Clerical celibacy - Knowledge (XXG)

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to "the affairs of the Lord", they give themselves entirely to God and to men. Celibacy is a sign of this new life to the service of which the Church's minister is consecrated; accepted with a joyous heart celibacy radiantly proclaims the Reign of God. In the Eastern Churches a different discipline has been in force for many centuries: while bishops are chosen solely from among celibates, married men can be ordained as deacons and priests. This practice has long been considered legitimate; these priests exercise a fruitful ministry within their communities. Moreover, priestly celibacy is held in great honor in the Eastern Churches and many priests have freely chosen it for the sake of the Kingdom of God. In the East as in the West a man who has already received the sacrament of Holy Orders can no longer marry.

1080:

this proposition; he said that marriage was honorable and chaste, and that cohabitation with their own wives was chastity, and advised the Synod not to frame such a law, for it would be difficult to bear, and might serve as an occasion of incontinence to them and their wives; and he reminded them, that according to the ancient tradition of the church, those who were unmarried when they took part in the communion of sacred orders, were required to remain so, but that those who were married, were not to put away their wives. Such was the advice of Paphnutius, although he was himself unmarried, and in accordance with it, the Synod concurred in his counsel, enacted no law about it, but left the matter to the decision of individual judgment, and not to compulsion.

1259:(died 565) ordered that "sacred canons permit neither the pious presbyter, nor the devoted deacons or subdeacons to contract marriage after their ordination". If they, "in disregard of the sacred canons, have children by women with whom, according to sacerdotal regulation, they may not cohabit" their children would be considered illegitimate on the same level as those "procreated in incest and in nefarious nuptials", while the clergy would be "deprived of their priesthood, their sacred ministry and the dignity itself which they hold." As for bishops, he forbade "any one to be ordained bishop who has children or grandchildren". 1275:

men who are in holy orders be from this time forward firm, by no means dissolving their union with their wives nor depriving them of their mutual intercourse at a convenient time. Wherefore, if anyone shall have been found worthy to be ordained subdeacon, or deacon, or presbyter, he is by no means to be prohibited from admittance to such a rank, even if he shall live with a lawful wife. Nor shall it be demanded of him at the time of his ordination that he promise to abstain from lawful intercourse with his wife: lest we should affect injuriously marriage constituted by God and blessed by his presence.

1372:, continued to deal with questions concerning married men who were ordained legally. In 1322, Pope John XXII insisted that no one bound in marriage—even if unconsummated—could be ordained unless there was full knowledge of the requirements of church law. If the free consent of the wife had not been obtained, the husband, even if already ordained, was to be reunited with his wife, exercise of his ministry being barred. Accordingly, the assumption that a wife might not want to give up her marital rights may have been one of the factors contributing to the eventual universal practice in the 3660:"Otto, the bishop of Constance, refused to enforce with his own clergy Gregory VII's directives regarding clerics and women. When Bishop Altmann of Passau tried, on the contrary, to implement the reforms, the clergy attacked him and with the help of imperial troops drove him out of his diocese. A cleric, probably Ulrich, the bishop of Imola, took up his pen about 1060 in a defense of clerical marriage that assumed conjugal relations after the ordination of the spouse. Ulrich's 'Rescript' influenced other writings in the same vein that continued to appear into the 12th century" ( 5548: 3479:"What is said in this canon, that the council of Carthage orders priests to abstain from their wives at prescribed periods, is a misunderstanding of the decree, caused either by malice or by ignorance. This canon is one of those adopted by the Fifth Council of Carthage held in the year 400, and it is decreed that subdeacons, deacons, priests, and bishops shall abstain from their wives, following the ancient statutes, and shall be as though they had them not. The Greek version of this canon has rendered the Latin words 1354:

unbecoming that they indulge in marriage and in impurities. Canon 7: Following in the footsteps of our predecessors, the Roman pontiffs Gregory VII, Urban, and Paschal, we command that no one attend the masses of those who are known to have wives or concubines. But that the law of continence and purity, so pleasing to God, may become more general among persons constituted in sacred orders, we decree that bishops, priests, deacons, subdeacons, canons regular, monks, and professed clerics

988:(306) is often seen as the first to issue a written regulation requiring clergy to abstain from sexual intercourse. Its canon 33 decreed: "Bishops, presbyters, deacons, and others with a position in the ministry are to abstain completely from sexual intercourse with their wives and from the procreation of children. If anyone disobeys, he shall be removed from the clerical office." It is disputed whether this canon mandated permanent continence or only, as is the practice in the 840:, added a negative influence by proclaiming that sexual expression – including that of the laity – was impure. Catholic leaders, such as St. Augustine, taught that Original Sin was transmitted through intercourse. Therefore, abstinence and virginity was the ideal life and only the weak should marry. However, most bishops and presbyters continued to marry. In fact, the only marriages that had to have any kind of blessing were those of deacons and priests. 1868:

for the things of the world, how he may please his wife: and he is divided. And the unmarried woman and the virgin thinketh on the things of the Lord, that she may be holy both in body and spirit. But she that is married thinketh on the things of this world how she may please her husband. And this I speak for your profit, not to cast a snare upon you, but for that which is decent and which may give you power to attend upon the Lord without impediment."

896:, written in Greek in the first half of the 3rd century, mentions the requirements of chastity on the part of both the bishop and his wife, and of the children being already brought up, when it quotes 1 Timothy 3:2–4 as requiring that, before someone is ordained a bishop, enquiry be made "whether he be chaste, and whether his wife also be a believer and chaste; and whether he has brought up his children in the fear of God". 1176:, that if a priest marries after ordination he must be degraded. For Antoninus to resume relations with his wife was equivalent to marriage after ordination. It was proposed at the Council of Nicaea that married clergy should be compelled to separate from their wives, but the proposal was rejected; though it was generally held that the relations of bishops with their wives should be those of brother and sister." 1475:

notwithstanding the ecclesiastical law, or vow; and that the contrary is no thing else than to condemn marriage; and, that all who do not feel that they have the gift of chastity, even though they have made a vow thereof, may contract marriage; let him be anathema: seeing that God refuses not that gift to those who ask for it rightly, neither does He suffer us to be tempted above that which we are able".

1989:, where a priest maintained his clerical status after he had married a girl he impregnated. In 2012, Kevin Lee, a priest in Australia, revealed that he had maintained his clerical status after he had secretly married for a full year and that church leaders were aware of his secret marriage but disregarded the celibacy policy. The same year, it was revealed that former Los Angeles Auxiliary Bishop 3519: 5861: 2005: 1493: 442: 1815:) and Levites were required to practice continence (abstain from sexual intercourse with their wives) before and during their time of service at the temple. They were permitted to resume marital relations after completing their service. Some community functions are, as a rule, filled only by married men. Marriage is encouraged for everyone and men are obligated to have children. 544: 36: 1731:

for his church. Generally, only married men are called to be bishops (who preside over local congregations designated as wards), and marriage in the temple and faithfulness to it are seen as necessary for salvation in the highest heaven. As with most Christians, all Latter-day Saints, including members of the priesthood, are expected to entirely abstain from unchaste conduct.

1380:

ordination in the Latin Church only with the 1917 Code of Canon Law, the prohibition of marriage for all clerics in major orders began to be taken simply for granted. The Second Lateran Council is thus often cited as having for the first time introduced a general law of celibacy, requiring ordination only of unmarried men. Somewhat inaccurately, since several of the

1191:

chosen who marries one wife and begets children; but who marries one wife, and has his children in subjection and well disciplined. You surely admit that he is no bishop who during his episcopate begets children. The reverse is the case—if he be discovered, he will not be bound by the ordinary obligations of a husband, but will be condemned as an adulterer."

1015:(385) states: "We have indeed discovered that many priests and deacons of Christ brought children into the world, either through union with their wives or through shameful intercourse. And they used as an excuse the fact that in the Old Testament—as we can read—priests and ministers were permitted to beget children." Two other Papal decrees of the time, 1342:, and the marriages that the second part says must be dissolved may possibly be such marriages, contracted after ordination, not before. Canon 3 makes reference to a rule made at the First Council of Nicaea (see above), which is understood as not forbidding a cleric to live in the same house with a wife whom he married before being ordained. 1027:, demanded an end to the "scandal" of priests failing to uphold perpetual sexual abstinence, and rejected the claim that St. Paul had permitted priests to remain married by declaring that Paul only meant to disbar polygamists. Both decrees described continence as an ancient obligation from scripture and the tradition of the Church fathers. 2043:"People should cultivate chastity in the way that is suited to their state of life. Some profess virginity or consecrated celibacy which enables them to give themselves to God alone with an undivided heart in a remarkable manner. Others live in the way prescribed for all by the moral law, whether they are married or single" ( 1892:, the first pope, as well as many subsequent popes, bishops, and priests during the church's first 270 years were in fact married men, and often fathers of children. The practice of clerical continence, along with a prohibition of marriage after ordination as a deacon, priest or bishop, is traceable from the time of the 1685:(formally initiated) to monastic orders. There are also many who are tonsured monastics but have never formally lived the monastic life. Further, a number of bishops are widowers, but because clergy cannot remarry after ordination, such a man must remain celibate after the death of his wife. The Holy See's 1929 decree 1334:

arise. Canon 21: We absolutely forbid priests, deacons, subdeacons, and monks to have concubines or to contract marriage. We decree in accordance with the definitions of the sacred canons, that marriages already contracted by such persons must be dissolved, and that the persons be condemned to do penance.

3823:: "'For have we not the power of eating and drinking?' he does not demonstrate that 'wives' were led about by the apostles, whom even such as have not still have the power of eating and drinking; but simply 'women', who used to minister to them in the same way (as they did) when accompanying the Lord"; 1976:

In February 2019, the Catholic Church acknowledged that the church's celibacy policy has not always been enforced and that at some point in history, the Vatican enacted secret rules to protect priests who violated their vows of celibacy. The rules even applied to Catholic clergy who fathered children

1871:

1 Corinthians 9:5 is sometimes cited by those opposed to mandatory clerical celibacy, as the verse is often rendered as referring to the Apostles carrying "wives" with them. Even apart from disputes about the significance of the word translated as "wives", this passage is of doubtful relevance to the

1777:

Buddhism, a tradition exists of young men becoming ordained as monks for brief periods (typically a few weeks and generally no more than a year) upon completing education, but then leaving monastic life, and continuing to return to the monastery for short periods of reflection even after marriage (if

1274:

Since we know it to be handed down as a rule of the Roman Church that those who are deemed worthy to be advanced to the diaconate or presbyterate should promise no longer to cohabit with their wives, we, preserving the ancient rule and apostolic perfection and order, will that the lawful marriages of

758:

Do not deprive one another except perhaps by agreement for a set time, to devote yourselves to prayer, and then come together again, so that Satan may not tempt you because of your lack of self-control. This I say by way of concession, not of command. I wish that all were as I myself am. But each has

264:

All the ordained ministers of the Latin Church, with the exception of permanent deacons, are normally chosen from among men of faith who live a celibate life and who intend to remain celibate "for the sake of the kingdom of heaven." Called to consecrate themselves with undivided heart to the Lord and

1867:

Practically speaking, the reasons for celibacy are given by the Apostle Paul in 1 Corinthians 7:7–8; 32–35: "But I would have you to be without solicitude. He that is without a wife is solicitous for the things that belong to the Lord, how he may please God. But he that is with a wife, is solicitous

1004:

asking from God; what the Apostles taught and what antiquity itself observed, let us also endeavour to keep... It pleases us all that bishop, priest and deacon, guardians of purity, abstain from conjugal intercourse with their wives, so that those who serve at the altar may keep a perfect chastity."

737:

On the other hand, in Luke 18:28–30, Jesus responds to Peter's statement that he and the other disciples had left all and followed him by saying "there is no one who has left house or wife or brothers or parents or children for the sake of the kingdom of God who will not receive back an overabundant

1916:

In the Latin Church exceptions are sometimes made. After the Second Vatican Council a general exception was made for the ordination as deacons of men of at least thirty-five years of age who are not intended to be ordained later as priests and whose wives consent to their ordination. Since the time

1333:

Canon 3: We absolutely forbid priests, deacons, and subdeacons to associate with concubines and women, or to live with women other than such as the Nicene Council (canon 3) for reasons of necessity permitted, namely, the mother, sister, or aunt, or any such person concerning whom no suspicion could

1202:

of Acts 6:1–6, noticed others being admired for their celibacy. To avoid seeming immoderately devoted to his beautiful wife and therefore inferior in his ministry, he renounced conjugal intercourse forever. While he was able to remain continent for a while, eventually his burning desire overpowered

789:

On the other hand, George T. Dennis SJ of Catholic University of America says: "There is simply no clear evidence of a general tradition or practice, much less of an obligation, of priestly celibacy-continence before the beginning of the fourth century." Peter Fink SJ agrees, saying that underlying

694:

In such a way, Peter and Mark had a common spiritual brotherhood as sons of Christ. Peter might also have had a special spiritual paternity with the Evangelist as his Christian converter and baptizer. However, the presence of Mark in Babylon is unreferenced in the Bible and, in the same manner, the

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Clerics are obliged to observe perfect and perpetual continence for the sake of the kingdom of heaven and therefore are bound to celibacy which is a special gift of God by which sacred ministers can adhere more easily to Christ with an undivided heart and are able to dedicate themselves more freely

1730:

reject lifelong clerical celibacy. All worthy males can receive a priesthood office beginning with that of deacon in the year that they turn 12 years of age. A young man is usually encouraged to delay marriage until after he has been ordained an elder and served two years as a full-time missionary

1478:

It also decreed, concerning the relative dignity of marriage and celibacy: "If any one saith, that the marriage state is to be placed above the state of virginity, or of celibacy, and that it is not better and more blessed to remain in virginity, or in celibacy, than to be united in matrimony; let

1363:

This Council thus declared clerical marriages not only illicit though valid, as before, but invalid ("we do not regard as matrimony"). The marriages in question are, again, those contracted by men who already are "bishops, priests, deacons, subdeacons, canons regular, monks and professed clerics".

1358:

who, transgressing the holy precept, have dared to contract marriage, shall be separated. For a union of this kind which has been contracted in violation of the ecclesiastical law, we do not regard as matrimony. Those who have been separated from each other, shall do penance commensurate with such

1190:

argued that the passage in 1 Timothy 3:2–4 did not conflict with the discipline they knew, whereby a married man who became a bishop was to abstain from sexual relations and not marry again: "He speaks of having children, not of begetting them, or marrying again"; "He does not say: Let a bishop be

1079:

While were deliberating about this, some thought that a law ought to be passed enacting that bishops and presbyters, deacons and subdeacons, should hold no intercourse with the wife they had espoused before they entered the priesthood; but Paphnutius, the confessor, stood up and testified against

1003:

decreed that bishops, priests and deacons abstain from conjugal relations: "It is fitting that the holy bishops and priests of God as well as the Levites, i.e. those who are in the service of the divine sacraments, observe perfect continence, so that they may obtain in all simplicity what they are

782:

One interpretation of "the husband of one wife" is that the man to be ordained could not have been married more than once and that perfect continence, total abstinence, was expected from him starting on the day of his ordination. Usually these also conclude that, because of the exclusion of sexual

1443:

The Reformers made abolition of clerical continence and celibacy a key element in their reform. They denounced it as opposed to the New Testament recommendation that a cleric should be "the husband of one wife" (see on 1 Timothy 3:2–4 above), the declared right of the apostles to take around with

1279:

The canon mistakenly claims that the canon of the late-4th-century Council of Carthage quoted above excluded conjugal intercourse by clergy lower than bishops only in connection with their liturgical service or in times of fasting. The Council of Carthage excluded such intercourse perpetually and

1353:

Canon 6: We also decree that those who in the subdiaconate and higher orders have contracted marriage or have concubines, be deprived of their office and ecclesiastical benefice. For since they should be and be called the temple of God, the vessel of the Lord, the abode of the Holy Spirit, it is

848:

renounce their wives and do penance. Later legislation declared the marriages of clerics not only illegal but also invalid. Widespread disregard of these laws continued until a reorganization of preparation for priesthood following the Protestant Reformation and the Council of Trent in the 1500s.

1140:

She (God's holy church) does not accept the husband of one wife if he is still co-habiting with her and fathering children. She does accept the abstinent husband of one wife, or the widower, as a deacon, presbyter, bishop and subdeacon, , particularly where the canons of the church are strictly

1221:

to marriage prohibition for priests when he argued that Peter and the other apostles had been married, but had married before they were called and subsequently gave up their marital relations. The Paphnutius legend in the first half of the 5th century called the marriage prohibition an ancient

3827:: "In accordance with this rule Peter and the other Apostles (I must give Jovinianus something now and then out of my abundance) had indeed wives, but those which they had taken before they knew the Gospel. But once they were received into the Apostolate, they forsook the offices of marriage." 1379:

However, although the decrees of the Second Council of the Lateran might still be interpreted in the older sense of prohibiting marriage only after ordination, they came to be understood as absolute prohibitions, and, while the fact of being married was formally made a canonical impediment to

1135:

They have assumed that what is enjoined upon the priesthood because of the priesthood's preeminence applies equally to everyone. They have heard, "The bishop must be blameless, the husband of one wife, continent; likewise the deacon and the presbyter", but not understood the limitation of the

847:

One way church authority enforced celibacy was by ordaining monks, who took the vow of chastity, to evangelize large areas of Europe. Church authority continued to mandate celibacy. The First Lateran Council (1123–1153) forbade those in orders to marry and ordered all those already married to

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a particular gift from God, one having one kind and another a different kind. To the unmarried and the widows I say that it is well for them to remain unmarried as I am. But if they are not practicing self-control, they should marry. For it is better to marry than to be aflame with passion.

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considered the matter and at its twenty-fourth session decreed that marriage after ordination was invalid: "If any one saith, that clerics constituted in sacred orders, or Regulars, who have solemnly professed chastity, are able to contract marriage, and that being contracted it is valid,

734:'s mother-in-law indicates that he had at some time been married (Matthew 8:14–15: "when Jesus was come into Peter's house, he saw his wife's mother laid, and sick of a fever.") According to Clement of Alexandria, "Peter and Philip begat children", and Peter's wife suffered martyrdom. 651:

Elizabeth was told to be a relative of Mary, the spouse of Joseph. The celebrating priest of their marriage is unnamed in the Gospels. However, while Zechariah was a direct descendant of Aaron through the class of Abijah who was called to serve in the Second Temple of Jerusalem, Mary

607:

If Jesus rejected the priesthood of Aaron in favor of the priesthood of Melchizedek (Hebrews 7:11), then the case of Zechariah is far more relevant than the possible son of the first Pope, by effect of the direct intervention of God and the existing links between Elizabeth and Mary.

1904:

in 390. The tradition of clerical continence developed into a practice of clerical celibacy (ordaining only unmarried men) from the 11th century onward among Latin Church Catholics and became a formal part of canon law in 1917. This law of clerical celibacy does not apply to

1384:

allow married men to be ordained (though not to be consecrated as bishops), the New Catholic Encyclopedia states: "The Second Lateran Council (1139) seems to have enacted the first written law making sacred orders a diriment impediment to marriage for the universal Church.".

843:

The tradition of celibacy continued to evolve. In some places it was expected that priests be not sexually active after ordination. When monastic spirituality became popular in the fourth and fifth centuries, it promoted the ideal of celibacy as a model for all priests.

1960:

In October 2019, many of the bishops at the Amazon Synod in Rome said that married priests should be allowed in the Roman Catholic Church. Pope Francis neglected the celibacy issue in the post-synodal documents, maintaining prior rules on celibacy for Catholic priests.

1980:

Some clergy who violated the celibacy policy, which also forbids marriage for clergy who did not convert from Protestant faiths, such as Lutheranism or Anglicanism, have also maintained their clerical status after marrying women in secret. One example was shown in the

1167:

was that "after separating from his married wife, he had taken her again". In his note on this phrase, the translator Herbert Moore says: "According to the 'Apostolic Canons', only the lower orders of clergy were allowed to marry after their appointment to office; the

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observed. But in some places, you will surely tell me, presbyters, deacons and sub-deacons are still fathering children This is not canonical, but is due to men's occasional remissness of purpose, and because there is no one to serve the congregation.

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or priests, but may not remarry if their wife dies, and celibacy is required only of bishops. Since celibacy is seen as a consequence of the obligation of continence, it implies abstinence from sexual relationships. The Code of Canon Law prescribes:

1913:'s call for the restoration of Eastern Catholic traditions, a number of bishops have returned to the traditional practice of ordaining married men to the presbyterate. Bishops are still celibate and normally chosen from the ranks of ordained monks. 745:

indicates that he was unmarried: either single or a widower. In 1 Corinthians 9:5, he contrasts his situation with that of the other apostles, including Peter, who were accompanied by believing wives. Paul, says Laurent Cleenewerck, a priest of the

1203:

him. However, he did not want to be regarded as inconsistent or seen as taking his oath lightly. Instead of returning to his wife, he engaged in promiscuous sex and what Epiphanius termed "sex practices against nature". In this way, he started

1557:, the vow of clerical celibacy, along with those to a motherhouse, and to a life of poverty, was required of deacons/deaconesses until the 1960s; this vow of celibacy was dropped and deacons/deaconesses in the Church of Sweden may be married. 1863:

7:7–8, "I would that all men were even as myself —but every one has his proper gift from God; one after this manner, and another after that. But I say to the unmarried and the widows. It is good for them if they so continue, even as I."

668:, who was named Cefa as the first pope of the early Christian Church. It is not yet acclared if Peter had a marriage and a son named Mark. The Byzantine tradition believes that Mark the Apostle and the Evangelist was an idolater born in 1270:, 692) shows that by that time there was a direct contradiction between the ideas of East and West about the legitimacy of conjugal relations on the part of clergy lower than the rank of bishop who had married before being ordained: 772:

used in favour of sacerdotal celibacy is 1 Corinthians 7:32–33 ("The unmarried man is anxious about the things of the Lord, how to please the Lord. But the married man is anxious about worldly things, how to please his wife") and a

124:. Exceptions are sometimes admitted for ordination to transitional diaconate and priesthood on a case-by-case basis for married clergymen of other churches or communities who become Catholics, but ordination of married men to the 1841:

Celibacy is represented in the Catholic Church as having apostolic authority. Theologically, the church desires to imitate the life of Jesus with regard to chastity and the sacrifice of married life for the "sake of the Kingdom"

1664:

allowed even bishops to marry, but in the early 6th century decided to ordain only celibate monks to episcopacy, while still allowing priests to marry after ordination. While some incorrectly believe all Orthodox bishops must be

967:

The consequence of the requirement from higher clerics who lived in marriages to abstain permanently from sexual intercourse with their wives was prohibition for those who were single of entering a marriage after ordination.

1145:

Similar evidence of the existence in the 4th-century East, as in the West, of a rule or at least an ideal of clerical continence for bishops that was considered to be canonical is found in Epiphanius's Panarion, 48, 9 and

616:

Jewish High Priests, who weekly alternated in the service of the First and the Second Temple of Jerusalem, were married and their priesthood was inherited by father to son. A similar succession was also imperative for the

1439:

In practice, the discipline of clerical continence meant by then that only unmarried men were ordained. Thus, in the discussions that took place, no distinction was made between clerical continence and clerical celibacy.

4385:

Petition of certain preachers of Switzerland to the Most Reverend Lord Hugo, Bishop of Constance, that he will not...endure longer the scandal of harlotry, but allow the priests to marry wives or at least wink at their

252:

Permanent deacons, namely those deacons who are not intended to become priests, are, in general, exempted from this rule. However, married permanent deacons are not allowed to remarry after the death of their spouse.

1229:, Jerome testified that the Churches of the East, Egypt and of the Apostolic See "accept for the ministry only men who are virgins, or those who practice continency, or, if married, abandon their conjugal rights" 1612:

Catholic priests are allowed to marry by special dispensation. Additionally, dispensations can be granted for deacons whose wives have died to marry a second time, especially if they have young children to look

1768:

require celibacy. Several cultures, in particular American Zen traditions, have revised this and now have forms of married lay teachers, who are distinct from the celibate clergy. Moreover, in the countries of

1211:

heresy which believed that as long as they abstained from marriage, it was not a sin to exercise their sexual desires as they pleased. Revelation 2:6 and 15 expresses hatred for the "works of the Nicolaitans".

340:, "The requirement of celibacy is not dogma; it is an ecclesiastical law that was adopted in the Middle Ages because Rome was worried that clerics' children would inherit church property and create dynasties." 1163:), who refused to be bound by the obligation, knew that, if made a bishop, he was expected to live in continence with his wife. One of the accusations against Antoninus, Bishop of Ephesus, in his trial before 1723:

traditions have no restrictions on the marriage of ministers or other clergy, except that in some circles divorced persons may not serve as pastors, and in practice the large majority of pastors are married.

1673:, they simply may no longer be living with their wives if they are to be consecrated to the episcopacy. (The canons stipulate that they must also see to their wives' maintenance, for example Canon 12 of the 1854:

10:20–21), and to follow the example of Jesus Christ in being "married" to the church, viewed by Catholicism and many Christian traditions as the "Bride of Christ". Also of importance are the teachings of

242:

is used specifically in the sense of being unmarried. However, for its clergy this state of being unmarried is considered to be a consequence of the obligation to be completely and perpetually continent:

1993:

had privately fathered two children, who were not twins, and had "more than a passing relationship" with their mother before he resigned from his post as Auxiliary Bishop and from the Catholic clergy.

3495:. Be this as it may, the Fathers of the Trullan council supposed that this obliged the clergy only to continence at certain fixed times, and were not willing to see that it included bishops as well" ( 821:

evidences that by the early 4th century, priestly celibacy-continence was not a novelty, stating that all marriages contracted by clerics in Holy Orders were declared null and void in 530 by Emperor

1255:

Needless to say, the rule or ideal of clerical continence was not always observed either in the West or in the East, and it was because of violations that it was from time to time affirmed. Emperor

797:

Similarly, Philippe Delhaye wrote: "During the first three or four centuries, no law was promulgated prohibiting clerical marriage. Celibacy was a matter of choice for bishops, priests, and deacons.

89:

also requires abstention from deliberately indulging in sexual thoughts and behavior outside of marriage, because these impulses are regarded as sinful. Vows of celibacy are generally required for

1444:

them a believing Christian as a wife (1 Corinthians 9:5) and the admonition, "Marriage should be honoured by all" (Hebrews 13:4). They blamed it for widespread sexual misconduct among the clergy.

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used against sacerdotal celibacy is the statement in 1 Timothy 3:2–4 that a bishop should be "the husband of one wife" and "one who ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection".

1241:(451) suggests that, in other provinces, not only bishops, priests, deacons and subdeacons, but even those in the lower orders of readers and singers were at that time not permitted to marry. 406:

and other Protestant faiths. In most Orthodox traditions and in some Eastern Catholic Churches men who are already married may be ordained priests, but priests may not marry after ordination.

964:) is evidence both for the respecting of personal decision in the matter and for contemporary appreciation of celibacy. For priests and deacons clerical marriage continued to be in vogue". 786:

Another interpretation of "the husband of one wife" was a prohibition of polygamy, which was not uncommon in the Old Testament (King David and King Solomon, for example, were polygamists).

1969:

Despite the Latin Church's historical practice of priestly celibacy, there have been Catholic priests throughout the centuries who have engaged in sexual relations through the practice of

4234: 763:

In the same chapter Paul, who wrote that a pastor is to be "the husband of one wife", forbids abstinence of marital relations except "for a set time" and states that celibacy is a gift.

675:

It is not known if the Mark of 1 Peter 5:13 can be identified with Mark the Apostle and the Evangelist. Mark is linked to Babylon through the lion's iconography and the prophet Ezekiel:

205:

of celibacy, poverty and ties to a motherhouse; the vow of celibacy was made optional in the 1960s and in the present-day, Lutheran deacons/deaconesses (both male and female) may marry.

1118:. Stefan Heid has argued that the pre-Nicaean acceptance of that arrangement for clerics was an indication that the clergy were expected to live in continence even with their wives. 1944:

spoke clearly of their understanding that the traditional practice is unlikely to change. Pope Francis, however, has called for consideration of the question of electing so-called

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the four lions appeared during the prophetic vision of Ezekiel 1:10, held in Babylon. It was followed by the translation of Ezekiel's relics into the Venetian Basilica in 828 CE.

4000: 3916: 1596:

clergy, who convert to Catholicism and wish to become priests in the Catholic Church, provided their wives consent. The Catholic Church considers Protestant, including most

4242: 5585: 1310:

In 888, two local councils, that of Metz and that of Mainz, prohibited cohabitation even with wives living in continence. This tendency was taken up by the 11th-century

3346:, 1986, p. 150, "Second Topic, Concerning the Celibacy of Priests", chapter IV, "History of the Celibacy of Priests from the Time of the Apostles Down to Our Times". 1909:. Until recently, the Eastern Catholic bishops of North America would generally ordain only unmarried men, for fear that married priests would create scandal. Since 1700:

Communion have no restrictions on the marriage of deacons, priests, bishops, or other ministers to a person of the opposite sex. Early Anglican Church clergy under

326:

Clerics are to behave with due prudence towards persons whose company can endanger their obligation to observe continence or give rise to scandal among the faithful.

1727: 5844: 3081: 375:). This vow of chastity, made by people – not all of whom are clergy – is different from what is the obligation, not a vow, of clerical continence and celibacy. 1929:

may request the Pope to grant authorization, on a case-by-case basis, for admission to ordination in the Catholic Church of married former Anglican clergy (see

4163:(celibacy and globalization) and Bruno Bontempelli, in Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly ou le triomphe de l'écriture: pour une nouvelle lecture de Un prêtre marié by 1936:

Because the rule of clerical celibacy is a law and not a doctrine, exceptions can be made, and it can, in principle, be changed at any time by the Pope. Both

4873: 4300:

from the Catholic perspective. Some information available on celibacy. Many links to Catholic websites with articles on priestly celibacy are also available.

1125:, wrote: "It is fitting that those in the priesthood and occupied in the service of God, should abstain after ordination from the intercourse of marriage." 4340: 1108:

refers to an unmarried woman living in association with a man in a merely spiritual marriage, a practice that seems to have existed already in the time of

871:), writing of the apostles, indicated that he was obliged to believe that apart from Peter, who was certainly married, the apostles were continent. In his 4065: 398:, most priests are celibate men. Exceptions are admitted, with there being several Catholic priests who were received into the Catholic Church from the 2212: 3950: 653: 637: 2967:

Constitutiones apostolorum 8, 47, 26 (SC 336, 280, 83f.) των εις κληρον παρελθόντων αγαμον κελεύομεν Βουλομένους γαμειν αναγνώστας και ψαλτας μόνους.

5464: 3453: 3435: 720: 4351: 3496: 3468: 1037:, who was baptized together with her father, when he and his wife became Christians. Among Popes of the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries, the father of 4051: 3626: 2680: 2569: 1287:, which for bishops, priests, deacons, and subdeacons excludes marriage after ordination, but allows, except for periods before celebrating the 4278: 4272: 4254: 3525: 1757:('the world'), and practice celibacy. The idea is to keep the mind free from distraction caused by sex-life and use that focus in serving God. 794:, "would not stand up so comfortably to historical scrutiny". Dennis says this book provides no evidence that celibacy had apostolic origins. 5578: 5518: 3975: 3005: 2580: 2066: 2979: 3859: 3699: 1657: 3164:"Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. XIV, The Canons of the 318 Holy Fathers Assembled in the City of Nice (sic), in Bithynia" 4289: 3759: 2238: 1412:, not only on the part of the Reformers, but also among churchmen and others who remained in union with the see of Rome. Figures such as 5768: 3339: 2343: 1832: 3882: 2695: 2658: 1291:, conjugal relations by priests and deacons married before ordination, and requires celibacy and perpetual continence only of bishops. 4358: 2822: 2762:

Dennis, George T. SJ on Cochini, The Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy (book review), Theological Studies, 52:4 (1991:Dec.) p.738

2265: 1645: 1510: 459: 3138: 5735: 5449: 4648: 4172: 4149: 4131: 4115: 4107: 3233: 3110: 3055: 2883: 2722: 2714: 2668: 1532: 1433: 587: 525: 144:

either follow the same rules as the Latin Church or require celibacy for bishops while allowing priestly ordination of married men.

4321:

Recent online interview with Archbishop George Stallings, Jr., former Roman Catholic Priest, about "Married Priests Now!" movement.

2171: 1057:(536–537). No statement is given on whether, among these, the children in question were born when their fathers were still laymen. 554: 754:, clearly favored celibacy, which he understood as "a gift". Cleenewerck supports this statement by quoting 1 Corinthians 7:5–8: 5891: 5763: 5571: 4383: 1860: 1649: 625: 257: 156: 4239: 3591: 3548: 1447:

Against the long-standing tradition of the Church in the East as well as in the West, which excluded marriage after ordination,

506: 5896: 5501: 1429: 1252:

a 5th century bishop of Clermont was married and his wife was involved in the construction of St Stephen's church in Clermont.

2059:

Now is the Appointed Time: Philosophical and Theological Perspectives on the Necessity For Reform in the Roman Catholic Church

478: 5822: 5021: 4665: 4548: 4311: 3673: 1514: 463: 5725: 1459:

in 1539. And against what had also become, though seemingly at a later date, a tradition in both East and West, the married

4191: 4037: 3399:

Jerome (c. 345 – 420). Against Vigilantius. Trans. by W.H. Fremantle, G. Lewis and W.G. Martley. Accessed 19 January 2023.

628:

was married to Elizabeth who was a relative of the Virgin Mary (Luke 1:36). By a "miracle of God", he became the father of

5320: 4983: 4712: 4423: 3792: 2507: 1425: 1402: 1299: 976:

decreed that only lower clerics might still marry after their ordination. Bishops, priests, and deacons were not allowed.

936: 413:, but instead as a rule that could be adjusted if the Church thought it appropriate and to which exceptions are admitted. 2744: 485: 5713: 5708: 5648: 5486: 5156: 5011: 4845: 4735: 3808: 160: 3781: 3574:.4 (December 1973:467–475); Christopher Brooke, "Gregorian reform in action: clerical marriage in England, 1050–1200", 600:

According to the Bible, there at least two instances of non-celibate priesthood: the Jewish High Priest Zechariah, and

140:

celibacy is optional (such as permanent deacons in the Latin Church) wish to marry, they must do so before ordination.

5653: 4830: 4528: 3896:"Pope Francis backs away from potentially major reform putting off decision on allowing married priests in the Amazon" 3078: 1092:

The great Synod has stringently forbidden any bishop, presbyter, deacon, or any one of the clergy whatever, to have a

193:

in general do not require celibacy of its clergy and allow—or even encourage—clerical marriage. In the past, Lutheran

4284: 2647: 730:

Some of the earliest Christian leaders were married men. The mention in Mark 1:30, Luke 4:38, and Matthew 8:14–15 of

569: 2927: 996:

even interpreted it as meaning: "It was decided to forbid keeping back from one's wife and not producing children".

5886: 5608: 5265: 4817: 4432: 3370: 3343: 1926: 747: 492: 4124:

Celibacy in the Early Church. The Beginnings of a Discipline of Obligatory Continence for Clerics in East and West

3770: 1681:

herself, though this also is not required. There are many Orthodox bishops currently serving who have never been

1572:", but married men may not be ordained priests or bishops or even as "transitional deacons", nor may anyone marry 1503: 1068:(325) considered ordering all married clergy to refrain from conjugal relations, but the Council was dissuaded by 565: 452: 4991: 4697: 4675: 2554: 1906: 1641: 1621: 1381: 932: 395: 314: 290: 269:

On the granting of permission, by exception, for the priestly ordination of married men in the Latin Church, see

141: 4337: 4331: 5628: 5496: 5069: 5016: 4355: 1464: 908: 125: 1098:

dwelling with him, except only a mother, or sister, or aunt, or such persons only as are beyond all suspicion.

711:

1 Corinthians 9:5 mentions the apostles, including Peter, being accompanied in their ministry by their wives.

474: 409:

Neither the Catholic nor the Orthodox tradition considers the rule of clerical celibacy to be an unchangeable

2592: 2454: 881:

that he claimed were imitated from Christianity, but does not associate it specifically with the clergy. In

5698: 5594: 5508: 5481: 5335: 4328: 1836: 1716:

priestly orders require their members to remain celibate, as do monastic orders of all brothers and sisters.

1617: 1284: 1085: 1065: 989: 973: 417: 306: 148: 4023: 3450: 3432: 2625: 2614: 2540: 2518: 2378: 2302: 1568:

mature married men who intend not to advance to priesthood may be ordained deacons and are referred to as "

1302:, with whom he had a daughter. He was married before his ordination, and was elected Pope only in old age. 940: 5552: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5139: 5134: 4973: 4963: 3245: 1910: 1693:

areas outside the home territories of the Eastern Catholic Churches, was revoked by a decree of June 2014.

1653: 1565: 1409: 1346: 969: 916: 891: 54: 2910: 1921:

individual exceptions are sometimes made for former non-Catholic clergymen. Under the rules proposed for

5783: 5668: 5491: 5064: 5049: 5031: 4933: 4860: 4586: 4581: 3530: 3142: 1982: 1701: 1322: 1195: 1128: 633: 3283: 2603: 2422: 2411: 3661: 2947: 2465: 2324: 5778: 5618: 5459: 5275: 5074: 4765: 4638: 4164: 2859: 1930: 1922: 1761: 1709: 1705: 1238: 1173: 1122: 1069: 948: 900: 372: 129: 5547: 4251: 3163: 2367: 2356: 2313: 2280: 1977:

by doing so as well. Some of those who were fathered by Catholic clergy also publicly came forward.

993: 5740: 5513: 5364: 5347: 5302: 5166: 5129: 5124: 5079: 4805: 4576: 4538: 3931: 3900: 2706: 2339: 2147: 2010: 1901: 1000: 920: 3567:(1962:134–36); Nancy Partner, "Henry of Huntingdon: Clerical Celibacy and the Writing of History" 3324: 2660:

Celibacy in the Early Church: The Beginnings of Obligatory Continence for Clerics in East and West

1640:

churches follow the same rules as in the Eastern Orthodox Church for bishops and priests, but the

703:

Matthew 8:14 mentions Peter having a mother-in-law, which implies that he was married or widowed.

5865: 5686: 5658: 5643: 5384: 5359: 5255: 5243: 5161: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4840: 4740: 4707: 4633: 4571: 4533: 4492: 4482: 3581:(1956:1–21). The cases mentioned largely concern, not clerical celibacy, but clerical continence. 3272: 2976: 2709:; Cochini, Christian, The Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy, Ignatius Press (October 1990). 2400: 2389: 2291: 2207: 1661: 1605: 1581: 1326: 1217: 1030: 403: 387: 336: 310: 228: 176: 175:

churches deacons may marry after ordination. For a period in the 5th and early 6th centuries the

152: 2493: 1888:

binding all: in other words, a church regulation, but not an integral part of church teaching.

1237:

In saying that "in certain provinces it is permitted to the readers and singers to marry", the

499: 378:

Celibacy for religious and monastics (monks and sisters/nuns) and for bishops is upheld by the

5815: 5795: 5613: 5379: 5176: 4948: 4938: 4850: 4835: 4790: 4785: 4750: 4457: 4416: 4263: 4207: 4168: 4160: 4145: 4127: 4111: 4103: 3357: 3229: 3222: 3106: 3051: 3037: 3017: 3001: 2879: 2818: 2814: 2718: 2710: 2664: 2576: 2062: 2018: 1941: 1937: 1893: 1881: 1847: 1779: 1713: 1674: 1637: 1628:

with Rome), married men may be ordained to any order except as bishops, and one may not marry

1597: 1398: 1339: 1315: 1263: 1169: 951:. No statement is made about whether they had children after becoming bishops or only before. 751: 601: 383: 220: 172: 137: 133: 3044: 2994: 2958:

New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol 3 Catholic University of America: Washington, D.C. 1967, p 323

2771:"Books about the priesthood", America. New York: July 4, 1992. vol 167, issue 1, pg.17, 3pgs. 5730: 5719: 5633: 5474: 5238: 5084: 5039: 4943: 4878: 4679: 4660: 4391: 4285:

An Eastern Orthodox discussion of the view of celibacy/continence as an Apostolic Tradition.

4197: 4156: 3703: 3412: 2858:"Habet et uirgines, habet et continentes" (It too has virgins, it too has continent people)— 2089: 1897: 1601: 1550: 1471: 1394: 1311: 1245: 1034: 1008: 912: 742: 629: 360: 198: 3684: 3067: 2793: 2262: 885:, Tertullian did regard with honour those in ecclesiastical orders who remained continent. 5747: 5703: 5663: 5638: 5059: 4883: 4800: 4775: 4722: 4702: 4692: 4655: 4436: 4370: 4344: 4267: 4258: 4246: 3980: 3552: 3457: 3439: 3335: 3085: 2983: 2931: 2847: 2748: 2702: 2558: 2269: 2175: 1554: 1164: 1045:(483–492), whose father was almost certainly a priest, was the great-great-grandfather of 985: 944: 928: 904: 684: 399: 379: 352: 294: 113: 1318:, which in spite of being theoretically excluded was in fact practised, and concubinage. 1131:(died 403) accused the heretics whom he called "Purists" of "mixing up everyone's duty": 899:

There is record of a number of 3rd-century married bishops in good standing, even in the

3508:

Fernand Mourret: A History of the Catholic Church, Volym 3. B. Herder Book Company, 1946

2202: 2168: 1778:

the wife consents). Many Japanese monks and priests were celibate up to the time of the

1754: 5789: 5692: 5233: 5094: 4953: 4928: 4918: 4795: 4780: 4730: 4643: 4523: 4462: 4371:

Reflections on Clerical Family Life; from the History of the Christian Church, vol, vii

4297: 4211: 4196:, 6 vols., London, K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., ltd, (1913–17). Online from the 4126:. Michael J. Miller (transl. from German). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p. 376. 3309: 2157: 2085: 1856: 1851: 1843: 1770: 1625: 1460: 1421: 1288: 1267: 1180: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 680: 224: 202: 2146:

a man who has a wife, unless he is legitimately destined to the permanent diaconate."

390:. Bishops must be unmarried men or widowers; a married man cannot become a bishop. In 5880: 5213: 5104: 4958: 4687: 4622: 4613: 4561: 4553: 4513: 4503: 4374: 3615: 3595: 3545: 2807: 2529: 1990: 1918: 1822:, lifelong celibacy or monasticism is forbidden. Marriage is encouraged for everyone. 1808: 1585: 1577: 1452: 1199: 1172:

ordered that a bishop's wife should retire to a convent, or become a deaconess; that

1012: 818: 190: 4001:"Vatican confirms secret Catholic Church guidelines for priests who father children" 3294: 1349:(1139), in which some five hundred bishops took part, enacted the following canons: 27:

Requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried

5810: 5413: 5352: 5342: 5312: 5228: 5223: 5151: 4968: 4760: 4467: 4409: 3715: 2044: 1986: 1945: 1873: 1561: 1413: 1373: 391: 286: 282: 235: 117: 94: 4396: 4325: 3487:, which may mean 'fixed times': for the translator read, following another codex, 3284:

The Dialogue of Palladius concerning the Life of St. John Chrysostom, chapter XIII

2813:(Rev. and expanded. ed.). Mystic, Conn.: Twenty-Third Publications. pp. 2479: 2186: 2131: 783:

relations, the members of the clergy were not entitled to marry after ordination.

687:) has been for centuries the symbol of the Republic and the Patriarcate of Venice, 4183: 3883:

Katholisch.de: Viele Bischöfe für verheiratete Priester und Frauendiakone(German)

3260: 1033:(315–368), a Doctor of the Church, was a married bishop and had a daughter named 992:

even for the laity, periodical continence before partaking of the Eucharist. and

808:) excommunicated a priest or bishop who left his wife 'under pretense of piety' ( 695:

Gospel of Mark does not mention the lion's symbolism nor the Ezekiel's prophecy.

5800: 5442: 5374: 5330: 5295: 5285: 5186: 4923: 4618: 4596: 4496: 3847: 3837: 3748: 3726: 3695: 3637: 2198: 1970: 1790: 1492: 1456: 1256: 1225: 822: 731: 665: 441: 331: 194: 186: 182: 90: 5860: 3737: 2239:"Making the transition from Lutheran minister to Catholic priest - with a wife" 167:

after ordination. Similarly, celibacy is not a requirement for ordination as a

17: 5408: 5391: 5203: 4908: 4825: 4444: 4315: 4178: 3627:

Roman Cholij: Priestly celibacy in patristics and in the history of the Church

2741: 2433: 2024: 2000: 1720: 1609: 1545:

Rules on celibacy differ between different religious traditions and churches:

1208: 924: 857: 833: 669: 421: 4401: 4226: 4088:

Charles A. Frazee, "The origins of clerical celibacy in the Western Church",

3824: 3400: 3199: 3068:

The Canons of the CCXLII Blessed Fathers Who Assembled at Carthage, canon III

5623: 5530: 5280: 5270: 5218: 5196: 5181: 5119: 5114: 4913: 4893: 4755: 4591: 4518: 4361: 3955: 3820: 2109: 2004: 1889: 1774: 1670: 1633: 1369: 1295: 1204: 878: 837: 4142:

Goodbye, Good Men: How Liberals Brought Corruption Into the Catholic Church

2340:"Feast of St Mark the Apostle and the Evangelist in the Byzantine calendar" 2120: 163:, but even married priests whose wives pre-decease them are not allowed to 5563: 4347: 4334: 2551: 179:

did not apply the rule of celibacy even for ordination to the episcopate.

5401: 5369: 5290: 5248: 5191: 5171: 5044: 4898: 4888: 4628: 4608: 4508: 4472: 4378: 4005: 3256: 2921: 2636: 1949: 1931:

Personal ordinariate#Married former Anglican clergy and rules on celibacy

1859:

that chastity is the superior state of life, and his desire expressed in

1765: 1742: 1697: 1690: 1593: 1589: 1365: 1249: 1153: 1114: 368: 348: 215: 102: 98: 86: 78: 1689:, forbidding priestly ordination and ministry of married men in certain 5525: 5396: 5325: 5208: 5144: 5099: 5089: 4903: 4865: 4601: 4449: 4307: 2735: 1796: 1786: 1682: 1517: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1448: 1417: 1183: 1061: 632:

when the couple was "well advanced in years" (Luke 1:5–7). He was also

466: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 356: 164: 106: 3651:(Catholic University of America: Washington, D.C. 1967) vol. 3, p. 366 2738:: The Beginnings of Obligatory Continence for Clerics in East and West 1338:

The phrase "contract marriage" in the first part of canon 21 excludes

5827: 5260: 4745: 4566: 4487: 4477: 4303: 3976:"Vatican reveals it has secret rules for priests who father children" 3951:"Vatican secret out: There are rules for priests who father children" 2696:

Priestly Celibacy. Ecclesiastical Institution or Apostolic Tradition?

1750: 1569: 1187: 1109: 641: 618: 425: 318: 302: 298: 168: 121: 82: 4066:"Archbishop calls for prayer after priest admits fathering children" 2784:, vol 3, Catholic University of America: Washington, D.C. 1967 p.370 572:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 3423:

Gregory of Tours. A History of the Franks. Pantianos Classics, 1916

2552:

Orthodox Answers (an Eastern Orthodox website): "Clerical Celibacy"

2436:

Clements, Stromata (book III) / Eusebius, Church History (Book III)

1405:

it had won widespread support from lay and ecclesiastical leaders.

1314:, which aimed at eliminating what it called "Nicolaitism", that is 5469: 4024:"20 offenders revealed in grand jury report in Greensburg Diocese" 1819: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1746: 1060:

As for the East, the Greek ecclesiastical historians Socrates and

645: 410: 364: 1948:

for the ordination to the priesthood, particularly in areas like

825:, who also declared the children of such marriages illegitimate. 738:

return in this present age and eternal life in the age to come".

5805: 5109: 5054: 4770: 4293: 3793:"Vatican lifts married priests ban in US, Canada, and Australia" 2682:

Priestly celibacy in patristics and in the history of the Church

1666: 5567: 4405: 4320: 1283:

There have been no changes since then in the discipline of the

3917:"Concubinage among the Clergy of Malta and Gozo ca. 1420-1550" 3860:"Will Pan-Amazonian Synod Result in End to Clerical Celibacy?" 2242: 2110:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: celibacy

1753:

or individual ascetics, are usually expected to withdraw from

1678: 1486: 537: 435: 344: 29: 3771:

Coptic Orthodox Church Network: "The Sacrament of Priesthood"

2027:, Scottish surname which originally meant "son of the priest" 1112:; in the 4th century such a woman was also referred to as an 4052:"Australian priest admits being secretly married for a year" 3760:"Why can't a non-celibate priest re-marry if his wife dies?" 4081:

E. Vacandard, "Les origines du célibat ecclésiastique", in

877:, Tertullian mentioned continence as one of the customs in 672:, converted to Christianity by Peter who followed in Rome. 4326:

Paradosis (Tradition): The Handing On of Divine Revelation

2898:

The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 2005, art.

1401:

and concubinage met strong opposition, by the time of the

1280:

made no distinction between bishops, priests and deacons.

2758: 2756: 2334: 2332: 1896:

of approximately 305–306. This law was reinforced in the

1064:, who wrote a century after the event, reported that the 4264:

Francis Speaks, Scalfari Transcribes, Brandmüller Shreds

3050:(Kösel 1978; English translation: Sheed & Ward 1992 1876:, which was introduced much later and is seen only as a 305:

must as a rule be unmarried men. In others, such as the

136:

is not allowed and therefore, if those for whom in some

2142:"The following are simply impeded from receiving orders 1677:.) Typically, the wife of such a man will take up the 561: 50: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3497:

Comment by Fleury on canon 13 of the Council in Trullo

2943: 2941: 2939: 2780:

Philippe Delhaye, "Celibacy, Clerical, History of" in

2742:

Anthony Zimmerman, Celibacy Dates Back to the Apostles

1799:

has no history of celibacy for its leaders, including

116:, clerical celibacy is mandated for all clergy in the 109:

and other religions, but often not for other clergy.

53:

by adding general information and discuss at the

3782:

Ronald G. Roberson, "The Assyrian Church of the East"

2232: 2230: 4252:

On Clerical Celibacy in the Catholic Church, Part II

4184:

The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe

3945: 3943: 3941: 1660:

does not allow it. For much of the 5th century, the

424:, and the alleged self-castration of the theologian 5836: 5756: 5677: 5601: 5422: 5311: 5030: 4982: 4859: 4816: 4721: 4674: 4547: 4443: 4240:

On Clerical Celibacy in the Catholic Church, Part I

4038:"Are Catholic priests leading secret double lives?" 2080: 2078: 2809:Catholic customs & traditions: a popular guide 2806: 1576:ordination. Since the start of the pontificate of 3534:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3261:English translation by Frank Williams, II, p. 105 3032:M. Meigne, " Concile ou Collection d'Elvire?" in 811:Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio 2508:Pope John Paul II, General Audience 14 July 1993 2481:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 2121:Webster's New World College Dictionary: celibacy 1745:, priests can marry. At the same time, monks in 1198:, also of the 4th century, Nicholas, one of the 999:In 387 or 390, or according to others in 400, a 420:the Christian church forbids voluntary physical 219:can mean either the state of being unmarried or 3995: 3993: 3991: 3592:"The Canons of the First Lateran Council, 1123" 3563:For the situation in England, see E. Deanealy, 2836:most bishops and presbyters continued to marry. 1728:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1408:New opposition appeared in connection with the 1364:And later legislation, found especially in the 1351: 1331: 1272: 1133: 1090: 1077: 830: 817:However, the 19th-century Protestant historian 756: 270: 262: 245: 5845:Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma 3616:The Canons of the Second Lateran Council, 1123 5579: 4417: 4144:, Regnery Publishing, Inc. (June 25, 2002). 3836:CIC 1917: text - IntraText CT Canon 982 II. 3662:John W. O'Malley, Some Basics about Celibacy 3187:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3126:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2948:John W. O'Malley, Some Basics about Celibacy 2496:Responding to Objections to Priestly Celibacy 1952:where there is an acute shortage of priests. 1789:, Monks do not marry from the day they enter 640:, belonging to the Jewish priestly family of 8: 4235:The biblical foundation of priestly celibacy 4100:, The Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy 1656:permit ordained deacons to marry, while the 355:or monastic communities, along with vows of 4200:. See vol. 3, ch.xvii, (pp. 241–273), 4083:Études de Critique et d'Histoire Religieuse 3342:: Vol. III. trans. Fred Kramer, St. Louis: 2434:http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm 2169:Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1579–1580 1147: 1103: 1093: 1022: 1016: 889: 872: 809: 774: 767: 5586: 5572: 5564: 4424: 4410: 4402: 4273:Interview with Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo 3401:https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3010.htm 3246:Demonstratio Evangelica, book 1, chapter 9 3103:Clerical Celibacy in the West: C.1100-1700 2876:Clerical Celibacy in the West: C.1100-1700 604:in respect of Mark named in 1 Peter 5:13. 4365:; book 4, chapter 13, sections 10, 14, 15 4018: 4016: 2575:(Euclid University Consortium Press 2008 2061:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 18. 1708:), but the requirement was eliminated by 1533:Learn how and when to remove this message 588:Learn how and when to remove this message 526:Learn how and when to remove this message 2662:, Stefan Heid, trans. Michael J. Miller. 954:"A famous letter of Synesius of Cyrene ( 721:Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church 3139:"The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen" 2445:Stromata, III, vi, ed. Dindorf, II, 276 2036: 828:Catholic author Greg Dues states that: 3105:. Taylor and Francis. pp. 49–51. 2794:Excursus on the Marriage of the Clergy 2045:Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2349 1121:A leading participant in the Council, 792:Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy 664:1 Peter 5:13 refers to a Mark, son of 2237:Cummings-Jordan, Mary (18 May 2015). 2215:from the original on October 27, 2023 2057:Calvanese, Carmen J. (6 March 2019). 159:; married men may be ordained to the 45:one specialized aspect of the subject 7: 3700:Institutes of the Christian Religion 3565:Sidelights on the Anglo-Saxon Church 3228:(Ignatius Press, San Francisco 2005 1956:Amazon Synod in Rome in October 2019 1872:rule of celibacy for priests of the 1658:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria 1515:adding citations to reliable sources 464:adding citations to reliable sources 5769:Church and state in medieval Europe 3340:Examination of the Council of Trent 2861:De praescriptione contra haereticos 2468:Celibacy in the First Two Centuries 1833:Clerical celibacy (Catholic Church) 874:De praescriptione contra haereticos 715:Clerical continence in Christianity 656:and stayed there for three months. 248:to the service of God and humanity. 4279:Interview with Father Alan Phillip 3825:Jerome, Against Jovinianus, Book I 2878:. Taylor and Francis. p. 31. 2346:from the original on 27 July 2019. 2203:"Secrets, Celibacy And the Church" 1704:were required to be celibate (see 1646:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 363:, in order to imitate the life of 25: 5736:Norman conquest of southern Italy 4296:faithful to Sacred Scripture and 3528:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 3079:Epistola Decretalis Papae Siricii 1376:of ordaining only unmarried men. 1298:(r. 867–872), who was married to 317:, married men may be ordained as 5859: 5546: 3727:Code of Canon Law, canon 1031 §2 3517: 2003: 1807:. Before the destruction of the 1650:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 1491: 1329:, adopted the following canons: 1075:According to Sozomen's history: 542: 440: 258:Catechism of the Catholic Church 81:that some or all members of the 34: 5502:LGBT-affirming religious groups 4290:Catholic Apologetics of America 4102:, Ignatius Pr. (October 1990). 3738:Code of Canon Law, canon 277 §1 3034:Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique 2977:The Council of Elvira, ca. 306. 2158:What is a Deacon? - Busted Halo 1562:Latin (Western) Catholic Church 1502:needs additional citations for 451:needs additional citations for 5823:Separation of church and state 4666:Sexually transmitted infection 4356:commentary on Jeremiah 5:30-31 4213:History of Sacerdotal Celibacy 3924:Journal of the Faculty of Arts 3356:Aduersus Jovinianum I, 7. 26 ( 3189:, 2005, art. "subintroductae". 1965:Historical lack of enforcement 1424:, and the Holy Roman Emperors 1366:Quinque Compilationes Antiquae 1088:, AD 325, decides in Canon 3: 654:visited the house of Elizabeth 343:In some Christian churches, a 77:is the requirement in certain 1: 4713:Women who have sex with women 3749:Code of Canon Law, canon 1087 3377:I, 11, 5 (GCS Socr. 42, i9f.) 2997:Clerical Celibacy in the West 2530:The Story of the Early Church 2342:(in Italian). 25 April 2016. 1403:Second Council of the Lateran 1222:ecclesiastical tradition. In 1157: 958: 861: 802: 801:The apostolic constitutions ( 750:and professor of theology at 43:This article focuses only on 5714:First Council of the Lateran 5649:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 4846:History of erotic depictions 4736:Criminal transmission of HIV 4397:Celibacy in Jewish Tradition 4187:(Cambridge University Press) 3576:Cambridge Historical Journal 3388:Celibacy in the Early Church 3225:Celibacy in the Early Church 3040:Celibacy in the Early Church 3020:Celibacy in the Early Church 2736:Celibacy in the Early Church 1598:Anglican ordinations invalid 1053:(514–523) was the father of 5709:First Battle of Langensalza 5654:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 4831:Counterculture of the 1960s 4312:Why Moses Remained Celibate 3915:Wettinger, Godfrey (1977). 3090:De clericis incontinentibus 2701:September 26, 2007, at the 1584:may be allowed for married 903:. They included: Passivus, 790:premises used in the book, 568:the claims made and adding 428:was used to discredit him. 382:and the traditions of both 155:, celibacy is the norm for 5913: 5609:Atto (archbishop of Milan) 5553:Human sexuality portal 4167:, H & D, Paris, 2006 ( 3864:National Catholic Register 3344:Concordia Publishing House 3128:, 2005, art. "Paphnutius". 2263:Council of Nicaea, canon I 1925:for former Anglicans, the 1830: 1483:Rules for Christian clergy 1294:The last married Pope was 1233:Fifth to seventh centuries 955: 937:bishop of Aire-sur-l'Adour 883:De exhortatione castitatis 748:Orthodox Church in America 718: 638:Second Temple of Jerusalem 5854: 5726:Saxon revolt of 1077–1088 5541: 4698:Men who have sex with men 4216:, Houghton Mifflin, 1867. 4202:On Marriage and Sexuality 3811:, churchofjesuschrist.org 3649:New Catholic Encyclopedia 3524:Loughlin, James (1907). " 3451:Code of Justinian, 1.3.41 3433:Code of Justinian, 1.3.44 2848:On Monogamy, chapter VIII 2782:New Catholic Encyclopedia 2747:October 22, 2007, at the 2174:January 11, 2010, at the 2086:"Ministry and Ministries" 1827:The Catholic Church today 1762:traditions of monasticism 1642:Armenian Apostolic Church 1622:Eastern Catholic Churches 1618:Eastern Orthodox Churches 1382:Eastern Catholic Churches 1345:Sixteen years later, the 933:Magnus, bishop of Avignon 853:Second to third centuries 396:Eastern Catholic Churches 315:Eastern Catholic Churches 142:Eastern Catholic Churches 5629:Gotofredo da Castiglione 2021:(clergy getting married) 1669:, in fact, according to 1465:Archbishop of Canterbury 1041:(366–384) was a bishop. 909:Cassius, bishop of Narni 832:Early heretics, such as 418:first ecumenical council 394:Catholicism and in some 234:In the canon law of the 223:, especially because of 5892:Investiture Controversy 5699:Donation of Constantine 5595:Investiture Controversy 4292:: a large, informative 4227:Catholic Encyclopedia: 3821:Tertullian, On Monogamy 2707:Priestly Celibacy Today 1837:Sacerdotalis caelibatus 1393:While the 11th-century 1370:Decretals of Gregory IX 1306:11th and 12th centuries 1285:Eastern Orthodox Church 1066:First Council of Nicaea 990:Eastern Orthodox Church 974:Apostolic Constitutions 644:, direct descendant of 307:Eastern Orthodox Church 208: 149:Eastern Orthodox Church 85:be unmarried. Clerical 5897:Religion-related lists 5866:Catholicism portal 4974:Split attraction model 4964:Sexual objectification 4874:Anarchism and love/sex 4229:Celibacy of the Clergy 3047:Celibacy, Gift or Law? 2923:Didascalia Apostolorum 2900:Didascalia Apostolorum 2740:, Stefan Heid, p. 15; 1654:Syriac Orthodox Church 1566:Second Vatican Council 1410:Protestant Reformation 1361: 1347:Second Lateran Council 1336: 1277: 1148: 1143: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1082: 1023: 1017: 892:Didascalia Apostolorum 890: 873: 850: 810: 775: 768: 761: 741:In 1 Corinthians 7:8, 612:Jewish High Priesthood 351:is made by members of 328: 285:churches, such as the 267: 250: 209:Meanings of 'celibacy' 5784:Divine right of kings 5669:Rudolf of Rheinfelden 4934:Sex-positive movement 4587:Reproductive medicine 4582:Obesity and sexuality 4529:Sexual response cycle 4352:Calvin on monasticism 4298:Sacred Oral Tradition 4122:Heid, Stefan (2000). 3546:Peter Damian, Letters 3531:Catholic Encyclopedia 3375:Historia ealesiastica 3371:Socrates Scholasticus 3204:Catholic Encyclopedia 3101:Helen Parish (2016). 3045:Heinz-Jürgen Vogels, 2874:Helen Parish (2016). 2637:1 Corinthians 7:32–33 2570:Laurent Cleenewerck, 1983:Diocese of Greensburg 1923:personal ordinariates 1624:(which latter are in 1588:ministers, including 1323:First Lateran Council 1196:Epiphanius of Salamis 1129:Epiphanius of Salamis 1049:the Great (590–604). 941:Philibert de Jumièges 416:From the time of the 324: 5779:College of Cardinals 5619:Antipope Clement III 5460:Buddhist monasticism 5450:Christian demonology 5276:Urethral intercourse 5075:Erotic sexual denial 4766:Cybersex trafficking 4639:Erectile dysfunction 4338:Katecheo (Catechism) 4165:Jean-Pierre Thiollet 3797:CathNews New Zealand 3168:Early Church Fathers 3036:70 (1975), cited in 2925:, chapter IV (ii, 2) 2466:Michael E. Giesler, 1600:, while recognizing 1511:improve this article 1397:'s campaign against 1239:Council of Chalcedon 1215:Jerome, referred in 1123:Eusebius of Caesarea 1070:Paphnutius of Thebes 970:The Apostolic Canons 947:, was the father of 939:, was the father of 683:(also called as the 460:improve this article 373:Evangelical counsels 130:Personal ordinariate 51:improve this article 5514:Sacred prostitution 5303:Wet T-shirt contest 5167:Non-penetrative sex 5125:Mammary intercourse 4806:Revenge pornography 4577:Masters and Johnson 4539:Vaginal lubrication 4140:Rose, Michael S., 4009:. 19 February 2019. 3984:. 19 February 2019. 3932:University of Malta 3901:The Washington Post 3386:Stefan Heid (2000), 2805:Dues, Greg (1992). 2694:BONIVENTO, Cesare. 2593:1 Corinthians 7:5–8 2011:Christianity portal 1902:Council of Carthage 1436:argued against it. 1001:Council of Carthage 624:More particularly, 475:"Clerical celibacy" 122:permanent diaconate 5687:Concordat of Worms 5659:Matilda of Tuscany 5644:Henry I of England 5360:Red-light district 5256:Sexual penetration 5244:Sexual intercourse 5162:Nipple stimulation 4841:Golden Age of Porn 4741:Child sexual abuse 4708:Sexual orientation 4634:Sexual dysfunction 4572:Male contraceptive 4534:Sexual stimulation 4483:Nocturnal emission 4354:excerpts from his 4343:2009-02-01 at the 4257:2009-02-22 at the 4245:2009-02-03 at the 4208:Lea, Henry Charles 4190:Grisar, Hartmann, 4098:Cochini, Christian 3885:, October 20, 2019 3799:, 21 November 2014 3551:2009-02-26 at the 3456:2009-02-26 at the 3438:2009-02-26 at the 3312:Against Jovinianus 3084:2008-04-22 at the 2982:2008-04-10 at the 2930:2016-06-04 at the 2705:; Thomas McGovern, 2557:2010-11-28 at the 2268:2012-02-15 at the 2208:The New York Times 1662:Church of the East 1479:him be anathema." 1340:clerical marriages 1218:Against Jovinianus 1031:Hilary of Poitiers 943:, and Sigilaicus, 553:possibly contains 404:Anglican Communion 388:Oriental Orthodoxy 337:The New York Times 311:Oriental Orthodoxy 309:, the churches of 229:sexual intercourse 189:and Nonconformist 177:Church of the East 153:Oriental Orthodoxy 5887:Clerical celibacy 5874: 5873: 5816:Donation of Pepin 5796:Holy Roman Empire 5774:Clerical celibacy 5614:Pope Callixtus II 5561: 5560: 5470:Hindu monasticism 5455:Clerical celibacy 5321:Adult video games 5032:Sexual activities 4949:Sexual attraction 4939:Sexual abstinence 4851:Sexual revolution 4836:Feminist sex wars 4791:Sexual misconduct 4786:Sexual harassment 4751:Indecent exposure 4458:Clitoral erection 4161:Jean-Louis Christ 4068:. 4 January 2012. 4026:. 14 August 2018. 3674:1 Corinthians 9:5 3006:978-0-7546-3949-7 2626:1 Corinthians 7:7 2615:1 Corinthians 7:5 2581:978-0-615-18361-9 2541:1 Corinthians 9:5 2519:1 Corinthians 7:8 2494:Michael F. Hull, 2379:1 Corinthians 9:5 2201:(April 3, 2002). 2068:978-1-5326-7361-0 2019:Clerical marriage 1942:Pope John Paul II 1938:Pope Benedict XVI 1907:Eastern Catholics 1900:(385) and at the 1894:Council of Elvira 1882:particular church 1780:Meiji Restoration 1747:Hindu monasteries 1675:Quinisext Council 1638:Oriental Orthodox 1608:. In some cases, 1606:Oriental Orthodox 1570:permanent deacons 1543: 1542: 1535: 1451:married in 1522, 1399:clerical marriage 1316:clerical marriage 1264:Quinisext Council 1170:Council in Trullo 1086:Council of Nicaea 986:Council of Elvira 752:Euclid University 707:1 Corinthians 9:5 602:Peter the Apostle 598: 597: 590: 555:original research 536: 535: 528: 510: 384:Eastern Orthodoxy 221:sexual abstinence 173:Oriental Orthodox 138:particular church 134:Clerical marriage 128:is excluded (see 75:Clerical celibacy 72: 71: 16:(Redirected from 5904: 5864: 5863: 5731:Gregorian Reform 5720:In nomine Domini 5634:Pope Gregory VII 5588: 5581: 5574: 5565: 5551: 5550: 5475:Jain monasticism 5239:Sexual fetishism 5157:Mechanics of sex 5040:Conventional sex 4944:Sexual addiction 4879:Extramarital sex 4661:Sexual surrogate 4497:male ejaculation 4426: 4419: 4412: 4403: 4392:Huldrych Zwingli 4198:Internet Archive 4157:Eugen Drewermann 4137: 4070: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4020: 4011: 4010: 3997: 3986: 3985: 3972: 3961: 3960: 3947: 3936: 3935: 3921: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3856: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3790: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3746: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3693: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3594:. 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2008: 2007: 1898:Directa Decretal 1809:Jerusalem temple 1791:Jain monasticism 1696:Churches of the 1632:ordination as a 1602:Eastern Orthodox 1551:Church of Sweden 1538: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1495: 1487: 1472:Council of Trent 1395:Gregorian Reform 1312:Gregorian Reform 1262:Canon 13 of the 1246:Gregory of Tours 1179:The 4th-century 1162: 1159: 1151: 1139: 1107: 1097: 1026: 1020: 1009:Directa Decretal 963: 960: 957: 921:bishop of Évreux 913:bishop of Vienne 895: 876: 870: 866: 863: 813: 807: 804: 800: 778: 771: 743:Paul the Apostle 648:(Luke 1:67–79). 630:John the Baptist 593: 586: 582: 579: 573: 570:inline citations 546: 545: 538: 531: 524: 520: 517: 511: 509: 468: 444: 436: 353:religious orders 313:and some of the 293:sections of the 199:Church of Sweden 67: 64: 58: 38: 37: 30: 21: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5858: 5850: 5832: 5752: 5748:Walk to Canossa 5704:Excommunication 5679: 5673: 5664:Pope Paschal II 5639:Guido da Velate 5597: 5592: 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2572:His Broken Body 2568: 2564: 2559:Wayback Machine 2550: 2546: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2474: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2423:Matthew 8:14–15 2421: 2417: 2412:Matthew 8:14–15 2410: 2406: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2351: 2338: 2337: 2330: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2275: 2270:Wayback Machine 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2181: 2176:Wayback Machine 2167: 2163: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2069: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2009: 2002: 1999: 1967: 1958: 1839: 1831:Main articles: 1829: 1738: 1736:Other religions 1687:Cum data fuerit 1555:Lutheran Church 1539: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1508: 1496: 1485: 1391: 1327:General Council 1308: 1235: 1174:of Neo-Caesarea 1165:John Chrysostom 1160: 1149:Expositio Fidei 1137: 982: 961: 949:Cyran of Brenne 945:bishop of Tours 929:bishop of Meaux 905:bishop of Fermo 868: 864: 855: 805: 798: 776:locus classicus 769:locus classicus 728: 723: 717: 709: 701: 685:Lion of St Mark 662: 614: 594: 583: 577: 574: 559: 547: 543: 532: 521: 515: 512: 469: 467: 457: 445: 434: 400:Lutheran Church 380:Catholic Church 295:Catholic Church 279: 211: 114:Catholic Church 68: 62: 59: 48: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Celibate priest 15: 12: 11: 5: 5910: 5908: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5879: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5790:Dominium mundi 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5693:Dictatus papae 5689: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5519:Ancient Greece 5511: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5452: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5430: 5428: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5394: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5241: 5236: 5234:Sexual fantasy 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5135:Anal fingering 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5095:Foot fetishism 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4954:Sexual capital 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4919:Premarital sex 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4868: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4796:Sexual slavery 4793: 4788: 4783: 4781:Sexual assault 4778: 4773: 4768: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4731:Age of consent 4727: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4644:Hypersexuality 4641: 4631: 4626: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4524:Sexual arousal 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4441: 4440: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4388:, JULY 2, 1522 4381: 4368: 4349: 4323: 4318: 4301: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4232: 4222: 4221:External links 4219: 4218: 4217: 4205: 4188: 4176: 4153: 4138: 4132: 4119: 4096: 4095:(1972:149–67). 4090:Church History 4086: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4057: 4043: 4029: 4012: 3987: 3962: 3937: 3907: 3887: 3875: 3851: 3840: 3829: 3813: 3801: 3785: 3774: 3763: 3752: 3741: 3730: 3719: 3708: 3688: 3677: 3666: 3653: 3641: 3630: 3619: 3608: 3583: 3569:Church History 3556: 3537: 3526:Pope Adrian II 3510: 3501: 3481:priora statuta 3472: 3461: 3443: 3425: 3416: 3405: 3392: 3379: 3363: 3348: 3328: 3317: 3302: 3287: 3276: 3265: 3249: 3238: 3236:), pp. 132-135 3215: 3191: 3179: 3155: 3130: 3118: 3111: 3093: 3071: 3060: 3025: 3010: 3000:(Ashgate 2010 2995:Helen Parish, 2987: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2935: 2914: 2903: 2891: 2884: 2866: 2851: 2840: 2824:978-0896225152 2823: 2797: 2786: 2773: 2764: 2752: 2727: 2687: 2679:Roman Cholij, 2672: 2651: 2640: 2629: 2618: 2607: 2596: 2585: 2562: 2544: 2533: 2522: 2511: 2500: 2486: 2472: 2458: 2447: 2438: 2426: 2415: 2404: 2393: 2382: 2371: 2360: 2349: 2328: 2317: 2306: 2295: 2284: 2273: 2255: 2226: 2190: 2179: 2161: 2150: 2135: 2124: 2113: 2102: 2074: 2067: 2049: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2022: 2015: 2014: 1998: 1995: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1794: 1783: 1771:Southeast Asia 1758: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1724: 1717: 1714:Anglo-Catholic 1694: 1626:full communion 1614: 1558: 1541: 1540: 1499: 1497: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1461:Thomas Cranmer 1422:Thomas Cajetan 1390: 1387: 1307: 1304: 1289:Divine Liturgy 1268:Constantinople 1234: 1231: 1181:Church Fathers 1055:Pope Silverius 1051:Pope Hormisdas 1047:Pope Gregory I 1043:Pope Felix III 1039:Pope Damasus I 994:Maurice Meigne 981: 980:Fourth century 978: 854: 851: 727: 724: 716: 713: 708: 705: 700: 697: 692: 691: 688: 681:lion of Venice 661: 658: 613: 610: 596: 595: 550: 548: 541: 534: 533: 448: 446: 439: 433: 430: 278: 275: 225:religious vows 210: 207: 120:except in the 91:monks and nuns 70: 69: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5909: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5229:Sex positions 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5105:Forced orgasm 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5022:United States 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4959:Sexual ethics 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4862: 4861:Relationships 4858: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4688:Gender binary 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4649:Hyposexuality 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4623:PLISSIT model 4620: 4617: 4615: 4614:Sex education 4612: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4562:Birth control 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4514:Pre-ejaculate 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4504:Pelvic thrust 4502: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4375:Philip Schaff 4372: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4173:2-914-26606-5 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4150:0-89526-144-8 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4133:0-89870-800-1 4129: 4125: 4120: 4117: 4116:0-89870-280-1 4113: 4109: 4108:0-89870-951-2 4105: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4085:(1906:69–120) 4084: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4054:. 3 May 2012. 4053: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3848:Canon 1031 §2 3844: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3609: 3598:on 2014-08-14 3597: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3485:idious horous 3482: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3234:0-89870-800-1 3231: 3227: 3226: 3223:Stefan Heid, 3219: 3216: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3145:on 2011-05-22 3144: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3112:9781317165163 3108: 3104: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3056:1-55612-653-0 3053: 3049: 3048: 3043:, p. 110 and 3042: 3041: 3038:Stefan Heid, 3035: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3022:, pp. 111–114 3021: 3018:Stefan Heid, 3014: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2885:9781317165163 2881: 2877: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2723:0-89870-280-1 2720: 2716: 2715:0-89870-951-2 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2669:0-89870-800-1 2666: 2663: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2604:1 Timothy 3:2 2600: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2455:Luke 18:28–30 2451: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1991:Gabino Zavala 1988: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1964: 1962: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919:Pope Pius XII 1914: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1884:alone, not a 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1861:1 Corinthians 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679:monastic life 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1580:(1939–1958), 1579: 1578:Pope Pius XII 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1537: 1534: 1526: 1523:December 2012 1516: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1500:This section 1498: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455:in 1525, and 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1434:Maximilian II 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1360: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1244:According to 1242: 1240: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1200:Seven Deacons 1197: 1194:According to 1192: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1155: 1150: 1142: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1105:subintroducta 1099: 1096: 1095:subintroducta 1089: 1087: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1024:Dominus Inter 1019: 1014: 1013:Pope Siricius 1010: 1005: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 979: 977: 975: 971: 965: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 911:; Aetherius, 910: 906: 902: 897: 894: 893: 886: 884: 880: 875: 859: 852: 849: 845: 841: 839: 835: 829: 826: 824: 820: 819:Philip Schaff 815: 812: 795: 793: 787: 784: 780: 777: 770: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 744: 739: 735: 733: 726:First century 725: 722: 714: 712: 706: 704: 698: 696: 689: 686: 682: 678: 677: 676: 673: 671: 667: 659: 657: 655: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 622: 620: 611: 609: 605: 603: 592: 589: 581: 571: 567: 563: 557: 556: 551:This section 549: 540: 539: 530: 527: 519: 508: 505: 501: 498: 494: 491: 487: 484: 480: 477: – 476: 472: 471:Find sources: 465: 461: 455: 454: 449:This section 447: 443: 438: 437: 431: 429: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 339: 338: 333: 330:According to 327: 323: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 276: 274: 272: 266: 261: 259: 254: 249: 244: 241: 237: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 217: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 191:Protestantism 188: 184: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 110: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 66: 56: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 5843: 5811:Papal States 5788: 5773: 5741:Sack of Rome 5718: 5691: 5454: 5424:Religion and 5414:Webcam model 5353:Survival sex 5343:Prostitution 5313:Sex industry 5224:Sex in space 5152:Masturbation 4992:Ancient Rome 4969:Sexual slang 4761:Sexual abuse 4468:Insemination 4384: 4362: 4228: 4212: 4201: 4192: 4182: 4141: 4123: 4099: 4092: 4089: 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