1837:
48:
4003:
76:
1355:
40:
5074:
737:
676:
5084:
1193:-based systems use a wider frequency band to achieve the same rate of transmission as FDMA, but this is compensated for by the ability to use a frequency reuse factor of 1, for example using a reuse pattern of 1/1. In other words, adjacent base station sites use the same frequencies, and the different base stations and users are separated by codes rather than frequencies. While
5063:
3992:
5094:
1254:
directional antennas aimed in three different directions with 120 degrees for each cell (totaling 360 degrees) and receiving/transmitting into three different cells at different frequencies. This provides a minimum of three channels, and three towers for each cell and greatly increases the chances of receiving a usable signal from at least one direction.
662:. Private cellular networks can be used for research or for large organizations and fleets, such as dispatch for local public safety agencies or a taxicab company, as well as for local wireless communications in enterprise and industrial settings such as factories, warehouses, mines, power plants, substations, oil and gas facilities and ports.
1713:
algorithm of the transmitter increases the power it transmits to restore the level of received power. As the interference (noise) rises above the received power from the transmitter, and the power of the transmitter cannot be increased anymore, the signal becomes corrupted and eventually unusable. In
1635:
As the phone user moves from one cell area to another cell while a call is in progress, the mobile station will search for a new channel to attach to in order not to drop the call. Once a new channel is found, the network will command the mobile unit to switch to the new channel and at the same time
1208:
are being deployed with a frequency reuse of 1. Since such systems do not spread the signal across the frequency band, inter-cell radio resource management is important to coordinate resource allocation between different cell sites and to limit the inter-cell interference. There are various means of
1065:
The key characteristic of a cellular network is the ability to reuse frequencies to increase both coverage and capacity. As described above, adjacent cells must use different frequencies, however, there is no problem with two cells sufficiently far apart operating on the same frequency, provided the
1377:
Modern mobile phone networks use cells because radio frequencies are a limited, shared resource. Cell-sites and handsets change frequency under computer control and use low power transmitters so that the usually limited number of radio frequencies can be simultaneously used by many callers with less
1337:
In a cellular system, as the distributed mobile transceivers move from cell to cell during an ongoing continuous communication, switching from one cell frequency to a different cell frequency is done electronically without interruption and without a base station operator or manual switching. This is
1029:. DSSS allows multiple simultaneous phone conversations to take place on a single wideband RF channel, without needing to channelize them in time or frequency. Although more sophisticated than older multiple access schemes (and unfamiliar to legacy telephone companies because it was not developed by
600:). These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice, data, and other types of content. A cell typically uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed service quality within each cell.
1663:
it will typically be impossible to test the target channel directly while communicating. In this case, other techniques have to be used such as pilot beacons in IS-95. This means that there is almost always a brief break in the communication while searching for the new channel followed by the risk
782:
of Bell Labs that permitted multiple callers in a given area to use the same frequency by switching calls to the nearest available cellular tower having that frequency available. This strategy is viable because a given radio frequency can be reused in a different area for an unrelated transmission.
1407:
mile (0.80 km), while in rural areas, the range could be as much as 5 miles (8.0 km). It is possible that in clear open areas, a user may receive signals from a cell site 25 miles (40 km) away. In rural areas with low-band coverage and tall towers, basic voice and messaging service
1333:
In a primitive taxi system, when the taxi moved away from a first tower and closer to a second tower, the taxi driver manually switched from one frequency to another as needed. If communication was interrupted due to a loss of a signal, the taxi driver asked the base station operator to repeat the
748:
system, a land area to be supplied with radio service is divided into cells in a pattern dependent on terrain and reception characteristics. These cell patterns roughly take the form of regular shapes, such as hexagons, squares, or circles although hexagonal cells are conventional. Each of these
1253:
Although the original cell towers created an even, omnidirectional signal, were at the centers of the cells and were omnidirectional, a cellular map can be redrawn with the cellular telephone towers located at the corners of the hexagons where three cells converge. Each tower has three sets of
1052:
ability compared to original AMPS cells, that typically only addressed one to three unique spaces. Massive MIMO deployment allows much greater channel reuse, thus increasing the number of subscribers per cell site, greater data throughput per user, or some combination thereof.
1701:
Higher frequencies are a disadvantage when it comes to coverage, but it is a decided advantage when it comes to capacity. Picocells, covering e.g. one floor of a building, become possible, and the same frequency can be used for cells which are practically neighbors.
1647:
code (PN code) that is specific to each phone. As the user moves from one cell to another, the handset sets up radio links with multiple cell sites (or sectors of the same site) simultaneously. This is known as "soft handoff" because, unlike with traditional
1385:
to achieve both coverage and capacity for their subscribers. Large geographic areas are split into smaller cells to avoid line-of-sight signal loss and to support a large number of active phones in that area. All of the cell sites are connected to
1342:
or handoff. Typically, a new channel is automatically selected for the mobile unit on the new base station which will serve it. The mobile unit then automatically switches from the current channel to the new channel and communication continues.
799:
approximately covers some area. When they do not receive a signal from the transmitter, they try other channels until finding one that works. The taxi drivers only speak one at a time when invited by the base station operator. This is a form of
958:
With FDMA, the transmitting and receiving frequencies used by different users in each cell are different from each other. Each cellular call was assigned a pair of frequencies (one for base to mobile, the other for mobile to base) to provide
975:"B" system. The number of channels was expanded to 416 pairs per carrier, but ultimately the number of RF channels limits the number of calls that a cell site could handle. FDMA is a familiar technology to telephone companies, which used
1124:
is the number of cells per cluster. Cells may vary in radius from 1 to 30 kilometres (0.62 to 18.64 mi). The boundaries of the cells can also overlap between adjacent cells and large cells can be divided into smaller cells.
794:
Consider the case of a taxi company, where each radio has a manually operated channel selector knob to tune to different frequencies. As drivers move around, they change from channel to channel. The drivers are aware of which
1667:
If there is no ongoing communication or the communication can be interrupted, it is possible for the mobile unit to spontaneously move from one cell to another and then notify the base station with the strongest signal.
623:, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
998:(time delay) into the audio signal. As long as the latency time is short enough that the delayed audio is not heard as an echo, it is not problematic. TDMA is a familiar technology for telephone companies, which used
1709:, and the transmitter should not send with too high transmission power in view to not cause interference with other transmitters. As the receiver moves away from the transmitter, the power received decreases, so the
1213:(ICIC) already defined in the standard. Coordinated scheduling, multi-site MIMO or multi-site beamforming are other examples for inter-cell radio resource management that might be standardized in the future.
1279:
The details of the process of paging vary somewhat from network to network, but normally we know a limited number of cells where the phone is located (this group of cells is called a
Location Area in the
1140:
is the number of cells which cannot use the same frequencies for transmission. Common values for the frequency reuse factor are 1/3, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9 and 1/12 (or 3, 4, 7, 9 and 12, depending on notation).
2923:
Paetsch, Michael (1993): The evolution of mobile communications in the US and Europe. Regulation, technology, and markets. Boston, London: Artech House (The Artech House mobile communications library).
2191:
2681:
1705:
Cell service area may also vary due to interference from transmitting systems, both within and around that cell. This is true especially in CDMA based systems. The receiver requires a certain
1535:
system network. There are many functions that are performed by this network in order to make sure customers get the desired service including mobility management, registration, call set-up, and
1346:
The exact details of the mobile system's move from one base station to the other vary considerably from system to system (see the example below for how a mobile phone network manages handover).
1682:
The effect of frequency on cell coverage means that different frequencies serve better for different uses. Low frequencies, such as 450 MHz NMT, serve very well for countryside coverage.
1057:(QAM) modems offer an increasing number of bits per symbol, allowing more users per megahertz of bandwidth (and decibels of SNR), greater data throughput per user, or some combination thereof.
2186:
1292:, cells are grouped into Tracking Areas). Paging takes place by sending the broadcast message to all of those cells. Paging messages can be used for information transfer. This happens in
994:
bursts of voice data that are fit into time slices for transmission, and expanded at the receiving end to produce a somewhat normal-sounding voice at the receiver. TDMA must introduce
2817:
1727:
One can see examples of cell coverage by studying some of the coverage maps provided by real operators on their web sites or by looking at independently crowdsourced maps such as
3056:
1742:
is used to extend cell coverage into larger areas. They range from wideband repeaters for consumer use in homes and offices to smart or digital repeaters for industrial needs.
1272:
systems, the most important use of broadcast information is to set up channels for one-to-one communication between the mobile transceiver and the base station. This is called
787:
from the signal from the other cells which use the same frequency. Consequently, there must be at least one cell gap between cells which reuse the same frequency in a standard
1197:
is shown as 1 in this example, that does not mean the CDMA cell has only one sector, but rather that the entire cell bandwidth is also available to each sector individually.
1110:
1268:
Practically every cellular system has some kind of broadcast mechanism. This can be used directly for distributing information to multiple mobiles. Commonly, for example in
642:
With data compression and multiplexing, several video (including digital video) and audio channels may travel through a higher frequency signal on a single wideband carrier
1246:(FCC) limits omnidirectional cell tower signals to 100 watts of power. If the tower has directional antennas, the FCC allows the cell operator to emit up to 500 watts of
3598:
2181:
3846:
1201:
5046:
5018:
5013:
4038:
3858:
3418:
2387:
1463:
3145:
2324:
841:. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network. It was an analog
2449:
5128:
3619:
2853:
2671:
2176:
1942:
1459:
1257:
The numbers in the illustration are channel numbers, which repeat every 3 cells. Large cells can be subdivided into smaller cells for high volume areas.
639:
Capability of utilizing higher frequency signals (and thus more available bandwidth / faster data rates) that are not able to propagate at long distances
2676:
636:
Larger coverage area than a single terrestrial transmitter, since additional cell towers can be added indefinitely and are not limited by the horizon
3049:
919:
generation, was launched in 1991. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G analog network operators.
5138:
2557:
1435:
767:. The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the same frequencies are not reused in adjacent cells, which would cause
5040:
3926:
2215:
292:
1735:. In certain cases they may mark the site of the transmitter; in others, it can be calculated by working out the point of strongest coverage.
5035:
5025:
5005:
4807:
3375:
2983:
1455:
986:
With TDMA, the transmitting and receiving time slots used by different users in each cell are different from each other. TDMA typically uses
630:
More capacity than a single large transmitter, since the same frequency can be used for multiple links as long as they are in different cells
298:
2824:
1222:
778:
in a cellular network, compared with a network with a single transmitter, comes from the mobile communication switching system developed by
3831:
3272:
2790:
2210:
1210:
495:
287:
2724:
1260:
Cell phone companies also use this directional signal to improve reception along highways and inside buildings like stadiums and arenas.
603:
When joined together, these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables numerous portable transceivers (e.g.,
5030:
4876:
3463:
3042:
1471:
310:
2490:
5123:
5118:
4802:
3841:
2966:
2366:
1566:
1431:
are mobile phones that do not communicate directly with a ground-based cellular tower but may do so indirectly by way of a satellite.
968:
928:
788:
557:
2974:
2880:
1718:, the effect of interference from other mobile transmitters in the same cell on coverage area is very marked and has a special name,
4896:
3530:
3179:
3100:
2718:
2643:
2600:
2484:
2293:
1551:
1524:
1243:
862:
723:
697:
655:
2934:
1164:
sector antennas per site. Some current and historical reuse patterns are 3/7 (North
American AMPS), 6/4 (Motorola NAMPS), and 3/4 (
1148:
sector antennas on the same base station site, each with different direction, the base station site can serve N different sectors.
4681:
4229:
4031:
3542:
3125:
3075:
2196:
972:
4792:
3931:
3535:
3105:
2303:
2161:
1054:
1022:
976:
948:
30:
This article is about the infrastructure of cellular networks. For the companies that provide services on these networks, see
4787:
4338:
3877:
2100:
1578:
834:
783:
In contrast, a single transmitter can only handle one transmission for a given frequency. Inevitably, there is some level of
701:
2649:
2606:
1836:
4812:
3870:
3853:
1574:
1570:
1190:
1172:
964:
944:
936:
801:
646:
Major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks over most of the inhabited land area of
421:
173:
5097:
1565:
Radio channels effectively use the transmission medium through the use of the following multiplexing and access schemes:
5133:
5087:
4848:
4745:
4288:
4055:
3370:
3316:
3291:
3174:
3165:
2998:
2314:
1901:
1439:
1424:
158:
1427:(analog), the term "cell phone" is in some regions, notably the US, used interchangeably with "mobile phone". However,
5077:
4584:
4024:
3331:
2961:
P. Key, D. Smith. Teletraffic
Engineering in a competitive world. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam Netherlands, 1999.
1923:
1510:
1293:
411:
1474:(iDEN). The transition from existing analog to the digital standard followed a very different path in Europe and the
686:
4936:
4858:
4797:
4504:
2358:
1720:
999:
980:
858:
579:
248:
3022:
2383:
705:
690:
4708:
4669:
4514:
4414:
4343:
4276:
4103:
3326:
2308:
2236:
2151:
1929:
401:
5067:
4309:
4244:
4197:
4083:
3996:
3826:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3525:
3493:
3095:
2252:
1965:
1451:
1391:
1289:
1247:
1205:
813:
2859:
1069:
The elements that determine frequency reuse are the reuse distance and the reuse factor. The reuse distance,
4906:
4891:
4735:
4686:
4609:
4509:
4187:
4073:
4068:
3946:
3554:
3195:
2024:
1660:
1547:
784:
768:
31:
2780:
J. E. Flood. Telecommunication
Networks. Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, UK, 1997. chapter 12.
4828:
4614:
4429:
4374:
4369:
4182:
4147:
3971:
3083:
2166:
2055:
1861:
1503:
1311:
In LTE/4G, the Paging procedure is initiated by the MME when data packets need to be delivered to the UE.
616:
550:
512:
258:
3120:
2384:"Google's Private Cell Phone Network Could Be a Threat to Cellular Carriers | MIT Technology Review"
1276:. The three different paging procedures generally adopted are sequential, parallel and selective paging.
4730:
4534:
4499:
4419:
4399:
4321:
4209:
4130:
3909:
3836:
3262:
2288:
2146:
2136:
1915:
1872:
1715:
1706:
1382:
1301:
446:
303:
47:
2547:
4644:
4604:
4574:
4331:
4266:
4157:
3914:
3899:
3889:
3115:
3110:
2635:
2257:
2156:
2126:
2116:
2111:
1677:
1128:
The frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be used in the network. It is
1079:
1049:
818:
The history of cellular phone technology began on
December 11, 1947 with an internal memo written by
633:
Mobile devices use less power than a single transmitter or satellite since the cell towers are closer
431:
4654:
4594:
4353:
4315:
4172:
4113:
4098:
3966:
3904:
3894:
3884:
2204:
2131:
2121:
1649:
1412:
1235:
869:
1408:
may reach 50 miles (80 km), with limitations on bandwidth and number of simultaneous calls.
75:
4881:
4838:
4769:
4639:
4569:
4544:
4479:
4326:
4047:
2529:
2298:
1644:
1543:
1387:
764:
391:
351:
193:
118:
2794:
1750:
The following table shows the dependency of the coverage area of one cell on the frequency of a
1732:
1595:
Small cells, which have a smaller coverage area than base stations, are categorised as follows:
4921:
4843:
4757:
4740:
4703:
4589:
4549:
4379:
4348:
4214:
4108:
4007:
2979:
2962:
2763:
2714:
2704:
2639:
2596:
2480:
2362:
2272:
2262:
2247:
2226:
1848:
1739:
1643:, multiple CDMA handsets share a specific radio channel. The signals are separated by using a
1617:
1041:
991:
881:
543:
451:
436:
426:
396:
331:
148:
59:
3796:
3770:
4926:
4886:
4833:
4762:
4720:
4634:
4489:
4474:
4449:
4424:
4384:
4234:
4093:
4088:
4078:
3921:
3821:
3693:
3135:
3017:
2755:
2592:
2582:
2521:
2470:
2277:
2035:
1269:
1003:
912:) devices leading to the development and proliferation of digital wireless mobile networks.
873:
842:
779:
775:
651:
583:
183:
178:
108:
4554:
4409:
4177:
4140:
3865:
2884:
2319:
2231:
1428:
1010:
995:
819:
659:
608:
517:
243:
188:
98:
67:
4152:
892:
in 1959, was adapted for cellular networks by the early 1990s, with the wide adoption of
1362:
The most common example of a cellular network is a mobile phone (cell phone) network. A
1179:, each cell can only use a number of frequency channels corresponding to a bandwidth of
849:
had developed cellular technology since 1947, and had cellular networks in operation in
4752:
4624:
4599:
4559:
4529:
4404:
4239:
4125:
3956:
3951:
3780:
3086:
2047:
745:
441:
406:
361:
113:
93:
2672:"Remarks by Director Iancu at the 2019 International Intellectual Property Conference"
826:
engineer in which he proposed development of a cellular telephone system by AT&T.
39:
5112:
4901:
4674:
4664:
4579:
4469:
4464:
4454:
4439:
4261:
4120:
3961:
2552:
2092:
Starting with EVDO the following techniques can also be used to improve performance:
1710:
1475:
1239:
471:
233:
203:
153:
85:
17:
2533:
2064:(IEEE 802.20, Mobile Broadband Wireless Access, HC-SDMA, iBurst, has been shut down)
4779:
4619:
4564:
4494:
4459:
4394:
4293:
4283:
4135:
3936:
3683:
3667:
3300:
2454:
2350:
2030:
2019:
1896:
1889:
1499:
1467:
1363:
1221:
1014:
987:
901:
893:
604:
597:
416:
341:
228:
163:
123:
103:
1354:
3028:
2629:
2586:
1066:
masts and cellular network users' equipment do not transmit with too much power.
4979:
4629:
4539:
4524:
4484:
4444:
4303:
3765:
3714:
3624:
3612:
2914:– Richard H. Frenkiel (Bell Labs), filed 22 September 1976, issued 13 March 1979
2104:
2080:
2061:
1045:
960:
885:
846:
675:
593:
481:
386:
336:
198:
2759:
4984:
4691:
4389:
4298:
4254:
4224:
4202:
4192:
4167:
2906:
2434:
1728:
1590:
1494:
A simple view of the cellular mobile-radio network consists of the following:
1371:
1227:
909:
736:
486:
381:
3034:
3002:
2767:
1308:
system where it allows for low downlink latency in packet-based connections.
4969:
4434:
4249:
2710:
2476:
1611:
1599:
1367:
1030:
889:
823:
796:
476:
356:
346:
208:
168:
1033:), CDMA has scaled well to become the basis for 3G cellular radio systems.
740:
Example of frequency reuse factor or pattern, with four frequencies (F1-F4)
1652:, there is no one defined point where the phone switches to the new cell.
1434:
There are a number of different digital cellular technologies, including:
4964:
4954:
4871:
4696:
4519:
3744:
3648:
3547:
3470:
3437:
3397:
3391:
1984:
1959:
1751:
1630:
1605:
1478:. As a consequence, multiple digital standards surfaced in the US, while
1447:
1339:
1018:
268:
4959:
4944:
3978:
3475:
3281:
3215:
3210:
3130:
2631:
Junctionless Field-Effect
Transistors: Design, Modeling, and Simulation
2409:
2242:
1953:
1909:
1536:
1443:
905:
850:
2525:
1546:) at a corner of the corresponding cell which in turn connects to the
4989:
4949:
4271:
4063:
4016:
3687:
3558:
3458:
3200:
3140:
2818:"Heterogeneous LTE Networks and Inter-Cell Interference Coordination"
1975:
1947:
1479:
932:
877:
854:
612:
2173:
Deployed networks by country (including technology and frequencies)
2207:- code, frequency, and technology for each operator in each country
872:
began in the early 1990s, leading to the transition from analog to
4974:
4911:
4219:
3775:
3760:
3723:
3710:
3629:
3607:
3413:
3205:
2816:
Pauli, Volker; Naranjo, Juan Diego; Seidel, Eiko (December 2010).
2075:
2042:
1989:
1970:
1835:
1656:
1397:
In cities, each cell site may have a range of up to approximately
1026:
897:
838:
735:
647:
620:
526:
263:
253:
143:
46:
38:
2746:
O'Neill, A. (2008). "Asad Abidi
Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS".
1288:
system, or
Routing Area if a data packet session is involved; in
4916:
3941:
3639:
3453:
3321:
3248:
2282:
2096:
2000:
1995:
1883:
1878:
1691:
1640:
1517:
1420:
1366:
is a portable telephone which receives or makes calls through a
1305:
1297:
1285:
1037:
504:
4020:
3038:
1690:
1800 (1.8 GHz) starts to be limited by structural walls.
1002:
to add channels to their point-to-point wireline plants before
979:
to add channels to their point-to-point wireline plants before
4162:
3361:
3336:
3257:
3244:
3220:
2192:
List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa
1867:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1532:
1483:
1416:
1281:
1165:
940:
669:
3023:
What are cellular networks? 1G to 6G Features & Evolution
2512:
Rappaport, T. S. (November 1991). "The wireless revolution".
2883:. Privateline.com. 1 January 2006. p. 2. Archived from
927:
To distinguish signals from several different transmitters,
3739:
3662:
3508:
3432:
3350:
3234:
3155:
2187:
List of mobile network operators of the Asia
Pacific region
2069:
2013:
1936:
1857:
1853:
1659:
inter-frequency handovers and older analog systems such as
952:
916:
830:
2450:"The 1947 Paper That First Described a Cell-Phone Network"
1686:
900 (900 MHz) is suitable for light urban coverage.
1374:
are used to transfer signals to and from the cell phone.
857:
prior to 1979, but commercial service was delayed by the
626:
Cellular networks offer a number of desirable features:
2912:
1554:(PSTN). The link from a phone to the RBS is called an
586:
and the network is distributed over land areas called
1527:
to connect subscribers to the wider telephony network
1238:
to improve reception in higher-traffic areas. In the
1082:
837:(NTT) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of
4998:
4935:
4857:
4821:
4778:
4719:
4653:
4362:
4054:
3809:
3789:
3753:
3738:
3703:
3676:
3661:
3638:
3597:
3568:
3518:
3507:
3486:
3446:
3431:
3406:
3384:
3360:
3349:
3309:
3290:
3271:
3243:
3233:
3188:
3164:
3154:
3082:
2706:
5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies
1840:
Cellular network standards and generation timeline.
915:The first commercial digital cellular network, the
1694:, at 2.1 GHz is quite similar in coverage to
1672:Cellular frequency choice in mobile phone networks
1104:
1025:that was used for early CDMA cellular systems and
2628:Sahay, Shubham; Kumar, Mamidala Jagadesh (2019).
2793:. The Reverse Phone. 8 June 2011. Archived from
2472:RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies
2353:; Jens Zander; Ki Won Sung; Ben Slimane (2016).
2182:List of mobile network operators of the Americas
1225:Cellular telephone frequency reuse pattern. See
1036:Other available methods of multiplexing such as
967:systems had 666 channel pairs, 333 each for the
880:technology. The MOSFET, originally invented by
3001:. Nova Southeastern University. Archived from
1542:Any phone connects to the network via an RBS (
1490:Structure of the mobile phone cellular network
1160:denotes a further division in frequency among
4032:
3050:
1202:orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
1013:technology developed for military use during
749:cells is assigned with multiple frequencies (
592:, each served by at least one fixed-location
551:
8:
2748:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter
1664:of an unexpected return to the old channel.
1550:(MSC). The MSC provides a connection to the
1464:Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
1390:(or switches), which in turn connect to the
5047:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2325:Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations
1329:Movement from cell to cell and handing over
829:The first commercial cellular network, the
704:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5083:
4039:
4025:
4017:
3750:
3673:
3515:
3443:
3357:
3240:
3161:
3057:
3043:
3035:
2975:Mobile Cellular Telecommunications Systems
2847:
2845:
2177:List of mobile network operators of Europe
1625:Cellular handover in mobile phone networks
1460:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
861:, with cellular assets transferred to the
558:
544:
54:
2855:The Myth of Cellular Tower Health Hazards
2677:United States Patent and Trademark Office
1482:and many countries converged towards the
1183:, and each sector can use a bandwidth of
1092:
1081:
724:Learn how and when to remove this message
2577:
2575:
2448:Alexis C. Madrigal (16 September 2011).
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
1756:
1353:
1220:
582:where the link to and from end nodes is
3027:Technical Details with Call Flow about
2335:
1436:Global System for Mobile Communications
1314:Paging types supported by the MME are:
66:
3927:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
2216:List of mobile phone brands by country
1856:networks (the first digital networks,
1636:switch the call onto the new channel.
1531:This network is the foundation of the
1370:(base station) or transmitting tower.
293:Wireless electronic devices and health
2969:. Chapter 1 (Plenary) and 3 (mobile).
2684:from the original on 17 December 2019
1456:Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
833:generation, was launched in Japan by
505:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
299:International Telecommunication Union
7:
5093:
3885:Spectral efficiency comparison table
2727:from the original on 22 January 2023
2652:from the original on 22 January 2023
2609:from the original on 22 January 2023
2560:from the original on 16 October 2019
2493:from the original on 22 January 2023
2390:from the original on 29 October 2013
2355:Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks
2285:(multiple-input and multiple-output)
2211:Comparison of mobile phone standards
1211:inter-cell interference coordination
702:adding citations to reliable sources
324:Radiation sources / regions
288:Wireless device radiation and health
1472:Integrated Digital Enhanced Network
1411:Since almost all mobile phones use
311:World Radiocommunication Conference
2933:Colin Chandler (3 December 2003).
2469:Golio, Mike; Golio, Janet (2018).
2410:"Private 5G Networks: 2024 – 2030"
1567:frequency-division multiple access
1381:A cellular network is used by the
1334:message on a different frequency.
1040:, a more sophisticated version of
1009:The principle of CDMA is based on
929:frequency-division multiple access
876:. This was enabled by advances in
789:frequency-division multiple access
25:
5129:Telecommunications infrastructure
2294:Mobile phone radiation and health
1844:Lists and technical information:
1552:public switched telephone network
1525:public switched telephone network
1513:for handling voice calls and text
1244:Federal Communications Commission
863:Regional Bell Operating Companies
656:public switched telephone network
5092:
5082:
5073:
5072:
5061:
4682:Free-space optical communication
4001:
3990:
3076:List of mobile phone generations
2823:. Nomor Research. Archived from
2382:Tom Simonite (24 January 2013).
2197:List of mobile network operators
2143:Deployed networks by technology
674:
650:. This allows mobile phones and
74:
2997:Raciti, Robert C. (July 1995).
2304:Personal Communications Service
2162:List of deployed WiMAX networks
1136:according to some books) where
1105:{\displaystyle D=R{\sqrt {3N}}}
1055:Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
1023:direct-sequence spread spectrum
977:frequency-division multiplexing
654:devices to be connected to the
5139:Wireless communication systems
3018:A History of Cellular Networks
1579:space-division multiple access
1558:while the other way is termed
835:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
1:
1602:-> less than 2 kilometres,
1575:code-division multiple access
1571:time-division multiple access
1511:core circuit switched network
1264:Broadcast messages and paging
1234:Cell towers frequently use a
1191:Code-division multiple access
945:code-division multiple access
937:time-division multiple access
802:time-division multiple access
174:Low-noise block downconverter
43:Top of a cellular radio tower
5068:Telecommunication portal
4849:Telecommunications equipment
3997:Telecommunication portal
2514:IEEE Communications Magazine
2315:Routing in cellular networks
1902:Cellular Digital Packet Data
1440:General Packet Radio Service
159:Counterpoise (ground system)
4585:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2881:"Cellular Telephone Basics"
1924:Personal Handy-phone System
1608:-> less than 200 metres,
763:) which have corresponding
412:Friis transmission equation
51:Indoor cell site in Germany
5155:
4289:Telecommunications history
3494:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0
2760:10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694
2479:. pp. ix, I-1, 18–2.
2359:Cambridge University Press
1675:
1628:
1588:
1358:WCDMA network architecture
1000:time-division multiplexing
981:time-division multiplexing
931:(FDMA, used by analog and
859:breakup of the Bell System
811:
580:telecommunications network
249:Municipal wireless network
29:
5124:Radio resource management
5119:Mobile telecommunications
5056:
4897:Public Switched Telephone
4709:telecommunication circuit
4670:Fiber-optic communication
4415:Francis Blake (telephone)
4210:Optical telecommunication
3987:
3376:EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE
3301:D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)
3073:
2548:"The wireless revolution"
2309:Radio resource management
2237:Professional mobile radio
2152:List of CDMA2000 networks
1930:Personal Digital Cellular
496:Bell Laboratories Layered
4808:Orbital angular-momentum
4245:Satellite communications
4084:Communications satellite
2935:"CDMA 2000 and CDMA 450"
2588:Silicon RF Power MOSFETS
2386:. Technologyreview.com.
1520:for handling mobile data
1452:Evolution-Data Optimized
1392:public telephone network
1248:effective radiated power
1017:and improved during the
963:operation. The original
814:History of mobile phones
4687:Molecular communication
4510:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
4339:Undersea telegraph line
4074:Cable protection system
3832:Comparison of standards
3471:UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA
1614:-> around 10 metres,
1548:Mobile switching center
1518:packet switched network
1171:If the total available
1120:is the cell radius and
1044:, combined with active
1006:rendered FDM obsolete.
983:rendered FDM obsolete.
769:co-channel interference
617:mobile broadband modems
529:Multiple Access (WSDMA)
527:Wideband Space Division
32:Mobile network operator
4829:Communication protocol
4615:Charles Sumner Tainter
4430:Walter Houser Brattain
4375:Edwin Howard Armstrong
4183:Information revolution
3837:Channel access methods
3476:UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA
2167:List of 5G NR networks
2058:(never commercialized)
2056:Ultra Mobile Broadband
2050:(WirelessMAN-Advanced)
1841:
1504:base station subsystem
1359:
1231:
1204:based systems such as
1106:
1048:provides much greater
947:(CDMA, first used for
741:
259:Radio masts and towers
52:
44:
4803:Polarization-division
4535:Narinder Singh Kapany
4500:Erna Schneider Hoover
4420:Jagadish Chandra Bose
4400:Alexander Graham Bell
4131:online video platform
4008:Telephones portal
3116:MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD
2999:"CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY"
2978:(1989), McGraw-Hill.
2907:U.S. patent 4,144,411
2636:John Wiley & Sons
2438:, issued 16 May 1972.
2435:U.S. patent 3,663,762
2289:Mobile edge computing
2147:List of UMTS networks
2137:5G NR frequency bands
1916:Circuit Switched Data
1873:Circuit Switched Data
1839:
1707:signal-to-noise ratio
1383:mobile phone operator
1357:
1304:messages, and in the
1228:U.S. patent 4,144,411
1224:
1107:
739:
447:Signal-to-noise ratio
282:Safety and regulation
50:
42:
27:Communication network
18:Cellular connectivity
4645:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4605:Almon Brown Strowger
4575:Charles Grafton Page
4230:Prepaid mobile phone
4158:Electrical telegraph
3625:iBurst (IEEE 802.20)
3398:CDMA2000 1X Advanced
3029:LTE Paging Procedure
2713:. pp. 128–134.
2258:Radio access network
2157:List of LTE networks
2127:UMTS frequency bands
2117:CDMA frequency bands
2112:Cellular frequencies
1769:Relative cell count
1678:Cellular frequencies
1350:Mobile phone network
1324:QCI_1 through QCI_9.
1300:systems for sending
1217:Directional antennas
1080:
1050:spatial multiplexing
923:Cell signal encoding
698:improve this section
432:Radiation resistance
5134:Japanese inventions
4595:Johann Philipp Reis
4354:Wireless revolution
4316:The Telephone Cases
4173:Hydraulic telegraph
3511:(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)
3353:(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)
3121:Mobile TeleSeratout
2972:William C. Y. Lee,
2830:on 3 September 2013
2703:Asif, Saad (2018).
2556:. 21 January 1999.
2205:Mobile country code
2132:LTE frequency bands
2122:GSM frequency bands
1849:Mobile technologies
1650:cellular technology
1498:A network of radio
1470:(IS-136/TDMA), and
1413:cellular technology
1388:telephone exchanges
951:, and the basis of
870:wireless revolution
765:radio base stations
4793:Frequency-division
4770:Telephone exchange
4640:Charles Wheatstone
4570:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4545:Innocenzo Manzetti
4480:Reginald Fessenden
4215:Optical telegraphy
4048:Telecommunications
3999:
3585:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)
3579:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)
3577:1xEV-DO Revision A
2852:Drucker, Elliott,
2414:www.snstelecom.com
2299:Network simulation
1842:
1716:CDMA-based systems
1544:Radio Base Station
1360:
1321:SGs_CS and SGs_PS.
1236:directional signal
1232:
1152:is typically 3. A
1102:
955:) were developed.
742:
498:Space-Time (BLAST)
352:Near and far field
53:
45:
5106:
5105:
4844:Store and forward
4839:Data transmission
4753:Network switching
4704:Transmission line
4550:Guglielmo Marconi
4515:Internet pioneers
4380:Mohamed M. Atalla
4349:Whistled language
4014:
4013:
3817:Cellular networks
3805:
3804:
3734:
3733:
3657:
3656:
3503:
3502:
3459:UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA
3427:
3426:
3394:(TIA/EIA/IS-2000)
3345:
3344:
3229:
3228:
2984:978-0-071-00790-0
2583:Baliga, B. Jayant
2526:10.1109/35.109666
2273:Antenna diversity
2263:Mobile cell sites
2248:Remote radio head
2227:Cellular repeater
1829:
1828:
1763:Cell radius (km)
1740:cellular repeater
1100:
1073:is calculated as
1042:antenna diversity
992:store and forward
882:Mohamed M. Atalla
734:
733:
726:
568:
567:
452:Spurious emission
437:Radio propagation
427:Radiation pattern
402:Equivalent radius
397:Electrical length
304:Radio Regulations
149:Block upconverter
16:(Redirected from
5146:
5096:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5076:
5075:
5066:
5065:
5064:
4937:Notable networks
4927:Wireless network
4867:Cellular network
4859:Types of network
4834:Computer network
4721:Network topology
4635:Thomas A. Watson
4490:Oliver Heaviside
4475:Philo Farnsworth
4450:Daniel Davis Jr.
4425:Charles Bourseul
4385:John Logie Baird
4094:Data compression
4089:Computer network
4041:
4034:
4027:
4018:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3922:Mobile broadband
3822:Mobile telephony
3810:Related articles
3751:
3694:LTE Advanced Pro
3674:
3589:EV-DO Revision C
3583:EV-DO Revision B
3516:
3444:
3358:
3241:
3162:
3087:radio telephones
3066:Cellular network
3059:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2887:on 17 April 2012
2877:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2858:, archived from
2849:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2797:on 30 April 2012
2791:"Phone Networks"
2787:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2680:. 10 June 2019.
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2593:World Scientific
2579:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2347:
2278:Cellular traffic
2036:LTE Advanced Pro
1992:(air interface)
1962:(air interface)
1760:Frequency (MHz)
1757:
1620:-> 1–4 metres
1429:satellite phones
1406:
1405:
1401:
1270:mobile telephony
1230:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1004:packet switching
874:digital networks
843:wireless network
729:
722:
718:
715:
709:
678:
670:
652:mobile computing
572:cellular network
560:
553:
546:
325:
239:Cellular network
179:Passive radiator
78:
55:
21:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5062:
5060:
5052:
4994:
4931:
4853:
4817:
4774:
4723:
4715:
4656:
4649:
4555:Robert Metcalfe
4410:Tim Berners-Lee
4358:
4178:Information Age
4050:
4045:
4015:
4010:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3890:Frequency bands
3801:
3785:
3743:
3730:
3699:
3666:
3653:
3634:
3593:
3564:
3510:
3509:3G transitional
3499:
3482:
3436:
3423:
3402:
3380:
3352:
3351:2G transitional
3341:
3305:
3286:
3282:cdmaOne (IS-95)
3267:
3225:
3184:
3150:
3078:
3069:
3063:
3008:
3006:
3005:on 15 July 2013
2996:
2993:
2958:
2956:Further reading
2953:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2721:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2646:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2603:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2487:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2349:
2348:
2337:
2333:
2320:Signal strength
2232:Cellular router
2218:(manufacturers)
1956:(air interface)
1950:(air interface)
1834:
1766:Cell area (km)
1748:
1680:
1674:
1633:
1627:
1593:
1587:
1492:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1352:
1331:
1266:
1226:
1219:
1078:
1077:
1063:
1061:Frequency reuse
1011:spread spectrum
971:"A" system and
939:(TDMA, used by
925:
820:Douglas H. Ring
816:
810:
791:(FDMA) system.
762:
755:
730:
719:
713:
710:
695:
679:
668:
660:Internet access
564:
535:
534:
531:
528:
522:
518:Spread spectrum
513:Reconfiguration
500:
497:
491:
466:
458:
457:
456:
376:
375:Characteristics
368:
367:
366:
326:
323:
316:
315:
307:
301:
283:
275:
274:
273:
223:
215:
214:
213:
138:
130:
129:
128:
88:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5152:
5150:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5111:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5080:
5070:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4788:Space-division
4784:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4625:Camille Tissot
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4600:Claude Shannon
4597:
4592:
4590:Tivadar Puskás
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4560:Antonio Meucci
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4530:Charles K. Kao
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4505:Harold Hopkins
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:Emile Berliner
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4344:Videotelephony
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4247:
4242:
4240:Radiotelephone
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4126:Internet video
4118:
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4106:
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4091:
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3177:
3171:
3169:
3159:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Autotel (PALM)
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3071:
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3064:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3015:
2992:
2991:External links
2989:
2988:
2987:
2970:
2967:978-0444502681
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2925:
2916:
2898:
2872:
2841:
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2782:
2773:
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2368:978-1107143210
2367:
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2067:
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2059:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:WiMAX-Advanced
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2022:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1957:
1951:
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1927:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1907:
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1905:
1894:
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1892:
1887:
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1876:
1864:were analog):
1833:
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1809:
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1803:
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1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1747:
1744:
1721:cell breathing
1676:Main article:
1673:
1670:
1629:Main article:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1589:Main article:
1586:
1583:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1491:
1488:
1378:interference.
1351:
1348:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1265:
1262:
1218:
1215:
1200:Recently also
1114:
1113:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1062:
1059:
924:
921:
809:
806:
774:The increased
760:
753:
746:cellular radio
732:
731:
682:
680:
673:
667:
664:
644:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
615:equipped with
576:mobile network
566:
565:
563:
562:
555:
548:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
525:
521:
520:
515:
509:
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494:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
455:
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449:
444:
442:Radio spectrum
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
365:
364:
362:Vertical plane
359:
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328:
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308:
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161:
156:
151:
146:
140:
139:
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135:
132:
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126:
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116:
114:Satellite dish
111:
106:
101:
96:
90:
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
71:
70:
64:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5151:
5140:
5137:
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4963:
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4958:
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4940:
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4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
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4888:
4885:
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4875:
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4862:
4860:
4856:
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4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4813:Code-division
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4798:Time-division
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:and switching
4722:
4718:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4675:optical fiber
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4665:Coaxial cable
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:Radia Perlman
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:Lee de Forest
4468:
4466:
4465:Thomas Edison
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:Donald Davies
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:Claude Chappe
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
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4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:Smoke signals
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4262:Semiconductor
4260:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
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4218:
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4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:Digital media
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4009:
3998:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3972:Wi-Fi Calling
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:NGMN Alliance
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:AMPS - N-AMPS
3173:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2862:on 2 May 2014
2861:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2726:
2722:
2720:9780429881343
2716:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2651:
2647:
2645:9781119523536
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2621:
2608:
2604:
2602:9789812561213
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2553:The Economist
2549:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2520:(11): 52–71.
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2492:
2488:
2486:9781420006728
2482:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Baseband unit
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:power control
1708:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:base stations
1497:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:United States
1237:
1229:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:reuse pattern
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
990:signaling to
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
922:
920:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
815:
807:
805:
803:
798:
792:
790:
786:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
759:
756: –
752:
747:
738:
728:
725:
717:
707:
703:
699:
693:
692:
688:
683:This section
681:
677:
672:
671:
665:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:mobile phones
601:
599:
595:
591:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
561:
556:
554:
549:
547:
542:
541:
539:
538:
530:
524:
523:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
502:
499:
493:
492:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:Beam steering
470:
469:
462:
461:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
372:
371:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
320:
319:
312:
309:
305:
300:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
279:
278:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
234:Amateur radio
232:
230:
227:
226:
219:
218:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
154:Coaxial cable
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
134:
133:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
87:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4866:
4780:Multiplexing
4655:Transmission
4620:Nikola Tesla
4610:Henry Sutton
4565:Samuel Morse
4495:Robert Hooke
4460:Amos Dolbear
4395:John Bardeen
4314:
4294:Telautograph
4198:Mobile phone
4153:Edholm's law
4136:social media
4069:Broadcasting
3937:Push-to-talk
3816:
3715:IEEE 802.16m
3684:LTE Advanced
3668:IMT Advanced
3613:IEEE 802.16e
3608:Mobile WiMAX
3569:3GPP2 family
3496:(TIA/IS-856)
3487:3GPP2 family
3385:3GPP2 family
3364:/3GPP family
3180:TACS - ETACS
3065:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:the original
2973:
2942:. Retrieved
2940:. p. 17
2928:
2919:
2911:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2885:the original
2875:
2864:, retrieved
2860:the original
2854:
2832:. Retrieved
2825:the original
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2795:the original
2785:
2776:
2754:(1): 57–58.
2751:
2747:
2741:
2729:. Retrieved
2705:
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2630:
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2587:
2564:12 September
2562:. Retrieved
2551:
2542:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2471:
2464:
2455:The Atlantic
2453:
2443:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2377:
2354:
2351:Guowang Miao
2267:
2221:
2091:
2031:LTE Advanced
2020:IMT Advanced
1897:Digital AMPS
1890:Evolved EDGE
1843:
1749:
1737:
1726:
1719:
1704:
1700:
1681:
1666:
1654:
1638:
1634:
1594:
1577:(CDMA), and
1564:
1559:
1555:
1541:
1530:
1502:forming the
1493:
1468:Digital AMPS
1433:
1415:, including
1410:
1396:
1380:
1376:
1364:mobile phone
1361:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1313:
1310:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1233:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1035:
1015:World War II
1008:
985:
957:
926:
914:
902:RF amplifier
894:power MOSFET
867:
828:
817:
793:
785:interference
773:
757:
750:
743:
720:
711:
696:Please help
684:
645:
625:
602:
598:base station
588:
587:
575:
571:
569:
342:Ground plane
238:
229:Antenna farm
86:Common types
36:
4980:NPL network
4692:Radio waves
4630:Alfred Vail
4540:Hedy Lamarr
4525:Dawon Kahng
4485:Elisha Gray
4445:Yogen Dalal
4370:Nasir Ahmed
4304:Teleprinter
4168:Heliographs
3766:5G-Advanced
3754:3GPP family
3704:IEEE family
3696:(4.5G/4.9G)
3677:3GPP family
3519:3GPP family
3447:3GPP family
3392:CDMA2000 1X
3263:CSD - HSCSD
2866:19 November
2394:23 November
2222:Equipment:
2105:Beamforming
2081:5G-Advanced
1645:pseudonoise
1585:Small cells
1372:Radio waves
1338:called the
1144:In case of
1046:beamforming
961:full-duplex
886:Dawon Kahng
847:Bell System
658:and public
596:(such as a
594:transceiver
482:Beamforming
387:Directivity
337:Focal cloud
199:Transmitter
5113:Categories
5026:Antarctica
4985:Toasternet
4907:Television
4390:Paul Baran
4322:Television
4306:(teletype)
4299:Telegraphy
4277:transistor
4255:Phryctoria
4225:Photophone
4203:Smartphone
4193:Mass media
3620:Flash-OFDM
2944:28 January
2731:16 October
2656:16 October
2613:16 October
2497:16 October
2331:References
2072:networks:
2016:networks:
1939:networks:
1733:CellMapper
1729:Opensignal
1591:Small cell
1486:standard.
935:systems),
910:RF circuit
812:See also:
487:Small cell
465:Techniques
392:Efficiency
382:Array gain
137:Components
119:Television
5010:Americas
4999:Locations
4970:Internet2
4731:Bandwidth
4435:Vint Cerf
4332:streaming
4310:Telephone
4250:Semaphore
4141:streaming
3720:WiMax 2.1
3575:CDMA2000
3068:standards
2768:1098-4232
2711:CRC Press
2477:CRC Press
2199:(summary)
2027:(TD-LTE)
1754:network:
1746:Cell size
1612:Femtocell
1600:Microcell
1454:(EV-DO),
1368:cell site
1173:bandwidth
1031:Bell Labs
890:Bell Labs
824:Bell Labs
797:frequency
780:Amos Joel
685:does not
477:Beam tilt
357:Side lobe
347:Main lobe
332:Boresight
209:Twin-lead
169:Feed line
5078:Category
4965:Internet
4955:CYCLADES
4872:Ethernet
4822:Concepts
4746:terminal
4697:wireless
4520:Bob Kahn
4363:Pioneers
4188:Internet
4079:Cable TV
3745:IMT-2020
3649:HiperMAN
3548:DC-HSDPA
3438:IMT-2000
2725:Archived
2682:Archived
2650:Archived
2607:Archived
2585:(2005).
2558:Archived
2534:46573735
2491:Archived
2388:Archived
1985:CDMA2000
1960:TD-SCDMA
1912:(IS-95)
1886:(IMT-SC)
1832:See also
1752:CDMA2000
1631:Handover
1618:Attocell
1606:Picocell
1581:(SDMA).
1573:(TDMA),
1569:(FDMA),
1560:downlink
1537:handover
1466:(DECT),
1462:(UMTS),
1458:(EDGE),
1448:CDMA2000
1442:(GPRS),
1340:handover
1019:Cold War
804:(TDMA).
776:capacity
714:May 2022
584:wireless
503:Massive
269:Wireless
184:Receiver
109:Monopole
68:Antennas
60:a series
58:Part of
5098:Commons
5088:Outline
5041:Oceania
4960:FidoNet
4945:ARPANET
4758:circuit
4327:digital
4056:History
3979:Osmocom
3827:History
3797:DECT-5G
3771:NR-IIoT
3216:DataTAC
3211:Mobitex
3009:2 April
2891:2 April
2834:2 April
2801:2 April
2688:20 July
2268:Other:
2243:OpenBTS
1954:TD-CDMA
1910:cdmaOne
1444:cdmaOne
1438:(GSM),
1402:⁄
1250:(ERP).
996:latency
988:digital
906:RF CMOS
904:), and
851:Chicago
808:History
706:removed
691:sources
666:Concept
613:laptops
609:tablets
244:Hotspot
222:Systems
189:Rotator
99:Fractal
5036:Europe
5006:Africa
4990:Usenet
4950:BITNET
4887:Mobile
4763:packet
4272:MOSFET
4267:device
4064:Beacon
3781:NB-IoT
3747:(2021)
3742:(2018)
3688:E-UTRA
3670:(2013)
3665:(2009)
3642:family
3601:family
3559:E-UTRA
3440:(2001)
3435:(1998)
3294:family
3275:family
3251:family
3237:(1991)
3168:family
3158:(1979)
3141:B-Netz
3089:(1946)
2982:
2965:
2766:
2717:
2642:
2599:
2532:
2483:
2365:
1948:W-CDMA
1904:(CDPD)
1698:1800.
1556:uplink
1480:Europe
1423:, and
1318:Basic.
1294:pagers
1274:paging
1242:, the
1116:where
943:) and
933:D-AMPS
878:MOSFET
855:Dallas
845:. The
621:pagers
422:Height
407:Factor
94:Dipole
5019:South
5014:North
4975:JANET
4912:Telex
4902:Radio
4741:Nodes
4736:Links
4657:media
4235:Radio
4220:Pager
4148:Drums
4114:video
4109:image
4099:audio
3957:ViLTE
3952:VoLTE
3910:5G NR
3859:STDMA
3847:OFDMA
3790:Other
3776:LTE-M
3761:5G NR
3724:WiBro
3711:WiMAX
3630:WiBro
3543:HSPA+
3536:HSUPA
3531:HSDPA
3414:WiDEN
3407:Other
3310:Other
3273:3GPP2
3206:Hicap
3201:C-450
3189:Other
3106:Altai
2938:(PDF)
2828:(PDF)
2821:(PDF)
2530:S2CID
2419:8 May
2311:(RRM)
2239:(PMR)
2076:5G NR
2043:WiMAX
1990:OFDMA
1976:HSPA+
1971:HSDPA
1926:(PHS)
1918:(CSD)
1875:(CSD)
1825:16.2
1819:12.0
1816:2100
1811:12.2
1805:14.0
1802:1800
1794:2269
1791:26.9
1780:7521
1777:48.9
1657:IS-95
1639:With
1296:, in
1027:Wi-Fi
1021:into
898:LDMOS
839:Tokyo
744:In a
648:Earth
589:cells
578:is a
264:Wi-Fi
254:Radio
204:Tuner
144:Balun
5031:Asia
4917:UUCP
4877:ISDN
3967:ViNR
3962:VoNR
3942:MIMO
3915:CDMA
3900:UMTS
3878:SDMA
3871:CDMA
3866:SSMA
3854:TDMA
3842:FDMA
3640:ETSI
3599:IEEE
3526:HSPA
3464:FOMA
3454:UMTS
3419:DECT
3371:GPRS
3322:iDEN
3317:CDPD
3292:AMPS
3249:3GPP
3166:AMPS
3126:AMTS
3101:IMTS
3011:2012
2980:ISBN
2963:ISBN
2946:2024
2893:2012
2868:2013
2836:2012
2803:2012
2764:ISSN
2733:2019
2715:ISBN
2690:2019
2658:2019
2640:ISBN
2615:2019
2597:ISBN
2566:2019
2499:2019
2481:ISBN
2421:2024
2396:2013
2363:ISBN
2283:MIMO
2103:and
2101:SDMA
2097:MIMO
2062:MBWA
2001:SVDO
1996:EVDO
1966:HSPA
1943:UMTS
1884:EDGE
1879:GPRS
1860:and
1822:449
1808:618
1797:3.3
1788:950
1774:450
1692:UMTS
1641:CDMA
1523:The
1509:The
1425:AMPS
1421:CDMA
1306:UMTS
1298:CDMA
1286:UMTS
1185:B/NK
1132:(or
1038:MIMO
973:ILEC
969:CLEC
965:AMPS
884:and
868:The
853:and
822:, a
689:any
687:cite
611:and
417:Gain
194:Stub
164:Feed
124:Whip
104:Loop
4922:WAN
4892:NGN
4882:LAN
4163:Fax
4104:DCT
3947:IMS
3905:LTE
3895:GSM
3555:LTE
3362:GSM
3337:CT2
3332:PHS
3327:PDC
3258:GSM
3245:GSM
3221:CT1
3196:NMT
3146:AMR
3136:ARP
3111:OLT
3096:MTS
2756:doi
2522:doi
2025:LTE
1868:GSM
1731:or
1696:GSM
1688:GSM
1684:GSM
1661:NMT
1655:In
1533:GSM
1484:GSM
1417:GSM
1302:SMS
1290:LTE
1284:or
1282:GSM
1206:LTE
1181:B/K
1175:is
1168:).
1166:GSM
1158:N/K
1156:of
1130:1/K
949:PCS
941:GSM
888:at
700:by
574:or
5115::
3740:5G
3717:)
3663:4G
3433:3G
3235:2G
3156:1G
3084:0G
2910:–
2844:^
2762:.
2752:13
2750:.
2723:.
2709:.
2674:.
2648:.
2638:.
2634:.
2605:.
2595:.
2591:.
2574:^
2550:.
2528:.
2518:29
2516:.
2489:.
2475:.
2452:.
2412:.
2361:.
2357:.
2338:^
2099:,
2070:5G
2014:4G
1937:3G
1862:0G
1858:1G
1854:2G
1783:1
1738:A
1724:.
1562:.
1539:.
1516:A
1476:US
1450:,
1446:,
1419:,
1394:.
1187:.
953:3G
917:2G
896:,
865:.
831:1G
771:.
619:,
607:,
570:A
62:on
5049:)
5045:(
4040:e
4033:t
4026:v
3713:(
3690:)
3686:(
3561:)
3557:(
3247:/
3058:e
3051:t
3044:v
3031:.
3013:.
2986:.
2948:.
2895:.
2838:.
2805:.
2770:.
2758::
2735:.
2692:.
2660:.
2617:.
2568:.
2536:.
2524::
2501:.
2458:.
2423:.
2398:.
2371:.
1506:.
1404:2
1400:1
1195:N
1177:B
1162:N
1150:N
1146:N
1138:K
1134:K
1122:N
1118:R
1112:,
1098:N
1095:3
1090:R
1087:=
1084:D
1071:D
908:(
900:(
761:6
758:f
754:1
751:f
727:)
721:(
716:)
712:(
708:.
694:.
559:e
552:t
545:v
306:)
302:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
