2327:, a prince of South Wales, who before his death renounced the world to lead an eremitical life, Cadoc followed his father's example and received the religious habit from St. Tathai, an Irish monk, superior of a small community at Swent near Chepstow, in Monmouthshire. Returning to his native county, Cadoc built a church and monastery, which was called Llancarfan, or the "Church of the Stags". Here he established a monastery, college and hospital. The spot at first seemed an impossible one, and an almost inaccessible marsh, but he and his monks drained and cultivated it, transforming it into one of the most famous religious houses in South Wales. His legend recounts that he daily fed a hundred clergy and a hundred soldiers, a hundred workmen, a hundred poor men, and the same number of widows. When thousands left the world and became monks, they very often did so as clansmen, dutifully following the example of their chief. Bishoprics, canonries, and parochial benefices passed from one to another member of the same family, and frequently from father to son. Their tribal character is a feature which Irish and Welsh monasteries had in common.
1445:
for calculating Easter; the clerics responded that they would need to confer with their people and await a larger assembly. Bede relates that the bishops particularly consulted a hermit on how to respond. He told them to respond based on
Augustine's conduct: were he to rise to greet them, they would know him for a humble servant of Christ and should submit to his authority but, were he to remain seated, they would know him to be arrogant and prideful and should reject him. As it happened, Augustine did keep his seat, provoking mistrust. In the negotiations that followed, he offered to allow the Britons to maintain all their native customs but three: they should adopt Rome's more advanced method of calculating the date of Easter, reform their baptismal ritual, and join the missionary efforts among the Saxons. The British clerics rejected all of these, as well as Augustine's authority over them.
1707:; small enclosures in which groups of Christians, often of both sexes and including the married, lived together, served in various roles and ministered to the local population. Patrick set up diocesan structures with a hierarchy of bishops, priests, and deacons. During the late 5th and 6th centuries true monasteries became the most important centres: in Patrick's own see of Armagh the change seems to have happened before the end of the 5th century, thereafter the bishop was the abbot also. Within a few generations of the arrival of the first missionaries the monastic and clerical class of the isle had become fully integrated with the culture of Latin letters. Besides Latin, Irish ecclesiastics developed a written form of
897:
3283:' a Celtic Christianity, with its peculiar national faults and characteristics, finds place even in the New Testament. The Galatians, whose apostasy from pure Christianity has endowed the Church with St Paul's masterly defence of Christian freedom, were Celts ' There was a Celtic-speaking population in Galatia in the late centuries BC and perhaps into the early centuries AD, of which only fragmentary traces of the language survive in attested personal and place name evidence. However, the idea that the early Christian communities in Galatia shared certain 'national faults and characteristics' with the population of early medieval Ireland is entirely without foundation.
2274:
enter the Irish monasteries. When these students became adults, they would leave the monastery to live out their lives. Eventually, these people would retire back to secure community provided by the monastery and stay until their death. However, some would stay within the monastery and become leaders. Since most of the clergy were Irish, native traditions were well-respected. Permeable monasticism popularised the use of vernacular and helped mesh the norms of secular and monastic element in
Ireland, unlike other parts of Europe where monasteries were more isolated. Examples of these intertwining motifs can be seen in the hagiographies of
2218:. While this may have been the case for centuries in most of Ireland, it was never the rule throughout the Celtic world at large. It is certain that the ideal of monasticism was universally esteemed in Celtic Christianity. This was especially true in Ireland and areas evangelised by Irish missionaries, where monasteries and their abbots came to be vested with a great deal of ecclesiastical and secular power. Following the growth of the monastic movement in the 6th century, abbots controlled not only individual monasteries, but also expansive estates and the secular communities that tended them. As monastics, abbots were not necessarily
2565:. Although this accusation was raised at a time of heightened political tensions between Columbanus and the Gallic bishops, some historians have cautioned that it ought not be dismissed as a mere ruse because the Gauls may have been genuinely worried about blurring the boundaries between Gallic Christians and their Jewish neighbours. That the Irish practised obsolete Old Testament laws is another accusation that repeats itself a number of times in the early Middle Ages, most famously in the case of the 8th-century Irish charismatic preacher,
7611:
2185:
2199:. According to Richard Woods, the familial, democratic, and decentralized aspects of Egyptian Christianity were better suited to structures and values of Celtic culture than was a legalistic diocesan form. Monasteries tended to be cenobitical in that monks lived in separate cells but came together for common prayer, meals, and other functions. Some more austere ascetics became hermits living in remote locations in what came to be called the "green martyrdom". An example of this would be Kevin of Glendalough and
2408:
215:
2910:, an Italian monk who entered the monastery in Bobbio in 618, three years after the Saint's death; Jonas wrote the life c. 643. This author lived during the abbacy of Attala, Columbanus's immediate successor, and his informants had been companions of the saint. Mabillon in the second volume of his "Acta Sanctorum O.S.B." gives the life in full, together with an appendix on the miracles of the saint, written by an anonymous member of the Bobbio community.
785:
22:
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without requiring them to become monks. These students were then allowed to leave and live within the community, and were welcomed back in their old age to retire in peace. This style of monasticism allowed for the monastery to connect with, and become a part of, the community at large. The availability of the monks to the people was instrumental in converting
Ireland from paganism to Christianity, allowing a blend of the two cultures.
1681:
5861:
2696:
1134:
1571:
727:
2682:
1956:
80:, and the popularity of going into "exile for Christ". Additionally, there were other practices that developed in certain parts of Great Britain and Ireland that were not known to have spread beyond particular regions. The term typically denotes the regional practices among the insular churches and their associates rather than actual theological differences.
1426:, establish new sees and churches throughout their territories, and reassert papal authority over the native church. Gregory intended for Augustine to become the metropolitan bishop over all of southern Britain, including the existing dioceses under Welsh and Cornish control. Augustine met with British bishops in a series of conferences â known as the
878:
628:(1934â1961), which identified Celtic Christianity with an "Abortive Far Western Civilization" â the nucleus of a new society, which was prevented from taking root by the Roman Church, Vikings, and Normans. Others have been content to speak of "Celtic Christianity" as consisting of certain traditions and beliefs intrinsic to the Celts.
2490:. From early periods the kin nature of many monasteries had meant that some married men were part of the community, supplying labour and with some rights, including in the election of abbots (but obliged to abstain from sex during fasting periods). Some abbacies passed from father to son, and then even grandsons. A revival of the
2626:
closely, and most are "at least partially inspired and driven by denominational and national rivalries, ecclesiastical and secular power politics, and an anti-Roman
Catholic agenda." Though often inaccurate or distorted, the beliefs of these movements have greatly influenced popular conceptions of historical Celtic Christianity.
1986:. The early material referring to the Celtic tonsure emphasizes its distinctiveness from the Roman alternative and invariably connects its use to the Celtic dating of Easter. Those preferring the Roman tonsure considered the Celtic custom extremely unorthodox, and associated it with the form of tonsure worn by the
2638:. These ideas were expanded during the English Reformation, as Protestant authors appropriated the concept of a "Celtic Church" as a native, anti-Roman predecessor to their own movement. Nevertheless, despite his scholarly deconstruction of much of the popular view of "Celtic Christianity", in work such as his
2535:
rite, or that there was no confirmation at all. At any rate, it is unlikely to have caused as much discord as the Easter controversy or the tonsure, as no other source mentions it. As such there is no evidence that heterodox baptism figured into the practice of the Irish church. The Celtic
Christians
1758:
The Easter question was settled at various times in different places. The following dates are derived from Haddan and Stubbs: southern
Ireland, 626â628; northern Ireland, 692; Northumbria (converted by Irish missions), 664; East Devon and Somerset, the Britons under Wessex, 705; the Picts, 710; Iona,
692:
groups seeking to recover something of ancient spirituality that they believe is missing from the modern world. For these groups, Celtic
Christianity becomes a cipher for whatever is lost in the modern religious experience. Corning notes that these notions say more about modern desires than about the
4618:
A distinctive part of
Scottish Presbyterian worship is the singing of metrical psalms, many of them set to old Celtic Christianity Scottish traditional and folk tunes. These verse psalms have been exported to Africa, North America and other parts of the world where Presbyterian Scots missionaries or
2273:
Irish monasticism was notable for its permeability. In permeable monasticism, people were able to move freely in and out of the monastic system at different points of life. Young boys and girls would enter the system to pursue Latin scholarship. Students would sometimes travel from faraway lands to
1469:
was taken by Bede as fulfillment of the prophecy made by
Augustine of Canterbury following the Synod of Chester. The prophecy stated that the British church would receive war and death from the Saxons if they refused to proselytise. Despite the inaccuracies of their system, the Britons did not adopt
1444:
is the only surviving account of these meetings: according to it, some of the clerics of the nearest
British province met Augustine at a site that was known thereafter as Augustine's Oak. Augustine focused on seeking assistance for his work among the Saxons and reforming the Britons' obsolete method
2625:
According to Bradley, most, though not all, revivalists are non-Celts for whom Celtic Christianity has an "exotic and peripheral" appeal. Adherents typically claim their revivals restore authentic practices and traits, though Bradley notes they reflect contemporary concerns and prejudices much more
2481:
At least in Ireland, the monastic system became increasingly secularised from the 8th century, as close ties between ruling families and monasteries became apparent. The major monasteries were now wealthy in land and had political importance. On occasion they made war either upon each other or took
1751:
cleric-scholars in continental Europe found themselves implicated in theological controversies but it is not always possible to distinguish when a controversy was based on matters of substance or on political grounds or xenophobic sentiments. Synods were held in Ireland, Gaul, and England (e.g. the
2045:
developed, where confession was made privately to a priest, under the seal of secrecy, and where penance was given privately and ordinarily performed privately as well. Certain handbooks were made, called "penitentials", designed as a guide for confessors and as a means of regularising the penance
2016:
put forth a new hypothesis, claiming that the entire forehead was shaven back to the ears. Mabillon's version was widely accepted, but contradicts the early sources. In 2003 Daniel McCarthy suggested a triangular shape, with one side between the ears and a vertex towards the front of the head. The
2446:
remain very well known, and in the case of manuscript decoration had a profound influence on Western medieval art. The manuscripts were certainly produced by and for monasteries, and the evidence suggests that metalwork was produced in both monastic and royal workshops, perhaps as well as secular
2072:, the "medicines of penance", to Gaul at a time when they had come to be neglected. Though the process met some resistance, by 1215 the practice had become established as the norm, with the Fourth Lateran Council establishing a canonical statute requiring confession at a minimum of once per year.
636:
of the regions, but due to other historical and geographical factors. Additionally, the Christians of Ireland and Britain were not "anti-Roman"; Celtic areas respected the authority of Rome and the papacy as strongly as any other region of Europe. Caitlin Corning further notes that the "Irish and
1750:
brought the nations of Britain and Ireland into closer contact with the orthodoxy of the councils. The customs and traditions particular to Insular Christianity became a matter of dispute, especially the matter of the proper calculation of Easter. In addition to Easter dating, Irish scholars and
1597:
where he built a church of stone, "Candida Casa". Tradition holds that Ninian established an episcopal see at the Candida Casa in Whithorn, and named the see for Saint Martin of Tours. He converted the southern Picts to Christianity, and died around 432. Many Irish saints trained at the "Candida
631:
However, modern scholars have identified problems with all of these claims, and find the term "Celtic Christianity" problematic in and of itself. Modern scholarship roundly rejects the idea of a "Celtic Church" due to the lack of substantiating evidence. Indeed, distinct Irish and British church
2530:
Bede implies that in the time of Augustine of Canterbury, British churches used a baptismal rite that was in some way at variance with the Roman practice. According to Bede, the British Christians' failure to "complete" the sacrament of baptism was one of the three specific issues with British
2285:
This willingness to learn, and also to teach, was a hallmark of the "permeable monasticism" that so characterised the Irish monastery. While a hermitage was still the highest form of dedication, the monasteries were very open to allowing students and children within the walls for an education,
618:. One view, which gained substantial scholarly traction in the 19th century, was that there was a "Celtic Church", a significant organised Christian body or denomination uniting the Celtic peoples and separating them from the "Roman" church of continental Europe. An example of this appears in
632:
traditions existed, each with their own practices, and there was significant local variation even within the individual Irish and British spheres. While the Irish and British churches had some traditions in common, these were relatively few. Even these commonalities did not exist due to the
2629:
Bradley traces the origins of Celtic Christian revivalism to the Middle Ages. In the 8th and 9th century, authors wrote idealised hagiographies of earlier saints, whose "golden age" of extraordinary holiness contrasted with the perceived corruption of later times. Similarly, the 12th- and
2569:(fl. 745), who was condemned as a heretic, in part for urging followers to follow Old Testament law in such controversial matters as obliging a man to marry his widowed sister-in-law upon his brother's death. One example for the Irish tendency to adhere closely to the Old Testament is the
1370:
differed from that elsewhere and also became a point of contention. A distinction that became increasingly important was the nature of church organisation: some monasteries were led by married clergy, inheritance of religious offices was common (in Wales, as late as the 12th century), and
60:
Church, while others classify Celtic Christianity as a set of distinctive practices occurring in those areas. Varying scholars reject the former notion, but note that there were certain traditions and practices present in both the Irish and British churches that were not seen in the wider
2175:
A number of other distinctive traditions and practices existed (or are taken to have existed) in Britain or Ireland, but are not known to have been in use across the entire region. Different writers and commenters have identified different traditions as representative of so-called Celtic
2339:, a key figure in Cornish monasticism. Gildas the Wise was invited by Cadoc to deliver lectures in the monastery and spent a year there, during which he made a copy of a book of the Gospels, long treasured in the church of St. Cadoc. One of the most notable pupils of Illtyd was St.
1610:. Ninian's work was carried on by Palladius, who left Ireland to work among the Picts. The mission to the southern Picts apparently met with some setbacks, as Patrick charged Coroticus and the "apostate Picts" with conducting raids on the Irish coast and seizing Christians as slaves.
2127:, the "lesser" peregrinatio, involving leaving one's home area but not the island, and the "superior" peregrinatio, which meant leaving Ireland for good. This voluntary exile to spend one's life in a foreign land far from friends and family came to be termed the "white martyrdom".
1371:
illegitimacy was treated much more leniently with fathers simply needing to acknowledge the child for him to inherit an equal share with his brothers. Prior to their conquest by England, most churches have records of bishops and priests but not an established
2548:, which is to say that they observed certain religious rites after the manner of the Jews. The belief that Irish Christians were Judaizers can be observed in three main areas: the Easter Controversy, the notion that the Irish practised obsolete laws from the
2265:
overrode the diocese, or that the abbot replaced the Bishop; Bishops still exercised ultimate spiritual authority and remained in charge of the diocesan clergy. But either way, the monastic ideal was regarded as the utmost expression of the Christian life.
1390:
2473:
Irish monks also founded monasteries across the continent, exerting influence greater than many more ancient continental centres. The first issuance of a papal privilege granting a monastery freedom from episcopal oversight was that of Pope Honorius I to
1449:
argues that the primary reason for the British bishops' rejection of Augustine â and especially his call for them to join his missionary effort â was his claim to sovereignty over them, given that his see would be so deeply entwined with the Anglo-Saxon
4662:
There has been little attempt to create a new denomination based on the supposed distinctive tenets of Celtic Christianity although there is a tiny Celtic Orthodox Church which has bases in Brittany, England and Wales and links with the Syrian Orthodox
2552:
and (not unrelated to this) the view that they adhered too closely to the Old Testament. Quite apart from the intricate theological concerns that underpinned the debate over Easter in early 7th-century Gaul, Columbanus also found himself accused of
1255:. Such communities were organized on tribal models: founding saints were almost invariably lesser members of local dynasties, they were not infrequently married, and their successors were often chosen from among their kin. In the 6th century, the "
1893:
In the early 600s Christians in Ireland and Britain became aware of the divergence in dating between them and those in Europe. The first clash came in 602 when a synod of French bishops opposed the practices of the monasteries established by
593:
People have conceived of "Celtic Christianity" in different ways at different times. Writings on the topic frequently say more about the time in which they originate than about the historical state of Christianity in the early medieval
1698:
arrived in 431 as the first missionary bishop sent by Rome. His mission does not seem to have been entirely successful. The subsequent mission of Saint Patrick, traditionally starting in 432, established churches in conjunction with
2269:
The focus on powerful abbots and monasteries was limited to the Irish Church, however, and not in Britain. The British church employed an episcopal structure corresponding closely to the model used elsewhere in the Christian world.
2334:
by descent, spent the first period of his religious life as a disciple of St. Cadoc at Llancarvan. He founded the monastery at Llantwit Major. The monastery stressed learning as well as devotion. One of his fellow students was
2246:, replaced the diocese as the chief administrative unit of the church, and the position of Abbot largely replaced that of bishop in authority and prominence. According to this model, bishops were still needed, since certain
2573:, a late 7th- or early 8th-century Irish canon law collection which was the first text of church law to draw heavily on the Bible, and in particular the Old Testament. In Scotland similar accusations surround the supposed
598:, and many notions are now discredited in modern academic discourse. One particularly prominent feature ascribed to Celtic Christianity is that it is supposedly inherently distinct from â and generally opposed to â the
3329:
Six Old English Chronicles of Which Two Are Now First Translated from the Monkish Latin Originals: Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Asser's Life of Alfred, Geoffrey of Monmouth's British History, Gildas, Nennius, and Richard of
2226:
or bishops). They were usually descended from one of the many Irish royal families, and the founding regulations of the abbey sometimes specified that the abbacy should if possible be kept within one family lineage.
1291:, and others destroyed many ecclesiastical records. Similarly, the distance from Rome, hostility to native practices and cults, and relative unimportance of the local sees has left only two local Welsh saints in the
676:
and the intrinsic qualities of the "Celtic race", further influenced ideas about Celtic Christianity. Romantics idealised the Celts as a primitive, bucolic people who were far more poetic, spiritual, and freer of
2653:
movement, and growing nationalism influenced ideas about what was becoming known as "Celtic Christianity". Beginning in the early 20th century, a full-fledged revival movement began, centred on the island of
7062:
2134:
or exiles of this type were seeking personal spiritual fulfilment, but many became involved in missionary endeavours. The Briton Saint Patrick became the evangelist of Ireland during what he called his
1878:'s original equinox on 25 March instead of the Nicaean equinox, which had already drifted to 21 March. This calendar was conserved by the Britons and Irish while the Romans and French began to use the
2522:. For some generations monks trained by Irish missionaries continued to use the Rule and to found new monasteries using it, but most converted to the Benedictine Rule over the 8th and 9th centuries.
2593:, "the singing of metrical psalms, many of them set to old Celtic Christianity Scottish traditional and folk tunes" is a feature that remains a "distinctive part of Scottish Presbyterian worship".
665:) in thought. The English church, they claimed, was not forming a new institution, but casting off the shackles of Rome and returning to its true roots as the indigenous national church of Britain.
681:
than their neighbours. The Celts were seen as having an inner spiritual nature that shone through even after their form of Christianity had been destroyed by the authoritarian and rational Rome.
2061:), and it seems that, for some sins, private penance was allowed instead. Nonetheless, penance and reconciliation was prevailingly a public rite (sometimes unrepeatable), which included
2531:
practice that Augustine could not overlook. There is no indication as to how the baptism was "incomplete" according to the Roman custom. It may be that there was some difference in the
1375:
system. Pre-conquest, most Christians would not attend regular services but relied on members of the monastic communities who would occasionally make preaching tours through the area.
7652:
1898:; Columbanus appealed to Pope Gregory I but received no answer and finally moved from their jurisdiction. It was a primary concern for St Augustine and his mission, although
3313:
The Epistle of Gildas the most ancient British Author: who flourished in the yeere of our Lord, 546. And who by his great erudition, sanctitie, and wisdome, acquired the name of
3173:
AUCHMUTY, J. J. âIRELAND AND THE CELTIC PEOPLES IN TOYNBEE'S âSTUDY OF HISTORY.ââ Hermathena, no. 70, 1947, pp. 45â53. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23037506. Accessed 2 Aug. 2020.
1316:, as it produced the most obvious signs of disunity: the old and new methods did not usually agree, causing Christians following one system to begin celebrating the feast of the
2261:, has offered a more nuanced view of the interrelationships between the monastic system and the traditional Church structures. Sharpe argues that there is no evidence that the
2378:
among them. It was from Illtud and his successors that the Irish sought guidance on matters of ritual and discipline. Finnian of Clonard studied under Cadoc at Llancarfan in
1759:
716â718; Strathclyde, 721; North Wales, 768; South Wales, 777. Cornwall held out the longest of any, perhaps even, in parts, to the time of Bishop Aedwulf of Crediton (909).
2068:
The Irish penitential practice spread throughout the continent, where the form of public penance had fallen into disuse. Saint Columbanus was credited with introducing the
7637:
5131:
2001:, but it may have been circulating since the Synod of Whitby. The tonsure is also mentioned in a passage, probably of the 7th century but attributed wrongly to Gildas: "
3440:
2012:
suggested a semi-circular shape, rounded in the front and culminating at a line between the ears. This suggestion was accepted by many subsequent writers, but in 1703
2008:
The exact shape of the Irish tonsure is unclear from the early sources, although they agree that the hair was in some way shorn over the head from ear to ear. In 1639
1971:, or method of cutting one's hair, to distinguish their social identity as men of the cloth. In Ireland men otherwise wore longish hair, and a shaved head was worn by
2049:
In antiquity, penance had been a public ritual. Penitents were divided into a separate part of the church during liturgical worship, and they came to Mass wearing
7632:
5329:
5003:
2147:
and Columbanus similarly founded highly important religious communities after leaving their homes. Irish-educated English Christians such as Gerald of Mayo, the
575:
1440:
2057:
that often involved some form of general confession. There is evidence that this public penance was preceded by a private confession to a bishop or priest (
5821:
1755:) at which Irish and British religious rites were rejected but a degree of variation continued in Britain after the Ionan church accepted the Roman date.
2195:
Monastic spirituality came to Britain and then Ireland from Gaul, by way of LĂ©rins, Tours, and Auxerre. Its spirituality was heavily influenced by the
1694:
By the early fifth century, the religion had spread to Ireland, which had never been part of the Roman Empire. There were Christians in Ireland before
1249:
held the remains of 20,000. More often, the title was given to the founder of any ecclesiastical settlement, which would thenceforth be known as their
7547:
5519:
5490:
4737:
Gierek, Bozena (2011). "Celtic spirituality in contemporary Ireland". In Cosgrove, Olivia; Cox, Laurence; Kuhling, Carmen; Mulholland, Peter (eds.).
1430:â that attempted to assert his authority and to compel them to abandon aspects of their service that had fallen out of line with Roman practice. The
2123:, in which individuals permanently left their homes and put themselves entirely in God's hands. In the Irish tradition there were two types of such
1918:
were generally the readiest to acknowledge the superiority of the new tables: the bishops of southern Ireland adopted the continental system at the
896:
7567:
7557:
1827:(325) decided that all Christians should observe a common date for Easter separate from the Jewish calculations, according to the practice of the
1048:
645:
Corning writes that scholars have identified three major strands of thought that have influenced the popular conceptions of Celtic Christianity:
7587:
7572:
7562:
2450:
In the 6th and 7th centuries, Irish monks established monastic institutions in parts of modern-day Scotland (especially Columba, also known as
2042:
1778:
Caitlin Corning identifies four customs that were common to both the Irish and British churches but not used elsewhere in the Christian world.
1668:, he is said to have 'floated' across to Cornwall after being thrown into the sea tied to a millstone. He has been identified on occasion with
1403:
1227:
7577:
5966:
5124:
4746:
4655:
4543:
1963:, in the shape of a crown, differing from the Irish tradition, which is unclear but involved shaving the hair from ear to ear in some fashion
2234:, to argue that the monastic system came to be the dominant ecclesiastical structure in the Irish church, essentially replacing the earlier
7657:
1810:
744:
661:
writers of this time popularised the idea of an indigenous British Christianity that opposed the foreign "Roman" church and was purer (and
4191:
7647:
7582:
2667:
1203:
3299:
3158:
2719:
1549:
808:
3774:
7045:
6858:
5408:
5380:
5361:
5268:
5089:
5067:
5052:
5031:
4975:
4925:
4713:
4611:
3947:
3828:
3718:
3470:
3269:
3043:
2470:
founded the See of Lindisfarne in Anglo-Saxon Northumbria in 635, whence Gaelic-Irish practice heavily influenced northern England.
766:
568:
268:
2714:
1214:
is more obscure, but the native church seems to have been greatly strengthened by Welsh and Irish missionaries such as Saints
250:
87:
is deprecated by many historians as it implies a unified and identifiable entity entirely separate from that of mainstream Western
3258:
Boyle, Elizabeth (2017). "Writing Medieval Irish History in the Nineteenth Century". In Hill, Jacqueline; Lyons, Mary Ann (eds.).
2295:
2005:" ("Britons are contrary to the whole world, enemies of Roman customs, not only in the Mass but also in regard to the tonsure").
1972:
1589:
was born about 360 in what is present day Galloway, the son of a chief of the Novantae, apparently a Christian. He studied under
1191:
365:
2869:
were even driven to complain of the Irish "canonising dead men in troops whenever they seemed to be somewhat better than usual".
2642:
Bradley argues that historically well-founded insights can be applied to re-imagine life and ministry in contemporary churches.
5452:
2662:
and more general Christian revivals. By the end of the 20th century, another wave of enthusiasm began, this time influenced by
2631:
1632:
A Welshman of noble birth, Saint Petroc was educated in Ireland. He set out in a small boat with a few followers. In a type of
993:
910:
Initially, Christianity was but one of a number of religions: in addition to the native and syncretic local forms of paganism,
871:
800:
5112:
4985:
4823:
4278:
3458:
748:
291:
2510:
The monasteries of the Irish missions, and many at home, adopted the Rule of Saint Columbanus, which was stricter than the
7028:
2843:
2219:
2019:
1695:
1508:
1052:
229:
4739:
Ireland's new religious movements: Alternative Spiritualities, Migrant Religions, the New Age and New Religious Movements
7642:
7301:
2247:
2223:
1532:
had begun spreading these inventions further afield. Such ideas were used by mediaeval anti-Roman movements such as the
1492:'s dispatch of Joseph of Arimathea in part aimed to preserve the priority and authority of the native establishments at
561:
192:
5065:(1981). "The Celtic Church: Is This a Valid Concept? O'Donnell lectures in Celtic Studies, University of Oxford 1975".
2622:, as an effort to maintain the "distinctive tenets of Celtic Christianity" in an autocephalous Christian denomination.
6501:
5766:
5062:
3734:
2231:
2092:, and referred to the state of living or sojourning away from one's homeland in Roman law. It was later used by the
126:
Christianity. As a whole, Celtic-speaking areas were part of Latin Christendom at a time when there was significant
7072:
6947:
6552:
6521:
5906:
5288:
2397:
2258:
1103:
430:
245:
145:, especially in the 6th and 7th centuries. Some elements may have been introduced to Ireland by the Romano-British
1618:
followed Palladius. Serf was the teacher of Saint Mungo, the apostle of Strathclyde, and patron saint of Glasgow.
737:
684:
In the 20th and 21st centuries, ideas about "Celtic Christians" combined with appeals by certain modern churches,
7033:
6868:
6833:
6496:
1747:
1603:
1528:
1284:
1075:
127:
3364:
2254:
214:
7373:
6807:
6783:
6109:
2760:
2590:
2112:
spread widely throughout the Christian church, but it took two additional unique meanings in Celtic countries.
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functions were reserved only for the ordained, but they had little authority in the ecclesiastical structure.
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2343:, who lived for a time the life of a hermit in a cave near the river Severn before founding a monastery in
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ideals. Today, a self-identification with and use of "Celtic Christianity" is common in countries such as
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2619:
2615:
2511:
2431:
1879:
1767:
1627:
1519:
1462:
1292:
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965:
416:
5140:(2000). "The Social and Political Problems of the Early English Church". In Pelteret, David A. E. (ed.).
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4812:
2041:
In Christian Ireland â as well as Pictish and English peoples they Christianised â a distinctive form of
7318:
7133:
6878:
6778:
6149:
5992:
5971:
4218:
Plummer, Charles (1975) . "Excursus on the Paschal Controversy and Tonsure". In Plummer, Charles (ed.).
3927:
2893:
2817:
2189:
1899:
1867:
1325:
1317:
1241:" was used quite broadly by British, Irish, and English Christians. Extreme cases are Irish accounts of
1171:
961:
445:
282:
4806:. Venerabilis Baedae Opera Historica. Oxonii: E Typographeo Clarendoniano – via Internet Archive.
2210:
One controversial belief is that the true ecclesiastical power in the Celtic world lay in the hands of
1919:
1275:
rulers in favor of their own families and clans. By some estimates, these traditions produced over 800
185:
movements, which have shaped popular perceptions of the Celts and their Christian religious practices.
637:
British were no more pro-women, pro-environment, or even more spiritual than the rest of the Church."
7461:
7333:
7067:
6717:
6114:
6037:
5846:
5771:
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says 200. Bede is unclear on the date of the battle, but the current view is that it occurred in 616.
2879:
2467:
1936:
1887:
1832:
1689:
1637:
1523:
1384:
1159:
1115:
1040:
981:
424:
420:
380:
259:
181:
Churches diverge significantly after the 8th century. Interest in the subject has led to a series of
5314:
Stancliffe, Clare (1992). "Columbanus and the Gallic Bishops". In Constable, G.; Rouche, M. (eds.).
2842:
Note, however, that many events of Patrick's hagiographies may have originally intended the earlier
2354:
on a promontory on the western sea. It was well placed to be a centre of Insular Christianity. When
2023:
cites the authority of Saint Patrick as indicating that the custom originated with the swineherd of
1978:
The prevailing Roman custom was to shave a circle at the top of the head, leaving a halo of hair or
874:, although the first Christian communities probably were established at least some decades earlier.
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as penance for certain infractions. Additionally, there was a tradition of undertaking a voluntary
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385:
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7138:
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6283:
6058:
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5806:
5801:
5711:
5568:
5524:
5418:
5323:
5238:
4997:
3324:
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2097:
1843:, finding the first Sunday after an idealized Passover on the first full moon after the equinox.
1840:
1787:
1708:
1661:
1607:
1489:
1485:
1313:
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1183:
1099:
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985:
919:
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485:
69:
30:
1636:, they let God determine their course. The winds and tides brought them to the Padstow estuary.
1306:
Insular Christianity developed distinct traditions and practices, most pointedly concerning the
992:
in 360. A number of references to the church in Roman Britain are also found in the writings of
4203:
2544:
A recurrent accusation levelled against the Irish throughout the Middle Ages is that they were
2003:
Britones toti mundo contrarii, moribus Romanis inimici, non solum in missa sed in tonsura etiam
1518:) that St Davids finally abandoned its claims to metropolitan status and submitted to the
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5376:
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4921:
4752:
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4709:
4651:
4607:
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3943:
3824:
3714:
3466:
3400:
3346:
3265:
3154:
3039:
2812:
2792:
2557:, a heresy whose central tenet was observing Easter on the same date as the eve of the Jewish
1915:
1883:
1501:
1466:
1446:
1415:
1329:
1234:
in Wales around 547 and Ireland around 548, may have contributed to these missionary efforts.
1155:
1107:
1024:
923:
836:
820:
654:
619:
615:
450:
400:
49:
5291:(1984). "Some problems concerning the organisation of the Church in early medieval Ireland".
5011:
Davies, Wendy (1992). "The Myth of the Celtic Church". In Edwards, Nancy; Lane, Alan (eds.).
7407:
7368:
7323:
7310:
7230:
7209:
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7057:
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6481:
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702:
662:
595:
500:
306:
301:
111:
45:
21:
3264:. Histories of the Sacred and Secular, 1700â2000. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 72.
2536:
may have used triple immersion in Baptism, and may have been slow to adopt infant baptism.
1031:
to overrun the northern areas of Roman Britain (in some cases joining in), in concert with
7450:
7388:
7328:
7291:
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7225:
7190:
7170:
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6815:
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6063:
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5897:
5836:
5756:
5751:
5736:
5731:
5644:
5337:
3842:
the year of coming to Ireland, which rests upon clear and unvarying tradition, A.D. 432 .
3782:
2907:
2784:
2701:
2419:
1983:
1911:
1882:
cycle of 532 years. The Romans (but not the French) then adopted the still-better work of
1875:
1828:
1806:
1802:
1752:
1590:
1451:
1238:
685:
603:
599:
166:
96:
62:
4801:
3596:
2610:
notes that the recurrent interest in medieval insular Christianity has led to successive
1943:
and its satellites held out until 716, while the Welsh did not adopt the Roman and Saxon
4790:
3796:
7489:
7479:
7455:
7402:
7358:
7273:
7253:
7235:
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6694:
6673:
6668:
6305:
6239:
6234:
6223:
6204:
6198:
6194:
6007:
6002:
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5888:
5874:
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5598:
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5482:
5474:
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5438:
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2443:
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2105:
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1411:
1347:
1300:
1264:
1246:
1242:
1044:
947:
859:
296:
174:
53:
2080:
A final distinctive tradition common across Britain and Ireland was the popularity of
7626:
7286:
7258:
7165:
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6899:
6851:
6637:
6585:
6314:
6254:
6244:
6144:
6119:
5910:
5349:
5242:
4388:
3931:
2807:
The date of Alban's execution has been a subject of discussion among historians with
2768:
2549:
2435:
2401:
2340:
2336:
2238:
of the type found in most of the rest of the Christian world. Hughes argued that the
2140:
2013:
1874:. This was introduced to Britain, whose clerics at some point modified it to use the
1871:
1545:
1537:
1458:
1195:
1179:
889:
840:
832:
812:
710:
530:
525:
170:
146:
142:
4968:
The Celtic and Roman Traditions: Conflict and Consensus in the Early Medieval Church
1906:
and eventual restoration to his throne meant that Celtic practice was introduced to
1846:
Various tables were drawn up, aiming to produce the necessary alignment between the
1680:
7604:
7397:
7185:
6709:
6663:
6602:
6511:
6288:
6266:
6259:
5701:
5626:
5616:
5548:
3823:. Cosimo classics biography. New York: Cosimo, Inc. (published 2008). p. 331.
2687:
2532:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2009:
1712:
1586:
1574:
1553:
1488:'s control. The development of legends about the mission of Fagan and Deruvian and
1423:
1256:
1223:
1215:
1167:
1163:
1083:
1036:
1005:
964:
in the early 4th century and its promotion by subsequent Christian emperors. Three
911:
673:
607:
515:
510:
350:
345:
162:
158:
57:
41:
26:
5893:
4899:
1903:
1570:
1389:
1199:
5108:
5042:
5021:
4915:
4533:
3818:
3259:
3033:
7519:
7504:
6905:
6824:
6632:
6617:
6607:
6580:
6406:
6359:
6271:
6174:
6022:
5945:
5860:
5639:
5543:
4911:
4836:
2860:
2650:
2646:
2607:
2427:
2363:
2301:
2279:
2204:
2036:
1990:
1907:
1851:
1484:
of "Gwynedd". The Norman invasion of Wales finally brought Welsh dioceses under
1431:
1339:
1296:
1219:
1207:
1013:
1012:
was said to have visited the island in part to oppose the bishops who advocated
927:
852:
824:
726:
678:
669:
505:
475:
440:
375:
360:
355:
340:
178:
88:
5354:
The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c. 600â800
5342:
The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian
5252:
Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting: Book illumination in the British Isles 600â800
1955:
1332:
record over fifty religious foundations in southeast Wales alone. Although the
16:
Christianity in the Celtic languageâspeaking world during the early Middle Ages
7442:
7430:
6883:
6847:
6647:
6612:
6572:
6164:
5931:
5922:
5234:
3814:
3695:
2677:
2439:
2320:
2275:
2156:
2148:
2062:
1987:
1940:
1895:
1859:
1847:
1728:
1615:
1260:
1091:
973:
931:
863:
658:
465:
5099:
4756:
4407:
4361:
3394:
3319:(8 vols). T. Cotes for William Cooke (London), 1638. Edited and reprinted by
3261:
Representing Irish Religious Histories: Historiography, Ideology and Practice
1664:
worked in Devon. Saint Piran is the patron saint of tin miners. An Irishman,
6842:
5954:
5373:'The Work of Angels', Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6thâ9th centuries AD
5137:
4723:
3905:, 3 vols (Oxford, 1869â78), I, 112-3, Quoted in "The Catholic Encyclopedia".
2545:
2502:) of God" movement founding new monasteries detached from family groupings.
2466:, particularly in Gaul (especially Columbanus). Monks from Iona Abbey under
2455:
2379:
2164:
2050:
1967:
All monks of the period, and apparently most or all clergy, kept a distinct
1111:
1095:
1087:
1074:) stated that Constantine's neglect of the area's defense against Irish and
951:
915:
480:
6154:
4795:. London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts – via Internet Archive.
4047:
Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland
3903:
Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland
3742:
3333:
2482:
part in secular wars â a battle in 764 is supposed to have killed 200 from
1711:. Others who influenced the development of Christianity in Ireland include
5340:(2006). "Bede and the 'Church of the English'". In Baxter, Stephen (ed.).
2882:, whose kingdom had been evangelised by both Irish and Roman missionaries.
2825:
places it in 305. Still others argue that sometime during the persecutors
2670:, both among participants in established churches and independent groups.
2614:
he terms "Celtic Christian revivalism". He notes the establishment of the
1727:
510 â 592, who evangelised in the area of present-day Scotland) and Saint
7499:
6963:
6416:
6371:
6335:
6323:
6184:
6169:
6129:
5949:
5941:
5936:
5918:
5841:
5578:
5573:
5558:
5430:
4703:
3756:
3551:
2558:
2344:
2331:
2324:
2215:
2200:
2152:
1820:
1791:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1594:
1533:
1308:
1230:) and the attendant famines and disease, particularly the arrival of the
1142:
1127:
1123:
997:
946:, although there is no textual or archaeological evidence to support the
939:
844:
816:
799:
According to medieval traditions, Christianity arrived in Britain in the
520:
490:
470:
435:
5306:
7509:
7484:
7363:
7338:
6973:
6938:
6911:
6838:
6820:
6411:
6347:
5976:
5606:
5583:
5293:
2663:
2515:
2491:
2391:
2375:
2309:
2160:
2144:
2115:
In the first sense, the penitentials prescribed permanent or temporary
1994:
1968:
1960:
1763:
1645:
1367:
1272:
1138:
1039:
attacks on the coast. The Roman provinces seem to have been retaken by
877:
751: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
698:
689:
540:
460:
395:
370:
154:
138:
77:
73:
1593:
before returning to his own land about 397. He established himself at
1178:
among the Saxons in England, Briton refugees and missionaries such as
7494:
7281:
6983:
6958:
6922:
6916:
6829:
6752:
6678:
6597:
6099:
5588:
5533:
3353:. Vol. 5. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 254â256.
3294:
2826:
2499:
2495:
2367:
2305:
2211:
1947:
until induced to do so around 768 by Elfodd, "archbishop" of Bangor.
1798:
1720:
1704:
1665:
1611:
1481:
1372:
1334:
867:
804:
611:
495:
131:
5164:
A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest
4830:. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. pp. 93â5.
3465:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 22.
3441:"1400th anniversary of the re-organisation of the Diocese of London"
3372:
2143:
left his home to ultimately become bishop in Brittany. The Irishmen
1766:
was eventually adopted as a universal practice of the Church by the
4393:
A History of the Welsh Church to the Dissolution of the Monasteries
1130:
or subjugating them under kingdoms with no formal church presence.
858:
The earliest certain historical evidence of Christianity among the
52:. Some writers have described a distinct Celtic Church uniting the
6383:
6189:
6134:
6027:
5621:
5563:
5553:
5511:
5461:
5023:
The Irish in Early Medieval Europe: Identity, Culture and Religion
2724:
2562:
2514:, the main alternative in the West. In particular there was more
2406:
2371:
2359:
2316:
2243:
2183:
2089:
1954:
1679:
1569:
1544:. The legend that Jesus himself visited Britain is referred to in
1388:
1132:
1119:
1094:. In any case, Roman authority was greatly weakened following the
1079:
1028:
960:
intensified with the legalisation of the Christian religion under
895:
876:
783:
633:
602:. Other common claims include that Celtic Christianity denied the
535:
455:
390:
20:
5221:
Meeder, Sven (2011). "Boniface and the Irish Heresy of Clemens".
4648:
Following the Celtic Way: A New Assessment of Celtic Christianity
3689:
Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation. Book 1 Chapter XXII
2634:
popularised and romanticised older Celtic traditions such as the
954:
as deriving from another thousand martyrs during the same years.
137:
Nonetheless, distinctive traditions developed and spread to both
99:
explained, "One of the common misconceptions is that there was a
68:
Such practices include: a distinctive system for determining the
6642:
6179:
6159:
6094:
5927:
4395:. London: Elliot Stock. p. 72 – via Internet Archive.
3932:"Letter on the Keeping of Easter to those not present at Nicaea"
3682:
2811:
proposing that it took place during the persecutions of Emperor
2655:
2230:
This focus on the monastery has led some scholars, most notably
1435:
1398:
1363:
1321:
1056:
789:
7536:
7428:
7207:
7063:
Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
7009:
6441:
6221:
5872:
5509:
5434:
5015:. Oxbow Monograph. Vol. 16. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 12â21.
2323:, founded in the latter part of the fifth century. The son of
1982:; this was eventually associated with the imagery of Christ's
1194:. The Irish in turn made Christians of the Picts and English.
720:
149:, and later, others from Ireland to Great Britain through the
4741:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. pp. 300â317.
4220:
Venerablilis Baedae, Historiam Ecclesiasticam Gentis Anglorum
2906:
The main source for Columbanus's life or vita is recorded by
3463:
An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400â600
2878:
Indeed, this is noted as occurring in the household of King
862:
is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as
3942:, vol. III, Signature Books (published 1996), §18â20,
2494:
tradition came in the second half of the century, with the
2253:
However, more recent scholarship, particularly the work of
1552:". The words of Blake's poem were set to music in 1916 by
1457:
The death of hundreds of British clerics to the pagan king
672:
of the 18th century, in particular Romantic notions of the
3757:"Butler, Alban. "The Lives of the Saints", Vol. VII, 1866"
3325:"The Works of Gildas, Surnamed 'Sapiens,' or the Wise", §8
3415:"Explaining the origin of the 'field of the dead' legend"
2577:. The Celtic Church is also thought to have observed the
2561:, namely the fourteenth day of the Jewish lunar month of
2167:, and other English all followed these Irish traditions.
811:
dated its arrival to the latter part of the reign of the
4629:
4627:
4587:. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 237.
606:, was less authoritarian than the Catholic Church, more
5117:
A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and Early Ireland
4780:
Adomnan (1991). Anderson, A.O.; Anderson, M.O. (eds.).
1279:
that were venerated locally in Wales, but invasions by
697:
Some associate the early Christians of Celtic-speaking
4947:
The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity
4705:
Celtic Christian communities : live the tradition
4535:
The Sacramental Church: The Story of Anglo-Catholicism
4168:
4166:
1993:. This association appears in a 672 letter from Saint
118:" is used to describe this supposed dichotomy between
6375:
3801:
New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
1245:'s presiding over 3,300 saints and Welsh claims that
4917:
Celtic Christianity: Making Myths and Chasing Dreams
4906:. Vol. 16. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
4222:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 348â354.
1047:
had already been killed or taken as slaves. In 407,
7470:
7441:
7387:
7309:
7300:
7272:
7244:
7216:
7156:
7121:
7095:
7016:
6892:
6806:
6761:
6708:
6687:
6656:
6571:
6530:
6452:
6399:
6313:
6304:
6087:
6046:
5985:
5881:
5694:
5663:
5597:
5518:
4344:
Early Christian Ireland: Ancient Peoples and Places
3317:. Faithfully translated out of the originall Latine
1648:. She also travelled to Cornwall â that is ancient
4828:De controversia paschali and De ratione conputandi
2100:, who wrote that Christians should live a life of
709:) with later Christians of north-western Europe's
44:that was common, or held to be common, across the
5423:The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England
4857:McNeill, John T.; Gamer, Helena M., eds. (1938).
4414:. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company
4368:. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company
3445:Dr Rowan Williams: 104th Archbishop of Canterbury
2640:Celtic Christian Communities: Live The Tradition
1886:in 525, which brought them into harmony with the
693:reality of Christianity in the Early Middle Ages.
5281:Irish Monasticism, Origins and Early Development
2743:Translations into languages of Celtic heritage:
1939:saw the northern Irish bishops follow suit. The
1839:) then became a complicated process involving a
5041:Herren, Michael W.; Brown, Shirley Ann (2002).
4685:
4683:
4334:
4332:
2976:
2396:Finnian of Clonard is said to have trained the
2362:of Saint David's. Contemporary with David were
657:declared itself separate from papal authority.
3889:
3612:
3610:
3153:. New York: Oxford U Press. pp. 154â156.
3151:A Study of History: Abridgment of, Volumes 1â6
2585:Influence on Christianity in the British Isles
1102:in 410. Medieval legend attributed widespread
914:and immigrants introduced other cults such as
134:was no less intense in Celtic-speaking areas.
56:and distinguishing them from adherents of the
7653:History of Christianity in the United Kingdom
6339:
5446:
5316:MĂ©langes offerts au Professeur Oliver Guillot
4949:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
4866:Patrick (Saint) (1998). Skinner, John (ed.).
3694:. London: J.M. Dent; E.P. Dutton – via
3349:(1999). "On the Seventy Apostles of Christ".
3181:
3179:
2312:were leading figures in 6th-century Britain.
1540:, as well as by English Catholics during the
942:, were said to have been martyred during the
934:" â probably lived in the early 4th century.
569:
130:. But a general collective veneration of the
8:
6327:
5182:Celtic Benediction: Morning and Night Prayer
5109:"The Church in Early Irish Society: 400â800"
4814:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
4355:
4353:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4109:
3820:Life of St. Patrick and His Place in History
3537:
3522:
3497:
3485:
3035:Die Christianisierung Europas im Mittelalter
2358:sought a scholar for his court, he summoned
1870:", which includes an 84-year cycle based on
1579:Book of Hours of the Virgin and Saint Ninian
1441:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1259:" â those of the invading Irish Brychan and
1158:, although poorly attested, saw the "Age of
6387:
6351:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4057:
4055:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
2956:
2954:
2242:, or network of monasteries attached to an
1471:
1352:
1320:while others continued to solemnly observe
1051:declared himself "emperor of the West" and
996:Christian fathers. Britain was the home of
610:, friendlier to women, more connected with
128:regional variation of liturgy and structure
7533:
7425:
7306:
7204:
7006:
6758:
6449:
6438:
6363:
6310:
6301:
6218:
5869:
5506:
5453:
5439:
5431:
5425:(3rd ed.). London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.
5328:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5020:Flechner, Roy; Meeder, Sven, eds. (2016).
5002:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4558:
4432:
4233:
4231:
4229:
3332:. Henry G. Bohn (London), 1848. Hosted at
3149:Toynbee, Arnold; Somervell, David (1987).
3132:
3130:
2991:(London, 1966); W. Davies and P. Wormald,
2618:, which maintains a relationship with the
1660:who travelled on to Brittany. Her brother
918:. At various times, the Christians risked
576:
562:
187:
7638:12th-century disestablishments in Ireland
5151:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
3393:Ingram, James; Giles, J.A., eds. (1847).
2972:
2929:
2927:
2891:Bede says 1,200 British clergy died; the
1835:. Calculating the proper date of Easter (
767:Learn how and when to remove this message
4185:
4183:
4181:
4097:
4085:
4073:
4061:
4033:
4021:
4009:
3997:
3885:
3883:
3591:
3589:
2308:and his pupils Saint David, Gildas, and
2104:in the present world while awaiting the
980:, are known to have been present at the
851:, however, are now usually accounted as
91:. For this reason, many prefer the term
4803:Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Angelorum
4689:
4674:
4633:
4192:"The Spirituality of the Celtic Church"
4172:
3961:
3914:
3533:
3531:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3121:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3016:
2960:
2923:
2736:
2214:of monasteries, rather than bishops of
641:Developing image of Celtic Christianity
203:
5321:
5013:The Early Church in Wales and the West
4995:
4861:. New York: Columbia University Press.
4784:(2nd ed.). Oxford Medieval Texts.
4570:
4507:
4495:
4483:
4447:
4311:
4299:
4282:
4266:
3853:
3509:
3058:
2984:
2980:
1476:until induced to do so around 768 by "
1404:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
7633:5th-century establishments in Ireland
5195:"On the Shape of the Insular Tonsure"
4852:. Six Old English Chronicles. London.
4843:. Six Old English Chronicles. London.
4800:Bede (1896). Plummer, Charles (ed.).
4519:
4436:
4157:
3669:
3657:
3633:
3616:
3580:
3568:
3004:
1809:on the first full moon following the
7:
5263:. London: Harvey Miller Publishers.
5261:Book Illumination in the Middle Ages
4870:. Translated by John Skinner. Image.
4471:
4459:
4323:
4237:
4216:This list includes information from
4049:, 3 vols (Oxford, 1869â78), I, 112-3
3985:
3973:
3874:
3645:
3521:Quoted translated from the Latin in
3185:
3136:
2945:
2933:
2478:, one of Columbanus's institutions.
1914:. The groups furthest away from the
1862:was replaced by (or by the time of)
1556:as the well-known song "Jerusalem".
1118:, driving Christian Britons back to
749:adding citations to reliable sources
614:, and more comfortable dealing with
5142:Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings
2989:The Church in Early English Society
1813:but did not always succeed. In his
1644:was the daughter of the Welsh king
1522:, by which point the popularity of
4900:"The Celtic Church and its Saints"
4045:A. W. Haddan and W. Stubbs (ed.),
3901:A. W. Haddan and W. Stubbs (ed.),
3300:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
2987:, pp. 1â20; Kathleen Hughes,
2846:, a Gaul dispatched to Ireland by
2720:History of Christianity in Ireland
2171:Other British and Irish traditions
1801:was originally dated according to
1652:â to evangelize the locals as did
1550:And did those feet in ancient time
1397:from an 8th-century manuscript of
1338:were rather modest affairs, great
901:The discovery of St. Alban's bones
14:
6859:Festival Interceltique de Lorient
5082:The Church in Early Irish Society
5068:Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies
4708:. Kelowna, B.C.: Northstone Pub.
4532:Nash, John F. (9 February 2011).
2315:Not far from Llantwit Fawr stood
1206:, although native saints such as
1198:then began the conversion of the
1170:, and others first completed the
1114:. The Saxon communities followed
269:Christianity in Medieval Scotland
7609:
5859:
5401:How the Irish Saved Civilization
5375:. London: British Museum Press.
4990:Early Medieval Ireland: 400â1200
2694:
2680:
2645:In the 18th and 19th centuries,
2296:Clas (ecclesiastical settlement)
2222:(i.e. they were not necessarily
2053:and ashes in a process known as
2027:, the king who opposed Patrick.
1504:. It was not until the death of
1192:Seven Founder Saints of Brittany
725:
436:Seven Founder Saints of Brittany
213:
157:. However, the histories of the
110:Popularized by German historian
107:Church was nationally opposed."
5344:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
5144:. New York: Garland Publishing.
4877:The Lives of the British Saints
4585:The Rise of the Medieval Church
2084:("exile for Christ"). The term
2046:given for each particular sin.
1410:At the end of the 6th century,
1257:Three Saintly Families of Wales
1156:Fifth and sixth century Britain
736:needs additional citations for
5026:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
4954:Charles-Edwards, T.M. (2000).
4920:. Edinburgh University Press.
4822:Cummian (1988). Walsh, Maura;
4650:. Augsburg Books. p. 12.
4619:Emigres have been influential.
3713:. New York: Ballantine Books.
2575:cultural taboo concerning pork
2304:written some centuries later,
1271:â displaced many of the local
1186:were then responsible for the
922:, although the earliest known
1:
7578:Celtic place names in Galicia
5254:. New York: George Braziller.
5047:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
5044:Christ in Celtic Christianity
4898:Baring-Gould, Sabine (1898).
4875:Baring-Gould, Sabine (1907).
4859:Medieval Handbooks of Penance
4598:Bowden, John Stephen (2005).
4538:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
3601:Powys Digital History Project
3597:"Early Christianity in Wales"
2995:(Audio Learning Tapes, 1980).
2571:Collectio canonum Hibernensis
2330:Illtud, said to have been an
2020:Collectio canonum Hibernensis
1930:
1923:
1746:Connections with the greater
1732:
1724:
1716:
1512:
1068:
888:, written and illustrated by
882:Amphibalus baptizing converts
230:Christianity in Roman Britain
5520:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups
4789:Williams, John, ed. (1860).
4600:Encyclopedia of Christianity
4362:"Welsh Monastic Foundations"
4202:(3): 243â255. Archived from
4190:Woods, Richard (Fall 1985).
3369:Orthodoxy's Western Heritage
3065:, pp. 207â208, 220 n. 3
2773:Credjue Creestee/Creestiaght
2715:History of Ireland (400â800)
1868:On the measurement of Easter
7658:Medieval history of Ireland
6502:Welsh literature in English
5599:Modern Celtic ethnic groups
5371:Youngs, Susan, ed. (1989).
5356:. London: Pearson/Longman.
5119:. Oxford University Press.
3007:, pp. 16, 51, 129, 132
2597:Celtic Christian revivalism
2486:when they were defeated by
1210:also arose. The history of
1188:Christianization of Ireland
1116:a form of Germanic paganism
701:(purportedly recipients of
7674:
7648:Catholic Church in Ireland
6522:Scottish Gaelic literature
5907:Brigantia (ancient region)
5180:Newell, J. Philip (2000).
4817:. Oxford University Press.
4406:Thurston, Herbert (1912).
3890:Flechner & Meeder 2016
2600:
2579:seventh day as the Sabbath
2398:Twelve Apostles of Ireland
2389:
2293:
2034:
1785:
1687:
1625:
1563:
1382:
1110:hired by the British king
870:in the first years of the
431:Twelve Apostles of Ireland
246:Catholic Church in Ireland
7600:
7543:
7532:
7424:
7203:
7005:
6869:Hebridean Celtic Festival
6497:Welsh-language literature
6448:
6437:
6230:
6217:
5868:
5857:
5505:
5472:
5318:. Paris. pp. 205â14.
5250:Nordenfalk, Carl (1977).
5235:10.1017/s0009640711000035
5193:McCarthy, Daniel (2003).
5167:. Longmans, Green, and Co
5107:Hughes, Kathleen (2005).
5080:Hughes, Kathleen (1966).
4848:Giles, J.A., ed. (1848).
4412:The Catholic Encyclopedia
4366:The Catholic Encyclopedia
4360:Chandlery, Peter (1912).
3775:"The Story of St. Petroc"
3552:"Reviews and comments on
2833:(251â259) is more likely.
2781:CrĂostaĂocht/CrĂostĂșlacht
2442:, and metalwork like the
2422:, Irish, late 8th century
2108:. Augustine's version of
2070:medicamenta paentitentiae
1640:was a student of Petroc.
1529:Historia Regum Britanniae
1277:pre-congregational saints
1202:and the other peoples of
1174:. Unwilling or unable to
1172:Christianization of Wales
1082:to fully revolt from the
1076:Saxon raids and invasions
7302:Ancient Celtic languages
4498:, pp. 313, 316, 319
4342:; de Paor, Liam (1958).
4146:McNeill & Gamer 1938
4134:McNeill & Gamer 1938
4122:McNeill & Gamer 1938
4110:McNeill & Gamer 1938
3856:, pp. 306 & 310
3797:"Saint Ciaran of Saigir"
3554:The Book of Welsh Saints
3417:. British History Online
2821:lists the year 283, and
2540:Accusations of Judaizing
2121:peregrinatio pro Christo
2082:peregrinatio pro Christo
1566:Hiberno-Scottish mission
1212:Christianity in Cornwall
1149:Joseph Ratcliffe Skelton
1043:the next year, but many
944:Diocletianic Persecution
835:". Medieval accounts of
794:Aristobulus of Britannia
707:Epistle to the Galatians
316:Christianity in Cornwall
274:Hiberno-Scottish mission
260:Christianity in Scotland
183:Celtic Christian Revival
7573:Gaulish words in French
7558:Celtic words in English
5817:Scottish New Zealanders
5707:Anglo-Celtic Australian
5399:Cahill, Thomas (1996).
5283:. Dublin: Talbot Press.
4956:Early Christian Ireland
4904:The Lives of the Saints
4604:Oxford University Press
4346:. Frederick A. Praeger.
4255:Herren & Brown 2002
3940:The Life of Constantine
3583:, p. 176 and note.
3077:, pp. 223â224 n. 1
2710:Ancient Celtic religion
2603:Neo-Celtic Christianity
2432:illuminated manuscripts
1825:First Council of Nicaea
1807:tried to place Passover
1622:Cornwall and West Devon
1420:Augustine of Canterbury
1395:Augustine of Canterbury
1147:, book illustration by
1078:caused the Britons and
649:The first arose in the
323:Neo-Celtic Christianity
251:Early Christian Ireland
237:Christianity in Ireland
6507:Early Irish literature
6388:
6376:
6364:
6352:
6340:
6328:
5797:Scotch-Irish Canadians
5792:Scotch-Irish Americans
5149:Koch, John T. (2006).
4970:. Palgrave Macmillan.
4302:, p. 311 and note
3459:Snyder, Christopher A.
3396:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
3365:"St. Alban the Martyr"
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2660:Irish Literary Revival
2658:and influenced by the
2620:Syriac Orthodox Church
2616:Celtic Orthodox Church
2512:Rule of Saint Benedict
2423:
2192:
2096:, in particular Saint
1964:
1768:Fourth Lateran Council
1685:
1628:List of Cornish saints
1604:CiarĂĄn of Clonmacnoise
1582:
1520:Province of Canterbury
1472:
1463:Kingdom of Northumbria
1407:
1353:
1293:General Roman Calendar
1226:. Extreme weather (as
1152:
984:. Others attended the
907:
893:
796:
72:, a style of monastic
34:
7134:Scottish independence
6879:Celtic Media Festival
6762:National music scenes
5993:Proto-Celtic religion
5695:Related ethnic groups
4841:De Excidio Britanniae
4702:Bradley, Ian (2000).
4646:Bradley, Ian (2020).
4583:Flick, A. C. (1909).
4450:, pp. 15â16, 125
4387:Newell, E.J. (1895).
3779:St. Petroc's, Padstow
2894:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2818:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2815:as early as 209. The
2757:Cristnogaeth Geltaidd
2410:
2390:Further information:
2350:St David established
2190:Martyrology of Oengus
2187:
1958:
1774:Pan-Celtic traditions
1683:
1573:
1392:
1136:
1027:mutiny, allowing the
1023:saw the troops along
982:Synod of Arles in 314
962:Constantine the Great
905:The Life of St. Alban
899:
886:The Life of St. Alban
880:
787:
604:authority of the Pope
596:Celtic-speaking world
283:Christianity in Wales
76:, a unique system of
24:
7458:(Medieval Welsh law)
7068:Scottish nationalism
6718:Ancient Celtic music
6038:Romano-Celtic temple
5847:Welsh New Zealanders
5772:Irish New Zealanders
5259:PĂ€cht, Otto (1986).
3936:Eusebius of Caesaria
3709:Tuchman, B. (1978).
3061:, pp. 230â270;
2977:Charles-Edwards 2000
2880:Oswiu of Northumbria
2426:The achievements of
1888:Church of Alexandria
1690:List of Irish saints
1638:Kevin of Glendalough
1577:as intercessor from
1526:'s pseudohistorical
1524:Geoffrey of Monmouth
1470:the Roman and Saxon
1385:List of Welsh saints
1092:their native customs
1053:withdrew his legions
1049:Constantine III
1041:Theodosius the Elder
819:: an account of the
745:improve this article
381:Insular illumination
151:Irish mission system
103:Church to which the
93:Insular Christianity
7643:Celtic Christianity
7148:Irish republicanism
7129:Breton independence
7108:Scottish devolution
7041:Cornish nationalism
6864:Pan Celtic Festival
6738:Scottish folk music
6492:Scottish literature
6018:Celtic Christianity
5822:Scottish Travellers
5807:Scottish Argentines
5651:Scottish Travellers
5419:Mayr-Harting, Henry
5307:10.1484/j.peri.3.68
5279:Ryan, John (1931).
5132:Google Books link 2
5084:. London: Methuen.
4881:Scanned by Google;
4206:on 3 November 2013.
3865:Riley, 82â93, 95â96
3375:on 15 November 2009
3351:Ante-Nicean Fathers
2520:corporal punishment
2518:and an emphasis on
2416:evangelist portrait
2255:Donnchadh Ă CorrĂĄin
2236:episcopal structure
2065:at its conclusion.
1999:Geraint of Dumnonia
1816:Life of Constantine
1600:Tigernach of Clones
1585:According to Bede,
1542:English Reformation
1328:spread widely; the
1232:Plague of Justinian
1162:" among the Welsh.
990:Council of Ariminum
968:bishops, including
849:Joseph of Arimathea
651:English Reformation
552:Portal Christianity
386:Insular monasticism
206:Celtic Christianity
38:Celtic Christianity
7139:Welsh independence
7103:Cornish devolution
7024:Breton nationalism
6874:Celtic Connections
6477:Cornish literature
5827:Ulster Protestants
5812:Scottish Canadians
5802:Scottish Americans
5712:Anglo-Irish people
5159:Lloyd, John Edward
4850:Historia Brittonum
4636:, pp. viiiâix
4510:, pp. 319â320
4269:, pp. 311â312
4196:Spirituality Today
4100:, pp. 142â143
4076:, pp. 147â148
4064:, pp. 140â167
4024:, pp. 141â143
3964:, p. 224 n. 1
3877:, pp. 100â102
3817:(December 2008) .
3785:on 20 August 2013.
3763:. 12 January 2023.
3739:The Whithorn Trust
3672:, pp. 118â119
3619:, pp. 174â175
3571:, pp. 175â177
3512:, pp. 310â311
3188:, pp. 432â434
2983:, pp. 12â21;
2948:, pp. 431â432
2797:Cristianismo celta
2506:Rule of Columbanus
2424:
2193:
2098:Augustine of Hippo
2025:LĂłegaire mac NĂ©ill
1965:
1896:St Columbanus
1841:lunisolar calendar
1788:Easter controversy
1782:Easter calculation
1764:penitential system
1742:Universal practice
1719:451 â 525), Saint
1686:
1662:Nectan of Hartland
1608:Finnian of Movilla
1583:
1490:Philip the Apostle
1465:around 616 at the
1408:
1346:also developed at
1269:Caw of Strathclyde
1184:Finnian of Clonard
1153:
1002:Augustine of Hippo
986:Council of Serdica
908:
894:
797:
486:Finnian of Movilla
413:Saints and leaders
35:
7620:
7619:
7596:
7595:
7528:
7527:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7379:Cisalpine Gaulish
7199:
7198:
7085:national identity
7080:Welsh nationalism
7073:national identity
7053:Irish nationalism
7001:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6934:Cornish wrestling
6802:
6801:
6723:Breton Folk music
6688:Regional cultures
6531:National cultures
6517:Gaelic literature
6472:Breton literature
6433:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6213:
6212:
6125:Chief of the Name
5998:Celtic polytheism
5915:Sub-Roman Britain
5855:
5854:
5742:Irish Australians
5722:Cornish Americans
5681:Scottish diaspora
5275:(trans fr German)
5126:978-0-19-922665-8
5113:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ
4986:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ
4891:Secondary sources
4824:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ
4748:978-1-4438-2588-7
4657:978-1-5064-6743-6
4573:, pp. 251â80
4561:, pp. 211â12
4545:978-1-60899-789-3
4279:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ
3892:, pp. 231â41
3550:Williams, Rowan.
3538:Baring-Gould 1898
3523:Baring-Gould 1898
3498:Baring-Gould 1898
3486:Baring-Gould 1898
3401:Project Gutenberg
3347:Pseudo-Hippolytus
3101:, pp. viiâix
3030:Padberg, Lutz von
2993:The Celtic Church
2813:Septimius Severus
2612:revival movements
2447:commercial ones.
2319:'s foundation of
2188:Excerpt from the
1920:Synod of Mag LĂ©ne
1916:Gregorian mission
1858:. The less exact
1823:records that the
1762:A uniquely Irish
1536:and followers of
1467:Battle of Chester
1447:John Edward Lloyd
1330:Llandaff Charters
1104:Saxon immigration
1090:and reverting to
924:Christian martyrs
912:Roman legionaries
903:, illustrated in
821:seventy disciples
777:
776:
769:
670:Romantic movement
655:Church of England
616:Celtic polytheism
586:
585:
451:Brigit of Kildare
401:Sculptured stones
50:Early Middle Ages
48:world during the
7665:
7613:
7534:
7426:
7408:Galwegian Gaelic
7307:
7205:
7113:Welsh devolution
7007:
6759:
6748:Sean-nĂłs singing
6743:Welsh folk music
6733:Irish folk music
6700:Highland culture
6482:Irish literature
6462:Arthurian Legend
6450:
6439:
6391:
6379:
6367:
6355:
6343:
6331:
6311:
6302:
6279:Neo-Christianity
6219:
6150:Gaelic astrology
6110:Celtic festivals
6013:Celtic mythology
5986:Ancient religion
5903:Iron Age Britain
5870:
5863:
5842:Welsh Argentines
5782:Irish Uruguayans
5777:Irish Travellers
5747:Irish Brazilians
5737:Irish Argentines
5717:Breton Americans
5671:Cornish diaspora
5633:Irish Travellers
5507:
5499:Celtic languages
5455:
5448:
5441:
5432:
5426:
5414:
5403:. Anchor Books.
5386:
5367:
5345:
5338:Wormald, Patrick
5333:
5327:
5319:
5310:
5284:
5274:
5255:
5246:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5199:
5189:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5154:
5145:
5130:
5103:
5076:
5063:Hughes, Kathleen
5058:
5037:
5016:
5007:
5001:
4993:
4981:
4964:Corning, Caitlin
4959:
4950:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4907:
4880:
4871:
4862:
4853:
4844:
4831:
4818:
4807:
4796:
4792:Annales Cambriae
4785:
4761:
4760:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4622:
4621:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4336:
4327:
4326:, pp. 32â34
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4286:
4285:, pp. 13â14
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4241:
4235:
4224:
4223:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4187:
4176:
4170:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4148:, pp. 13â17
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4050:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3781:. Archived from
3771:
3765:
3764:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3745:on 18 July 2011.
3741:. Archived from
3731:
3725:
3724:
3711:A Distant Mirror
3706:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3620:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3593:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3547:
3541:
3540:, pp. 30â40
3535:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3371:, archived from
3361:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3337:
3321:John Allen Giles
3309:Thomas Habington
3306:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2857:
2851:
2848:Pope Celestine I
2840:
2834:
2805:
2799:
2741:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2636:Arthurian legend
2632:literary revival
2567:Clement Scotus I
2555:Quartodecimanism
2356:Alfred the Great
1951:Monastic tonsure
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1856:calendrical moon
1737:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1703:like his own in
1670:CiarĂĄn of Saigir
1642:Saint Endelienta
1517:
1514:
1475:
1428:Synod of Chester
1356:
1344:monastic schools
1190:and made up the
1073:
1070:
1021:Great Conspiracy
1019:Around 367, the
1010:St Germanus
958:Christianization
936:Julius and Aaron
837:King Lucius
772:
765:
761:
758:
752:
729:
721:
663:proto-Protestant
625:Study of History
578:
571:
564:
501:Julius and Aaron
307:Synod of Victory
302:Synod of Chester
217:
207:
197:
188:
112:Lutz von Padberg
70:dating of Easter
7673:
7672:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7616:
7592:
7539:
7524:
7466:
7462:Early Scots law
7451:Early Irish law
7437:
7412:
7389:Scottish Gaelic
7383:
7324:Proto-Brittonic
7296:
7292:Beurla Reagaird
7268:
7264:Scottish Gaelic
7240:
7212:
7195:
7191:Columba Project
7171:Celtic Congress
7152:
7117:
7091:
7012:
6993:
6954:Gaelic handball
6944:Gaelic football
6929:Cornish hurling
6888:
6798:
6757:
6704:
6683:
6669:Gaelic clothing
6652:
6567:
6526:
6487:Manx literature
6444:
6421:
6400:Other claimants
6395:
6300:
6250:Celtic Congress
6226:
6209:
6105:Celtic calendar
6083:
6042:
5981:
5877:
5864:
5851:
5837:Welsh Americans
5757:Irish Catholics
5752:Irish Canadians
5732:Irish Americans
5690:
5664:Celtic diaspora
5659:
5593:
5522:
5514:
5501:
5468:
5459:
5429:
5417:
5411:
5398:
5394:
5392:Further reading
5389:
5383:
5370:
5364:
5348:
5336:
5320:
5313:
5289:Sharpe, Richard
5287:
5278:
5271:
5258:
5249:
5220:
5211:
5209:
5197:
5192:
5188:, MI: Eerdmans.
5179:
5170:
5168:
5157:
5148:
5136:
5127:
5106:
5092:
5079:
5061:
5055:
5040:
5034:
5019:
5010:
4994:
4984:
4978:
4962:
4953:
4941:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4910:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4874:
4865:
4856:
4847:
4835:Gildas (1848).
4834:
4821:
4810:
4799:
4788:
4782:Life of Columba
4779:
4775:
4773:Primary sources
4770:
4765:
4764:
4749:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4716:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4688:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4658:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4632:
4625:
4614:
4606:. p. 242.
4597:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4559:Stancliffe 1992
4557:
4553:
4546:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4442:
4433:Nordenfalk 1977
4431:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4289:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4244:
4236:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4189:
4188:
4179:
4171:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:, pp. 9â12
4132:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4060:
4053:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4008:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3917:, pp. 1â19
3913:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3623:
3615:
3608:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3529:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3439:(22 May 2004).
3437:Williams, Rowan
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3378:
3376:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3304:
3303:. 6th century.
3293:
3289:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3212:, pp. 1, 4
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3128:
3120:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2908:Jonas of Bobbio
2905:
2901:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2858:
2854:
2844:Saint Palladius
2841:
2837:
2806:
2802:
2765:CrĂŹosdaidheachd
2761:Scottish Gaelic
2742:
2738:
2733:
2702:Cornwall portal
2700:
2695:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2605:
2599:
2587:
2542:
2528:
2508:
2420:Book of Mulling
2394:
2388:
2298:
2292:
2232:Kathleen Hughes
2182:
2173:
2078:
2039:
2033:
1984:crown of thorns
1953:
1937:Council of Birr
1933:
1926:
1912:synod in Whitby
1876:Julian calendar
1829:bishops of Rome
1803:Hebrew calendar
1794:
1786:Main articles:
1784:
1776:
1753:Synod of Whitby
1744:
1735:
1692:
1678:
1630:
1624:
1598:Casa", such as
1591:Martin of Tours
1568:
1562:
1515:
1452:Kingdom of Kent
1422:to convert the
1387:
1381:
1354:Llanilltud Fawr
1141:at the gate of
1071:
1004:'s doctrine of
988:in 347 and the
807:'s 6th-century
782:
773:
762:
756:
753:
742:
730:
719:
643:
600:Catholic Church
591:
582:
546:
545:
427:
423:
419:
414:
406:
405:
336:
328:
327:
292:"Age of Saints"
225:
205:
193:
97:Patrick Wormald
63:Christian world
46:Celtic-speaking
17:
12:
11:
5:
7671:
7669:
7661:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7625:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7607:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7530:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7480:Gaelic warfare
7476:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7456:Cyfraith Hywel
7453:
7447:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7429:
7422:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7403:Deeside Gaelic
7400:
7394:
7392:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7374:Hispano-Celtic
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7329:Proto-Goidelic
7326:
7321:
7315:
7313:
7304:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7278:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7250:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7222:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7181:Celtic society
7178:
7176:Celtic Revival
7173:
7168:
7162:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7144:United Ireland
7141:
7136:
7131:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7003:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6989:Welsh handball
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6969:Highland games
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6902:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6845:
6836:
6827:
6812:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6714:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6695:Gaelic culture
6691:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6674:Highland dress
6671:
6666:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6638:Pictish stones
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6534:
6532:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6381:
6369:
6357:
6345:
6333:
6320:
6318:
6308:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6242:
6240:Celtic nations
6237:
6235:Celtic Revival
6231:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6008:Celtic Animism
6005:
6003:Celtic deities
6000:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5962:Cisalpine Gaul
5959:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5934:
5925:
5900:
5891:
5889:Gaelic Ireland
5885:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5866:
5865:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5787:Manx Americans
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5762:Irish Chileans
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5727:English people
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5686:Welsh diaspora
5683:
5678:
5676:Irish diaspora
5673:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5530:
5528:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5503:
5502:
5483:Celtic studies
5475:Celtic nations
5473:
5470:
5469:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5435:
5428:
5427:
5415:
5409:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5381:
5368:
5362:
5350:Yorke, Barbara
5346:
5334:
5311:
5285:
5276:
5269:
5256:
5247:
5223:Church History
5218:
5190:
5177:
5155:
5146:
5134:
5125:
5104:
5090:
5077:
5059:
5053:
5038:
5032:
5017:
5008:
4982:
4976:
4960:
4951:
4939:
4926:
4908:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4872:
4863:
4854:
4845:
4832:
4819:
4808:
4797:
4786:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4747:
4729:
4714:
4694:
4692:, p. viii
4679:
4667:
4656:
4638:
4623:
4612:
4590:
4575:
4563:
4551:
4544:
4524:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4452:
4440:
4425:
4408:"Welsh Church"
4398:
4379:
4349:
4340:de Paor, MĂĄire
4328:
4316:
4304:
4287:
4271:
4259:
4242:
4225:
4209:
4177:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4124:, pp. 7â9
4114:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4066:
4051:
4038:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3948:
3919:
3907:
3894:
3879:
3867:
3858:
3846:
3829:
3806:
3803:. p. 117.
3788:
3766:
3748:
3735:"Saint Ninian"
3726:
3719:
3701:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3648:, pp. 106
3638:
3621:
3606:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3542:
3527:
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3471:
3450:
3428:
3406:
3385:
3356:
3338:
3307:Translated by
3287:
3270:
3250:
3238:
3236:, pp. 2â3
3226:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3175:
3166:
3160:978-0195050806
3159:
3141:
3126:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3051:
3044:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2973:Ă CrĂłinĂn 1995
2965:
2950:
2938:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2899:
2884:
2871:
2866:Acta Sanctorum
2863:compiling the
2852:
2835:
2800:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2691:
2675:
2672:
2647:antiquarianism
2598:
2595:
2586:
2583:
2541:
2538:
2527:
2524:
2507:
2504:
2462:), and on the
2444:Ardagh Chalice
2387:
2384:
2294:Main article:
2291:
2288:
2259:Richard Sharpe
2197:Desert Fathers
2181:
2178:
2176:Christianity.
2172:
2169:
2106:Kingdom of God
2094:Church Fathers
2077:
2074:
2035:Main article:
2032:
2029:
1952:
1949:
1910:until the 664
1811:Spring equinox
1783:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1743:
1740:
1677:
1674:
1623:
1620:
1581:(15th century)
1561:
1558:
1548:'s 1804 poem "
1412:Pope Gregory I
1393:A portrait of
1380:
1377:
1348:Llantwit Major
1265:Cunedda Wledig
1247:Bardsey Island
1243:Gerald of Mayo
1237:The title of "
1045:Romano-Britons
1025:Hadrian's Wall
1000:, who opposed
966:Romano-British
948:folk etymology
938:, citizens of
831:as "bishop of
827:in 1854 lists
823:discovered at
781:
778:
775:
774:
733:
731:
724:
718:
715:
695:
694:
682:
666:
642:
639:
590:
587:
584:
583:
581:
580:
573:
566:
558:
555:
554:
548:
547:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
417:Cornish saints
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
319:
318:
312:
311:
310:
309:
304:
299:
297:Synod of Brefi
294:
286:
285:
279:
278:
277:
276:
271:
263:
262:
256:
255:
254:
253:
248:
240:
239:
233:
232:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
210:
209:
201:
200:
120:Irish-Scottish
54:Celtic peoples
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7670:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7612:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7602:
7599:
7589:
7588:â in Portugal
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7568:â in Galician
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7542:
7535:
7531:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7469:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7427:
7423:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7299:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7206:
7202:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7166:Celtic League
7164:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7158:Pan-Celticism
7155:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7034:reunification
7032:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7008:
7004:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
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6867:
6865:
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6857:
6853:
6849:
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6844:
6840:
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6835:
6831:
6828:
6826:
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6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6795:
6792:
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6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
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6772:
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6767:
6766:
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6760:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
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6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6648:Triple spiral
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6467:Bardic Poetry
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6436:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6390:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6373:
6370:
6366:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:Celtic League
6312:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6255:Celtic League
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6245:Pan-Celticism
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6216:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6145:Gaelicisation
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6120:Celticisation
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5928:Iron Age Gaul
5926:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5911:Roman Britain
5908:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5767:Irish Mexican
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5491:Celtic tribes
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5451:
5449:
5444:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5410:0-385-41849-3
5406:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5384:
5382:0-7141-0554-6
5378:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5363:0-582-77292-3
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5317:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5270:0-19-921060-8
5266:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5229:(2): 251â80.
5228:
5224:
5219:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5128:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5091:1-59740-067-X
5087:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5054:0-85115-889-7
5050:
5046:
5045:
5039:
5035:
5033:9781137430595
5029:
5025:
5024:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4977:1-4039-7299-0
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4929:
4927:0-7486-1047-2
4923:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4811:Bede (1999).
4809:
4805:
4804:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4715:1-896836-43-7
4711:
4707:
4706:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4613:9780195223934
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4591:
4586:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4528:
4525:
4522:, p. 175
4521:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4489:
4486:, p. 317
4485:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4389:"Chapter III"
4383:
4380:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4314:, p. 312
4313:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4240:, p. 433
4239:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4160:, p. 252
4159:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4098:McCarthy 2003
4094:
4091:
4088:, p. 149
4087:
4086:McCarthy 2003
4082:
4079:
4075:
4074:McCarthy 2003
4070:
4067:
4063:
4062:McCarthy 2003
4058:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4036:, p. 141
4035:
4034:McCarthy 2003
4030:
4027:
4023:
4022:McCarthy 2003
4018:
4015:
4012:, p. 140
4011:
4010:McCarthy 2003
4006:
4003:
4000:, p. 146
3999:
3998:McCarthy 2003
3994:
3991:
3988:, p. 217
3987:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3949:1-56085-072-8
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3832:
3830:9781605204024
3826:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3720:0-345-34957-1
3716:
3712:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3660:, p. 180
3659:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3636:, p. 177
3635:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3472:0-271-01780-5
3468:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3389:
3386:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3273:
3271:9783319415314
3267:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3139:, p. 432
3138:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3089:, p. xii
3088:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3045:9783150170151
3041:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3019:, p. 207
3018:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2936:, p. 431
2935:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2692:
2689:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:13th-century
2627:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2589:According to
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2550:Old Testament
2547:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2498:or "clients (
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:Book of Kells
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2402:Clonard Abbey
2399:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:his monastery
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:Samson of Dol
2338:
2337:Paul Aurelian
2333:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2302:hagiographies
2300:According to
2297:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:there, while
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2014:Jean Mabillon
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:abbey at Iona
1938:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:'s flight to
1901:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:'s treatise "
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:William Blake
1543:
1539:
1538:John Wycliffe
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:dispatched a
1413:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:Saint Columba
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:Saint Patrick
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
926:in Britain â
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
902:
898:
892:(â 1259)
891:
890:Matthew Paris
887:
883:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:Roman emperor
810:
806:
802:
795:
791:
786:
779:
771:
768:
760:
750:
746:
740:
739:
734:This section
732:
728:
723:
722:
716:
714:
712:
711:Celtic fringe
708:
704:
700:
691:
687:
683:
680:
675:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:
646:
640:
638:
635:
629:
627:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
588:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
560:
559:
557:
556:
553:
550:
549:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
531:Samson of Dol
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
426:
422:
418:
410:
409:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
332:
331:
324:
321:
320:
317:
314:
313:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
284:
281:
280:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
265:
264:
261:
258:
257:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
227:
221:
220:
216:
212:
211:
208:
202:
198:
196:
190:
189:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:Saint Patrick
144:
143:Great Britain
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:Iroschottisch
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:Celtic Church
81:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:is a form of
39:
32:
28:
23:
19:
7605:Celts portal
7563:â in Spanish
7398:Arran Gaelic
7319:Proto-Celtic
7287:Bungi Creole
7186:Celtic unity
7122:Independence
6921:
6904:
6728:Gaelic music
6664:Celtic Dress
6613:High crosses
6603:Celtic cross
6581:Bell shrines
6512:Irish annals
6294:Neo-Druidism
6289:Celtic Wicca
6260:Celtic union
6224:Modern Celts
6115:Celtic women
6023:Celtic Rites
6017:
5972:Transylvania
5832:Ulster Scots
5702:Anglo-Celtic
5549:Celtiberians
5494:
5486:
5478:
5466:modern Celts
5422:
5400:
5372:
5353:
5341:
5315:
5298:
5292:
5280:
5260:
5251:
5226:
5222:
5210:. Retrieved
5205:
5201:
5186:Grand Rapids
5181:
5169:. Retrieved
5163:
5150:
5141:
5116:
5081:
5072:
5066:
5043:
5022:
5012:
4989:
4967:
4958:. Cambridge.
4955:
4946:
4943:Brown, Peter
4931:. Retrieved
4916:
4912:Bradley, Ian
4903:
4883:alphabetized
4876:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4827:
4813:
4802:
4791:
4781:
4768:Bibliography
4738:
4732:
4704:
4697:
4690:Bradley 1999
4677:, p. ix
4675:Bradley 1999
4670:
4661:
4647:
4641:
4634:Bradley 1999
4617:
4599:
4593:
4584:
4578:
4566:
4554:
4534:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4491:
4479:
4474:, p. 37
4467:
4462:, p. 36
4455:
4443:
4428:
4416:. Retrieved
4411:
4401:
4392:
4382:
4370:. Retrieved
4365:
4343:
4319:
4307:
4274:
4262:
4257:, p. 13
4219:
4212:
4204:the original
4199:
4195:
4175:, p. 17
4173:Corning 2006
4153:
4141:
4129:
4117:
4112:, p. 28
4105:
4093:
4081:
4069:
4046:
4041:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3976:, p. 34
3969:
3962:Wormald 2006
3957:
3939:
3922:
3915:Corning 2006
3910:
3902:
3897:
3870:
3861:
3849:
3841:
3834:. Retrieved
3819:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3783:the original
3778:
3769:
3760:
3751:
3743:the original
3738:
3729:
3710:
3704:
3688:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3600:
3576:
3564:
3553:
3545:
3525:, p. 39
3517:
3505:
3500:, p. 26
3493:
3488:, p. 41
3481:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3409:
3395:
3388:
3377:, retrieved
3373:the original
3368:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3328:
3316:
3312:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3275:. Retrieved
3260:
3253:
3246:Corning 2006
3241:
3234:Corning 2006
3229:
3222:Corning 2006
3217:
3210:Corning 2006
3205:
3198:Corning 2006
3193:
3169:
3150:
3144:
3122:Corning 2006
3099:Bradley 1999
3094:
3087:Corning 2006
3082:
3075:Wormald 2006
3070:
3063:Wormald 2006
3054:
3034:
3024:
3017:Wormald 2006
3012:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2968:
2963:, p. 18
2961:Corning 2006
2941:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2874:
2864:
2855:
2838:
2816:
2803:
2739:
2688:Wales portal
2644:
2639:
2628:
2624:
2606:
2588:
2570:
2543:
2533:confirmation
2529:
2509:
2488:Clonmacnoise
2484:Durrow Abbey
2480:
2476:Bobbio Abbey
2472:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2440:high crosses
2425:
2395:
2349:
2329:
2314:
2299:
2284:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2252:
2239:
2229:
2209:
2194:
2174:
2141:Saint Samson
2137:peregrinatio
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:peregrinatio
2124:
2120:
2117:peregrinatio
2116:
2114:
2110:peregrinatio
2109:
2102:peregrinatio
2101:
2086:peregrinatio
2085:
2081:
2079:
2076:Peregrinatio
2069:
2067:
2058:
2055:exomologesis
2054:
2048:
2040:
2031:Penitentials
2018:
2010:James Ussher
2007:
2002:
1979:
1977:
1966:
1944:
1892:
1860:8-year cycle
1845:
1836:
1814:
1797:
1795:
1777:
1761:
1757:
1745:
1700:
1693:
1634:peregrinatio
1633:
1631:
1587:Saint Ninian
1584:
1578:
1575:Saint Ninian
1554:Hubert Parry
1527:
1456:
1439:
1432:Northumbrian
1424:Anglo-Saxons
1409:
1402:
1351:
1333:
1318:Resurrection
1307:
1305:
1283:, Irishmen,
1250:
1236:
1168:Saint Illtud
1164:Saint Dubric
1154:
1137:
1100:sack of Rome
1086:, rejecting
1084:Roman Empire
1018:
1006:original sin
956:
909:
904:
900:
885:
881:
857:
853:pious frauds
798:
763:
754:
743:Please help
738:verification
735:
696:
688:groups, and
686:modern pagan
674:noble savage
644:
630:
624:
592:
425:Welsh saints
421:Irish saints
351:Celtic Cross
346:Celtic chant
204:
194:
182:
136:
123:
119:
115:
114:, the term "
109:
104:
100:
92:
84:
82:
67:
42:Christianity
37:
36:
27:Celtic Cross
18:
7520:Trimarcisia
7505:GallĂłglaigh
7334:Celtiberian
7058:Isle of Man
7017:Nationalism
6906:Bataireacht
6825:Calan Gaeaf
6784:Isle of Man
6628:Leaf-crowns
6618:Insular art
6591:Dragonesque
6553:Isle of Man
6407:Nova Scotia
6360:Isle of Man
6284:Neopaganism
6033:Monasticism
5544:Caledonians
5153:. ABC-CLIO.
4837:Giles, J.A.
4571:Meeder 2011
4508:Hughes 2005
4496:Hughes 2005
4484:Hughes 2005
4448:Youngs 1989
4418:19 November
4372:18 December
4312:Hughes 2005
4300:Hughes 2005
4283:Youngs 1989
4267:Hughes 2005
3928:Constantine
3854:Hughes 2005
3815:Bury, J. B.
3510:Hughes 2005
3421:20 November
3379:21 November
3330:Cirencester
3248:, p. 3
3224:, p. 2
3200:, p. 4
3124:, p. 1
3059:Sharpe 1984
2985:Hughes 1981
2981:Davies 1992
2861:Bollandists
2809:John Morris
2789:Kristeniezh
2608:Ian Bradley
2591:John Bowden
2460:Colum Cille
2428:insular art
2364:Saint Teilo
2280:St. Columba
2248:sacramental
2205:Lindisfarne
2180:Monasticism
2037:Penitential
1991:Simon Magus
1908:Northumbria
1684:St. Patrick
1516: 1147
1502:Glastonbury
1340:monasteries
1326:Monasticism
1145:'s fortress
1108:mercenaries
994:4th-century
928:Saint Alban
920:persecution
872:3rd century
829:Aristobulus
825:Mount Athos
801:1st century
679:rationalism
653:, when the
634:"Celticity"
589:Definitions
376:Insular art
361:Celtic Rite
356:Celtic mass
341:Bell shrine
89:Christendom
7627:Categories
7583:â in Italy
7485:Ceathairne
7349:Gallaecian
6979:Road bowls
6884:Eisteddfod
6852:Calan Awst
6848:Lughnasadh
6454:Literature
6317:definition
6140:Clan chief
5932:Roman Gaul
5923:Hen Ogledd
5649:including
5631:including
5301:: 230â70.
5138:John, Eric
4520:Lloyd 1912
4437:PĂ€cht 1986
4158:Brown 2003
3696:Wikisource
3670:Yorke 2006
3658:Lloyd 1912
3634:Lloyd 1912
3617:Lloyd 1912
3581:Lloyd 1912
3569:Lloyd 1912
3334:Wikisource
3305:(in Latin)
3277:4 February
3038:. Reclam.
3005:Brown 2003
2918:References
2749:Kristoneth
2601:See also:
2412:Saint John
2321:Llancarfan
2276:St. Brigid
2157:Willibrord
2149:Two Ewalds
2063:absolution
1988:heresiarch
1959:The Roman
1934: 697
1927: 630
1864:Augustalis
1848:solar year
1833:Alexandria
1748:Latin West
1736: 570
1688:See also:
1656:mother of
1626:See also:
1616:Saint Serf
1564:See also:
1494:St David's
1478:Archbishop
1459:Ăthelfrith
1383:See also:
1261:Hen Ogledd
1228:around 535
1176:missionize
1072: 500
1063:historian
1014:his heresy
974:Restitutus
970:Archbishop
932:Amphibalus
864:Tertullian
659:Protestant
466:Columbanus
7515:Redshanks
7490:Ceithearn
7218:Brittonic
7210:Languages
6843:Calan Mai
6834:GƔyl Fair
6808:Festivals
6623:Interlace
6047:Mythology
5955:Gallaecia
5569:Galatians
5324:cite book
5243:163075473
5208:: 140â167
5100:711797907
4998:cite book
4992:. London.
4868:Confessio
4757:758707463
4472:John 2000
4460:John 2000
4324:John 2000
4238:Koch 2006
3986:Ryan 1931
3974:John 2000
3875:Ryan 1931
3646:Bede 1999
3186:Koch 2006
3137:Koch 2006
2946:Koch 2006
2934:Koch 2006
2546:Judaizers
2468:St. Aidan
2464:continent
2456:Old Irish
2452:Colmcille
2434:like the
2418:from the
2380:Glamorgan
2366:, Cadoc,
2332:Armorican
2165:Ceolfrith
2132:peregrini
2051:sackcloth
1904:DĂĄl Riata
1884:Dionysius
1880:Victorian
1770:of 1215.
1709:Old Irish
1701:civitates
1696:Palladius
1295:: Saints
1200:DĂĄl Riata
1112:Vortigern
1096:Visigoths
1088:Roman law
1061:Byzantine
952:Lichfield
916:Mithraism
757:July 2021
608:spiritual
506:Kentigern
481:Dubricius
153:of Saint
83:The term
33:, Ireland
7500:Gaesatae
7391:dialects
7354:Lepontic
7344:Galatian
7246:Goidelic
7096:Autonomy
7011:Politics
6964:Rounders
6816:Calendar
6789:Scotland
6774:Cornwall
6769:Brittany
6657:Clothing
6608:Knotwork
6586:Brooches
6558:Scotland
6543:Cornwall
6538:Brittany
6417:Y Wladfa
6372:Scotland
6336:Cornwall
6324:Brittany
6175:SeanchaĂ
6170:Tanistry
6130:Derbfine
6059:Scottish
5950:Brittany
5946:Domnonée
5942:Armorica
5937:Britonia
5919:Dumnonia
5894:DĂĄlriata
5579:Lepontii
5574:Helvetii
5559:Gallaeci
5421:(1991).
5352:(2006).
5161:(1912).
4988:(1995).
4966:(2006).
4945:(2003).
4914:(1999).
4826:(eds.).
4724:44620654
3761:Bartleby
3685:(1910).
3461:(1998).
3032:(1998).
2831:Valerian
2793:Galician
2674:See also
2651:Romantic
2559:Passover
2345:Brittany
2325:Gwynllyw
2263:paruchia
2240:paruchia
2220:ordained
2216:dioceses
2201:Cuthbert
2153:Willehad
2059:sacerdos
1997:to King
1945:computus
1850:and the
1837:computus
1821:Eusebius
1805:, which
1792:computus
1658:St David
1654:St Nonna
1650:Dumnonia
1595:Whithorn
1560:Scotland
1534:Lollards
1498:Llandaff
1473:computus
1309:computus
1301:Winifred
1273:Silurian
1204:Scotland
1143:Bridei I
1128:Brittany
1124:Cornwall
998:Pelagius
940:Caerleon
845:Deruvian
817:Tiberius
521:Oudoceus
491:Gwynllyw
471:Cuthbert
335:Features
195:a series
191:Part of
7553:Deities
7510:Hobelar
7472:Warfare
7435:Warfare
7369:Pictish
7364:Cumbric
7339:Gaulish
7311:Extinct
7231:Cornish
7029:history
6974:Hurling
6948:Ladies'
6939:Curling
6912:Camogie
6839:Beltane
6821:Samhain
6779:Ireland
6548:Ireland
6443:Culture
6412:England
6348:Ireland
6306:Nations
6205:Coinage
6195:Warfare
6088:Society
6079:Cornish
6069:British
5977:Galatia
5967:Balkans
5875:Studies
5612:Cornish
5607:Bretons
5584:Noricum
5539:Britons
5512:Peoples
5294:Peritia
5212:18 June
5202:Celtica
5115:(ed.).
5075:: 1â20.
4839:(ed.).
4663:Church.
3938:(ed.),
3930:(325),
3315:Sapiens
2745:Cornish
2668:Ireland
2664:New Age
2526:Baptism
2516:fasting
2500:vassals
2492:ascetic
2454:or, in
2392:Termonn
2386:Ireland
2376:Tysilio
2310:Deiniol
2224:priests
2161:Wilfrid
2145:Columba
2043:penance
1995:Aldhelm
1969:tonsure
1961:tonsure
1929:); the
1854:of the
1729:CaillĂn
1676:Ireland
1646:Brychan
1509:Bernard
1486:England
1461:of the
1434:cleric
1416:mission
1368:tonsure
1289:Normans
1285:Vikings
1139:Columba
1065:Zosimus
884:, from
860:Britons
833:Britain
809:account
788:Modern
780:Britain
717:History
699:Galatia
690:New Age
620:Toynbee
541:Tewdrig
526:Patrick
461:Columba
446:Brendan
396:Plygain
371:Culdees
224:History
175:Cornish
155:Columba
139:Ireland
78:penance
74:tonsure
7548:Tribes
7495:Fianna
7282:Shelta
7226:Breton
7046:status
6984:Shinty
6959:Gouren
6923:Cnapan
6917:Cammag
6830:Imbolc
6753:Carnyx
6679:Tartan
6598:Carnyx
6365:Mannin
6341:Kernow
6329:Breizh
6199:Gaelic
6155:FĂĄinne
6100:Brehon
6074:Breton
6028:Druids
5882:Places
5589:Volcae
5534:Belgae
5495:·
5493:
5487:·
5485:
5479:·
5477:
5407:
5379:
5360:
5267:
5241:
5171:17 May
5123:
5098:
5088:
5051:
5030:
4974:
4924:
4755:
4745:
4722:
4712:
4654:
4610:
4542:
3946:
3836:5 July
3827:
3717:
3691:
3469:
3295:Gildas
3268:
3157:
3042:
2827:Decius
2785:Breton
2649:, the
2496:culdee
2368:Padarn
2306:Illtud
2212:abbots
1980:corona
1973:slaves
1900:Oswald
1852:phases
1799:Easter
1721:Moluag
1713:Brigid
1705:Armagh
1666:Ciaran
1612:Ternan
1606:, and
1506:Bishop
1500:, and
1482:Elfodd
1418:under
1373:parish
1366:. The
1362:, and
1360:Bangor
1335:clasau
1314:Easter
1281:Saxons
1224:Breaca
1222:, and
1216:Petroc
1160:Saints
1151:(1906)
1126:, and
1059:. The
978:London
972:
868:Origen
847:, and
815:
805:Gildas
612:nature
516:Ninian
496:Illtud
177:, and
171:Breton
132:Papacy
105:Celtic
7538:Lists
7359:Noric
7274:Mixed
7254:Irish
7236:Welsh
6900:Bando
6893:Sport
6794:Wales
6710:Music
6643:Torcs
6633:Mazes
6563:Wales
6389:Cymru
6384:Wales
6267:Music
6190:Vates
6185:TĂșath
6135:Druid
6064:Welsh
6054:Irish
5645:Scots
5627:Irish
5622:Gaels
5617:Welsh
5564:Gauls
5554:Gaels
5525:Names
5497:
5489:
5481:
5462:Celts
5239:S2CID
5198:(PDF)
5111:. In
4933:9 May
3934:, in
2777:Irish
2753:Welsh
2731:Notes
2725:Papar
2563:Nisan
2430:, in
2372:Beuno
2360:Asser
2317:Cadoc
2290:Wales
2244:abbey
2130:Most
2090:Latin
1872:Meton
1731:(fl.
1379:Wales
1297:David
1239:saint
1220:Piran
1208:Mungo
1120:Wales
1080:Gauls
1037:Saxon
1033:Irish
1029:Picts
930:and "
841:Fagan
536:Teilo
476:David
456:Cadoc
441:Alban
391:Papar
167:Scots
163:Welsh
159:Irish
124:Roman
101:Roman
95:. As
58:Roman
31:Knock
7433:and
7259:Manx
7146:and
6377:Alba
6353:Ăire
6272:Rock
6180:Sept
6160:Fili
6095:Bard
5898:Alba
5640:Manx
5464:and
5405:ISBN
5377:ISBN
5358:ISBN
5330:link
5265:ISBN
5214:2009
5173:2010
5121:ISBN
5096:OCLC
5086:ISBN
5049:ISBN
5028:ISBN
5004:link
4972:ISBN
4935:2013
4922:ISBN
4753:OCLC
4743:ISBN
4720:OCLC
4710:ISBN
4652:ISBN
4608:ISBN
4540:ISBN
4420:2013
4374:2015
3944:ISBN
3838:2022
3825:ISBN
3715:ISBN
3683:Bede
3467:ISBN
3423:2008
3381:2013
3279:2018
3266:ISBN
3155:ISBN
3040:ISBN
2859:The
2823:Bede
2769:Manx
2656:Iona
2374:and
2278:and
2257:and
1831:and
1790:and
1614:and
1436:Bede
1399:Bede
1364:Iona
1342:and
1322:Lent
1299:and
1267:and
1252:llan
1182:and
1057:Gaul
1035:and
866:and
843:and
790:icon
703:Paul
668:The
511:Malo
366:Clas
179:Manx
141:and
122:and
7443:Law
7431:Law
6573:Art
6165:Law
5303:doi
5231:doi
4281:in
3327:in
2829:or
2404:.
2400:at
2203:of
2088:is
1738:).
1438:'s
1401:'s
1358:),
1312:of
1263:'s
1106:to
1055:to
976:of
950:of
792:of
747:by
705:'s
622:'s
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7629::
5948:/
5944:/
5930:/
5921:/
5917:/
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5896:/
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5322:{{
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