Vietnam, many provinces and cities have names that come from Sino-Vietnamese words and were written using Chinese characters. This was done because historically the government administration needed to have a way to write down these names, as some native names did not have characters. Even
1708:
would be used. But typically, knowing what readings was not a large problem due to context and compound words. Most Sino-Vietnamese words are restricted to being in compound words. Readings for chữ Hán, often classified into Sino-Vietnamese readings and Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings.
2941:
Hán tự is an uncommon term for
Chinese characters. In late 19th-early 20th century and modern-day Vietnamese, chữ Hán, along with chữ Nho and chữ Tàu, have been the dominant terms for "Chinese characters". Hán tự started being used due to its perceived archaism and its
3586:
For most CNs, the choice of the phonetic component is based completely on the Sino-Vietnamese (SV) readings (Cách đọc Hán Việt 漢越音) of the
Chinese characters, so the creation of CNs must have occurred later than the formation of SV readings (Nguyễn,
2461:
Some chữ Hán characters were simplified into variants of characters that were easier to write, but they are not the same simplified characters used by current-day
Chinese. According to Trịnh Khắc Mạnh, when he analysed the early 13th century book,
1232:
Tôi hồi tuổi nhỏ nghe các bậc quân tử đời trước theo lệ thường dạy mà dạy bảo, trước hết đọc Tam tự kinh và các sử đời Tam Hoàng, tiếp theo thì đọc kinh truyện, tập lối chữ nghĩa cử nghiệp thời thượng, sao cho hợp trường quy để được làm quan mà
1366:
1713:
migrated to
Vietnam. Most of these readings were food related as Cantonese Chinese had introduced their food into Vietnam. Borrowings from Old Chinese are also referred to as Early Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations according to Mark Alves.
2466:(Thích thị Bảo đỉnh hành trì bí chỉ toàn chương). He found that the number of character variants is double the number of variants borrowed from China. This means that Vietnamese variant characters may differ from Chinese variants and
1748:
was used for formal government documents. Around this, the Japanese and Koreans also borrowed large amount of characters into their languages and derived consistent pronunciations, these pronunciations are collectively known as the
1189:
that are skilled in calligraphy are called ông đồ. This is especially reflected in the poem, Ông đồ, by Vũ Đình Liên. The poem talks about the ông đồ during Tết and how the art of Vietnamese calligraphy is no longer appreciated.
4312:
For example, the character Phật/Fó 佛 'Buddha' is written 𠏹 (亻+西+國 = person from western country) or 𫢋 (亻+ 天 = heavenly person), not 𠑵 (西域哲人 = wise person from western region) and 仸 (亻+ 夭 = ogreish person) as it is in Chinese
1128:
and used its teachings to implement laws in the country. The spread of Confucianism meant the spread of Chinese characters, thus the name for Chinese characters in Vietnamese is called chữ Nho (literally: 'Confucian characters;
2920:
3766:Ở phần phân tích chữ Nôm, còn có trường hợp âm đọc bắt nguồn từ âm Hán Việt cổ hoặc âm Hán Việt Việt hóa, nhưng hiện nay chưa có đẩy đủ cứ liệu, cho nên, chúng tôi tạm xếp các trường hợp đó vào kiểu chữ Nôm đọc chệch âm.
1285:
rhyme. These books gave students a foundation to start learning more difficult texts that involved longer sentences and more difficult grammatical structures in Literary Chinese. Students would study texts such as
1165:. During this time, the French language was used for the administration. The French officials favoured Vietnamese being written in the Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters were still being taught in classes (in
1160:
It was until in the 20th century that Chinese characters alongside chữ Nôm began to fall into disuse. The French Indo-Chinese administration sought to westernise and modernise Vietnam by abolishing the
1391:) that took place from 1906 to 1919, there were three grades of education. Students would start learning Chinese characters beginning from the age of 6. The first grade level was called ấu học (
1116:
from China and onward, Literary Chinese still remained as the official language for writing whether if it was government documents or literature. Every succeeding dynasty modeled their
1281:. If students read the Chinese characters only, the words will be in an alternating rhyme of three and four, but if it was read with the chữ Nôm glosses, it would be in the Vietnamese
617:
1229:
Dư đồng niên, tiên quân tử tùng tục mệnh chi, tiên độc “Tam tự kinh” cập Tam Hoàng chư sử, thứ tắc độc kinh truyện, tập thì cử nghiệp văn tự, cầu hợp trường quy, thủ thanh tử nhi dĩ.
1744:
to derive consistent pronunciations for Chinese characters. After Vietnam had regained independence, its rulers sought to build the country on the Chinese model, during this time,
549:
823:
3386:
1157:) being written with Chinese characters. With every new dynasty with the exception of two dynasties, Literary Chinese and thus Chinese characters remained in common usage.
8282:
4385:
8312:
2441:
1326:), it has four character phrases that were divided into three sections, one on Chinese history, then Vietnamese history, and lastly on words of advice on education.
3709:
If ⿱亇針 is a case of dấu cá, all the non-Sino-Vietnamese readings, namely găm, kim (and probably ghim) are possible, with no implications on Old Chinese preinitials.
1982:) are pronunciations that were not consistently derived from Middle Chinese. Typically these readings came from Old Chinese, Cantonese, and other Chinese dialects.
7027:
1162:
1117:
902:
605:
560:
1426:
until 1975. During those times, the textbooks that were used were mainly derived from colonial textbooks. There were two main textbooks, Hán-văn tân khóa bản (
1170:
784:
541:
4460:
1318:; 'precepts of Minh Đạo'). These books taught the basic sentences necessary to read Literary Chinese and taught core Confucian values and concepts such as
1295:
3292:"The Vietnamese education system during the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945) - The decline and importance of feudal education for class and national interests"
4355:
The second variant, "𫢋", occurs 15 times; for example, in the following sentence: "化為𫢋(佛)𬽪(佛)給付" ("Become Buddha, Buddha will entrust immediately" ).
1620:
Practically all surnames in Vietnamese are Sino-Vietnamese words; they were once written in Chinese characters. Such as common surnames include Nguyễn (
7059:
901:
and continued to be used until the early 20th century (111 BC – 1919 AD) where usage of Literary Chinese was abolished alongside the
816:
1664:
A comparison between Sino-Vietnamese (left) vocabulary with Mandarin and Cantonese pronunciations below and native Vietnamese vocabulary (right).
270:
3038:
8129:
4378:
3875:
3661:
3636:
3611:
3048:
1113:
4327:"Chinese character variants in Vietnam: A case study of characters in The Complete Secrets for Buddhist Monks in Practice of Precious Rites"
4180:"Chinese character variants in Vietnam: A case study of characters in The Complete Secrets for Buddhist Monks in Practice of Precious Rites"
1287:
8307:
568:
2735:
1150:
6135:
4447:
809:
4209:
of Precious Rites, we have realised that the number of variants created in Vietnam is double the number of variants adopted from China.
3120:
văn ngôn d. Ngôn ngữ sách vở, dựa trên tiếng Hán cổ, thông dụng ở Trung Quốc trước cuộc vận động Ngũ Tứ (1919); đối lập với bạch thoại.
3739:
3476:
Alves, Mark (2017). "Identifying Early Sino-Vietnamese Vocabulary via Linguistic, Historical, Archaeological, and Ethnological Data".
7897:
7853:
1344:) is a book that was used to teach children the history of Vietnam. (All of the sentences in the book are in four-character phrases.)
7883:
6992:
4162:
4134:
4109:
4084:
4059:
4034:
4009:
3984:
3460:
3180:
3155:
3132:
1701:
6229:
3343:
Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
1579:
1026:
8115:
6832:
4371:
3394:
2318:
697:
657:
460:
6555:
5816:
243:
225:
3534:
It is also known that Sino-Vietnamese readings were derived from the phonological system of Middle Chinese (MC) (Mineya 1972).
8122:
6688:
6327:
3291:
1045:
3415:
1709:
Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings are derived from Old Chinese and recent Chinese borrowings during the 17th–20th centuries when
1639:
1350:
1334:
1241:
Children around the age of 6–8 begin learning chữ Hán at schools. Students began by learning characters from books such as
8287:
6797:
6698:
6322:
5380:
3198:"The Construction of National Identity from the Perspective of the Change of Chinese Status in Vietnamese Language Policy"
2887:
2467:
1696:. The readings typically depend on the context and definition of the word. If talking about a store or goods, the reading
8228:
8302:
8108:
8087:
5375:
5150:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4442:
2405:) – Derivative cognates, characters that were derived from other characters with similar meaning, an example would that
1973:
1134:
467:
4761:
3070:"The Chinese script, Confucian script, and Nôm script: Some reflections on writing and politics in monarchical Vietnam"
1030:
7988:
7967:
6647:
6642:
6337:
6239:
4452:
2882:
1041:
880:
368:
106:
3836:
We then search for the stage where the Chữ Nôm reading and the SV reading of its phonetic component are the closest.
2959:) are the only two dynasties that used chữ Nôm officially unlike other dynasties that used Literary Chinese instead.
8055:
6652:
6219:
2914:
2897:
876:
797:
690:
484:
444:
406:
354:
297:
3961:
1599:
1414:
The cover page of Hán-văn Giáo-khoa thư, the textbook used in South Vietnam to teach Literary Chinese and chữ Hán.
1142:
6305:
6027:
5580:
5167:
4826:
4179:
2424:(Pháp, "France") is used for the name of France. Other European countries are also referred by a chữ giả tá like
1750:
1723:
1278:
472:
309:
1410:
1192:
7805:
7791:
7096:
5679:
5482:
3254:
274:
7410:
5595:
2572:
Some characters matching Simplified Chinese do exist, but these characters are rare in Vietnamese literature.
8297:
8094:
7122:
5735:
5615:
5098:
5002:
4479:
4437:
4394:
1566:
1373:
1266:
5184:
3317:
6812:
6249:
5751:
5741:
5674:
4617:
1176:
627:
612:
528:
239:
235:
221:
32:
2713:
8196:
8101:
7890:
7839:
7299:
7221:
6985:
6924:
6478:
6357:
6059:
5791:
5467:
4651:
4639:
4612:
4597:
600:
429:
391:
346:
2666:
1422:
in 1950 eliminated the use of chữ Hán and chữ Nôm. Chinese characters were still taught in schools in
1053:
7960:
7711:
7388:
6884:
6787:
6539:
6503:
5908:
5831:
5412:
5241:
5224:
4901:
4540:
1121:
5331:
5321:
4896:
4222:
3318:"Vietnamese phonology and Graphemic Borrowings from Chinese: The book of 3,000 characters Revisited"
1250:
6683:
6405:
5928:
5311:
5301:
4950:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4634:
2750:
1105:
1081:
1069:
912:
848:
761:
756:
411:
199:
191:
110:
57:
4960:
4861:
3399:Đặc biệt đến năm 1950, khi có cải cách giáo dục thì chữ Hán ra rìa hoàn toàn (chúng tôi nhấn-VTK).
2852:
The way the marker is used is very similar to how Chinese and Japanese use their iteration marker
2648:
8292:
7946:
7923:
7557:
7446:
7436:
7328:
7271:
7257:
7214:
6919:
6802:
6637:
6529:
6488:
6442:
6437:
6332:
6314:
5982:
5913:
5878:
5826:
5659:
5639:
5632:
5627:
5385:
5316:
5038:
4416:
4346:
4326:
4303:
4283:
4264:
4199:
3700:
3232:
3126:
2892:
2708:
to indicate that the current chữ Hán character is to be repeated. This is used in words that use
2325:, Chinese: liùshū), meaning six types of Chinese characters. The characters are largely based on
1644:
872:
489:
363:
289:
195:
128:
7179:
3947:
3933:
3919:
3905:
3891:
3197:
8069:
8062:
8034:
7798:
7784:
7696:
7585:
7495:
7474:
7453:
7381:
7313:
7172:
7130:
7082:
6817:
6807:
6452:
6447:
6352:
6347:
6254:
6209:
6109:
6032:
6012:
6002:
5992:
5987:
5923:
5918:
5846:
5781:
5766:
5716:
5711:
5654:
5590:
5548:
5390:
5276:
5199:
4715:
4710:
4587:
4158:
4130:
4105:
4080:
4055:
4030:
4005:
3980:
3871:
3657:
3632:
3607:
3566:"Sino-Vietnamese initials reflected in the phonetic components of 15th-century Nôm characters"
3456:
3176:
3151:
3044:
2330:
1745:
421:
386:
381:
1462:) were written in Chinese characters. Often, villages only had one word names in Vietnamese.
8203:
8141:
8041:
7995:
7981:
7939:
7814:
7760:
7741:
7675:
7667:
7653:
7646:
7571:
7367:
7342:
7278:
7250:
7236:
7165:
7151:
7068:
7041:
6978:
6889:
6792:
6614:
6457:
6084:
6064:
6054:
6049:
5933:
5689:
5622:
5610:
5575:
5570:
5553:
5492:
5457:
5417:
5219:
5214:
5162:
5113:
4997:
4931:
4871:
4821:
4766:
4683:
4661:
4646:
4592:
4582:
4516:
4338:
4295:
4256:
4244:
4191:
3827:
3690:
3577:
3525:
3224:
3212:
1125:
6862:
1660:
1448:
1181:
723:
578:
8266:
8027:
7719:
7660:
7606:
7599:
7578:
7564:
7548:
7526:
7481:
7374:
7349:
7321:
7306:
7229:
7207:
7200:
7158:
7118:
7089:
6777:
6747:
6570:
6493:
6259:
6189:
6099:
6094:
6079:
6042:
6022:
5958:
5948:
5938:
5903:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5771:
5756:
5726:
5721:
5605:
5600:
5447:
5437:
5427:
5291:
5256:
5251:
5231:
5125:
5083:
5023:
4906:
4876:
4786:
4746:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4622:
4602:
4550:
4533:
4521:
2630:
1741:
1465:
Some Sino-Vietnamese names were translated from their original names, like Tam Điệp Quan (
1303:
894:
401:
319:
138:
6224:
5407:
3815:
3513:
1311:
1258:
6374:
3782:
3492:
2877:
1732:; literally "sound Sino-Vietnamese"), which are Vietnamese systematic pronunciations of
1282:
1138:
278:
264:
167:
51:
8254:
8164:
8048:
7932:
7912:
7821:
7689:
7620:
7519:
7467:
7460:
7292:
7285:
7264:
7243:
7144:
7137:
6899:
6827:
6822:
6673:
6657:
6632:
6575:
6565:
6560:
6400:
6274:
6234:
6204:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6114:
6089:
6037:
5977:
5943:
5893:
5841:
5806:
5761:
5731:
5684:
5644:
5543:
5497:
5452:
5370:
5306:
5261:
5246:
5209:
5189:
5157:
5145:
5093:
5088:
5078:
5068:
5063:
4980:
4965:
4955:
4921:
4911:
4856:
4841:
4806:
4656:
4560:
4508:
4398:
2739:
A stele dated from 1660, on it is a poem, Miễn tử tôn hành thiện thi (勉子孫行善詩). It uses
2705:
2326:
1998:
1733:
1525:
1277:), it was designed to allow students to make the transition from Vietnamese grammar to
1037:) is a 14th-century Vietnamese semi-fictional work written in chữ Hán by Trần Thế Pháp.
748:
510:
439:
416:
203:
143:
1242:
8276:
8171:
8020:
7953:
7876:
7846:
7704:
7682:
7613:
7509:
7488:
7335:
7193:
7111:
7104:
7075:
7034:
6949:
6939:
6934:
6909:
6904:
6837:
6721:
6415:
6074:
6017:
5669:
5442:
5326:
5281:
5236:
5204:
5053:
4990:
4970:
4943:
4916:
4846:
4831:
4816:
4771:
4528:
4350:
4307:
4268:
4203:
3704:
3373:"Giáo dục Hán văn bậc tiểu học tại Việt Nam thời xưa qua trường hợp sách Tam tự kinh"
3358:"Giáo dục Hán văn bậc tiểu học tại Việt Nam thời xưa qua trường hợp sách Tam tự kinh"
3274:"Giáo dục Hán văn bậc tiểu học tại Việt Nam thời xưa qua trường hợp sách Tam tự kinh"
3236:
2709:
1423:
1419:
1166:
992:
207:
4141:
Hứa Thận định nghĩa "Lập nên một đầu loại, đồng ý cùng nhận, như chữ 考 khảo, 老 lão".
1380:). Shown is the original Chinese text above and below is the Vietnamese translation.
8242:
7627:
7592:
7533:
7020:
6782:
6678:
6591:
6483:
6384:
6194:
6007:
5972:
5953:
5888:
5883:
5776:
5664:
5538:
5462:
5402:
5271:
5266:
5177:
5172:
5108:
5048:
5028:
4985:
4975:
4926:
4811:
4791:
4781:
4629:
4607:
4565:
2977:
Native names do exist, but are rare. Some examples include Giỏi, Sen, Gái, Nễ, etc.
1737:
1319:
1169:) up to 1975, but failed to be a part of the new elementary curriculum complied by
1057:
966:
477:
5836:
2445:
This flag used by the Indochinese Communist Party, uses the simplified character,
1736:
characters. These readings were largely borrowed into Vietnamese during the late
8210:
7974:
7905:
7186:
6877:
6737:
6498:
6342:
6199:
6104:
5873:
5801:
5786:
5694:
5487:
5397:
5296:
5286:
5140:
5103:
5058:
5043:
5018:
4938:
4866:
4851:
4555:
1994:
1101:
946:
898:
863:
633:
376:
133:
70:
8261:
6867:
6842:
6410:
5853:
5343:
5338:
5194:
5135:
4776:
3695:
3678:
3092:
1710:
676:
501:
494:
4342:
4299:
4260:
4195:
3581:
3228:
3093:"Confucianism in Vietnam: A Hauntology-based Analysis of Political Discourse"
8178:
8157:
8150:
6944:
6929:
6766:
6513:
6462:
6429:
6264:
6155:
5704:
5432:
5348:
5073:
1273:). The primers were often glossed with chữ Nôm. As such with Nhất thiên tự (
1196:
A Vietnamese calligraphist practicing calligraphy written in chữ Hán during
649:
211:
6872:
4363:
3565:
3069:
2394:(vũ , "military"; "martial") which is made up of 戈 (qua, "dagger-axe") and
3433:
6914:
6894:
6857:
6852:
6732:
6693:
6534:
6293:
6178:
6069:
5811:
5699:
5649:
5520:
5033:
4836:
4796:
4577:
4570:
4421:
3816:"A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials"
3514:"A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials"
3500:
Về các âm Hán Việt, tức cách đọc bắt nguồn từ chữ Hán vào cuối đời Đường.
3299:
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation
1647:, can still be seen adorned with Chinese characters. The characters read
776:
771:
737:
730:
434:
231:
187:
3790:
Giả tá : mượn âm của một chữ Hán đọc trại đi thành âm Nôm. Thí dụ:
1407:) at this time referred to students studying in the national academies.
1387:
During the period of reformed imperial examinations (khoa cử cải lương;
1197:
7001:
6508:
6379:
6269:
6244:
6130:
5967:
5821:
5796:
5565:
5472:
5120:
4734:
4545:
2986:
This is not including Nôm readings such as hàng, hành, hăng, and ngành.
2724:(du) is repeated twice in the third line of the poem. It is written as
1077:
3831:
3529:
8002:
5746:
5558:
5477:
5422:
5130:
4801:
1545:
1065:
666:
3868:
The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
3372:
3357:
3273:
2117:
1669:
pronunciations and more. An example of this would be the character
1376:, this version specifically is called Tam tự kinh lục bát diễn âm (
1076:), parts of modern-day Northern Vietnam were incorporated into the
1060:, a leading Chinese nationalist revolutionary scholar then in Japan
6369:
6364:
6214:
5997:
5898:
5585:
4496:
4284:"Research of square scripts in Vietnam: An overview and prospects"
4245:"Research of square scripts in Vietnam: An overview and prospects"
3727:
Ví như chữ 畫 âm Hán Việt là "hoạ", âm Việt hoá phi Hán Việt là vẽ,
3213:"Research of square scripts in Vietnam: An overview and prospects"
2908:
2902:
2734:
2440:
1659:
1638:
1606:
1586:
1497:
1409:
1191:
1175:
1040:
1025:
329:
324:
183:
179:
3679:"Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology"
3345:(1st ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 192–193.
1728:
Sino-Vietnamese readings are usually referred to as âm Hán Việt (
1133:). Scholars were focused on reading Chinese classics such as the
6847:
6742:
3416:"Chương trình giáo dục và sách giáo khoa thời Việt Nam Cộng Hòa"
716:
6974:
6764:
6719:
6612:
6291:
6176:
5518:
4732:
4494:
4477:
4367:
987:
was first mentioned in Phạm Đình Hổ's essay, Vũ trung tùy bút (
4157:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. pp. 21–22.
4054:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. pp. 18–19.
4004:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. pp. 32–58.
3979:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. pp. 18–24.
3173:
Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script
3148:
Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script
2754:"Endlessly distant is that azure sky; who created its cause"
1360:), used to teach children chữ Hán and its equivalent chữ Nôm.
3037:
Evans, Jonathan; Fernandez, Fruela, eds. (April 26, 2018).
2759:
4129:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. p. 21.
4104:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. p. 20.
4079:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. p. 22.
4029:(in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. p. 19.
3056:(modern Vietnamese, written using adapted Latinate script.
2375:(đồng, "copper"; "currency") which is made up of semantic
1180:
A Vietnamese edict (1765) written in chữ Hán. It uses the
3118:(in Vietnamese). Đà Nẵng Publishing House. p. 1101.
3097:
Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of East Asia
4223:"Request to dis-unify U+722B", in UTC Document Register"
3068:
Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường; Bùi, Anh Chưởng (October 11, 2020).
2449:(top right), instead of the traditional character đảng (
923:
The main Vietnamese term used for Chinese characters is
1302:; 'elementary learning of the five-character verses'),
1052:), is a Vietnamese book written in chữ Hán, written by
3453:
The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam
2610:
phật (⿰亻天) which is a common variant of the character
2174:
Chinese character and Standard Chinese pronunciations
1221:
8226:
1237:
the rules of society and attain a respectable status.
2968:
Based on the book, Hán-văn tân giáo-khoa thư (1929).
230:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8188:
8139:
8079:
8012:
7922:
7868:
7831:
7771:
7752:
7733:
7638:
7544:
7505:
7432:
7359:
7058:
7051:
7012:
6666:
6625:
6584:
6548:
6522:
6471:
6428:
6393:
6313:
6304:
6123:
5531:
5363:
5011:
4754:
4745:
4430:
4409:
173:
161:
121:
116:
102:
94:
77:
65:
21:
4221:Chan, Eiso; Lee, Collins; Ngô, Thanh Nhàn (2020).
3764:(in Vietnamese). NXB Khoa học Xã Hội. p. 64.
3040:The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Politics
2614:meaning 'Buddha'. It is composed of the radicals,
893:). They were officially used in Vietnam after the
2371:) – Phono-semantic compound, an example would be
2319:traditional classification for Chinese characters
1469:) being the Sino-Vietnamese name for Đèo Ba Dội.
3012:The Nôm reading of the character is là 'to be'.
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
1399:) (ages under 27), and then finally, trung học (
1223:余童年，先君子從俗命之，先讀《三字經》及三皇諸史，次則讀經傳，習時舉業文字，求合場規，取青紫而已
1091:
1085:
1009:
999:
982:
970:
956:
950:
940:
934:
924:
906:
884:
837:
244:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
49:
43:
37:
3255:"Đến với bài thơ hay "Ông đồ" của Vũ Đình Liên"
2622:thiên, all together to mean 'heavenly person'.
2482:in Chinese, but it is different in Vietnamese,
1978:Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings (âm phi Hán Việt;
1219:
1137:. While literature in Vietnamese (written with
85:3rd century BC – 20th century AD
1974:Non-Sinoxenic pronunciations § Vietnamese
6986:
4379:
2390:) – Compound ideographs, an example would be
2300:to ridicule; to deride; to scorn; to jeer at
817:
16:Chinese characters used in Vietnamese writing
8:
3725:(in Vietnamese). NXB Giáo Dục. p. 197.
2606:Another prominent example is the character,
2453:). The photo says Đảng Cộng sản Đông Dương (
1986:Examples of multiple-borrowed Chinese words
1310:; 'precious lessons of enlightenment'), and
979:) which was borrowed directly from Chinese.
3783:"Thử tìm hiểu luật biến âm qua hai bản Nôm"
3654:Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam
3493:"Thử tìm hiểu luật biến âm qua hai bản Nôm"
2905:– Japanese equivalent of Chinese characters
2105:kính 'glass for windows, etc.; eyeglasses'
1056:while he was in Japan. It was published by
853:
7356:
7055:
6993:
6979:
6971:
6761:
6716:
6622:
6609:
6310:
6301:
6288:
6173:
5528:
5515:
4751:
4742:
4729:
4491:
4487:
4474:
4406:
4386:
4372:
4364:
2924:- Literary Chinese - Vietnamese dictionary
824:
810:
285:
31:
3694:
2911:– Korean equivalent of Chinese characters
2860:as an iteration marker, so, for example,
1356:The first page of Tam thiên tự toản yếu (
98:Top-to-bottom, columns from right to left
8283:Writing systems using Chinese characters
3455:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
3420:Hội Ái Hữu Petrus Trương Vĩnh Ký Úc Châu
3016:is a very common character in Nôm texts.
2746:
2168:
1984:
1755:
1471:
1209:In the preface of Khải đồng thuyết ước (
8313:Writing systems without word boundaries
8233:
3029:
2934:
2509:Another example would be the character
2420:) – Phonetic loan, an example would be
1265:; 'five thousand characters'), and the
1141:) was the minority. Literature such as
288:
275:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3124:
3091:Trịnh, Ngọc Linh (30 September 2023).
1294:; 'inquiring in elementary studies'),
911:to be no longer used in favour of the
18:
8130:American Printing House for the Blind
7906:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
7558:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
4282:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (7 October 2019).
4243:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (7 October 2019).
3776:
3774:
3597:
3595:
3409:
3407:
3336:
3334:
3285:
3283:
3248:
3246:
3211:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (7 October 2019).
2921:Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca
1757:Examples of Sino-Vietnamese readings
847:
7:
4325:Trịnh, Khắc Mạnh (11 October 2020).
4178:Trịnh, Khắc Mạnh (11 October 2020).
2548:in Chinese, but was simplified from
1740:(618-907). Vietnamese scholars used
1700:would be used, but if talking about
998:Classical Chinese is referred to as
569:Standard Form of National Characters
234:. For the distinction between ,
3948:"彌勒真經演音 • Di Lặc chân kinh diễn âm"
3934:"集案翁潘佩珠 • Tập án ông Phan Bội Châu"
3920:"彌勒真經演音 • Di Lặc chân kinh diễn âm"
3906:"彌勒真經演音 • Di Lặc chân kinh diễn âm"
3892:"彌勒真經演音 • Di Lặc chân kinh diễn âm"
3341:Woodside, Alexander Barton (1971).
3253:Nguyễn, Thị Ngà (28 January 2022).
2517:in Chinese and was simplified from
2356:) – Pictogram, an example would be
2317:Chữ Hán can be classified into the
1430:; 1973) and Hán-văn giáo-khoa thư (
1213:; 1853) written by Phạm Phục Trai (
4331:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
4288:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
4249:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
4184:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
3570:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
3564:Shimizu, Masaaki (4 August 2020).
3217:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
3074:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems
2341:) – Ideogram, an example would be
1395:) (ages 6–12), next was tiểu học (
1171:Ministry of Education and Training
14:
3290:Phạm, Văn Thịnh (February 2024).
2575:There are other variants such as
897:region was incorporated into the
8260:
8248:
8236:
3683:Journal of Language Relationship
3414:Trần, Văn Chánh (24 July 2019).
2665:
2647:
2629:
2260:shattered; fragmented; shredded
1598:
1578:
1365:
1349:
1333:
1257:; 'three thousand characters'),
658:Literary and colloquial readings
296:
255:
3478:Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics
3434:"Tra từ: c=行 – Từ điển Hán Nôm"
3393:. 11 April 2009. Archived from
2995:Also known as chữ hài thanh (𡨸
2864:(hitobito) would be written as
2457:; Indochinese Communist Party).
2177:Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations
1605:The native Vietnamese name for
1481:Sino-Vietnamese name (tên Chữ)
226:International Phonetic Alphabet
4459:Languages by writing system /
3852:. Viện Việt học. pp. XV.
3606:. Cambridge University Press.
3550:. Viện Việt học. pp. XV.
2740:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2701:
2697:
2677:
2673:
2658:
2654:
2640:
2636:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2596:
2592:
2580:
2576:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2322:
2291:
2271:
2251:
2231:
2211:
2191:
2163:
2142:
2128:
2110:
2096:
2082:
2059:
2036:
2013:
1979:
1943:
1920:
1897:
1874:
1851:
1828:
1805:
1782:
1729:
1676:which could have the readings
1670:
1648:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1610:
1590:
1560:
1552:
1540:
1532:
1520:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1454:well-known places like Hanoi (
1431:
1427:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1377:
1357:
1341:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1249:; 'one thousand characters'),
1246:
1214:
1210:
1154:
1146:
1130:
1109:
1097:
1073:
1049:
1046:History of the Loss of Vietnam
1034:
1015:
1005:
988:
976:
962:
930:
890:
844:
561:Nan Min Recommended Characters
1:
7898:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
7854:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
3325:The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal
3131:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2888:History of writing in Vietnam
2513:một which is simplified into
2409:(lão, "old") is a cognate of
2226:to give, to let, to put; for
2200:some; a few; a little; a bit
1585:The Sino-Vietnamese name for
1124:. Scholars drew lessons from
8109:National Braille Association
8088:Braille Institute of America
7806:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
3788:(in Vietnamese). p. 4.
3723:Khái luận văn tự học chữ Nôm
3498:(in Vietnamese). p. 3.
2490:𪜀). Other variants include
1968:Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings
1403:) (ages under 30). Đại học (
1163:Confucian court examinations
1135:Four Books and Five Classics
903:Confucian court examinations
219: This article contains
8308:Logographic writing systems
7989:Refreshable braille display
7968:Optical braille recognition
7565:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
7097:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
6240:New Epoch Notation Painting
3721:Nguyễn, Quang Hồng (2008).
3371:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (2015).
3356:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (2015).
3272:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (2015).
2955:) and the Tây Sơn dynasty (
2883:Literary Chinese in Vietnam
2712:. For example, in the poem
2379:(kim, "metal) and phonetic
1609:written in chữ Nôm, Kẻ Chợ
1589:written in chữ Hán, Hà Nội
553:(Hong Kong, 2007)
542:General Standard Characters
8329:
8056:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
3866:Li, Yu (4 November 2019).
3677:Xun, Gong (4 March 2020).
3584:– via SageJournals.
3387:"Ai "bức tử" chữ Hán-Nôm?"
3043:. Routledge. p. 511.
2915:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
2898:East Asian cultural sphere
2321:, this is called lục thư (
1971:
1721:
1487:Vietnamese name (tên Nôm)
1446:
1222:
877:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
798:Transliteration of Chinese
355:Neolithic symbols in China
7792:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
6970:
6773:
6760:
6728:
6715:
6621:
6608:
6306:Chinese family of scripts
6300:
6287:
6185:
6172:
5527:
5514:
5376:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
4741:
4728:
4503:
4490:
4486:
4473:
4461:by first written accounts
4405:
3850:Tự điển chữ Nôm trích dẫn
3848:Nguyễn, Hữu Vinh (2009).
3814:Shimizu, Masaaki (2015).
3799:
3795:
3791:
3696:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209
3548:Tự điển chữ Nôm trích dẫn
3546:Nguyễn, Hữu Vinh (2009).
3512:Shimizu, Masaaki (2015).
3013:
3000:
2996:
2956:
2952:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2681:
2600:
2588:
2584:
2561:
2534:
2526:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2398:(chỉ, “foot”; "to walk").
1742:Chinese rime dictionaries
1724:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
1279:Classical Chinese grammar
1092:
1086:
907:
885:
838:
310:Chinese family of scripts
217:
50:
44:
38:
30:
7779:Chinese semi-syllabaries
7042:Unicode braille patterns
7028:International uniformity
5483:Thomas Natural Shorthand
4343:10.1177/2513850220937817
4300:10.1177/2513850219861167
4261:10.1177/2513850219861167
4196:10.1177/2513850220937817
3652:DeFrancis, John (1977).
3582:10.1177/2513850220936774
3229:10.1177/2513850219861167
2544:lạm was simplified into
2180:Sino-Vietnamese meaning
1718:Sino-Vietnamese readings
1651:(Vietnamese: Ước Lễ Môn)
1418:The education reform by
939:meaning 'character' and
875:that were used to write
550:Commonly-Used Characters
8116:Blindness organizations
8095:Braille Without Borders
7884:Canadian currency marks
7506:Egyptian lineage family
6689:Southwest Paleohispanic
3781:Trần, Uyên Thi (2005).
3629:Loanwords in Vietnamese
3491:Trần, Uyên Thi (2005).
2672:In Vietnamese writing,
2280:net for catching birds
2240:to divide; to separate
2151:hạ '(literary) summer'
1656:Readings for characters
1374:Three Character Classic
1267:Three Character Classic
945:'Han (referring to the
849:[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥hǎːn˧˦]
523:Collation and standards
222:phonetic transcriptions
7433:Russian lineage family
6833:Great Lakes Algonquian
5742:Greco-Iberian alphabet
5675:Gabelsberger shorthand
4618:Inscriptional Parthian
3962:"TRUYỆN KIỀU BẢN 1870"
3820:NINJAL Research Papers
3602:Norman, Jerry (1988).
3518:NINJAL Research Papers
3397:on 14 September 2016.
3175:. BRILL. p. 126.
3150:. BRILL. p. 125.
2744:
2478:la is simplified into
2458:
2345:(thượng, “above”) and
2162:Nôm readings (âm Nôm;
2005:Early Sino-Vietnamese
1665:
1652:
1415:
1340:Thiên Nam tứ tự kinh (
1239:
1217:), it has the passage,
1201:
1185:
1173:after the Vietnam War.
1064:After the conquest of
1061:
1038:
1010:
1000:
983:
971:
957:
951:
949:)'. Other synonyms of
941:
935:
925:
785:Slavonic transcription
628:Japanese script reform
613:Traditional characters
263:This article contains
8197:Accessible publishing
8123:Schools for the blind
8102:Japan Braille Library
7891:Computer Braille Code
7545:Indian lineage family
6925:Old Persian cuneiform
5792:Carolingian minuscule
4598:Ancient North Arabian
4153:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4125:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4100:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4075:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4050:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4025:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
4000:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
3975:Nguyễn, Khuê (2020).
3760:Lê, Văn Quán (1989).
3631:. De Gruyter Mouton.
2743:as an iteration mark.
2738:
2568:(⿴𰀪⺀) in Vietnamese.
2468:simplified characters
2444:
2428:(Đức, "Germany") and
2137:xa 'rare form of xe'
2134:xe 'wheeled vehicle'
1663:
1642:
1413:
1322:. In Sơ học vấn tân (
1195:
1179:
1072:: Nam Việt; chữ Hán:
1044:
1029:
601:Simplified characters
8288:Culture of East Asia
7961:Mountbatten Brailler
7316:(largely reassigned)
7099:(largely reassigned)
6648:Southeastern Iberian
6643:Northeastern Iberian
4541:Egyptian hieroglyphs
3627:Alves, Mark (2009).
3451:Trần, Khánh (1993).
3171:Handel, Zev (2019).
3146:Handel, Zev (2019).
2704:is often used as an
2220:cinnabar; vermilion
1643:The village gate of
1108:: Hán văn; chữ Hán:
8303:Vietnamese language
7913:Nemeth braille code
7699:(reassigned vowels)
7224:(extended to 8-dot)
6798:Canadian Aboriginal
6684:Khitan small script
6406:Khitan large script
5596:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
3964:. 1870. p. 11.
3740:"Chữ Nôm Structure"
3200:. pp. 175–176.
3114:Hoàng, Phê (2003).
2751:Vietnamese alphabet
2714:Chinh phụ ngâm khúc
2529:𠬠), then finally,
2313:Types of characters
2183:Nôm pronunciations
2170:
2131:*kʰlja > t͡ɕʰia
1987:
1762:Chinese characters
1758:
1478:Chinese characters
1474:
1296:Ấu học ngũ ngôn thi
1031:Lĩnh Nam chích quái
913:Vietnamese alphabet
572:(Taiwan, 1982)
564:(Taiwan, 2009)
192:traditional Chinese
88:Limited present use
58:Vietnamese alphabet
7947:Braille translator
7924:Braille technology
7900:(science; GS8/GS6)
7869:Symbols in braille
7799:Taiwanese Mandarin
7314:Taiwanese Mandarin
6920:Nwagu Aneke script
6472:Other logosyllabic
6394:Chinese-influenced
6333:Oracle bone script
6315:Chinese characters
6250:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
5640:Eclectic shorthand
5628:Duployan shorthand
5581:Caucasian Albanian
5381:Canadian syllabics
4417:History of writing
3950:. 1944. p. 7.
3936:. 1920. p. 4.
3922:. 1944. p. 5.
3908:. 1944. p. 6.
3894:. 1944. p. 8.
3316:Nguyễn, Đình Hòa.
3196:Li, Hanke (2022).
3116:Từ điển tiếng Việt
2893:Chinese characters
2745:
2595:nghĩa (variant of
2459:
2413:(khảo, "elderly").
2360:(nhật, "sun") and
2169:
2099:*kraŋs > kˠiæŋ
1985:
1756:
1666:
1653:
1472:
1416:
1202:
1186:
1062:
1039:
879:in Vietnamese and
873:Chinese characters
584:(Japan, 2010)
290:Chinese characters
196:simplified Chinese
129:Oracle bone script
8224:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8142:tactile alphabets
8070:William Bell Wait
8063:Sabriye Tenberken
7864:
7863:
7729:
7728:
7714:(Japanese vowels)
7512:-mediated scripts
7439:-mediated scripts
6966:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6818:Ditema tsa Dinoko
6756:
6755:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6424:
6423:
6283:
6282:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6163:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5359:
5358:
4724:
4723:
4711:Teeline Shorthand
4469:
4468:
3877:978-1-00-069906-7
3832:10.15084/00000465
3746:(in Vietnamese).
3663:978-90-279-7643-7
3638:978-3-11-021843-5
3613:978-0-521-29653-3
3530:10.15084/00000465
3050:978-1-138-65756-4
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2720:), the character
2331:Kangxi Dictionary
2310:
2309:
2155:
2154:
1965:
1964:
1768:Standard Chinese
1572:
1571:
1312:Minh Đạo gia huấn
1304:Minh tâm bảo giám
1151:Truyền kỳ mạn lục
969:characters') and
933:). It is made of
834:
833:
698:Zetian characters
530:Kangxi Dictionary
271:rendering support
251:
250:
8320:
8265:
8264:
8253:
8252:
8251:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8232:
8213:
8206:
8204:Braille literacy
8199:
8181:
8174:
8167:
8160:
8153:
8132:
8125:
8118:
8111:
8104:
8097:
8090:
8072:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8044:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8005:
7998:
7996:Slate and stylus
7991:
7984:
7982:Perkins Brailler
7977:
7970:
7963:
7956:
7949:
7942:
7940:Braille embosser
7935:
7915:
7908:
7901:
7893:
7886:
7879:
7857:
7849:
7842:
7824:
7817:
7808:
7801:
7794:
7787:
7780:
7764:
7761:American Braille
7745:
7742:Algerian Braille
7722:
7715:
7707:
7700:
7692:
7685:
7678:
7671:
7663:
7656:
7649:
7631:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7588:
7581:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7537:
7529:
7522:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7449:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7357:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7161:
7154:
7147:
7140:
7133:
7126:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7071:
7056:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7006:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6972:
6762:
6717:
6623:
6615:Semi-syllabaries
6610:
6311:
6302:
6289:
6174:
5529:
5516:
5418:Japanese Braille
5003:Zanabazar square
4872:Nepalese scripts
4762:Bengali–Assamese
4752:
4743:
4730:
4647:Pitman shorthand
4492:
4488:
4475:
4407:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4365:
4358:
4357:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4022:
4016:
4015:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3798:đình > dừng,
3797:
3793:
3787:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3698:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3261:(in Vietnamese).
3250:
3241:
3240:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3122:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3034:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2999:); tượng thanh (
2998:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2951:The Hồ dynasty (
2949:
2943:
2939:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2856:. Japanese uses
2855:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2760:
2747:
2742:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2703:
2699:
2683:
2679:
2676:is written with
2675:
2669:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:học (variant of
2578:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2465:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2401:Chữ chuyển chú (
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:Chữ hình thanh (
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:Chữ tượng hình (
2348:
2344:
2340:
2324:
2293:
2273:
2253:
2233:
2213:
2193:
2171:
2165:
2145:*ɡraːʔ > ɦˠa
2144:
2130:
2112:
2098:
2085:*kams > kɨɐm
2084:
2061:
2038:
2031:'flavor, taste'
2015:
2008:Sino-Vietnamese
1988:
1981:
1945:
1922:
1899:
1876:
1853:
1830:
1807:
1784:
1765:Sino-Vietnamese
1759:
1753:pronunciations.
1746:Literary Chinese
1731:
1672:
1650:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1562:
1554:
1542:
1534:
1522:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1433:
1429:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1353:
1343:
1337:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1156:
1148:
1132:
1126:Neo-Confucianism
1111:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1078:Jiāozhǐ province
1075:
1051:
1036:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1003:
990:
986:
978:
974:
964:
960:
954:
944:
938:
932:
928:
910:
909:
892:
888:
887:
881:Literary Chinese
870:
867:
861:
858:
855:
851:
846:
841:
840:
826:
819:
812:
545:(PRC, 2013)
511:Digital encoding
430:Modern typefaces
313:
300:
286:
277: instead of
259:
258:
247:
241:
237:
107:Literary Chinese
55:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
19:
8328:
8327:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8273:
8272:
8271:
8259:
8249:
8247:
8237:
8235:
8227:
8225:
8216:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8135:
8128:
8121:
8114:
8107:
8100:
8093:
8086:
8075:
8068:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8033:
8028:Charles Barbier
8026:
8019:
8008:
8001:
7994:
7987:
7980:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7952:
7945:
7938:
7931:
7918:
7911:
7904:
7896:
7889:
7882:
7875:
7860:
7852:
7845:
7838:
7827:
7820:
7813:
7804:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7778:
7767:
7759:
7753:Frequency-based
7748:
7740:
7725:
7718:
7710:
7703:
7695:
7688:
7681:
7674:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7634:
7626:
7619:
7612:
7605:
7598:
7591:
7584:
7577:
7570:
7563:
7556:
7549:Bharati Braille
7546:
7540:
7532:
7525:
7518:
7507:
7501:
7494:
7487:
7480:
7473:
7466:
7459:
7452:
7445:
7434:
7428:
7421:
7416:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7387:
7380:
7373:
7366:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7334:
7327:
7320:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7249:
7242:
7235:
7228:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7123:Unified English
7117:
7110:
7103:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7052:Braille scripts
7047:
7040:
7033:
7026:
7019:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6954:
6769:
6752:
6748:Stokoe notation
6724:
6703:
6662:
6617:
6596:
6580:
6544:
6523:Logoconsonantal
6518:
6467:
6420:
6389:
6296:
6279:
6260:Siglas poveiras
6181:
6160:
6119:
6023:Younger Futhark
5727:Gregg shorthand
5523:
5502:
5355:
5007:
4737:
4720:
4499:
4482:
4465:
4438:Writing systems
4426:
4401:
4399:writing systems
4392:
4362:
4361:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4012:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3802:lãng > rạng.
3785:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3748:âm phi Hán Việt
3738:
3737:
3733:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3601:
3600:
3593:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3438:Từ điển Hán Nôm
3432:
3431:
3427:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3123:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3051:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3011:
3007:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2874:
2753:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2657:, a variant of
2652:
2644:
2643:
2639:, a variant of
2634:
2470:, for example:
2439:
2315:
2160:
2113:*rlaː > ɖˠa
2102:gương 'mirror'
1976:
1970:
1726:
1720:
1658:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1451:
1445:
1440:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1207:
1143:Nam quốc sơn hà
1024:
921:
895:Red River Delta
868:
862:
859:
856:
830:
790:
789:
781:
768:
745:
711:
710:Derived systems
703:
702:
693:
683:
682:
672:
662:
653:
642:
641:
624:
596:
588:
587:
575:
556:
537:
524:
516:
515:
463:
459:Properties and
452:
451:
426:
398:
373:
360:
349:
320:Written Chinese
316:
307:
284:
283:
282:
269:Without proper
260:
256:
218:
176:
164:
157:
139:Clerical script
124:
117:Related scripts
80:
73:
61:
26:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8326:
8324:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8298:Southeast Asia
8295:
8290:
8285:
8275:
8274:
8270:
8269:
8257:
8245:
8222:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8207:
8200:
8192:
8190:
8189:Related topics
8186:
8185:
8183:
8182:
8175:
8168:
8165:New York Point
8161:
8154:
8146:
8144:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8126:
8119:
8112:
8105:
8098:
8091:
8083:
8081:
8077:
8076:
8074:
8073:
8066:
8059:
8052:
8049:Harris Mowbray
8045:
8038:
8031:
8024:
8016:
8014:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
7999:
7992:
7985:
7978:
7971:
7964:
7957:
7950:
7943:
7936:
7933:Braille e-book
7928:
7926:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7916:
7909:
7902:
7894:
7887:
7880:
7872:
7870:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7850:
7843:
7835:
7833:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7802:
7795:
7788:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7756:
7754:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7737:
7735:
7731:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7716:
7708:
7701:
7693:
7686:
7679:
7672:
7664:
7657:
7650:
7642:
7640:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7624:
7617:
7610:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7553:
7551:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7530:
7523:
7515:
7513:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7442:
7440:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7385:
7378:
7371:
7363:
7361:
7354:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7325:
7318:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7115:
7108:
7101:
7093:
7086:
7079:
7072:
7064:
7062:
7060:French-ordered
7053:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6975:
6968:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6900:Linear Elamite
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6722:Sign languages
6720:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6699:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6674:Espanca script
6670:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6633:Linear Elamite
6629:
6627:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6514:Yi (Classical)
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6434:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6340:
6338:Bronze scripts
6335:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6317:
6308:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6151:Flag semaphore
6148:
6146:New York Point
6143:
6141:Telegraph code
6138:
6136:Maritime flags
6133:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6090:Visible Speech
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6060:Sorang Sompeng
6057:
6052:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5944:Galik alphabet
5941:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5842:Tironian notes
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5687:
5685:Garay alphabet
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5625:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5468:Sorang Sompeng
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5391:Déné syllabics
5388:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4749:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4652:Proto-Sinaitic
4649:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4513:
4512:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4403:
4402:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4359:
4317:
4274:
4235:
4213:
4170:
4163:
4155:Tự học Hán văn
4145:
4135:
4127:Tự học Hán văn
4117:
4110:
4102:Tự học Hán văn
4092:
4085:
4077:Tự học Hán văn
4067:
4060:
4052:Tự học Hán văn
4042:
4035:
4027:Tự học Hán văn
4017:
4010:
4002:Tự học Hán văn
3992:
3985:
3977:Tự học Hán văn
3967:
3953:
3939:
3925:
3911:
3897:
3883:
3876:
3858:
3840:
3806:
3794:lao > sao,
3770:
3762:Tự học chữ Nôm
3752:
3744:Nôm Foundation
3731:
3713:
3669:
3662:
3644:
3637:
3619:
3612:
3591:
3576:(3): 183–195.
3556:
3538:
3504:
3483:
3468:
3461:
3443:
3425:
3403:
3378:
3363:
3348:
3330:
3308:
3279:
3264:
3242:
3203:
3188:
3181:
3163:
3156:
3138:
3106:
3083:
3060:
3049:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3005:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2706:iteration mark
2696:The character
2693:
2690:
2671:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2570:
2569:
2538:
2507:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2414:
2399:
2384:
2365:
2364:(mộc, "tree").
2350:
2349:(hạ, “below”).
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2116:chè 'tea or a
2114:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2025:'smell, odor'
2020:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:Sino-Japanese
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1734:Middle Chinese
1719:
1716:
1711:Chinese people
1704:, the reading
1657:
1654:
1604:
1597:
1596:
1584:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1372:A page of the
1371:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1288:Sơ học vấn tân
1206:
1203:
1120:after China's
1118:imperial exams
1023:
1020:
920:
917:
832:
831:
829:
828:
821:
814:
806:
803:
802:
801:
800:
792:
791:
788:
787:
780:
779:
774:
767:
766:
765:
764:
759:
751:
749:Jurchen script
744:
743:
742:
741:
734:
727:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
694:
689:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
671:
670:
661:
660:
654:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
638:
637:
623:
622:
621:
620:
610:
609:
608:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
574:
573:
565:
555:
554:
546:
536:
535:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
508:
507:
506:
499:
487:
482:
481:
480:
470:
464:
461:classification
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
448:
447:
442:
437:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
397:
396:
395:
394:
389:
384:
372:
371:
366:
359:
358:
350:
344:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
332:
327:
322:
315:
314:
302:
301:
293:
292:
273:, you may see
261:
254:
253:
252:
249:
248:
242:⟩, see
215:
214:
204:Jurchen script
177:
175:Sister systems
174:
171:
170:
165:
162:
159:
158:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
144:Regular script
127:
125:
123:Parent systems
122:
119:
118:
114:
113:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
90:
89:
86:
81:
78:
75:
74:
69:
67:
63:
62:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8325:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8256:
8246:
8244:
8234:
8230:
8212:
8208:
8205:
8201:
8198:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8187:
8180:
8176:
8173:
8172:Night writing
8169:
8166:
8162:
8159:
8155:
8152:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8143:
8138:
8131:
8127:
8124:
8120:
8117:
8113:
8110:
8106:
8103:
8099:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8080:Organisations
8078:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8053:
8050:
8046:
8043:
8042:Valentin Haüy
8039:
8036:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8021:Louis Braille
8018:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8004:
8000:
7997:
7993:
7990:
7986:
7983:
7979:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7958:
7955:
7954:Braille watch
7951:
7948:
7944:
7941:
7937:
7934:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7925:
7921:
7914:
7910:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7892:
7888:
7885:
7881:
7878:
7877:Braille music
7874:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7855:
7851:
7848:
7844:
7841:
7840:Luxembourgish
7837:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7823:
7819:
7816:
7812:
7807:
7803:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7789:
7786:
7782:
7781:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7770:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7751:
7743:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7691:
7687:
7684:
7680:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7658:
7655:
7651:
7648:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7639:Other scripts
7637:
7629:
7625:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7611:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7597:
7594:
7590:
7587:
7583:
7580:
7576:
7573:
7569:
7566:
7562:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7543:
7535:
7531:
7528:
7524:
7521:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7504:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7486:
7483:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7465:
7462:
7458:
7455:
7451:
7448:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7431:
7420:
7415:
7412:
7411:Northern Sámi
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7360:Nordic family
7358:
7351:
7347:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7333:
7330:
7326:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7308:
7304:
7301:
7300:South African
7297:
7294:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7222:Luxembourgish
7219:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7177:
7174:
7170:
7167:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7142:
7139:
7135:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7091:
7087:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7054:
7050:
7043:
7039:
7036:
7035:ASCII braille
7032:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7003:
6996:
6991:
6989:
6984:
6982:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6969:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6763:
6759:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6611:
6607:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6566:Attic (Greek)
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6504:Proto-Elamite
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6171:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6018:Elder Futhark
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:Old Hungarian
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:Masaram Gondi
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5413:Gunjala Gondi
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5225:Old Sundanese
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5168:Old Maldivian
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5151:Bilang-bilang
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:Sylheti Nagri
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:Brahmi script
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4667:South Arabian
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:Inscriptional
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4377:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4164:9786048450243
4160:
4156:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4136:9786048450243
4132:
4128:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4111:9786048450243
4107:
4103:
4096:
4093:
4088:
4086:9786048450243
4082:
4078:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4061:9786048450243
4057:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4036:9786048450243
4032:
4028:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4011:9786048450243
4007:
4003:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3986:9786048450243
3982:
3978:
3971:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3870:. Routledge.
3869:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3784:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3484:
3479:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3462:9789813016675
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3375:. p. 30.
3374:
3367:
3364:
3360:. p. 31.
3359:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3309:
3305:(1): 626–634.
3304:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3276:. p. 15.
3275:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3182:9789004386327
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3157:9789004386327
3153:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3023:
3009:
3006:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2948:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2733:
2728:to represent
2715:
2711:
2710:reduplication
2707:
2691:
2668:
2650:
2632:
2623:
2604:
2573:
2539:
2508:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2443:
2436:
2432:(Ý, "Italy").
2415:
2400:
2385:
2366:
2351:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2091:kiếm 'sword'
2090:
2088:gươm 'sword'
2087:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1877:'place name'
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:'to prepare'
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1608:
1601:
1588:
1581:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:Tản Viên Sơn
1556:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1425:
1424:South Vietnam
1421:
1420:North Vietnam
1412:
1408:
1375:
1368:
1352:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1243:Nhất thiên tự
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1218:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:South Vietnam
1164:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1054:Phan Bội Châu
1047:
1043:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1012:
1002:
996:
994:
985:
980:
973:
968:
965:, literally '
959:
953:
948:
943:
937:
927:
918:
916:
914:
904:
900:
896:
882:
878:
874:
865:
850:
842:
827:
822:
820:
815:
813:
808:
807:
805:
804:
799:
796:
795:
794:
793:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
752:
750:
747:
746:
740:
739:
735:
733:
732:
728:
726:
725:
721:
720:
719:
718:
714:
713:
707:
706:
699:
696:
695:
692:
687:
686:
679:
678:
674:
673:
669:
668:
664:
663:
659:
656:
655:
651:
646:
645:
636:
635:
631:
630:
629:
626:
625:
619:
616:
615:
614:
611:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
598:
592:
591:
583:
581:
577:
576:
571:
570:
566:
563:
562:
558:
557:
552:
551:
547:
544:
543:
539:
538:
533:
531:
527:
526:
520:
519:
512:
509:
505:
504:
500:
498:
497:
493:
492:
491:
488:
486:
483:
479:
476:
475:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
462:
456:
455:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
428:
427:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
378:
375:
374:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
357:
356:
352:
351:
348:
347:script styles
345:Evolution of
342:
341:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
312:
311:
306:
305:
304:
303:
299:
295:
294:
291:
287:
280:
276:
272:
268:
266:
245:
233:
229:
227:
223:
216:
213:
209:
208:Tangut script
205:
201:
200:Khitan script
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
172:
169:
166:
163:Child systems
160:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
126:
120:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
87:
84:
83:
82:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:on the right.
59:
53:
34:
29:
20:
7712:Thai and Lao
7389:Scandinavian
7021:1829 braille
7013:Braille cell
6813:Cypro-Minoan
6679:Pahawh Hmong
6592:Sitelen Pona
6556:Hindu-Arabic
5889:Mundari Bani
5463:Pahawh Hmong
5272:Tamil-Brahmi
5178:Eveyla Akuru
5173:Dhives Akuru
4640:Paleo-Hebrew
4507:
4443:undeciphered
4354:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4311:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4229:
4216:
4207:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4154:
4148:
4140:
4126:
4120:
4101:
4095:
4076:
4070:
4051:
4045:
4026:
4020:
4001:
3995:
3976:
3970:
3956:
3942:
3928:
3914:
3900:
3886:
3867:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3835:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3789:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3708:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3653:
3647:
3628:
3622:
3603:
3585:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3533:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3499:
3486:
3477:
3471:
3452:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3398:
3395:the original
3390:
3381:
3366:
3351:
3342:
3324:
3311:
3302:
3298:
3267:
3259:Báo Hưng Yên
3258:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3191:
3172:
3166:
3147:
3141:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3054:
3039:
3032:
3008:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2947:
2937:
2919:
2868:(hitobito).
2851:
2695:
2605:
2574:
2571:
2460:
2416:Chữ giả tá (
2337:Chữ chỉ sự (
2327:214 radicals
2316:
2186:Nôm meaning
2161:
2158:Nôm readings
2148:hè 'summer'
2118:dessert soup
2077:'rule, law'
2074:
2071:'rule, law'
2068:
2063:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2016:*mjəts >
1992:
1977:
1808:'telephone'
1777:Sino-Korean
1738:Tang dynasty
1727:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1619:
1473:Place names
1464:
1452:
1417:
1386:
1320:filial piety
1259:Ngũ thiên tự
1251:Tam thiên tự
1240:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1220:
1208:
1187:
1159:
1114:independence
1063:
1058:Liang Qichao
997:
981:
922:
836:
835:
736:
729:
722:
715:
675:
665:
652:and readings
632:
606:second round
579:
567:
559:
548:
540:
529:
502:
495:
412:Semi-cursive
353:
334:
308:
262:
238:and ⟨
220:
8211:RoboBraille
8035:Róża Czacka
7975:Perforation
7772:Independent
7670:(Bhutanese)
7405:Greenlandic
7076:Azerbaijani
6878:Jindai moji
6767:Syllabaries
6738:SignWriting
6638:Celtiberian
6540:Hieroglyphs
6343:Seal script
6328:Traditional
6200:Blissymbols
6105:Warang Citi
6080:Tolong Siki
6033:Marcomannic
6013:Dalecarlian
6003:Anglo-Saxon
5983:Pau Cin Hau
5874:Medefaidrin
5827:Merovingian
5787:Blackletter
5695:Asomtavruli
5488:Warang Citi
5297:Ulu scripts
5242:New Tai Lue
5185:Mon–Burmese
5039:Bhattiprolu
4867:Nandinagari
4694:ʾEsṭrangēlā
4453:constructed
3854:Mượn âm Nôm
3689:(1–2): 66.
2386:Chữ hội ý (
2329:set by the
2306:hello, bye
2062:*pjap >
2039:*bjəʔ >
1926:Trung Quốc
1900:'language'
1811:điện thoại
1458:) and Huế (
1102:Han dynasty
947:Han dynasty
919:Terminology
899:Han dynasty
490:Orthography
364:Oracle bone
134:Seal script
79:Time period
71:Logographic
66:Script type
48:written in
8277:Categories
7763:(obsolete)
7744:(obsolete)
7536:(Pakistan)
7447:Belarusian
7329:Vietnamese
7272:Portuguese
7258:Philippine
7215:Lithuanian
6868:Hentaigana
6863:Man'yōgana
6323:Simplified
6210:Ersu Shaba
6124:Non-linear
5929:Old Uyghur
5919:Old Permic
5914:Old Italic
5847:Visigothic
5782:Beneventan
5717:Glagolitic
5680:Gadabuursi
5344:Kolezhuthu
5339:Vatteluttu
5277:Tanchangya
5200:Saurashtra
4777:Devanagari
4635:Phoenician
4588:Manichaean
4337:(3): 222.
4294:(3): 195.
4190:(3): 224.
3656:. Mouton.
3552:Mượn âm HV
3024:References
2942:formality.
2732:(du du).
2700:(chuỷ) or
2680:on top. (⿰
2618:nhân and
2464:釋氏寶鼎行持秘旨全章
2286:to be, is
2217:chu, châu
2206:I, me, we
2123:trà 'tea'
1972:See also:
1854:' people'
1771:Cantonese
1751:Sino-Xenic
1722:See also:
1447:See also:
1153:(chữ Hán:
1145:(chữ Hán:
1106:Vietnamese
1082:Vietnamese
1070:Vietnamese
993:Lê dynasty
871:) are the
866:characters
724:man'yōgana
650:Homographs
503:xin zixing
496:jiu zixing
468:Components
422:Flat brush
111:Vietnamese
8293:East Asia
8179:Vibratese
8158:Moon type
8151:Decapoint
7832:Eight-dot
7785:Cantonese
7734:Reordered
7697:Inuktitut
7586:Malayalam
7496:Ukrainian
7475:Mongolian
7454:Bulgarian
7417:Norwegian
7382:Icelandic
7173:Hungarian
7131:Esperanto
7083:Cantonese
6667:Redundant
6479:Anatolian
6430:Cuneiform
6358:bird-worm
6294:Logograms
6265:Testerian
6179:Ideograms
6156:Moon type
6043:Staveless
5934:Mongolian
5879:Molodtsov
5837:Sütterlin
5705:Mkhedruli
5571:Bassa Vah
5521:Alphabets
5493:Mwangwego
5458:Mwangwego
5433:Kharosthi
5386:Blackfoot
5349:Malayanma
5220:Sundanese
5215:Sukhothai
5163:Malayalam
5114:Khom Thai
5074:Goykanadi
4998:Tocharian
4951:ʼPhags-pa
4822:Khudabadi
4767:Bhaiksuki
4662:Samaritan
4593:Nabataean
4448:inventors
4351:222315572
4313:variants.
4308:211673682
4269:211673682
4204:222315572
3705:212689052
3237:211673682
3127:cite book
3080:(3): 149.
2540:The word
2474:The word
1949:Nhật Bản
1932:Zunggwok
1929:Zhōngguó
1903:ngôn ngữ
1892:jimyeong
1880:địa danh
1857:nhân dân
1788:chuẩn bị
1624:), Trần (
1537:Gia Định
1205:Education
1100:) of the
967:Confucian
955:includes
392:Bird-worm
212:Yi script
103:Languages
95:Direction
8267:Language
7815:Japanese
7676:Georgian
7668:Dzongkha
7654:Armenian
7572:Gujarati
7437:Cyrillic
7368:Estonian
7343:Yugoslav
7279:Romanian
7251:Nigerian
7166:Hawaiian
7152:Ghanaian
7069:Albanian
6930:Sumerian
6895:Linear B
6858:Katakana
6853:Hiragana
6803:Cherokee
6733:ASLwrite
6694:Bopomofo
6549:Numerals
6535:Hieratic
6494:Isthmian
6463:Sumerian
6443:Assyrian
6438:Akkadian
6095:Vithkuqi
6070:Tifinagh
6038:Medieval
5993:Pisidian
5988:Phrygian
5959:Vagindra
5904:Ol Chiki
5812:Interlac
5767:Kayah Li
5757:Jenticha
5712:Veso Bey
5700:Nuskhuri
5690:Georgian
5660:Formosan
5655:Etruscan
5650:Enochian
5606:Cyrillic
5591:Coelbren
5549:Armenian
5448:Meroitic
5438:Mandombe
5428:Jenticha
5292:Tigalari
5257:Tai Viet
5252:Tai Tham
5232:Tagbanwa
5084:Javanese
5034:Baybayin
5024:Balinese
5012:Southern
4907:Pracalit
4902:Pachumol
4877:Bhujimol
4837:Mahajani
4797:Gurmukhi
4787:Gujarati
4755:Northern
4735:Abugidas
4716:Ugaritic
4704:Maḏnḥāyā
4578:Tifinagh
4571:Solitreo
4509:Numerals
4422:Grapheme
4410:Overview
4255:(3): 6.
3223:(3): 5.
2872:See also
2437:Variants
2246:to know
2054:'woman'
1991:Chinese
1946:'Japan'
1938:Jungguk
1935:Chūgoku
1923:'China'
1886:deimeng
1840:sei, si
1823:jeonhwa
1814:diànhuà
1794:zeonbei
1791:zhǔnbèi
1636:), etc.
1526:Sông Cái
1517:Hồng Hà
1484:Chữ Nôm
1449:Địa danh
1182:Lệnh thư
1112:). From
1087:Giao Chỉ
1011:văn ngôn
905:causing
777:Bopomofo
738:katakana
731:hiragana
691:Variants
634:kyūjitai
485:Radicals
435:Fangsong
402:Clerical
236:/ /
232:Help:IPA
188:Bopomofo
8255:Vietnam
8229:Portals
7720:Tibetan
7661:Burmese
7647:Amharic
7630:(India)
7607:Sinhala
7600:Punjabi
7579:Kannada
7527:Persian
7482:Russian
7422:Swedish
7400:Finnish
7375:Faroese
7350:Zambian
7322:Turkish
7307:Spanish
7230:Maltese
7208:Latvian
7201:Italian
7180:Iñupiaq
7159:Guarani
7119:English
7090:Catalan
7007:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
7002:Braille
6885:Kikakui
6823:Eskayan
6808:Cypriot
6658:Dunging
6530:Demotic
6509:Tenevil
6453:Hittite
6448:Elamite
6401:Jurchen
6380:Sawndip
6375:Chữ Nôm
6275:Zapotec
6270:Yerkish
6245:Nsibidi
6230:Miꞌkmaw
6220:Isotype
6190:Adinkra
6131:Braille
6115:Zaghawa
6085:Vellara
6065:Sunuwar
6055:Sidetic
6050:Shavian
5978:Osmanya
5968:Ol Onal
5822:Kurrent
5807:Insular
5797:Fraktur
5772:Klingon
5762:Kaddare
5736:Archaic
5645:Elbasan
5633:Chinook
5623:Deseret
5611:Bosnian
5566:Avoiuli
5554:Avestan
5544:Ariyaka
5473:Tengwar
5371:Bharati
5332:Serawai
5322:Pasemah
5307:Lampung
5262:Lai Tay
5247:Tai Noi
5210:Sinhala
5190:Pallava
5158:Makasar
5146:Lontara
5121:Kulitan
5094:Kannada
5089:Kadamba
5079:Hanunoo
5069:Grantha
5064:Fakkham
4981:Tibetan
4966:Soyombo
4961:Siddhaṃ
4956:Sharada
4932:Litumol
4922:Tirhuta
4912:Ranjana
4897:Kvemmol
4857:Multani
4842:Marchen
4807:Kalinga
4747:Brahmic
4684:Sogdian
4623:Psalter
4603:Pahlavi
4583:Mandaic
4561:Cursive
4546:Elymaic
4517:Aramaic
4230:Unicode
3826:: 137.
3604:Chinese
3524:: 135.
2878:Chữ Nôm
2772:thương
2692:Symbols
2564:𫜵) to
2383:(đồng).
2294:'cháo'
2197:ta, tá
2048:'wife'
1955:Jatbun
1909:jinjyu
1889:chimei
1883:dìmíng
1866:jinmin
1863:janman
1860:rénmín
1834:tứ, tư
1831:'four'
1817:dinwaa
1632:), Lý (
1628:), Lê (
1546:Sài Gòn
1507:Kẻ Chợ
1378:三字經六八演音
1283:lục bát
1184:script.
1139:chữ Nôm
1093:chữ Hán
1022:History
1001:Hán văn
984:Chữ Nho
958:chữ Nho
952:chữ Hán
926:chữ Hán
908:chữ Hán
886:Hán văn
857:
839:Chữ Hán
753:Khitan
595:Reforms
473:Strokes
417:Regular
407:Cursive
335:Chữ Hán
279:chữ Nôm
265:chữ Nôm
224:in the
168:Chữ Nôm
148:Chữ Hán
56:, with
52:chữ Nôm
45:chữ Nho
39:Chữ Hán
25:Chữ Nho
22:Chữ Hán
8140:Other
8013:People
8003:Braigo
7822:Korean
7690:Hebrew
7621:Telugu
7520:Arabic
7510:Arabic
7468:Kyrgyz
7461:Kazakh
7395:Danish
7293:Slovak
7286:Samoan
7265:Polish
7244:Navajo
7145:German
7138:French
7005:
6950:Yugtun
6940:Woleai
6890:Kpelle
6873:Sōgana
6793:Byblos
6571:Muisca
6489:Cretan
6458:Luwian
6416:Tangut
6235:Mixtec
6205:Dongba
6110:Yezidi
6100:Wancho
6075:Todhri
6028:Gothic
6008:Cipher
5949:Manchu
5939:Evenki
5924:Orkhon
5869:Manchu
5864:Lydian
5859:Lycian
5802:Gaelic
5752:Hanifi
5747:Hangul
5722:Gothic
5670:Fraser
5665:Fox II
5601:Coptic
5576:Carian
5559:Pazend
5532:Linear
5478:Thaana
5423:Sarati
5364:Others
5327:Rejang
5312:Lembak
5302:Incung
5282:Telugu
5237:Tai Le
5131:Langdi
5054:Chakma
4944:Karani
4917:Tamyig
4892:Kummol
4887:Himmol
4882:Golmol
4862:Nagari
4847:Meitei
4832:Lepcha
4817:Khojki
4802:Kaithi
4689:Syriac
4677:Musnad
4556:Ashuri
4551:Hebrew
4534:Elifba
4529:Arabic
4522:Hatran
4497:Abjads
4349:
4306:
4267:
4202:
4161:
4133:
4108:
4083:
4058:
4033:
4008:
3983:
3874:
3703:
3660:
3635:
3610:
3587:1985).
3459:
3235:
3179:
3154:
3047:
2682:氵⿱龷⿻口夫
2591:) and
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1952:Rìběn
1915:eoneo
1912:gengo
1906:yányǔ
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1800:junbi
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534:(1716)
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7856:(GS8)
7847:Kanji
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7547:i.e.
7508:i.e.
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7112:Dutch
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4431:Lists
4395:Types
4347:S2CID
4304:S2CID
4265:S2CID
4226:(PDF)
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3701:S2CID
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2929:Notes
2909:Hanja
2903:Kanji
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1561:𡶀𠀧位
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1428:漢文新課本
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