2338:, a prince of South Wales, who before his death renounced the world to lead an eremitical life, Cadoc followed his father's example and received the religious habit from St. Tathai, an Irish monk, superior of a small community at Swent near Chepstow, in Monmouthshire. Returning to his native county, Cadoc built a church and monastery, which was called Llancarfan, or the "Church of the Stags". Here he established a monastery, college and hospital. The spot at first seemed an impossible one, and an almost inaccessible marsh, but he and his monks drained and cultivated it, transforming it into one of the most famous religious houses in South Wales. His legend recounts that he daily fed a hundred clergy and a hundred soldiers, a hundred workmen, a hundred poor men, and the same number of widows. When thousands left the world and became monks, they very often did so as clansmen, dutifully following the example of their chief. Bishoprics, canonries, and parochial benefices passed from one to another member of the same family, and frequently from father to son. Their tribal character is a feature which Irish and Welsh monasteries had in common.
1456:
for calculating Easter; the clerics responded that they would need to confer with their people and await a larger assembly. Bede relates that the bishops particularly consulted a hermit on how to respond. He told them to respond based on
Augustine's conduct: were he to rise to greet them, they would know him for a humble servant of Christ and should submit to his authority but, were he to remain seated, they would know him to be arrogant and prideful and should reject him. As it happened, Augustine did keep his seat, provoking mistrust. In the negotiations that followed, he offered to allow the Britons to maintain all their native customs but three: they should adopt Rome's more advanced method of calculating the date of Easter, reform their baptismal ritual, and join the missionary efforts among the Saxons. The British clerics rejected all of these, as well as Augustine's authority over them.
1718:; small enclosures in which groups of Christians, often of both sexes and including the married, lived together, served in various roles and ministered to the local population. Patrick set up diocesan structures with a hierarchy of bishops, priests, and deacons. During the late 5th and 6th centuries true monasteries became the most important centres: in Patrick's own see of Armagh the change seems to have happened before the end of the 5th century, thereafter the bishop was the abbot also. Within a few generations of the arrival of the first missionaries the monastic and clerical class of the isle had become fully integrated with the culture of Latin letters. Besides Latin, Irish ecclesiastics developed a written form of
908:
3294:' a Celtic Christianity, with its peculiar national faults and characteristics, finds place even in the New Testament. The Galatians, whose apostasy from pure Christianity has endowed the Church with St Paul's masterly defence of Christian freedom, were Celts ' There was a Celtic-speaking population in Galatia in the late centuries BC and perhaps into the early centuries AD, of which only fragmentary traces of the language survive in attested personal and place name evidence. However, the idea that the early Christian communities in Galatia shared certain 'national faults and characteristics' with the population of early medieval Ireland is entirely without foundation.
2285:
enter the Irish monasteries. When these students became adults, they would leave the monastery to live out their lives. Eventually, these people would retire back to secure community provided by the monastery and stay until their death. However, some would stay within the monastery and become leaders. Since most of the clergy were Irish, native traditions were well-respected. Permeable monasticism popularised the use of vernacular and helped mesh the norms of secular and monastic element in
Ireland, unlike other parts of Europe where monasteries were more isolated. Examples of these intertwining motifs can be seen in the hagiographies of
2229:. While this may have been the case for centuries in most of Ireland, it was never the rule throughout the Celtic world at large. It is certain that the ideal of monasticism was universally esteemed in Celtic Christianity. This was especially true in Ireland and areas evangelised by Irish missionaries, where monasteries and their abbots came to be vested with a great deal of ecclesiastical and secular power. Following the growth of the monastic movement in the 6th century, abbots controlled not only individual monasteries, but also expansive estates and the secular communities that tended them. As monastics, abbots were not necessarily
2576:. Although this accusation was raised at a time of heightened political tensions between Columbanus and the Gallic bishops, some historians have cautioned that it ought not be dismissed as a mere ruse because the Gauls may have been genuinely worried about blurring the boundaries between Gallic Christians and their Jewish neighbours. That the Irish practised obsolete Old Testament laws is another accusation that repeats itself a number of times in the early Middle Ages, most famously in the case of the 8th-century Irish charismatic preacher,
7622:
2196:
2210:. According to Richard Woods, the familial, democratic, and decentralized aspects of Egyptian Christianity were better suited to structures and values of Celtic culture than was a legalistic diocesan form. Monasteries tended to be cenobitical in that monks lived in separate cells but came together for common prayer, meals, and other functions. Some more austere ascetics became hermits living in remote locations in what came to be called the "green martyrdom". An example of this would be Kevin of Glendalough and
2419:
226:
2921:, an Italian monk who entered the monastery in Bobbio in 618, three years after the Saint's death; Jonas wrote the life c. 643. This author lived during the abbacy of Attala, Columbanus's immediate successor, and his informants had been companions of the saint. Mabillon in the second volume of his "Acta Sanctorum O.S.B." gives the life in full, together with an appendix on the miracles of the saint, written by an anonymous member of the Bobbio community.
796:
33:
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without requiring them to become monks. These students were then allowed to leave and live within the community, and were welcomed back in their old age to retire in peace. This style of monasticism allowed for the monastery to connect with, and become a part of, the community at large. The availability of the monks to the people was instrumental in converting
Ireland from paganism to Christianity, allowing a blend of the two cultures.
1692:
5872:
2707:
1145:
1582:
738:
2693:
1967:
91:, and the popularity of going into "exile for Christ". Additionally, there were other practices that developed in certain parts of Great Britain and Ireland that were not known to have spread beyond particular regions. The term typically denotes the regional practices among the insular churches and their associates rather than actual theological differences.
1437:, establish new sees and churches throughout their territories, and reassert papal authority over the native church. Gregory intended for Augustine to become the metropolitan bishop over all of southern Britain, including the existing dioceses under Welsh and Cornish control. Augustine met with British bishops in a series of conferences â known as the
889:
639:(1934â1961), which identified Celtic Christianity with an "Abortive Far Western Civilization" â the nucleus of a new society, which was prevented from taking root by the Roman Church, Vikings, and Normans. Others have been content to speak of "Celtic Christianity" as consisting of certain traditions and beliefs intrinsic to the Celts.
2501:. From early periods the kin nature of many monasteries had meant that some married men were part of the community, supplying labour and with some rights, including in the election of abbots (but obliged to abstain from sex during fasting periods). Some abbacies passed from father to son, and then even grandsons. A revival of the
2637:
closely, and most are "at least partially inspired and driven by denominational and national rivalries, ecclesiastical and secular power politics, and an anti-Roman
Catholic agenda." Though often inaccurate or distorted, the beliefs of these movements have greatly influenced popular conceptions of historical Celtic Christianity.
1997:. The early material referring to the Celtic tonsure emphasizes its distinctiveness from the Roman alternative and invariably connects its use to the Celtic dating of Easter. Those preferring the Roman tonsure considered the Celtic custom extremely unorthodox, and associated it with the form of tonsure worn by the
2649:. These ideas were expanded during the English Reformation, as Protestant authors appropriated the concept of a "Celtic Church" as a native, anti-Roman predecessor to their own movement. Nevertheless, despite his scholarly deconstruction of much of the popular view of "Celtic Christianity", in work such as his
2546:
rite, or that there was no confirmation at all. At any rate, it is unlikely to have caused as much discord as the Easter controversy or the tonsure, as no other source mentions it. As such there is no evidence that heterodox baptism figured into the practice of the Irish church. The Celtic
Christians
1769:
The Easter question was settled at various times in different places. The following dates are derived from Haddan and Stubbs: southern
Ireland, 626â628; northern Ireland, 692; Northumbria (converted by Irish missions), 664; East Devon and Somerset, the Britons under Wessex, 705; the Picts, 710; Iona,
703:
groups seeking to recover something of ancient spirituality that they believe is missing from the modern world. For these groups, Celtic
Christianity becomes a cipher for whatever is lost in the modern religious experience. Corning notes that these notions say more about modern desires than about the
4629:
A distinctive part of
Scottish Presbyterian worship is the singing of metrical psalms, many of them set to old Celtic Christianity Scottish traditional and folk tunes. These verse psalms have been exported to Africa, North America and other parts of the world where Presbyterian Scots missionaries or
2284:
Irish monasticism was notable for its permeability. In permeable monasticism, people were able to move freely in and out of the monastic system at different points of life. Young boys and girls would enter the system to pursue Latin scholarship. Students would sometimes travel from faraway lands to
1480:
was taken by Bede as fulfillment of the prophecy made by
Augustine of Canterbury following the Synod of Chester. The prophecy stated that the British church would receive war and death from the Saxons if they refused to proselytise. Despite the inaccuracies of their system, the Britons did not adopt
1455:
is the only surviving account of these meetings: according to it, some of the clerics of the nearest
British province met Augustine at a site that was known thereafter as Augustine's Oak. Augustine focused on seeking assistance for his work among the Saxons and reforming the Britons' obsolete method
2636:
According to Bradley, most, though not all, revivalists are non-Celts for whom Celtic Christianity has an "exotic and peripheral" appeal. Adherents typically claim their revivals restore authentic practices and traits, though Bradley notes they reflect contemporary concerns and prejudices much more
2492:
At least in Ireland, the monastic system became increasingly secularised from the 8th century, as close ties between ruling families and monasteries became apparent. The major monasteries were now wealthy in land and had political importance. On occasion they made war either upon each other or took
1762:
cleric-scholars in continental Europe found themselves implicated in theological controversies but it is not always possible to distinguish when a controversy was based on matters of substance or on political grounds or xenophobic sentiments. Synods were held in Ireland, Gaul, and England (e.g. the
2056:
developed, where confession was made privately to a priest, under the seal of secrecy, and where penance was given privately and ordinarily performed privately as well. Certain handbooks were made, called "penitentials", designed as a guide for confessors and as a means of regularising the penance
2027:
put forth a new hypothesis, claiming that the entire forehead was shaven back to the ears. Mabillon's version was widely accepted, but contradicts the early sources. In 2003 Daniel McCarthy suggested a triangular shape, with one side between the ears and a vertex towards the front of the head. The
2457:
remain very well known, and in the case of manuscript decoration had a profound influence on Western medieval art. The manuscripts were certainly produced by and for monasteries, and the evidence suggests that metalwork was produced in both monastic and royal workshops, perhaps as well as secular
2083:, the "medicines of penance", to Gaul at a time when they had come to be neglected. Though the process met some resistance, by 1215 the practice had become established as the norm, with the Fourth Lateran Council establishing a canonical statute requiring confession at a minimum of once per year.
647:
of the regions, but due to other historical and geographical factors. Additionally, the Christians of Ireland and Britain were not "anti-Roman"; Celtic areas respected the authority of Rome and the papacy as strongly as any other region of Europe. Caitlin Corning further notes that the "Irish and
1761:
brought the nations of Britain and Ireland into closer contact with the orthodoxy of the councils. The customs and traditions particular to Insular Christianity became a matter of dispute, especially the matter of the proper calculation of Easter. In addition to Easter dating, Irish scholars and
1608:
where he built a church of stone, "Candida Casa". Tradition holds that Ninian established an episcopal see at the Candida Casa in Whithorn, and named the see for Saint Martin of Tours. He converted the southern Picts to Christianity, and died around 432. Many Irish saints trained at the "Candida
642:
However, modern scholars have identified problems with all of these claims, and find the term "Celtic Christianity" problematic in and of itself. Modern scholarship roundly rejects the idea of a "Celtic Church" due to the lack of substantiating evidence. Indeed, distinct Irish and British church
2541:
Bede implies that in the time of Augustine of Canterbury, British churches used a baptismal rite that was in some way at variance with the Roman practice. According to Bede, the British Christians' failure to "complete" the sacrament of baptism was one of the three specific issues with British
2296:
This willingness to learn, and also to teach, was a hallmark of the "permeable monasticism" that so characterised the Irish monastery. While a hermitage was still the highest form of dedication, the monasteries were very open to allowing students and children within the walls for an education,
629:. One view, which gained substantial scholarly traction in the 19th century, was that there was a "Celtic Church", a significant organised Christian body or denomination uniting the Celtic peoples and separating them from the "Roman" church of continental Europe. An example of this appears in
643:
traditions existed, each with their own practices, and there was significant local variation even within the individual Irish and British spheres. While the Irish and British churches had some traditions in common, these were relatively few. Even these commonalities did not exist due to the
2640:
Bradley traces the origins of Celtic Christian revivalism to the Middle Ages. In the 8th and 9th century, authors wrote idealised hagiographies of earlier saints, whose "golden age" of extraordinary holiness contrasted with the perceived corruption of later times. Similarly, the 12th- and
2580:(fl. 745), who was condemned as a heretic, in part for urging followers to follow Old Testament law in such controversial matters as obliging a man to marry his widowed sister-in-law upon his brother's death. One example for the Irish tendency to adhere closely to the Old Testament is the
1381:
differed from that elsewhere and also became a point of contention. A distinction that became increasingly important was the nature of church organisation: some monasteries were led by married clergy, inheritance of religious offices was common (in Wales, as late as the 12th century), and
71:
Church, while others classify Celtic Christianity as a set of distinctive practices occurring in those areas. Varying scholars reject the former notion, but note that there were certain traditions and practices present in both the Irish and British churches that were not seen in the wider
2186:
A number of other distinctive traditions and practices existed (or are taken to have existed) in Britain or Ireland, but are not known to have been in use across the entire region. Different writers and commenters have identified different traditions as representative of so-called Celtic
2350:, a key figure in Cornish monasticism. Gildas the Wise was invited by Cadoc to deliver lectures in the monastery and spent a year there, during which he made a copy of a book of the Gospels, long treasured in the church of St. Cadoc. One of the most notable pupils of Illtyd was St.
1621:. Ninian's work was carried on by Palladius, who left Ireland to work among the Picts. The mission to the southern Picts apparently met with some setbacks, as Patrick charged Coroticus and the "apostate Picts" with conducting raids on the Irish coast and seizing Christians as slaves.
2138:, the "lesser" peregrinatio, involving leaving one's home area but not the island, and the "superior" peregrinatio, which meant leaving Ireland for good. This voluntary exile to spend one's life in a foreign land far from friends and family came to be termed the "white martyrdom".
1382:
illegitimacy was treated much more leniently with fathers simply needing to acknowledge the child for him to inherit an equal share with his brothers. Prior to their conquest by England, most churches have records of bishops and priests but not an established
2559:, which is to say that they observed certain religious rites after the manner of the Jews. The belief that Irish Christians were Judaizers can be observed in three main areas: the Easter Controversy, the notion that the Irish practised obsolete laws from the
2276:
overrode the diocese, or that the abbot replaced the Bishop; Bishops still exercised ultimate spiritual authority and remained in charge of the diocesan clergy. But either way, the monastic ideal was regarded as the utmost expression of the Christian life.
1401:
2484:
Irish monks also founded monasteries across the continent, exerting influence greater than many more ancient continental centres. The first issuance of a papal privilege granting a monastery freedom from episcopal oversight was that of Pope Honorius I to
1460:
argues that the primary reason for the British bishops' rejection of Augustine â and especially his call for them to join his missionary effort â was his claim to sovereignty over them, given that his see would be so deeply entwined with the Anglo-Saxon
4673:
There has been little attempt to create a new denomination based on the supposed distinctive tenets of Celtic Christianity although there is a tiny Celtic Orthodox Church which has bases in Brittany, England and Wales and links with the Syrian Orthodox
2563:
and (not unrelated to this) the view that they adhered too closely to the Old Testament. Quite apart from the intricate theological concerns that underpinned the debate over Easter in early 7th-century Gaul, Columbanus also found himself accused of
1266:. Such communities were organized on tribal models: founding saints were almost invariably lesser members of local dynasties, they were not infrequently married, and their successors were often chosen from among their kin. In the 6th century, the "
1904:
In the early 600s Christians in Ireland and Britain became aware of the divergence in dating between them and those in Europe. The first clash came in 602 when a synod of French bishops opposed the practices of the monasteries established by
604:
People have conceived of "Celtic Christianity" in different ways at different times. Writings on the topic frequently say more about the time in which they originate than about the historical state of Christianity in the early medieval
1709:
arrived in 431 as the first missionary bishop sent by Rome. His mission does not seem to have been entirely successful. The subsequent mission of Saint Patrick, traditionally starting in 432, established churches in conjunction with
2280:
The focus on powerful abbots and monasteries was limited to the Irish Church, however, and not in Britain. The British church employed an episcopal structure corresponding closely to the model used elsewhere in the Christian world.
2345:
by descent, spent the first period of his religious life as a disciple of St. Cadoc at Llancarvan. He founded the monastery at Llantwit Major. The monastery stressed learning as well as devotion. One of his fellow students was
2257:, replaced the diocese as the chief administrative unit of the church, and the position of Abbot largely replaced that of bishop in authority and prominence. According to this model, bishops were still needed, since certain
2584:, a late 7th- or early 8th-century Irish canon law collection which was the first text of church law to draw heavily on the Bible, and in particular the Old Testament. In Scotland similar accusations surround the supposed
609:, and many notions are now discredited in modern academic discourse. One particularly prominent feature ascribed to Celtic Christianity is that it is supposedly inherently distinct from â and generally opposed to â the
3340:
Six Old English Chronicles of Which Two Are Now First Translated from the Monkish Latin Originals: Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Asser's Life of Alfred, Geoffrey of Monmouth's British History, Gildas, Nennius, and Richard of
2237:
or bishops). They were usually descended from one of the many Irish royal families, and the founding regulations of the abbey sometimes specified that the abbacy should if possible be kept within one family lineage.
1302:, and others destroyed many ecclesiastical records. Similarly, the distance from Rome, hostility to native practices and cults, and relative unimportance of the local sees has left only two local Welsh saints in the
687:
and the intrinsic qualities of the "Celtic race", further influenced ideas about Celtic Christianity. Romantics idealised the Celts as a primitive, bucolic people who were far more poetic, spiritual, and freer of
2664:
movement, and growing nationalism influenced ideas about what was becoming known as "Celtic Christianity". Beginning in the early 20th century, a full-fledged revival movement began, centred on the island of
7073:
2145:
or exiles of this type were seeking personal spiritual fulfilment, but many became involved in missionary endeavours. The Briton Saint Patrick became the evangelist of Ireland during what he called his
1889:'s original equinox on 25 March instead of the Nicaean equinox, which had already drifted to 21 March. This calendar was conserved by the Britons and Irish while the Romans and French began to use the
2533:. For some generations monks trained by Irish missionaries continued to use the Rule and to found new monasteries using it, but most converted to the Benedictine Rule over the 8th and 9th centuries.
2604:, "the singing of metrical psalms, many of them set to old Celtic Christianity Scottish traditional and folk tunes" is a feature that remains a "distinctive part of Scottish Presbyterian worship".
676:) in thought. The English church, they claimed, was not forming a new institution, but casting off the shackles of Rome and returning to its true roots as the indigenous national church of Britain.
692:
than their neighbours. The Celts were seen as having an inner spiritual nature that shone through even after their form of Christianity had been destroyed by the authoritarian and rational Rome.
2072:), and it seems that, for some sins, private penance was allowed instead. Nonetheless, penance and reconciliation was prevailingly a public rite (sometimes unrepeatable), which included
2542:
practice that Augustine could not overlook. There is no indication as to how the baptism was "incomplete" according to the Roman custom. It may be that there was some difference in the
1386:
system. Pre-conquest, most Christians would not attend regular services but relied on members of the monastic communities who would occasionally make preaching tours through the area.
7663:
1909:; Columbanus appealed to Pope Gregory I but received no answer and finally moved from their jurisdiction. It was a primary concern for St Augustine and his mission, although
3324:
The Epistle of Gildas the most ancient British Author: who flourished in the yeere of our Lord, 546. And who by his great erudition, sanctitie, and wisdome, acquired the name of
3184:
AUCHMUTY, J. J. âIRELAND AND THE CELTIC PEOPLES IN TOYNBEE'S âSTUDY OF HISTORY.ââ Hermathena, no. 70, 1947, pp. 45â53. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23037506. Accessed 2 Aug. 2020.
1327:, as it produced the most obvious signs of disunity: the old and new methods did not usually agree, causing Christians following one system to begin celebrating the feast of the
2272:, has offered a more nuanced view of the interrelationships between the monastic system and the traditional Church structures. Sharpe argues that there is no evidence that the
2389:
among them. It was from Illtud and his successors that the Irish sought guidance on matters of ritual and discipline. Finnian of Clonard studied under Cadoc at Llancarfan in
1770:
716â718; Strathclyde, 721; North Wales, 768; South Wales, 777. Cornwall held out the longest of any, perhaps even, in parts, to the time of Bishop Aedwulf of Crediton (909).
2079:
The Irish penitential practice spread throughout the continent, where the form of public penance had fallen into disuse. Saint Columbanus was credited with introducing the
7648:
5142:
2012:, but it may have been circulating since the Synod of Whitby. The tonsure is also mentioned in a passage, probably of the 7th century but attributed wrongly to Gildas: "
3451:
2023:
suggested a semi-circular shape, rounded in the front and culminating at a line between the ears. This suggestion was accepted by many subsequent writers, but in 1703
2019:
The exact shape of the Irish tonsure is unclear from the early sources, although they agree that the hair was in some way shorn over the head from ear to ear. In 1639
1982:, or method of cutting one's hair, to distinguish their social identity as men of the cloth. In Ireland men otherwise wore longish hair, and a shaved head was worn by
2060:
In antiquity, penance had been a public ritual. Penitents were divided into a separate part of the church during liturgical worship, and they came to Mass wearing
7643:
5340:
5014:
2158:
and Columbanus similarly founded highly important religious communities after leaving their homes. Irish-educated English Christians such as Gerald of Mayo, the
586:
1451:
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that often involved some form of general confession. There is evidence that this public penance was preceded by a private confession to a bishop or priest (
5832:
1766:) at which Irish and British religious rites were rejected but a degree of variation continued in Britain after the Ionan church accepted the Roman date.
2206:
Monastic spirituality came to Britain and then Ireland from Gaul, by way of LĂ©rins, Tours, and Auxerre. Its spirituality was heavily influenced by the
1705:
By the early fifth century, the religion had spread to Ireland, which had never been part of the Roman Empire. There were Christians in Ireland before
1260:
held the remains of 20,000. More often, the title was given to the founder of any ecclesiastical settlement, which would thenceforth be known as their
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5530:
5501:
4748:
Gierek, Bozena (2011). "Celtic spirituality in contemporary Ireland". In Cosgrove, Olivia; Cox, Laurence; Kuhling, Carmen; Mulholland, Peter (eds.).
1441:â that attempted to assert his authority and to compel them to abandon aspects of their service that had fallen out of line with Roman practice. The
2134:, in which individuals permanently left their homes and put themselves entirely in God's hands. In the Irish tradition there were two types of such
1929:
were generally the readiest to acknowledge the superiority of the new tables: the bishops of southern Ireland adopted the continental system at the
907:
7578:
7568:
1838:(325) decided that all Christians should observe a common date for Easter separate from the Jewish calculations, according to the practice of the
1059:
656:
Corning writes that scholars have identified three major strands of thought that have influenced the popular conceptions of Celtic Christianity:
7598:
7583:
7573:
2461:
In the 6th and 7th centuries, Irish monks established monastic institutions in parts of modern-day Scotland (especially Columba, also known as
2053:
1789:
Caitlin Corning identifies four customs that were common to both the Irish and British churches but not used elsewhere in the Christian world.
1679:, he is said to have 'floated' across to Cornwall after being thrown into the sea tied to a millstone. He has been identified on occasion with
1414:
1238:
7588:
5977:
5135:
4757:
4666:
4554:
1974:, in the shape of a crown, differing from the Irish tradition, which is unclear but involved shaving the hair from ear to ear in some fashion
2245:, to argue that the monastic system came to be the dominant ecclesiastical structure in the Irish church, essentially replacing the earlier
7668:
1821:
755:
672:
writers of this time popularised the idea of an indigenous British Christianity that opposed the foreign "Roman" church and was purer (and
4202:
7658:
7593:
2678:
1214:
3310:
3169:
2730:
1560:
819:
3785:
7056:
6869:
5419:
5391:
5372:
5279:
5100:
5078:
5063:
5042:
4986:
4936:
4724:
4622:
3958:
3839:
3729:
3481:
3280:
3054:
2481:
founded the See of Lindisfarne in Anglo-Saxon Northumbria in 635, whence Gaelic-Irish practice heavily influenced northern England.
777:
579:
279:
2725:
1225:
is more obscure, but the native church seems to have been greatly strengthened by Welsh and Irish missionaries such as Saints
261:
98:
is deprecated by many historians as it implies a unified and identifiable entity entirely separate from that of mainstream Western
3269:
Boyle, Elizabeth (2017). "Writing Medieval Irish History in the Nineteenth Century". In Hill, Jacqueline; Lyons, Mary Ann (eds.).
2306:
2016:" ("Britons are contrary to the whole world, enemies of Roman customs, not only in the Mass but also in regard to the tonsure").
1983:
1600:
was born about 360 in what is present day Galloway, the son of a chief of the Novantae, apparently a Christian. He studied under
1202:
376:
2880:
were even driven to complain of the Irish "canonising dead men in troops whenever they seemed to be somewhat better than usual".
2653:
Bradley argues that historically well-founded insights can be applied to re-imagine life and ministry in contemporary churches.
5463:
2673:
and more general Christian revivals. By the end of the 20th century, another wave of enthusiasm began, this time influenced by
2642:
1643:
A Welshman of noble birth, Saint Petroc was educated in Ireland. He set out in a small boat with a few followers. In a type of
1004:
921:
Initially, Christianity was but one of a number of religions: in addition to the native and syncretic local forms of paganism,
882:
811:
5123:
4996:
4834:
4289:
3469:
759:
302:
2521:
The monasteries of the Irish missions, and many at home, adopted the Rule of Saint Columbanus, which was stricter than the
7039:
2854:
2230:
2030:
1706:
1519:
1063:
240:
4750:
Ireland's new religious movements: Alternative Spiritualities, Migrant Religions, the New Age and New Religious Movements
7653:
7312:
2258:
2234:
1543:
had begun spreading these inventions further afield. Such ideas were used by mediaeval anti-Roman movements such as the
1503:'s dispatch of Joseph of Arimathea in part aimed to preserve the priority and authority of the native establishments at
572:
203:
5076:(1981). "The Celtic Church: Is This a Valid Concept? O'Donnell lectures in Celtic Studies, University of Oxford 1975".
2633:, as an effort to maintain the "distinctive tenets of Celtic Christianity" in an autocephalous Christian denomination.
6512:
5777:
5073:
3745:
2242:
2103:, and referred to the state of living or sojourning away from one's homeland in Roman law. It was later used by the
137:
Christianity. As a whole, Celtic-speaking areas were part of Latin Christendom at a time when there was significant
7083:
6958:
6563:
6532:
5917:
5299:
2408:
2269:
1114:
441:
256:
156:, especially in the 6th and 7th centuries. Some elements may have been introduced to Ireland by the Romano-British
1629:
followed Palladius. Serf was the teacher of Saint Mungo, the apostle of Strathclyde, and patron saint of Glasgow.
748:
695:
In the 20th and 21st centuries, ideas about "Celtic Christians" combined with appeals by certain modern churches,
7044:
6879:
6844:
6507:
1758:
1614:
1539:
1295:
1086:
138:
3375:
2265:
225:
7384:
6818:
6794:
6120:
2771:
2601:
2123:
spread widely throughout the Christian church, but it took two additional unique meanings in Celtic countries.
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functions were reserved only for the ordained, but they had little authority in the ecclesiastical structure.
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2354:, who lived for a time the life of a hermit in a cave near the river Severn before founding a monastery in
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ideals. Today, a self-identification with and use of "Celtic Christianity" is common in countries such as
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2522:
2442:
1890:
1778:
1638:
1530:
1473:
1303:
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5151:(2000). "The Social and Political Problems of the Early English Church". In Pelteret, David A. E. (ed.).
4893:
4823:
2052:
In Christian Ireland â as well as Pictish and English peoples they Christianised â a distinctive form of
7329:
7144:
6889:
6789:
6160:
6003:
5982:
4229:
Plummer, Charles (1975) . "Excursus on the Paschal Controversy and Tonsure". In Plummer, Charles (ed.).
3938:
2904:
2828:
2200:
1910:
1878:
1336:
1328:
1252:" was used quite broadly by British, Irish, and English Christians. Extreme cases are Irish accounts of
1182:
972:
456:
293:
4817:. Venerabilis Baedae Opera Historica. Oxonii: E Typographeo Clarendoniano – via Internet Archive.
2221:
One controversial belief is that the true ecclesiastical power in the Celtic world lay in the hands of
1930:
1286:
rulers in favor of their own families and clans. By some estimates, these traditions produced over 800
196:
movements, which have shaped popular perceptions of the Celts and their Christian religious practices.
648:
British were no more pro-women, pro-environment, or even more spiritual than the rest of the Church."
7472:
7344:
7078:
6728:
6125:
6048:
5857:
5782:
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says 200. Bede is unclear on the date of the battle, but the current view is that it occurred in 616.
2890:
2478:
1947:
1898:
1843:
1700:
1648:
1534:
1395:
1170:
1126:
1051:
992:
435:
431:
391:
270:
192:
Churches diverge significantly after the 8th century. Interest in the subject has led to a series of
5325:
Stancliffe, Clare (1992). "Columbanus and the Gallic Bishops". In Constable, G.; Rouche, M. (eds.).
2853:
Note, however, that many events of Patrick's hagiographies may have originally intended the earlier
2365:
on a promontory on the western sea. It was well placed to be a centre of Insular Christianity. When
2034:
cites the authority of Saint Patrick as indicating that the custom originated with the swineherd of
1989:
The prevailing Roman custom was to shave a circle at the top of the head, leaving a halo of hair or
885:, although the first Christian communities probably were established at least some decades earlier.
7359:
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as penance for certain infractions. Additionally, there was a tradition of undertaking a voluntary
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1680:
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1552:
1516:
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1075:
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396:
7525:
7256:
7149:
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6989:
6884:
6710:
6601:
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6487:
6294:
6069:
5837:
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5812:
5722:
5579:
5535:
5429:
5334:
5249:
5008:
3335:
2841:
2474:
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1854:, finding the first Sunday after an idealized Passover on the first full moon after the equinox.
1851:
1798:
1719:
1672:
1618:
1500:
1496:
1324:
1279:
1194:
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996:
930:
634:
496:
80:
41:
1647:, they let God determine their course. The winds and tides brought them to the Padstow estuary.
1317:
Insular Christianity developed distinct traditions and practices, most pointedly concerning the
1003:
in 360. A number of references to the church in Roman Britain are also found in the writings of
4214:
2555:
A recurrent accusation levelled against the Irish throughout the Middle Ages is that they were
2014:
Britones toti mundo contrarii, moribus Romanis inimici, non solum in missa sed in tonsura etiam
1529:) that St Davids finally abandoned its claims to metropolitan status and submitted to the
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5387:
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3954:
3835:
3725:
3477:
3411:
3357:
3276:
3165:
3050:
2823:
2803:
2568:, a heresy whose central tenet was observing Easter on the same date as the eve of the Jewish
1926:
1894:
1512:
1477:
1457:
1426:
1340:
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in Wales around 547 and Ireland around 548, may have contributed to these missionary efforts.
1166:
1118:
1035:
934:
847:
831:
665:
630:
626:
461:
411:
60:
5302:(1984). "Some problems concerning the organisation of the Church in early medieval Ireland".
5022:
Davies, Wendy (1992). "The Myth of the Celtic Church". In Edwards, Nancy; Lane, Alan (eds.).
7418:
7379:
7334:
7321:
7241:
7220:
7123:
7068:
6753:
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6492:
6304:
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968:
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713:
673:
606:
511:
317:
312:
122:
56:
32:
3275:. Histories of the Sacred and Secular, 1700â2000. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 72.
2547:
may have used triple immersion in Baptism, and may have been slow to adopt infant baptism.
1042:
to overrun the northern areas of Roman Britain (in some cases joining in), in concert with
7461:
7399:
7339:
7302:
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7236:
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5908:
5847:
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5747:
5742:
5655:
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3853:
the year of coming to Ireland, which rests upon clear and unvarying tradition, A.D. 432 .
3793:
2918:
2795:
2712:
2430:
1994:
1922:
1893:
cycle of 532 years. The Romans (but not the French) then adopted the still-better work of
1886:
1839:
1817:
1813:
1763:
1601:
1462:
1249:
696:
614:
610:
177:
107:
73:
4812:
3607:
2621:
notes that the recurrent interest in medieval insular Christianity has led to successive
1954:
and its satellites held out until 716, while the Welsh did not adopt the Roman and Saxon
4801:
3807:
7500:
7490:
7466:
7413:
7369:
7284:
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7246:
7191:
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6999:
6979:
6804:
6705:
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6679:
6316:
6250:
6245:
6234:
6215:
6209:
6205:
6018:
6013:
5972:
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5797:
5772:
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5609:
5549:
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5485:
5476:
5449:
3697:
3447:
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2589:
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2207:
2116:
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1422:
1358:
1311:
1275:
1257:
1253:
1055:
958:
870:
307:
185:
64:
2091:
A final distinctive tradition common across Britain and Ireland was the popularity of
7637:
7297:
7269:
7176:
7168:
6910:
6862:
6648:
6596:
6325:
6265:
6255:
6155:
6130:
5921:
5360:
5253:
4399:
3942:
2818:
The date of Alban's execution has been a subject of discussion among historians with
2779:
2560:
2446:
2412:
2351:
2347:
2249:
of the type found in most of the rest of the Christian world. Hughes argued that the
2151:
2024:
1885:. This was introduced to Britain, whose clerics at some point modified it to use the
1882:
1556:
1548:
1469:
1206:
1190:
900:
851:
843:
823:
721:
541:
536:
181:
157:
153:
4979:
The Celtic and Roman Traditions: Conflict and Consensus in the Early Medieval Church
1917:
and eventual restoration to his throne meant that Celtic practice was introduced to
1857:
Various tables were drawn up, aiming to produce the necessary alignment between the
1691:
7615:
7408:
7196:
6720:
6674:
6613:
6522:
6299:
6277:
6270:
5712:
5637:
5627:
5559:
3834:. Cosimo classics biography. New York: Cosimo, Inc. (published 2008). p. 331.
2698:
2543:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2020:
1723:
1597:
1585:
1564:
1499:'s control. The development of legends about the mission of Fagan and Deruvian and
1434:
1267:
1234:
1226:
1178:
1174:
1094:
1047:
1016:
975:
in the early 4th century and its promotion by subsequent Christian emperors. Three
922:
684:
618:
526:
521:
361:
356:
173:
169:
68:
52:
37:
5904:
4910:
1914:
1581:
1400:
1210:
5119:
5053:
5032:
4926:
4544:
3829:
3270:
3044:
7530:
7515:
6916:
6835:
6643:
6628:
6618:
6591:
6417:
6370:
6282:
6185:
6033:
5956:
5871:
5650:
5554:
4922:
4847:
2871:
2661:
2657:
2618:
2438:
2374:
2312:
2290:
2215:
2047:
2001:
1918:
1862:
1495:
of "Gwynedd". The Norman invasion of Wales finally brought Welsh dioceses under
1442:
1350:
1307:
1230:
1218:
1024:
1023:
was said to have visited the island in part to oppose the bishops who advocated
938:
863:
835:
737:
689:
680:
516:
486:
451:
386:
371:
366:
351:
189:
99:
5365:
The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c. 600â800
5353:
The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian
5263:
Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting: Book illumination in the British Isles 600â800
1966:
1343:
record over fifty religious foundations in southeast Wales alone. Although the
27:
Christianity in the Celtic languageâspeaking world during the early Middle Ages
7453:
7441:
6894:
6858:
6658:
6623:
6583:
6175:
5942:
5933:
5245:
3825:
3706:
2688:
2450:
2331:
2286:
2167:
2159:
2073:
1998:
1951:
1906:
1870:
1858:
1739:
1626:
1271:
1102:
984:
942:
874:
669:
476:
5110:
4767:
4418:
4372:
3405:
3330:(8 vols). T. Cotes for William Cooke (London), 1638. Edited and reprinted by
3272:
Representing Irish Religious Histories: Historiography, Ideology and Practice
1675:
worked in Devon. Saint Piran is the patron saint of tin miners. An Irishman,
17:
6853:
5965:
5384:'The Work of Angels', Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6thâ9th centuries AD
5148:
4734:
3916:, 3 vols (Oxford, 1869â78), I, 112-3, Quoted in "The Catholic Encyclopedia".
2556:
2513:) of God" movement founding new monasteries detached from family groupings.
2477:, particularly in Gaul (especially Columbanus). Monks from Iona Abbey under
2466:
2390:
2175:
2061:
1978:
All monks of the period, and apparently most or all clergy, kept a distinct
1122:
1106:
1098:
1085:) stated that Constantine's neglect of the area's defense against Irish and
962:
926:
491:
6165:
4806:. London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts – via Internet Archive.
4058:
Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland
3914:
Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland
3753:
3344:
2493:
part in secular wars â a battle in 764 is supposed to have killed 200 from
1722:. Others who influenced the development of Christianity in Ireland include
5351:(2006). "Bede and the 'Church of the English'". In Baxter, Stephen (ed.).
2893:, whose kingdom had been evangelised by both Irish and Roman missionaries.
2836:
places it in 305. Still others argue that sometime during the persecutors
2681:, both among participants in established churches and independent groups.
2625:
he terms "Celtic Christian revivalism". He notes the establishment of the
1738:
510 â 592, who evangelised in the area of present-day Scotland) and Saint
7510:
6974:
6427:
6382:
6346:
6334:
6195:
6180:
6140:
5960:
5952:
5947:
5929:
5852:
5589:
5584:
5569:
5441:
4714:
3767:
3562:
2569:
2355:
2342:
2335:
2226:
2211:
2163:
1831:
1802:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1605:
1544:
1319:
1241:) and the attendant famines and disease, particularly the arrival of the
1153:
1138:
1134:
1008:
957:, although there is no textual or archaeological evidence to support the
950:
855:
827:
810:
According to medieval traditions, Christianity arrived in Britain in the
531:
501:
481:
446:
5317:
7520:
7495:
7374:
7349:
6984:
6949:
6922:
6849:
6831:
6422:
6358:
5987:
5617:
5594:
5304:
2674:
2526:
2502:
2402:
2386:
2320:
2171:
2155:
2126:
In the first sense, the penitentials prescribed permanent or temporary
2005:
1979:
1971:
1774:
1656:
1378:
1283:
1149:
1050:
attacks on the coast. The Roman provinces seem to have been retaken by
888:
762: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
709:
700:
551:
471:
406:
381:
165:
149:
88:
84:
1604:
before returning to his own land about 397. He established himself at
1189:
among the Saxons in England, Briton refugees and missionaries such as
7505:
7292:
6994:
6969:
6933:
6927:
6840:
6763:
6689:
6608:
6110:
5599:
5544:
3364:. Vol. 5. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 254â256.
3305:
2837:
2510:
2506:
2378:
2316:
2222:
1958:
until induced to do so around 768 by Elfodd, "archbishop" of Bangor.
1809:
1731:
1715:
1676:
1622:
1492:
1383:
1345:
878:
815:
622:
506:
142:
5175:
A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest
4841:. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. pp. 93â5.
3476:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 22.
3452:"1400th anniversary of the re-organisation of the Diocese of London"
3383:
2154:
left his home to ultimately become bishop in Brittany. The Irishmen
1777:
was eventually adopted as a universal practice of the Church by the
4404:
A History of the Welsh Church to the Dissolution of the Monasteries
1141:
or subjugating them under kingdoms with no formal church presence.
869:
The earliest certain historical evidence of Christianity among the
63:. Some writers have described a distinct Celtic Church uniting the
6394:
6200:
6145:
6038:
5632:
5574:
5564:
5522:
5472:
5034:
The Irish in Early Medieval Europe: Identity, Culture and Religion
2735:
2573:
2525:, the main alternative in the West. In particular there was more
2417:
2382:
2370:
2327:
2254:
2194:
2100:
1965:
1690:
1580:
1555:. The legend that Jesus himself visited Britain is referred to in
1399:
1143:
1130:
1105:. In any case, Roman authority was greatly weakened following the
1090:
1039:
971:
intensified with the legalisation of the Christian religion under
906:
887:
794:
644:
613:. Other common claims include that Celtic Christianity denied the
546:
466:
401:
31:
5232:
Meeder, Sven (2011). "Boniface and the Irish Heresy of Clemens".
4659:
Following the Celtic Way: A New Assessment of Celtic Christianity
3700:
Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation. Book 1 Chapter XXII
2645:
popularised and romanticised older Celtic traditions such as the
965:
as deriving from another thousand martyrs during the same years.
148:
Nonetheless, distinctive traditions developed and spread to both
110:
explained, "One of the common misconceptions is that there was a
79:
Such practices include: a distinctive system for determining the
6653:
6190:
6170:
6105:
5938:
4406:. London: Elliot Stock. p. 72 – via Internet Archive.
3943:"Letter on the Keeping of Easter to those not present at Nicaea"
3693:
2822:
proposing that it took place during the persecutions of Emperor
2666:
2241:
This focus on the monastery has led some scholars, most notably
1446:
1409:
1374:
1332:
1067:
800:
7547:
7439:
7218:
7074:
Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
7020:
6452:
6232:
5883:
5520:
5445:
5026:. Oxbow Monograph. Vol. 16. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 12â21.
2334:, founded in the latter part of the fifth century. The son of
1993:; this was eventually associated with the imagery of Christ's
1205:. The Irish in turn made Christians of the Picts and English.
731:
160:, and later, others from Ireland to Great Britain through the
4752:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. pp. 300â317.
4231:
Venerablilis Baedae, Historiam Ecclesiasticam Gentis Anglorum
2917:
The main source for Columbanus's life or vita is recorded by
3474:
An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400â600
2889:
Indeed, this is noted as occurring in the household of King
873:
is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as
3953:, vol. III, Signature Books (published 1996), §18â20,
2505:
tradition came in the second half of the century, with the
2264:
However, more recent scholarship, particularly the work of
1563:". The words of Blake's poem were set to music in 1916 by
1468:
The death of hundreds of British clerics to the pagan king
683:
of the 18th century, in particular Romantic notions of the
3768:"Butler, Alban. "The Lives of the Saints", Vol. VII, 1866"
3336:"The Works of Gildas, Surnamed 'Sapiens,' or the Wise", §8
3426:"Explaining the origin of the 'field of the dead' legend"
2588:. The Celtic Church is also thought to have observed the
2572:, namely the fourteenth day of the Jewish lunar month of
2178:, and other English all followed these Irish traditions.
822:
dated its arrival to the latter part of the reign of the
4640:
4638:
4598:. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 237.
617:, was less authoritarian than the Catholic Church, more
5128:
A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and Early Ireland
4791:
Adomnan (1991). Anderson, A.O.; Anderson, M.O. (eds.).
1290:
that were venerated locally in Wales, but invasions by
708:
Some associate the early Christians of Celtic-speaking
4958:
The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity
4716:
Celtic Christian communities : live the tradition
4546:
The Sacramental Church: The Story of Anglo-Catholicism
4179:
4177:
2004:. This association appears in a 672 letter from Saint
129:" is used to describe this supposed dichotomy between
6386:
3812:
New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
1256:'s presiding over 3,300 saints and Welsh claims that
4928:
Celtic Christianity: Making Myths and Chasing Dreams
4917:. Vol. 16. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
4233:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 348â354.
1058:
had already been killed or taken as slaves. In 407,
7481:
7452:
7398:
7320:
7311:
7283:
7255:
7227:
7167:
7132:
7106:
7027:
6903:
6817:
6772:
6719:
6698:
6667:
6582:
6541:
6463:
6410:
6324:
6315:
6098:
6057:
5996:
5892:
5705:
5674:
5608:
5529:
4355:
Early Christian Ireland: Ancient Peoples and Places
3328:. Faithfully translated out of the originall Latine
1659:. She also travelled to Cornwall â that is ancient
4839:De controversia paschali and De ratione conputandi
2111:, who wrote that Christians should live a life of
720:) with later Christians of north-western Europe's
55:that was common, or held to be common, across the
5434:The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England
4868:McNeill, John T.; Gamer, Helena M., eds. (1938).
4425:. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company
4379:. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company
3456:Dr Rowan Williams: 104th Archbishop of Canterbury
2651:Celtic Christian Communities: Live The Tradition
1897:in 525, which brought them into harmony with the
704:reality of Christianity in the Early Middle Ages.
5292:Irish Monasticism, Origins and Early Development
2754:Translations into languages of Celtic heritage:
1950:saw the northern Irish bishops follow suit. The
1850:) then became a complicated process involving a
5052:Herren, Michael W.; Brown, Shirley Ann (2002).
4696:
4694:
4345:
4343:
2987:
2407:Finnian of Clonard is said to have trained the
2373:of Saint David's. Contemporary with David were
668:declared itself separate from papal authority.
3900:
3623:
3621:
3164:. New York: Oxford U Press. pp. 154â156.
3162:A Study of History: Abridgment of, Volumes 1â6
2596:Influence on Christianity in the British Isles
1113:in 410. Medieval legend attributed widespread
925:and immigrants introduced other cults such as
145:was no less intense in Celtic-speaking areas.
67:and distinguishing them from adherents of the
7664:History of Christianity in the United Kingdom
6350:
5457:
5327:MĂ©langes offerts au Professeur Oliver Guillot
4960:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
4877:Patrick (Saint) (1998). Skinner, John (ed.).
3705:. London: J.M. Dent; E.P. Dutton – via
3360:(1999). "On the Seventy Apostles of Christ".
3192:
3190:
2323:were leading figures in 6th-century Britain.
1551:, as well as by English Catholics during the
953:, were said to have been martyred during the
945:" â probably lived in the early 4th century.
580:
141:. But a general collective veneration of the
8:
6338:
5193:Celtic Benediction: Morning and Night Prayer
5120:"The Church in Early Irish Society: 400â800"
4825:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
4366:
4364:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4120:
3831:Life of St. Patrick and His Place in History
3548:
3533:
3508:
3496:
3046:Die Christianisierung Europas im Mittelalter
2369:sought a scholar for his court, he summoned
1881:", which includes an 84-year cycle based on
1590:Book of Hours of the Virgin and Saint Ninian
1452:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1270:" â those of the invading Irish Brychan and
1169:, although poorly attested, saw the "Age of
6398:
6362:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4068:
4066:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
2967:
2965:
2253:, or network of monasteries attached to an
1482:
1363:
1331:while others continued to solemnly observe
1062:declared himself "emperor of the West" and
1007:Christian fathers. Britain was the home of
621:, friendlier to women, more connected with
139:regional variation of liturgy and structure
7544:
7436:
7317:
7215:
7017:
6769:
6460:
6449:
6374:
6321:
6312:
6229:
5880:
5517:
5464:
5450:
5442:
5436:(3rd ed.). London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.
5339:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5031:Flechner, Roy; Meeder, Sven, eds. (2016).
5013:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4569:
4443:
4244:
4242:
4240:
3343:. Henry G. Bohn (London), 1848. Hosted at
3160:Toynbee, Arnold; Somervell, David (1987).
3143:
3141:
3002:(London, 1966); W. Davies and P. Wormald,
2629:, which maintains a relationship with the
1671:who travelled on to Brittany. Her brother
929:. At various times, the Christians risked
587:
573:
198:
7649:12th-century disestablishments in Ireland
5162:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
3404:Ingram, James; Giles, J.A., eds. (1847).
2983:
2940:
2938:
2902:Bede says 1,200 British clergy died; the
1846:. Calculating the proper date of Easter (
778:Learn how and when to remove this message
4196:
4194:
4192:
4108:
4096:
4084:
4072:
4044:
4032:
4020:
4008:
3896:
3894:
3602:
3600:
2319:and his pupils Saint David, Gildas, and
2115:in the present world while awaiting the
991:, are known to have been present at the
862:, however, are now usually accounted as
102:. For this reason, many prefer the term
4814:Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Angelorum
4700:
4685:
4644:
4203:"The Spirituality of the Celtic Church"
4183:
3972:
3925:
3544:
3542:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3132:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3027:
2971:
2934:
2747:
2225:of monasteries, rather than bishops of
652:Developing image of Celtic Christianity
214:
5332:
5024:The Early Church in Wales and the West
5006:
4872:. New York: Columbia University Press.
4795:(2nd ed.). Oxford Medieval Texts.
4581:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4458:
4322:
4310:
4293:
4277:
3864:
3520:
3069:
2995:
2991:
1487:until induced to do so around 768 by "
1415:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
7644:5th-century establishments in Ireland
5206:"On the Shape of the Insular Tonsure"
4863:. Six Old English Chronicles. London.
4854:. Six Old English Chronicles. London.
4811:Bede (1896). Plummer, Charles (ed.).
4530:
4447:
4168:
3680:
3668:
3644:
3627:
3591:
3579:
3015:
1820:on the first full moon following the
7:
5274:. London: Harvey Miller Publishers.
5272:Book Illumination in the Middle Ages
4881:. Translated by John Skinner. Image.
4482:
4470:
4334:
4248:
4227:This list includes information from
4060:, 3 vols (Oxford, 1869â78), I, 112-3
3996:
3984:
3885:
3656:
3532:Quoted translated from the Latin in
3196:
3147:
2956:
2944:
2489:, one of Columbanus's institutions.
1925:. The groups furthest away from the
1873:was replaced by (or by the time of)
1567:as the well-known song "Jerusalem".
1129:, driving Christian Britons back to
760:adding citations to reliable sources
625:, and more comfortable dealing with
5153:Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings
3000:The Church in Early English Society
1824:but did not always succeed. In his
1655:was the daughter of the Welsh king
1533:, by which point the popularity of
4911:"The Celtic Church and its Saints"
4056:A. W. Haddan and W. Stubbs (ed.),
3912:A. W. Haddan and W. Stubbs (ed.),
3311:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
2998:, pp. 1â20; Kathleen Hughes,
2857:, a Gaul dispatched to Ireland by
2731:History of Christianity in Ireland
2182:Other British and Irish traditions
1812:was originally dated according to
1663:â to evangelize the locals as did
1561:And did those feet in ancient time
1408:from an 8th-century manuscript of
1349:were rather modest affairs, great
912:The discovery of St. Alban's bones
25:
6870:Festival Interceltique de Lorient
5093:The Church in Early Irish Society
5079:Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies
4719:. Kelowna, B.C.: Northstone Pub.
4543:Nash, John F. (9 February 2011).
2326:Not far from Llantwit Fawr stood
1217:, although native saints such as
1209:then began the conversion of the
1181:, and others first completed the
1125:. The Saxon communities followed
280:Christianity in Medieval Scotland
7620:
5870:
5412:How the Irish Saved Civilization
5386:. London: British Museum Press.
5001:Early Medieval Ireland: 400â1200
2705:
2691:
2656:In the 18th and 19th centuries,
2307:Clas (ecclesiastical settlement)
2233:(i.e. they were not necessarily
2064:and ashes in a process known as
2038:, the king who opposed Patrick.
1515:. It was not until the death of
1203:Seven Founder Saints of Brittany
736:
447:Seven Founder Saints of Brittany
224:
168:. However, the histories of the
121:Popularized by German historian
118:Church was nationally opposed."
5355:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
5155:. New York: Garland Publishing.
4888:The Lives of the British Saints
4596:The Rise of the Medieval Church
2095:("exile for Christ"). The term
2057:given for each particular sin.
1421:At the end of the 6th century,
1268:Three Saintly Families of Wales
1167:Fifth and sixth century Britain
747:needs additional citations for
5037:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
4965:Charles-Edwards, T.M. (2000).
4931:. Edinburgh University Press.
4833:Cummian (1988). Walsh, Maura;
4661:. Augsburg Books. p. 12.
4630:Emigres have been influential.
3724:. New York: Ballantine Books.
2586:cultural taboo concerning pork
2315:written some centuries later,
1282:â displaced many of the local
1197:were then responsible for the
933:, although the earliest known
1:
7589:Celtic place names in Galicia
5265:. New York: George Braziller.
5058:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
5055:Christ in Celtic Christianity
4909:Baring-Gould, Sabine (1898).
4886:Baring-Gould, Sabine (1907).
4870:Medieval Handbooks of Penance
4609:Bowden, John Stephen (2005).
4549:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
3612:Powys Digital History Project
3608:"Early Christianity in Wales"
3006:(Audio Learning Tapes, 1980).
2582:Collectio canonum Hibernensis
2341:Illtud, said to have been an
2031:Collectio canonum Hibernensis
1941:
1934:
1757:Connections with the greater
1743:
1735:
1727:
1523:
1079:
899:, written and illustrated by
893:Amphibalus baptizing converts
241:Christianity in Roman Britain
5531:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups
4800:Williams, John, ed. (1860).
4611:Encyclopedia of Christianity
4373:"Welsh Monastic Foundations"
4213:(3): 243â255. Archived from
4201:Woods, Richard (Fall 1985).
3380:Orthodoxy's Western Heritage
3076:, pp. 207â208, 220 n. 3
2784:Credjue Creestee/Creestiaght
2726:History of Ireland (400â800)
1879:On the measurement of Easter
7669:Medieval history of Ireland
6513:Welsh literature in English
5610:Modern Celtic ethnic groups
5382:Youngs, Susan, ed. (1989).
5367:. London: Pearson/Longman.
5130:. Oxford University Press.
3018:, pp. 16, 51, 129, 132
2608:Celtic Christian revivalism
2497:when they were defeated by
1221:also arose. The history of
1199:Christianization of Ireland
1127:a form of Germanic paganism
712:(purportedly recipients of
7685:
7659:Catholic Church in Ireland
6533:Scottish Gaelic literature
5918:Brigantia (ancient region)
5191:Newell, J. Philip (2000).
4828:. Oxford University Press.
4417:Thurston, Herbert (1912).
3901:Flechner & Meeder 2016
2611:
2590:seventh day as the Sabbath
2409:Twelve Apostles of Ireland
2400:
2304:
2045:
1796:
1698:
1636:
1574:
1393:
1121:hired by the British king
881:in the first years of the
442:Twelve Apostles of Ireland
257:Catholic Church in Ireland
7611:
7554:
7543:
7435:
7214:
7016:
6880:Hebridean Celtic Festival
6508:Welsh-language literature
6459:
6448:
6241:
6228:
5879:
5868:
5516:
5483:
5329:. Paris. pp. 205â14.
5261:Nordenfalk, Carl (1977).
5246:10.1017/s0009640711000035
5204:McCarthy, Daniel (2003).
5178:. Longmans, Green, and Co
5118:Hughes, Kathleen (2005).
5091:Hughes, Kathleen (1966).
4859:Giles, J.A., ed. (1848).
4423:The Catholic Encyclopedia
4377:The Catholic Encyclopedia
4371:Chandlery, Peter (1912).
3786:"The Story of St. Petroc"
3563:"Reviews and comments on
2844:(251â259) is more likely.
2792:CrĂostaĂocht/CrĂostĂșlacht
2453:, and metalwork like the
2433:, Irish, late 8th century
2119:. Augustine's version of
2081:medicamenta paentitentiae
1651:was a student of Petroc.
1540:Historia Regum Britanniae
1288:pre-congregational saints
1213:and the other peoples of
1185:. Unwilling or unable to
1183:Christianization of Wales
1093:to fully revolt from the
1087:Saxon raids and invasions
7313:Ancient Celtic languages
4509:, pp. 313, 316, 319
4353:; de Paor, Liam (1958).
4157:McNeill & Gamer 1938
4145:McNeill & Gamer 1938
4133:McNeill & Gamer 1938
4121:McNeill & Gamer 1938
3867:, pp. 306 & 310
3808:"Saint Ciaran of Saigir"
3565:The Book of Welsh Saints
3428:. British History Online
2832:lists the year 283, and
2551:Accusations of Judaizing
2132:peregrinatio pro Christo
2093:peregrinatio pro Christo
1577:Hiberno-Scottish mission
1223:Christianity in Cornwall
1160:Joseph Ratcliffe Skelton
1054:the next year, but many
955:Diocletianic Persecution
846:". Medieval accounts of
805:Aristobulus of Britannia
718:Epistle to the Galatians
327:Christianity in Cornwall
285:Hiberno-Scottish mission
271:Christianity in Scotland
194:Celtic Christian Revival
7584:Gaulish words in French
7569:Celtic words in English
5828:Scottish New Zealanders
5718:Anglo-Celtic Australian
5410:Cahill, Thomas (1996).
5294:. Dublin: Talbot Press.
4967:Early Christian Ireland
4915:The Lives of the Saints
4615:Oxford University Press
4357:. Frederick A. Praeger.
4266:Herren & Brown 2002
3951:The Life of Constantine
3594:, p. 176 and note.
3088:, pp. 223â224 n. 1
2721:Ancient Celtic religion
2614:Neo-Celtic Christianity
2443:illuminated manuscripts
1836:First Council of Nicaea
1818:tried to place Passover
1633:Cornwall and West Devon
1431:Augustine of Canterbury
1406:Augustine of Canterbury
1158:, book illustration by
1089:caused the Britons and
660:The first arose in the
334:Neo-Celtic Christianity
262:Early Christian Ireland
248:Christianity in Ireland
6518:Early Irish literature
6399:
6387:
6375:
6363:
6351:
6339:
5808:Scotch-Irish Canadians
5803:Scotch-Irish Americans
5160:Koch, John T. (2006).
4981:. Palgrave Macmillan.
4313:, p. 311 and note
3470:Snyder, Christopher A.
3407:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
3376:"St. Alban the Martyr"
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2671:Irish Literary Revival
2669:and influenced by the
2631:Syriac Orthodox Church
2627:Celtic Orthodox Church
2523:Rule of Saint Benedict
2434:
2203:
2107:, in particular Saint
1975:
1779:Fourth Lateran Council
1696:
1639:List of Cornish saints
1615:CiarĂĄn of Clonmacnoise
1593:
1531:Province of Canterbury
1483:
1474:Kingdom of Northumbria
1418:
1364:
1304:General Roman Calendar
1237:. Extreme weather (as
1163:
995:. Others attended the
918:
904:
807:
83:, a style of monastic
45:
7145:Scottish independence
6890:Celtic Media Festival
6773:National music scenes
6004:Proto-Celtic religion
5706:Related ethnic groups
4852:De Excidio Britanniae
4713:Bradley, Ian (2000).
4657:Bradley, Ian (2020).
4594:Flick, A. C. (1909).
4461:, pp. 15â16, 125
4398:Newell, E.J. (1895).
3790:St. Petroc's, Padstow
2905:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2829:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2826:as early as 209. The
2768:Cristnogaeth Geltaidd
2421:
2401:Further information:
2361:St David established
2201:Martyrology of Oengus
2198:
1969:
1785:Pan-Celtic traditions
1694:
1584:
1403:
1147:
1038:mutiny, allowing the
1034:saw the troops along
993:Synod of Arles in 314
973:Constantine the Great
916:The Life of St. Alban
910:
897:The Life of St. Alban
891:
798:
615:authority of the Pope
607:Celtic-speaking world
294:Christianity in Wales
87:, a unique system of
35:
7469:(Medieval Welsh law)
7079:Scottish nationalism
6729:Ancient Celtic music
6049:Romano-Celtic temple
5858:Welsh New Zealanders
5783:Irish New Zealanders
5270:PĂ€cht, Otto (1986).
3947:Eusebius of Caesaria
3720:Tuchman, B. (1978).
3072:, pp. 230â270;
2988:Charles-Edwards 2000
2891:Oswiu of Northumbria
2437:The achievements of
1899:Church of Alexandria
1701:List of Irish saints
1649:Kevin of Glendalough
1588:as intercessor from
1537:'s pseudohistorical
1535:Geoffrey of Monmouth
1481:the Roman and Saxon
1396:List of Welsh saints
1103:their native customs
1064:withdrew his legions
1060:Constantine III
1052:Theodosius the Elder
830:: an account of the
756:improve this article
392:Insular illumination
162:Irish mission system
114:Church to which the
104:Insular Christianity
7654:Celtic Christianity
7159:Irish republicanism
7140:Breton independence
7119:Scottish devolution
7052:Cornish nationalism
6875:Pan Celtic Festival
6749:Scottish folk music
6503:Scottish literature
6029:Celtic Christianity
5833:Scottish Travellers
5818:Scottish Argentines
5662:Scottish Travellers
5430:Mayr-Harting, Henry
5318:10.1484/j.peri.3.68
5290:Ryan, John (1931).
5143:Google Books link 2
5095:. London: Methuen.
4892:Scanned by Google;
4217:on 3 November 2013.
3876:Riley, 82â93, 95â96
3386:on 15 November 2009
3362:Ante-Nicean Fathers
2531:corporal punishment
2529:and an emphasis on
2427:evangelist portrait
2266:Donnchadh Ă CorrĂĄin
2247:episcopal structure
2076:at its conclusion.
2010:Geraint of Dumnonia
1827:Life of Constantine
1611:Tigernach of Clones
1596:According to Bede,
1553:English Reformation
1339:spread widely; the
1243:Plague of Justinian
1173:" among the Welsh.
1001:Council of Ariminum
979:bishops, including
860:Joseph of Arimathea
662:English Reformation
563:Portal Christianity
397:Insular monasticism
217:Celtic Christianity
49:Celtic Christianity
7150:Welsh independence
7114:Cornish devolution
7035:Breton nationalism
6885:Celtic Connections
6488:Cornish literature
5838:Ulster Protestants
5823:Scottish Canadians
5813:Scottish Americans
5723:Anglo-Irish people
5170:Lloyd, John Edward
4861:Historia Brittonum
4647:, pp. viiiâix
4521:, pp. 319â320
4280:, pp. 311â312
4207:Spirituality Today
4111:, pp. 142â143
4087:, pp. 147â148
4075:, pp. 140â167
4035:, pp. 141â143
3975:, p. 224 n. 1
3888:, pp. 100â102
3828:(December 2008) .
3796:on 20 August 2013.
3774:. 12 January 2023.
3750:The Whithorn Trust
3683:, pp. 118â119
3630:, pp. 174â175
3582:, pp. 175â177
3523:, pp. 310â311
3199:, pp. 432â434
2994:, pp. 12â21;
2959:, pp. 431â432
2808:Cristianismo celta
2517:Rule of Columbanus
2435:
2204:
2109:Augustine of Hippo
2036:LĂłegaire mac NĂ©ill
1976:
1907:St Columbanus
1852:lunisolar calendar
1799:Easter controversy
1793:Easter calculation
1775:penitential system
1753:Universal practice
1730:451 â 525), Saint
1697:
1673:Nectan of Hartland
1619:Finnian of Movilla
1594:
1501:Philip the Apostle
1476:around 616 at the
1419:
1357:also developed at
1280:Caw of Strathclyde
1195:Finnian of Clonard
1164:
1013:Augustine of Hippo
997:Council of Serdica
919:
905:
808:
497:Finnian of Movilla
424:Saints and leaders
46:
7631:
7630:
7607:
7606:
7539:
7538:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7390:Cisalpine Gaulish
7210:
7209:
7096:national identity
7091:Welsh nationalism
7084:national identity
7064:Irish nationalism
7012:
7011:
7008:
7007:
6945:Cornish wrestling
6813:
6812:
6734:Breton Folk music
6699:Regional cultures
6542:National cultures
6528:Gaelic literature
6483:Breton literature
6444:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6224:
6223:
6136:Chief of the Name
6009:Celtic polytheism
5926:Sub-Roman Britain
5866:
5865:
5753:Irish Australians
5733:Cornish Americans
5692:Scottish diaspora
5286:(trans fr German)
5137:978-0-19-922665-8
5124:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ
4997:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ
4902:Secondary sources
4835:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ
4759:978-1-4438-2588-7
4668:978-1-5064-6743-6
4584:, pp. 251â80
4572:, pp. 211â12
4556:978-1-60899-789-3
4290:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ
3903:, pp. 231â41
3561:Williams, Rowan.
3549:Baring-Gould 1898
3534:Baring-Gould 1898
3509:Baring-Gould 1898
3497:Baring-Gould 1898
3412:Project Gutenberg
3358:Pseudo-Hippolytus
3112:, pp. viiâix
3041:Padberg, Lutz von
3004:The Celtic Church
2824:Septimius Severus
2623:revival movements
2458:commercial ones.
2330:'s foundation of
2199:Excerpt from the
1931:Synod of Mag LĂ©ne
1927:Gregorian mission
1869:. The less exact
1834:records that the
1773:A uniquely Irish
1547:and followers of
1478:Battle of Chester
1458:John Edward Lloyd
1341:Llandaff Charters
1115:Saxon immigration
1101:and reverting to
935:Christian martyrs
923:Roman legionaries
914:, illustrated in
832:seventy disciples
788:
787:
780:
681:Romantic movement
666:Church of England
627:Celtic polytheism
597:
596:
462:Brigit of Kildare
412:Sculptured stones
61:Early Middle Ages
59:world during the
16:(Redirected from
7676:
7624:
7545:
7437:
7419:Galwegian Gaelic
7318:
7216:
7124:Welsh devolution
7018:
6770:
6759:Sean-nĂłs singing
6754:Welsh folk music
6744:Irish folk music
6711:Highland culture
6493:Irish literature
6473:Arthurian Legend
6461:
6450:
6402:
6390:
6378:
6366:
6354:
6342:
6322:
6313:
6290:Neo-Christianity
6230:
6161:Gaelic astrology
6121:Celtic festivals
6024:Celtic mythology
5997:Ancient religion
5914:Iron Age Britain
5881:
5874:
5853:Welsh Argentines
5793:Irish Uruguayans
5788:Irish Travellers
5758:Irish Brazilians
5748:Irish Argentines
5728:Breton Americans
5682:Cornish diaspora
5644:Irish Travellers
5518:
5510:Celtic languages
5466:
5459:
5452:
5443:
5437:
5425:
5414:. Anchor Books.
5397:
5378:
5356:
5349:Wormald, Patrick
5344:
5338:
5330:
5321:
5295:
5285:
5266:
5257:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5210:
5200:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5165:
5156:
5141:
5114:
5087:
5074:Hughes, Kathleen
5069:
5048:
5027:
5018:
5012:
5004:
4992:
4975:Corning, Caitlin
4970:
4961:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4918:
4891:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4842:
4829:
4818:
4807:
4803:Annales Cambriae
4796:
4772:
4771:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4347:
4338:
4337:, pp. 32â34
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4297:
4296:, pp. 13â14
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4252:
4246:
4235:
4234:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4198:
4187:
4181:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4159:, pp. 13â17
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4061:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3792:. Archived from
3782:
3776:
3775:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3756:on 18 July 2011.
3752:. Archived from
3742:
3736:
3735:
3722:A Distant Mirror
3717:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3631:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3604:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3552:
3551:, pp. 30â40
3546:
3537:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3382:, archived from
3372:
3366:
3365:
3354:
3348:
3332:John Allen Giles
3320:Thomas Habington
3317:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3185:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3136:
3130:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2868:
2862:
2859:Pope Celestine I
2851:
2845:
2816:
2810:
2752:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2647:Arthurian legend
2643:literary revival
2578:Clement Scotus I
2566:Quartodecimanism
2367:Alfred the Great
1962:Monastic tonsure
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1867:calendrical moon
1748:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1714:like his own in
1681:CiarĂĄn of Saigir
1653:Saint Endelienta
1528:
1525:
1486:
1439:Synod of Chester
1367:
1355:monastic schools
1201:and made up the
1084:
1081:
1032:Great Conspiracy
1030:Around 367, the
1021:St Germanus
969:Christianization
947:Julius and Aaron
848:King Lucius
783:
776:
772:
769:
763:
740:
732:
674:proto-Protestant
636:Study of History
589:
582:
575:
512:Julius and Aaron
318:Synod of Victory
313:Synod of Chester
228:
218:
208:
199:
123:Lutz von Padberg
81:dating of Easter
21:
7684:
7683:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7603:
7550:
7535:
7477:
7473:Early Scots law
7462:Early Irish law
7448:
7423:
7400:Scottish Gaelic
7394:
7335:Proto-Brittonic
7307:
7303:Beurla Reagaird
7279:
7275:Scottish Gaelic
7251:
7223:
7206:
7202:Columba Project
7182:Celtic Congress
7163:
7128:
7102:
7023:
7004:
6965:Gaelic handball
6955:Gaelic football
6940:Cornish hurling
6899:
6809:
6768:
6715:
6694:
6680:Gaelic clothing
6663:
6578:
6537:
6498:Manx literature
6455:
6432:
6411:Other claimants
6406:
6311:
6261:Celtic Congress
6237:
6220:
6116:Celtic calendar
6094:
6053:
5992:
5888:
5875:
5862:
5848:Welsh Americans
5768:Irish Catholics
5763:Irish Canadians
5743:Irish Americans
5701:
5675:Celtic diaspora
5670:
5604:
5533:
5525:
5512:
5479:
5470:
5440:
5428:
5422:
5409:
5405:
5403:Further reading
5400:
5394:
5381:
5375:
5359:
5347:
5331:
5324:
5300:Sharpe, Richard
5298:
5289:
5282:
5269:
5260:
5231:
5222:
5220:
5208:
5203:
5199:, MI: Eerdmans.
5190:
5181:
5179:
5168:
5159:
5147:
5138:
5117:
5103:
5090:
5072:
5066:
5051:
5045:
5030:
5021:
5005:
4995:
4989:
4973:
4964:
4952:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4921:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4858:
4846:Gildas (1848).
4845:
4832:
4821:
4810:
4799:
4793:Life of Columba
4790:
4786:
4784:Primary sources
4781:
4776:
4775:
4760:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4727:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4669:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4643:
4636:
4625:
4617:. p. 242.
4608:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4570:Stancliffe 1992
4568:
4564:
4557:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4444:Nordenfalk 1977
4442:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4300:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4264:
4255:
4247:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4200:
4199:
4190:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4147:, pp. 9â12
4143:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4071:
4064:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3928:, pp. 1â19
3924:
3920:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3634:
3626:
3619:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3540:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3450:(22 May 2004).
3448:Williams, Rowan
3446:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3315:
3314:. 6th century.
3304:
3300:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3223:, pp. 1, 4
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3139:
3131:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3010:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2919:Jonas of Bobbio
2916:
2912:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2869:
2865:
2855:Saint Palladius
2852:
2848:
2817:
2813:
2776:CrĂŹosdaidheachd
2772:Scottish Gaelic
2753:
2749:
2744:
2713:Cornwall portal
2711:
2706:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2616:
2610:
2598:
2553:
2539:
2519:
2431:Book of Mulling
2405:
2399:
2309:
2303:
2243:Kathleen Hughes
2193:
2184:
2089:
2050:
2044:
1995:crown of thorns
1964:
1948:Council of Birr
1944:
1937:
1923:synod in Whitby
1887:Julian calendar
1840:bishops of Rome
1814:Hebrew calendar
1805:
1797:Main articles:
1795:
1787:
1764:Synod of Whitby
1755:
1746:
1703:
1689:
1641:
1635:
1609:Casa", such as
1602:Martin of Tours
1579:
1573:
1526:
1463:Kingdom of Kent
1433:to convert the
1398:
1392:
1365:Llanilltud Fawr
1152:at the gate of
1082:
1015:'s doctrine of
999:in 347 and the
818:'s 6th-century
793:
784:
773:
767:
764:
753:
741:
730:
654:
611:Catholic Church
602:
593:
557:
556:
438:
434:
430:
425:
417:
416:
347:
339:
338:
303:"Age of Saints"
236:
216:
204:
108:Patrick Wormald
74:Christian world
57:Celtic-speaking
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7682:
7680:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7636:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7618:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7548:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7491:Gaelic warfare
7487:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7467:Cyfraith Hywel
7464:
7458:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7440:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7414:Deeside Gaelic
7411:
7405:
7403:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7385:Hispano-Celtic
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7340:Proto-Goidelic
7337:
7332:
7326:
7324:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7261:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7233:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7192:Celtic society
7189:
7187:Celtic Revival
7184:
7179:
7173:
7171:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7155:United Ireland
7152:
7147:
7142:
7136:
7134:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
7000:Welsh handball
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6980:Highland games
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6913:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6856:
6847:
6838:
6823:
6821:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6776:
6774:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6725:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6706:Gaelic culture
6702:
6700:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6685:Highland dress
6682:
6677:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6649:Pictish stones
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6594:
6588:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6469:
6467:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6392:
6380:
6368:
6356:
6344:
6331:
6329:
6319:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6253:
6251:Celtic nations
6248:
6246:Celtic Revival
6242:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6019:Celtic Animism
6016:
6014:Celtic deities
6011:
6006:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5973:Cisalpine Gaul
5970:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5945:
5936:
5911:
5902:
5900:Gaelic Ireland
5896:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5877:
5876:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5798:Manx Americans
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5773:Irish Chileans
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5738:English people
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5697:Welsh diaspora
5694:
5689:
5687:Irish diaspora
5684:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5514:
5513:
5494:Celtic studies
5486:Celtic nations
5484:
5481:
5480:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5446:
5439:
5438:
5426:
5420:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5392:
5379:
5373:
5361:Yorke, Barbara
5357:
5345:
5322:
5296:
5287:
5280:
5267:
5258:
5234:Church History
5229:
5201:
5188:
5166:
5157:
5145:
5136:
5115:
5101:
5088:
5070:
5064:
5049:
5043:
5028:
5019:
4993:
4987:
4971:
4962:
4950:
4937:
4919:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4883:
4874:
4865:
4856:
4843:
4830:
4819:
4808:
4797:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4758:
4740:
4725:
4705:
4703:, p. viii
4690:
4678:
4667:
4649:
4634:
4623:
4601:
4586:
4574:
4562:
4555:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4487:
4475:
4463:
4451:
4436:
4419:"Welsh Church"
4409:
4390:
4360:
4351:de Paor, MĂĄire
4339:
4327:
4315:
4298:
4282:
4270:
4253:
4236:
4220:
4188:
4173:
4161:
4149:
4137:
4135:, pp. 7â9
4125:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4062:
4049:
4037:
4025:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3959:
3930:
3918:
3905:
3890:
3878:
3869:
3857:
3840:
3817:
3814:. p. 117.
3799:
3777:
3759:
3746:"Saint Ninian"
3737:
3730:
3712:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3659:, pp. 106
3649:
3632:
3617:
3596:
3584:
3572:
3553:
3538:
3525:
3513:
3501:
3489:
3482:
3461:
3439:
3417:
3396:
3367:
3349:
3318:Translated by
3298:
3281:
3261:
3249:
3247:, pp. 2â3
3237:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3186:
3177:
3171:978-0195050806
3170:
3152:
3137:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3062:
3055:
3032:
3020:
3008:
2984:Ă CrĂłinĂn 1995
2976:
2961:
2949:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2910:
2895:
2882:
2877:Acta Sanctorum
2874:compiling the
2863:
2846:
2811:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2702:
2686:
2683:
2658:antiquarianism
2609:
2606:
2597:
2594:
2552:
2549:
2538:
2535:
2518:
2515:
2473:), and on the
2455:Ardagh Chalice
2398:
2395:
2305:Main article:
2302:
2299:
2270:Richard Sharpe
2208:Desert Fathers
2192:
2189:
2187:Christianity.
2183:
2180:
2117:Kingdom of God
2105:Church Fathers
2088:
2085:
2046:Main article:
2043:
2040:
1963:
1960:
1921:until the 664
1822:Spring equinox
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1754:
1751:
1688:
1685:
1634:
1631:
1592:(15th century)
1572:
1569:
1559:'s 1804 poem "
1423:Pope Gregory I
1404:A portrait of
1391:
1388:
1359:Llantwit Major
1276:Cunedda Wledig
1258:Bardsey Island
1254:Gerald of Mayo
1248:The title of "
1056:Romano-Britons
1036:Hadrian's Wall
1011:, who opposed
977:Romano-British
959:folk etymology
949:, citizens of
842:as "bishop of
838:in 1854 lists
834:discovered at
792:
789:
786:
785:
744:
742:
735:
729:
726:
706:
705:
693:
677:
653:
650:
601:
598:
595:
594:
592:
591:
584:
577:
569:
566:
565:
559:
558:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
428:Cornish saints
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
330:
329:
323:
322:
321:
320:
315:
310:
308:Synod of Brefi
305:
297:
296:
290:
289:
288:
287:
282:
274:
273:
267:
266:
265:
264:
259:
251:
250:
244:
243:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
221:
220:
212:
211:
131:Irish-Scottish
65:Celtic peoples
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7681:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7623:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7600:
7599:â in Portugal
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7579:â in Galician
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7546:
7542:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7474:
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7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7438:
7434:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7397:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
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7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
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7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
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7290:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7217:
7213:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7177:Celtic League
7175:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7169:Pan-Celticism
7166:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7105:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7045:reunification
7043:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7015:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
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6941:
6938:
6936:
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6931:
6929:
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6909:
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6888:
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6857:
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6806:
6803:
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6798:
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6757:
6755:
6752:
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6737:
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6730:
6727:
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6724:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6659:Triple spiral
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6478:Bardic Poetry
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6447:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6401:
6396:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6348:
6345:
6341:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6326:Celtic League
6323:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6266:Celtic League
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6256:Pan-Celticism
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6156:Gaelicisation
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:Celticisation
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5939:Iron Age Gaul
5937:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5922:Roman Britain
5919:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5778:Irish Mexican
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5502:Celtic tribes
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5462:
5460:
5455:
5453:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5421:0-385-41849-3
5417:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5395:
5393:0-7141-0554-6
5389:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5374:0-582-77292-3
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5281:0-19-921060-8
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5240:(2): 251â80.
5239:
5235:
5230:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5102:1-59740-067-X
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5065:0-85115-889-7
5061:
5057:
5056:
5050:
5046:
5044:9781137430595
5040:
5036:
5035:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4988:1-4039-7299-0
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4940:
4938:0-7486-1047-2
4934:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4822:Bede (1999).
4820:
4816:
4815:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4726:1-896836-43-7
4722:
4718:
4717:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4624:9780195223934
4620:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4602:
4597:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4539:
4536:
4533:, p. 175
4532:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4497:, p. 317
4496:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4400:"Chapter III"
4394:
4391:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4325:, p. 312
4324:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4251:, p. 433
4250:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4171:, p. 252
4170:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4109:McCarthy 2003
4105:
4102:
4099:, p. 149
4098:
4097:McCarthy 2003
4093:
4090:
4086:
4085:McCarthy 2003
4081:
4078:
4074:
4073:McCarthy 2003
4069:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4047:, p. 141
4046:
4045:McCarthy 2003
4041:
4038:
4034:
4033:McCarthy 2003
4029:
4026:
4023:, p. 140
4022:
4021:McCarthy 2003
4017:
4014:
4011:, p. 146
4010:
4009:McCarthy 2003
4005:
4002:
3999:, p. 217
3998:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3960:1-56085-072-8
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3843:
3841:9781605204024
3837:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3731:0-345-34957-1
3727:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3671:, p. 180
3670:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3647:, p. 177
3646:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3483:0-271-01780-5
3479:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3400:
3397:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3284:
3282:9783319415314
3278:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3150:, p. 432
3149:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3100:, p. xii
3099:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3056:9783150170151
3052:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3030:, p. 207
3029:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2947:, p. 431
2946:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2703:
2700:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:13th-century
2638:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2600:According to
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2561:Old Testament
2558:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2509:or "clients (
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:Book of Kells
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2413:Clonard Abbey
2410:
2404:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:his monastery
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:Samson of Dol
2349:
2348:Paul Aurelian
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:hagiographies
2311:According to
2308:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:there, while
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2025:Jean Mabillon
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:abbey at Iona
1949:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:'s flight to
1912:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:'s treatise "
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:William Blake
1554:
1550:
1549:John Wycliffe
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:dispatched a
1424:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:Saint Columba
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:Saint Patrick
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
937:in Britain â
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
913:
909:
903:(â 1259)
902:
901:Matthew Paris
898:
894:
890:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Roman emperor
821:
817:
813:
806:
802:
797:
790:
782:
779:
771:
761:
757:
751:
750:
745:This section
743:
739:
734:
733:
727:
725:
723:
722:Celtic fringe
719:
715:
711:
702:
698:
694:
691:
686:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
657:
651:
649:
646:
640:
638:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
599:
590:
585:
583:
578:
576:
571:
570:
568:
567:
564:
561:
560:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
542:Samson of Dol
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
437:
433:
429:
421:
420:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
343:
342:
335:
332:
331:
328:
325:
324:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
298:
295:
292:
291:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
275:
272:
269:
268:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
238:
232:
231:
227:
223:
222:
219:
213:
209:
207:
201:
200:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:Saint Patrick
155:
154:Great Britain
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:Iroschottisch
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:Celtic Church
92:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:is a form of
50:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Celtic church
7616:Celts portal
7574:â in Spanish
7409:Arran Gaelic
7330:Proto-Celtic
7298:Bungi Creole
7197:Celtic unity
7133:Independence
6932:
6915:
6739:Gaelic music
6675:Celtic Dress
6624:High crosses
6614:Celtic cross
6592:Bell shrines
6523:Irish annals
6305:Neo-Druidism
6300:Celtic Wicca
6271:Celtic union
6235:Modern Celts
6126:Celtic women
6034:Celtic Rites
6028:
5983:Transylvania
5843:Ulster Scots
5713:Anglo-Celtic
5560:Celtiberians
5505:
5497:
5489:
5477:modern Celts
5433:
5411:
5383:
5364:
5352:
5326:
5309:
5303:
5291:
5271:
5262:
5237:
5233:
5221:. Retrieved
5216:
5212:
5197:Grand Rapids
5192:
5180:. Retrieved
5174:
5161:
5152:
5127:
5092:
5083:
5077:
5054:
5033:
5023:
5000:
4978:
4969:. Cambridge.
4966:
4957:
4954:Brown, Peter
4942:. Retrieved
4927:
4923:Bradley, Ian
4914:
4894:alphabetized
4887:
4878:
4869:
4860:
4851:
4838:
4824:
4813:
4802:
4792:
4779:Bibliography
4749:
4743:
4715:
4708:
4701:Bradley 1999
4688:, p. ix
4686:Bradley 1999
4681:
4672:
4658:
4652:
4645:Bradley 1999
4628:
4610:
4604:
4595:
4589:
4577:
4565:
4545:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4485:, p. 37
4478:
4473:, p. 36
4466:
4454:
4439:
4427:. Retrieved
4422:
4412:
4403:
4393:
4381:. Retrieved
4376:
4354:
4330:
4318:
4285:
4273:
4268:, p. 13
4230:
4223:
4215:the original
4210:
4206:
4186:, p. 17
4184:Corning 2006
4164:
4152:
4140:
4128:
4123:, p. 28
4116:
4104:
4092:
4080:
4057:
4052:
4040:
4028:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3987:, p. 34
3980:
3973:Wormald 2006
3968:
3950:
3933:
3926:Corning 2006
3921:
3913:
3908:
3881:
3872:
3860:
3852:
3845:. Retrieved
3830:
3820:
3811:
3802:
3794:the original
3789:
3780:
3771:
3762:
3754:the original
3749:
3740:
3721:
3715:
3699:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3611:
3587:
3575:
3564:
3556:
3536:, p. 39
3528:
3516:
3511:, p. 26
3504:
3499:, p. 41
3492:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3442:
3430:. Retrieved
3420:
3406:
3399:
3388:, retrieved
3384:the original
3379:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3339:
3327:
3323:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3286:. Retrieved
3271:
3264:
3257:Corning 2006
3252:
3245:Corning 2006
3240:
3233:Corning 2006
3228:
3221:Corning 2006
3216:
3209:Corning 2006
3204:
3180:
3161:
3155:
3133:Corning 2006
3110:Bradley 1999
3105:
3098:Corning 2006
3093:
3086:Wormald 2006
3081:
3074:Wormald 2006
3065:
3045:
3035:
3028:Wormald 2006
3023:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2979:
2974:, p. 18
2972:Corning 2006
2952:
2913:
2903:
2898:
2885:
2875:
2866:
2849:
2827:
2814:
2750:
2699:Wales portal
2655:
2650:
2639:
2635:
2617:
2599:
2581:
2554:
2544:confirmation
2540:
2520:
2499:Clonmacnoise
2495:Durrow Abbey
2491:
2487:Bobbio Abbey
2483:
2470:
2462:
2460:
2451:high crosses
2436:
2406:
2360:
2340:
2325:
2310:
2295:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2263:
2250:
2240:
2220:
2205:
2185:
2152:Saint Samson
2148:peregrinatio
2147:
2142:
2140:
2136:peregrinatio
2135:
2131:
2128:peregrinatio
2127:
2125:
2121:peregrinatio
2120:
2113:peregrinatio
2112:
2097:peregrinatio
2096:
2092:
2090:
2087:Peregrinatio
2080:
2078:
2069:
2066:exomologesis
2065:
2059:
2051:
2042:Penitentials
2029:
2021:James Ussher
2018:
2013:
1990:
1988:
1977:
1955:
1903:
1871:8-year cycle
1856:
1847:
1825:
1808:
1806:
1788:
1772:
1768:
1756:
1711:
1704:
1645:peregrinatio
1644:
1642:
1598:Saint Ninian
1595:
1589:
1586:Saint Ninian
1565:Hubert Parry
1538:
1467:
1450:
1443:Northumbrian
1435:Anglo-Saxons
1420:
1413:
1362:
1344:
1329:Resurrection
1318:
1316:
1294:, Irishmen,
1261:
1247:
1179:Saint Illtud
1175:Saint Dubric
1165:
1148:
1111:sack of Rome
1097:, rejecting
1095:Roman Empire
1029:
1017:original sin
967:
920:
915:
911:
896:
892:
868:
864:pious frauds
809:
774:
765:
754:Please help
749:verification
746:
707:
699:groups, and
697:modern pagan
685:noble savage
655:
641:
635:
603:
436:Welsh saints
432:Irish saints
362:Celtic Cross
357:Celtic chant
215:
205:
193:
147:
134:
130:
126:
125:, the term "
120:
115:
111:
103:
95:
93:
78:
53:Christianity
48:
47:
38:Celtic Cross
29:
7531:Trimarcisia
7516:GallĂłglaigh
7345:Celtiberian
7069:Isle of Man
7028:Nationalism
6917:Bataireacht
6836:Calan Gaeaf
6795:Isle of Man
6639:Leaf-crowns
6629:Insular art
6602:Dragonesque
6564:Isle of Man
6418:Nova Scotia
6371:Isle of Man
6295:Neopaganism
6044:Monasticism
5555:Caledonians
5164:. ABC-CLIO.
4848:Giles, J.A.
4582:Meeder 2011
4519:Hughes 2005
4507:Hughes 2005
4495:Hughes 2005
4459:Youngs 1989
4429:19 November
4383:18 December
4323:Hughes 2005
4311:Hughes 2005
4294:Youngs 1989
4278:Hughes 2005
3939:Constantine
3865:Hughes 2005
3826:Bury, J. B.
3521:Hughes 2005
3432:20 November
3390:21 November
3341:Cirencester
3259:, p. 3
3235:, p. 2
3211:, p. 4
3135:, p. 1
3070:Sharpe 1984
2996:Hughes 1981
2992:Davies 1992
2872:Bollandists
2820:John Morris
2800:Kristeniezh
2619:Ian Bradley
2602:John Bowden
2471:Colum Cille
2439:insular art
2375:Saint Teilo
2291:St. Columba
2259:sacramental
2216:Lindisfarne
2191:Monasticism
2048:Penitential
2002:Simon Magus
1919:Northumbria
1695:St. Patrick
1527: 1147
1513:Glastonbury
1351:monasteries
1337:Monasticism
1156:'s fortress
1119:mercenaries
1005:4th-century
939:Saint Alban
931:persecution
883:3rd century
840:Aristobulus
836:Mount Athos
812:1st century
690:rationalism
664:, when the
645:"Celticity"
600:Definitions
387:Insular art
372:Celtic Rite
367:Celtic mass
352:Bell shrine
100:Christendom
7638:Categories
7594:â in Italy
7496:Ceathairne
7360:Gallaecian
6990:Road bowls
6895:Eisteddfod
6863:Calan Awst
6859:Lughnasadh
6465:Literature
6328:definition
6151:Clan chief
5943:Roman Gaul
5934:Hen Ogledd
5660:including
5642:including
5312:: 230â70.
5149:John, Eric
4531:Lloyd 1912
4448:PĂ€cht 1986
4169:Brown 2003
3707:Wikisource
3681:Yorke 2006
3669:Lloyd 1912
3645:Lloyd 1912
3628:Lloyd 1912
3592:Lloyd 1912
3580:Lloyd 1912
3345:Wikisource
3316:(in Latin)
3288:4 February
3049:. Reclam.
3016:Brown 2003
2929:References
2760:Kristoneth
2612:See also:
2423:Saint John
2332:Llancarfan
2287:St. Brigid
2168:Willibrord
2160:Two Ewalds
2074:absolution
1999:heresiarch
1970:The Roman
1945: 697
1938: 630
1875:Augustalis
1859:solar year
1844:Alexandria
1759:Latin West
1747: 570
1699:See also:
1667:mother of
1637:See also:
1627:Saint Serf
1575:See also:
1505:St David's
1489:Archbishop
1470:Ăthelfrith
1394:See also:
1272:Hen Ogledd
1239:around 535
1187:missionize
1083: 500
1074:historian
1025:his heresy
985:Restitutus
981:Archbishop
943:Amphibalus
875:Tertullian
670:Protestant
477:Columbanus
7526:Redshanks
7501:Ceithearn
7229:Brittonic
7221:Languages
6854:Calan Mai
6845:GƔyl Fair
6819:Festivals
6634:Interlace
6058:Mythology
5966:Gallaecia
5580:Galatians
5335:cite book
5254:163075473
5219:: 140â167
5111:711797907
5009:cite book
5003:. London.
4879:Confessio
4768:758707463
4483:John 2000
4471:John 2000
4335:John 2000
4249:Koch 2006
3997:Ryan 1931
3985:John 2000
3886:Ryan 1931
3657:Bede 1999
3197:Koch 2006
3148:Koch 2006
2957:Koch 2006
2945:Koch 2006
2557:Judaizers
2479:St. Aidan
2475:continent
2467:Old Irish
2463:Colmcille
2445:like the
2429:from the
2391:Glamorgan
2377:, Cadoc,
2343:Armorican
2176:Ceolfrith
2143:peregrini
2062:sackcloth
1915:DĂĄl Riata
1895:Dionysius
1891:Victorian
1781:of 1215.
1720:Old Irish
1712:civitates
1707:Palladius
1306:: Saints
1211:DĂĄl Riata
1123:Vortigern
1107:Visigoths
1099:Roman law
1072:Byzantine
963:Lichfield
927:Mithraism
768:July 2021
619:spiritual
517:Kentigern
492:Dubricius
164:of Saint
94:The term
44:, Ireland
7511:Gaesatae
7402:dialects
7365:Lepontic
7355:Galatian
7257:Goidelic
7107:Autonomy
7022:Politics
6975:Rounders
6827:Calendar
6800:Scotland
6785:Cornwall
6780:Brittany
6668:Clothing
6619:Knotwork
6597:Brooches
6569:Scotland
6554:Cornwall
6549:Brittany
6428:Y Wladfa
6383:Scotland
6347:Cornwall
6335:Brittany
6186:SeanchaĂ
6181:Tanistry
6141:Derbfine
6070:Scottish
5961:Brittany
5957:Domnonée
5953:Armorica
5948:Britonia
5930:Dumnonia
5905:DĂĄlriata
5590:Lepontii
5585:Helvetii
5570:Gallaeci
5432:(1991).
5363:(2006).
5172:(1912).
4999:(1995).
4977:(2006).
4956:(2003).
4925:(1999).
4837:(eds.).
4735:44620654
3772:Bartleby
3696:(1910).
3472:(1998).
3043:(1998).
2842:Valerian
2804:Galician
2685:See also
2662:Romantic
2570:Passover
2356:Brittany
2336:Gwynllyw
2274:paruchia
2251:paruchia
2231:ordained
2227:dioceses
2212:Cuthbert
2164:Willehad
2070:sacerdos
2008:to King
1956:computus
1861:and the
1848:computus
1832:Eusebius
1816:, which
1803:computus
1669:St David
1665:St Nonna
1661:Dumnonia
1606:Whithorn
1571:Scotland
1545:Lollards
1509:Llandaff
1484:computus
1320:computus
1312:Winifred
1284:Silurian
1215:Scotland
1154:Bridei I
1139:Brittany
1135:Cornwall
1009:Pelagius
951:Caerleon
856:Deruvian
828:Tiberius
532:Oudoceus
502:Gwynllyw
482:Cuthbert
346:Features
206:a series
202:Part of
7564:Deities
7521:Hobelar
7483:Warfare
7446:Warfare
7380:Pictish
7375:Cumbric
7350:Gaulish
7322:Extinct
7242:Cornish
7040:history
6985:Hurling
6959:Ladies'
6950:Curling
6923:Camogie
6850:Beltane
6832:Samhain
6790:Ireland
6559:Ireland
6454:Culture
6423:England
6359:Ireland
6317:Nations
6216:Coinage
6206:Warfare
6099:Society
6090:Cornish
6080:British
5988:Galatia
5978:Balkans
5886:Studies
5623:Cornish
5618:Bretons
5595:Noricum
5550:Britons
5523:Peoples
5305:Peritia
5223:18 June
5213:Celtica
5126:(ed.).
5086:: 1â20.
4850:(ed.).
4674:Church.
3949:(ed.),
3941:(325),
3326:Sapiens
2756:Cornish
2679:Ireland
2675:New Age
2537:Baptism
2527:fasting
2511:vassals
2503:ascetic
2465:or, in
2403:Termonn
2397:Ireland
2387:Tysilio
2321:Deiniol
2235:priests
2172:Wilfrid
2156:Columba
2054:penance
2006:Aldhelm
1980:tonsure
1972:tonsure
1940:); the
1865:of the
1740:CaillĂn
1687:Ireland
1657:Brychan
1520:Bernard
1497:England
1472:of the
1445:cleric
1427:mission
1379:tonsure
1300:Normans
1296:Vikings
1150:Columba
1076:Zosimus
895:, from
871:Britons
844:Britain
820:account
799:Modern
791:Britain
728:History
710:Galatia
701:New Age
631:Toynbee
552:Tewdrig
537:Patrick
472:Columba
457:Brendan
407:Plygain
382:Culdees
235:History
186:Cornish
166:Columba
150:Ireland
89:penance
85:tonsure
7559:Tribes
7506:Fianna
7293:Shelta
7237:Breton
7057:status
6995:Shinty
6970:Gouren
6934:Cnapan
6928:Cammag
6841:Imbolc
6764:Carnyx
6690:Tartan
6609:Carnyx
6376:Mannin
6352:Kernow
6340:Breizh
6210:Gaelic
6166:FĂĄinne
6111:Brehon
6085:Breton
6039:Druids
5893:Places
5600:Volcae
5545:Belgae
5506:·
5504:
5498:·
5496:
5490:·
5488:
5418:
5390:
5371:
5278:
5252:
5182:17 May
5134:
5109:
5099:
5062:
5041:
4985:
4935:
4766:
4756:
4733:
4723:
4665:
4621:
4553:
3957:
3847:5 July
3838:
3728:
3702:
3480:
3306:Gildas
3279:
3168:
3053:
2838:Decius
2796:Breton
2660:, the
2507:culdee
2379:Padarn
2317:Illtud
2223:abbots
1991:corona
1984:slaves
1911:Oswald
1863:phases
1810:Easter
1732:Moluag
1724:Brigid
1716:Armagh
1677:Ciaran
1623:Ternan
1617:, and
1517:Bishop
1511:, and
1493:Elfodd
1429:under
1384:parish
1377:. The
1373:, and
1371:Bangor
1346:clasau
1325:Easter
1292:Saxons
1235:Breaca
1233:, and
1227:Petroc
1171:Saints
1162:(1906)
1137:, and
1070:. The
989:London
983:
879:Origen
858:, and
826:
816:Gildas
623:nature
527:Ninian
507:Illtud
188:, and
182:Breton
143:Papacy
116:Celtic
7549:Lists
7370:Noric
7285:Mixed
7265:Irish
7247:Welsh
6911:Bando
6904:Sport
6805:Wales
6721:Music
6654:Torcs
6644:Mazes
6574:Wales
6400:Cymru
6395:Wales
6278:Music
6201:Vates
6196:TĂșath
6146:Druid
6075:Welsh
6065:Irish
5656:Scots
5638:Irish
5633:Gaels
5628:Welsh
5575:Gauls
5565:Gaels
5536:Names
5508:
5500:
5492:
5473:Celts
5250:S2CID
5209:(PDF)
5122:. In
4944:9 May
3945:, in
2788:Irish
2764:Welsh
2742:Notes
2736:Papar
2574:Nisan
2441:, in
2383:Beuno
2371:Asser
2328:Cadoc
2301:Wales
2255:abbey
2141:Most
2101:Latin
1883:Meton
1742:(fl.
1390:Wales
1308:David
1250:saint
1231:Piran
1219:Mungo
1131:Wales
1091:Gauls
1048:Saxon
1044:Irish
1040:Picts
941:and "
852:Fagan
547:Teilo
487:David
467:Cadoc
452:Alban
402:Papar
178:Scots
174:Welsh
170:Irish
135:Roman
112:Roman
106:. As
69:Roman
42:Knock
7444:and
7270:Manx
7157:and
6388:Alba
6364:Ăire
6283:Rock
6191:Sept
6171:Fili
6106:Bard
5909:Alba
5651:Manx
5475:and
5416:ISBN
5388:ISBN
5369:ISBN
5341:link
5276:ISBN
5225:2009
5184:2010
5132:ISBN
5107:OCLC
5097:ISBN
5060:ISBN
5039:ISBN
5015:link
4983:ISBN
4946:2013
4933:ISBN
4764:OCLC
4754:ISBN
4731:OCLC
4721:ISBN
4663:ISBN
4619:ISBN
4551:ISBN
4431:2013
4385:2015
3955:ISBN
3849:2022
3836:ISBN
3726:ISBN
3694:Bede
3478:ISBN
3434:2008
3392:2013
3290:2018
3277:ISBN
3166:ISBN
3051:ISBN
2870:The
2834:Bede
2780:Manx
2667:Iona
2385:and
2289:and
2268:and
1842:and
1801:and
1625:and
1447:Bede
1410:Bede
1375:Iona
1353:and
1333:Lent
1310:and
1278:and
1263:llan
1193:and
1068:Gaul
1046:and
877:and
854:and
801:icon
714:Paul
679:The
522:Malo
377:Clas
190:Manx
152:and
133:and
7454:Law
7442:Law
6584:Art
6176:Law
5314:doi
5242:doi
4292:in
3338:in
2840:or
2415:.
2411:at
2214:of
2099:is
1749:).
1449:'s
1412:'s
1369:),
1323:of
1274:'s
1117:to
1066:to
987:of
961:of
803:of
758:by
716:'s
633:'s
40:in
7640::
5959:/
5955:/
5941:/
5932:/
5928:/
5924:/
5920:/
5916:/
5907:/
5337:}}
5333:{{
5308:.
5248:.
5238:80
5236:.
5217:24
5215:.
5211:.
5195:.
5105:.
5082:.
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5007:{{
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4301:^
4256:^
4239:^
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4065:^
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2990:;
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2798::
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2778:;
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2770:;
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2393:.
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2218:.
2174:,
2170:,
2166:,
2162:,
1986:.
1942:c.
1935:c.
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1298:,
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