242:... classifications of convenience for government officials transformed into contested identities for the Indian public as the census went from an enumerative exercise of the British government to an authoritative representation of the social body and a vital tool of indigenous interests. All of this pivoted on the fact that statistical comparison in British India relied upon a purportedly scientific classificatory system dissimilar to Indic antecedents yet similar to that of medieval Europe: focused on mutually exclusive, essence-defined, religious categories.
143:
322:, "... a continuous household form for recording characteristics of successive households in a defined locality, which had proved ideal for cross-checking for internal consistency of demographic attributes of each member of a household as well as for manual coding and tabulation". The new individualised method was intended to assist in analysis using
326:. The proposal was to conduct a full enumeration of basic data, such as headcount, age and gender, and to conduct a more detailed sampled enumeration of socio-economic and cultural characteristics. It was thought that this approach would save time and money, as well as reduce the extent of problems caused by errors, undercounts and inconsistencies.
200:
temporary administrative structure that was put in place for each census and then dismantled. From that time on, the office of the
Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India has existed as a permanent department of central government; each state and union territory has a supervisory Directorate of Census Operations.
334:
method. Very little data was produced other than figures for total population and, says Mitra, "The tabulations of the results on machines were so botched and delayed that even by 1954, no complete tabulations ... had been made. The final results defied coherent interpretation at the state or national level."
367:
but was no match for
Gopalaswami, who successfully argued that the diversity of the Indian populace — such as its multilinguality and multiethnicity — was so extreme that no sample would have any statistical utility for planning purposes. The use of individual enumeration slips, combined
333:
was ongoing and by India's literacy and education standards. Those standards made it unfeasible to permit self-enumeration by the respondents but the costs and time involved in training enumerators to act on their behalf had not been offset against the perceived benefits of adopting the sampling
199:
The first census of India was conducted in the 1872 and attempted to collect data across as much of the country as was feasible. The first of the decennial censuses took place in 1881. Until 1961, responsibility for arranging, conducting and analysing the results of the census was exercised by a
266:. He was appointed in 1899 and was influenced by Baines. The detailed regulations that he formulated for the exercise were also used for the 1911 census, and the work involved in co-ordinating the various provincial administrations was considerable and detailed.
317:
era. He made almost no changes to the questions that had been asked of respondents previously but was persuaded to introduce a system whereby each person received their own form for completion. Prior to this, the questionnaires had been, according to
214:
Attempts to enumerate population in parts of the Indian subcontinent and, more important, to assess landholdings for revenue purposes, existed before the
British Raj and are attested in writings such as those of
301:
says that "... some of the arguments and cultural parallels contained in Part 1 advanced novel theories perhaps more appropriate to a learned journal that to the pages of an official census report."
289:
was given the office of
Commissioner for the 1931 census. Aside from performing his official duties in the compilation of the subsequent report, he used the experience when writing his personal work,
368:
with household schedules, was retained but the slips were simplified as much as possible in order to maximise the accuracy of information derived from a population that had limited capabilities.
227:, too, carried out quantitative exercises in various places and at various times. By 1871–72, when the Raj authorities conducted the first all-India census, the only
747:
1055:
380:
had been appointed
Commissioner for this census and he, too, was able to counter the idea after demonstrating how cross-checks of the data were performed.
228:
177:
879:
238:
The conduct of censuses in India by the
British Raj administration significantly influenced the culture of the country. Peter Gottschalk says that:
1050:
911:
896:
561:
209:
999:
848:
588:
534:
504:
477:
767:
298:
709:
157:
118:
293:, that was published in 1946. The first ever caste based census in India was done in 1931. He encouraged administrators of the
872:
106:
364:
360:
347:
The importance of large quantities of detailed and varied demographic data increased as India moved towards adoption of
376:
In discussions concerning the census of 1961, Mahalanobis tried once more to cause the adoption of a sampling system.
669:
Bhagat, Ram B. (April–June 2006). "Census and caste enumeration: British legacy and contemporary practice in India".
1045:
251:
224:
169:
426:
216:
865:
348:
173:
994:
1026:
1004:
418:
189:
161:
356:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
916:
394:
352:
294:
154:
142:
122:
812:
775:
752:
678:
616:
319:
844:
584:
578:
557:
530:
524:
500:
494:
473:
465:
389:
323:
286:
232:
714:
888:
313:
was appointed Census
Commissioner for the 1941 census, which proved to be the last of the
310:
165:
450:
425:
around 1869 but it was not completed until a few years after the first all-India census;
641:
1039:
220:
637:
330:
263:
733:
359:. The new incumbent refused to be swayed, as Yeatts had been, by the arguments of
17:
838:
551:
377:
314:
772:
Proceedings of the Royal
Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
718:
645:
700:
580:
Religion, Science, and Empire: Classifying
Hinduism and Islam in British India
526:
Religion, Science, and Empire: Classifying
Hinduism and Islam in British India
496:
Religion, Science, and Empire: Classifying Hinduism and Islam in British India
274:
774:(1968). Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 66–67.
607:
R.H.R.; S. de J. (January 1926). "Obituary: Sir Athelstane Baines, C.S.I.".
553:
The Other Empire: Metropolis, India and Progress in the Colonial Imagination
76:
297:
to write about the various communities with which they were familiar and
254:
was in charge of the 1891 census. He adjusted the classification system.
682:
231:
that had not already attempted to conduct a region-wide enumeration was
816:
779:
620:
363:
regarding adoption of sampling methods. Mahalanobis had founded the
857:
451:"Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India"
193:
141:
93:
80:
803:
Mitra, Asok (17–24 December 1994). "Census 1961: New Pathways".
429:
had conducted a limited survey of the region in the early 1800s.
861:
329:
The census was not a success. It was hampered by the fact that
188:
The Indian Census is the largest single source of a variety of
748:"No data since 1931, will 2011 Census be all-caste inclusive?"
133:
160:, for arranging, conducting and analysing the results of the
466:"Data Collection in Census: A Survey of Census Enumerators"
499:. Oxford University Press. pp. 185–186, 188–189.
987:
936:
929:
904:
895:
128:
112:
99:
87:
71:
63:
45:
37:
1023:Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India
151:Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India
33:Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India
840:The Census Administration Under the Raj and After
615:(1). London: Royal Statistical Society: 182–184.
172:. The position of Registrar is usually held by a
518:
516:
351:. Yeatts was appointed as Commissioner for the
240:
470:India's Demographic Transition: A Reassessment
192:on different characteristics of the people of
873:
650:(Memorial ed.). Calcutta: Thacker, Spink
8:
713:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
556:. Manchester University Press. p. 209.
32:
101:Registrar General & Census Commissioner
933:
901:
880:
866:
858:
602:
600:
277:was in overall charge of the 1911 census.
31:
798:
796:
794:
792:
770:(1968). "John Henry Hutton, 1885–1968".
609:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
583:. Oxford University Press. p. 183.
529:. Oxford University Press. p. 191.
710:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
705:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
442:
411:
421:had commenced work on what became the
468:. In Rajan, Sebastian Irudaya (ed.).
355:but died in 1948 and was replaced by
262:The Census Commissioner for 1901 was
210:Census of India prior to independence
7:
1000:2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census
229:administrative area of British India
472:. M. D. Publications. p. 111.
1056:Statistical organisations in India
25:
699:Macfarlane, Alan (January 2011).
701:"Hutton, John Henry (1885–1968)"
768:von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph
299:Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf
1:
805:Economic and Political Weekly
423:Statistical Account of Bengal
1051:Government agencies of India
837:Maheshwari, Shriram (1996).
734:UK public library membership
464:Vemuri, Murali Dhar (1997).
365:Indian Statistical Institute
361:Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
67:Official Census organisation
349:five-year development plans
51:; 63 years ago
1072:
577:Gottschalk, Peter (2012).
523:Gottschalk, Peter (2012).
493:Gottschalk, Peter (2012).
252:Jervoise Athelstane Baines
225:British East India Company
207:
170:Linguistic Survey of India
1017:
427:Francis Buchanan-Hamilton
153:, founded in 1961 by the
146:India population density.
105:Mritunjay Kumar Narayan,
638:Risley, Sir Herbert Hope
158:Ministry of Home Affairs
119:Ministry of Home Affairs
27:Census official of India
822:(subscription required)
785:(subscription required)
688:(subscription required)
626:(subscription required)
550:Marriott, John (2003).
190:statistical information
995:Indian economic census
843:. Concept Publishing.
719:10.1093/ref:odnb/53568
244:
217:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
147:
1027:Demographics of India
1005:Census of agriculture
419:William Wilson Hunter
145:
811:(51/52): 3207–3221.
395:2011 Census of India
353:1951 Census of India
295:Indian Civil Service
176:holding the rank of
647:The People of India
164:of India including
162:demographic surveys
155:Government of India
123:Government of India
114:Parent organisation
34:
753:The Times of India
324:Hollerith machines
204:British Raj period
148:
18:Censusindia.gov.in
1046:Censuses in India
1033:
1032:
1013:
1012:
937:National censuses
930:Post-Independence
925:
924:
905:National censuses
732:(Subscription or
563:978-0-7190-6018-2
390:Scientific racism
357:R. A. Gopalaswami
338:Post-independence
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
1063:
934:
902:
897:Pre-independence
882:
875:
868:
859:
854:
824:
823:
820:
800:
787:
786:
783:
764:
758:
757:
756:. 11 March 2010.
744:
738:
737:
729:
727:
725:
696:
690:
689:
686:
666:
660:
659:
657:
655:
634:
628:
627:
624:
604:
595:
594:
574:
568:
567:
547:
541:
540:
520:
511:
510:
490:
484:
483:
461:
455:
454:
447:
430:
416:
136:
134:Official Website
75:Jai Singh Road,
59:
57:
52:
35:
21:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1009:
983:
921:
891:
889:Census of India
886:
851:
836:
833:
831:Further reading
828:
827:
821:
802:
801:
790:
784:
766:
765:
761:
746:
745:
741:
731:
723:
721:
698:
697:
693:
687:
668:
667:
663:
653:
651:
642:Crooke, William
636:
635:
631:
625:
606:
605:
598:
591:
576:
575:
571:
564:
549:
548:
544:
537:
522:
521:
514:
507:
492:
491:
487:
480:
463:
462:
458:
449:
448:
444:
434:
433:
417:
413:
403:
386:
374:
345:
340:
311:W. W. M. Yeatts
308:
283:
272:
260:
249:
233:Bengal Province
212:
206:
186:
178:Joint Secretary
166:Census of India
132:
115:
102:
90:
55:
53:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
989:
988:Other censuses
985:
984:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
940:
938:
931:
927:
926:
923:
922:
920:
919:
914:
908:
906:
899:
893:
892:
887:
885:
884:
877:
870:
862:
856:
855:
849:
832:
829:
826:
825:
788:
759:
739:
691:
677:(2): 119–134.
661:
629:
596:
589:
569:
562:
542:
535:
512:
505:
485:
478:
456:
441:
440:
432:
431:
410:
409:
402:
399:
398:
397:
392:
385:
382:
373:
370:
344:
341:
339:
336:
307:
304:
291:Caste in India
282:
279:
271:
268:
259:
256:
248:
245:
208:Main article:
205:
202:
185:
182:
138:
137:
130:
126:
125:
116:
113:
110:
109:
103:
100:
97:
96:
91:
89:Region served
88:
85:
84:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
47:
43:
42:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1068:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
986:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
939:
935:
932:
928:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
903:
900:
898:
894:
890:
883:
878:
876:
871:
869:
864:
863:
860:
852:
850:9788170225850
846:
842:
841:
835:
834:
830:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
797:
795:
793:
789:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
760:
755:
754:
749:
743:
740:
735:
720:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
695:
692:
684:
680:
676:
672:
665:
662:
649:
648:
643:
639:
633:
630:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
601:
597:
592:
590:9780195393019
586:
582:
581:
573:
570:
565:
559:
555:
554:
546:
543:
538:
536:9780195393019
532:
528:
527:
519:
517:
513:
508:
506:9780195393019
502:
498:
497:
489:
486:
481:
479:9788175330283
475:
471:
467:
460:
457:
452:
446:
443:
439:
438:
428:
424:
420:
415:
412:
408:
407:
400:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
381:
379:
371:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
342:
337:
335:
332:
327:
325:
321:
316:
312:
305:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
280:
278:
276:
269:
267:
265:
257:
255:
253:
246:
243:
239:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:Muhnot Nainsi
218:
211:
203:
201:
197:
195:
191:
183:
181:
179:
175:
174:civil servant
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
152:
144:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
111:
108:
104:
98:
95:
92:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
19:
1022:
1019:
839:
808:
804:
771:
762:
751:
742:
722:. Retrieved
708:
704:
694:
674:
670:
664:
652:. Retrieved
646:
632:
612:
608:
579:
572:
552:
545:
525:
495:
488:
469:
459:
445:
436:
435:
422:
414:
405:
404:
375:
346:
331:World War II
328:
309:
290:
287:J. H. Hutton
284:
273:
264:H. H. Risley
261:
250:
241:
237:
213:
198:
187:
150:
149:
72:Headquarters
38:Abbreviation
29:
378:Ashok Mitra
315:British Raj
1040:Categories
736:required.)
724:8 November
401:References
320:Asok Mitra
275:E. A. Gait
1020:See also:
640:(1915) .
437:Citations
285:In 1929,
77:New Delhi
46:Formation
912:Overview
683:29789312
654:8 August
384:See also
83:– 110001
817:4402155
780:3031708
644:(ed.).
621:2341501
184:History
129:Website
54: (
847:
815:
778:
730:
681:
619:
587:
560:
533:
503:
476:
223:. The
813:JSTOR
776:JSTOR
679:JSTOR
671:Genus
617:JSTOR
406:Notes
194:India
94:India
81:Delhi
41:RGCCI
979:2024
974:2011
969:2001
964:1991
959:1981
954:1971
949:1961
944:1951
917:1891
845:ISBN
726:2013
656:2011
585:ISBN
558:ISBN
531:ISBN
501:ISBN
474:ISBN
372:1961
343:1951
306:1941
281:1931
270:1911
258:1901
247:1891
219:and
168:and
64:Type
56:1961
49:1961
715:doi
107:IAS
1042::
1025:,
809:29
807:.
791:^
750:.
707:.
703:.
675:62
673:.
613:89
611:.
599:^
515:^
235:.
196:.
180:.
121:,
79:,
881:e
874:t
867:v
853:.
819:.
782:.
728:.
717::
685:.
658:.
623:.
593:.
566:.
539:.
509:.
482:.
453:.
58:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
