160:, are continuing to increase the ability to both monitor and directly influence human cognition. As a result, many theorists have emphasized the importance of recognizing cognitive liberty in order to protect individuals from the state using such technologies to alter those individuals' mental processes: "states must be barred from invading the inner sphere of persons, from accessing their thoughts, modulating their emotions or manipulating their personal preferences." These specific ethical concerns regarding the use of neuroscience technologies to interfere or invade the brain form the fields of
261:" is in fact a "war on mental states". The CCLE, as well as other cognitive liberty advocacy groups such as Cognitive Liberty UK, have lobbied for the re-examination and reform of prohibited drug law; one of the CCLE's key guiding principles is that "governments should not criminally prohibit cognitive enhancement or the experience of any mental state". Calls for reform of restrictions on the use of prescription cognitive-enhancement drugs (also called smart drugs or
216:
punishing "interventions severely interfering with another's mental integrity by undermining mental control or exploiting pre-existing mental weakness." Direct interventions that reduce or impair cognitive capacities such as memory, concentration, and willpower; alter preferences, beliefs, or behavioral dispositions; elicit inappropriate emotions; or inflict clinically identifiable mental injuries would all be
322:
liberty in previous human rights instruments was due to the relative lack of technology capable of directly interfering with mental autonomy at the time the core human rights treaties were created. As the human mind was considered invulnerable to direct manipulation, control or alteration, it was deemed unnecessary to expressly protect individuals from unwanted mental interference. With modern advances in
424:. Hardison argued that "individual sovereignty over one's interior environment constitutes the very core of what it means to be free", and that as psychotropic drugs are a potent method of altering an individual's mental process, prohibition of them under the MDA was in opposition to Article 9. The court however disagreed, calling Hardison's arguments a "portmanteau defense" and relying upon the
350:
among the most important legal and political freedoms…This freedom is not often regarded in its own right but should be recognized and more fully developed in face of emerging mind-altering technologies…Freedom of mind is the freedom of a person to use her mental capacities as she pleases, free from external interferences and internal impediments".
330:
some have instead argued that cognitive liberty is already an inherent part of the international human rights framework as the principle underlying the rights to freedom of thought, expression and religion. The freedom to think in whatever manner one chooses is a "necessary precondition to those guaranteed freedoms."
81:, the founders and directors of the non-profit Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics (CCLE). Sententia and Boire define cognitive liberty as "the right of each individual to think independently and autonomously, to use the full power of his or her mind, and to engage in multiple modes of thought."
207:
has also proposed legislative protection of cognitive liberty as a way of safeguarding the protection from self-incrimination found in the Fifth
Amendment to the US Constitution, in the light of the increasing ability to access human memory. Her book 'The Battle for Your Brain: Defending the Right to
349:
At least one scholar and proponent of cognitive liberty, Christoph
Bublitz, has used the term 'freedom of mind' to describe cognitive liberty: "mind altering interventions primary affect another sense of freedom, freedom of mind, a concept that has not received much attention although it should rank
288:
of human mental function. Wrye
Sententia has emphasized the importance of cognitive liberty in ensuring the freedom to pursue human mental enhancement, as well as the freedom to choose against enhancement. Sententia argues that the recognition of a "right to (and not to) direct, modify, or enhance
131:
This first obligation, to refrain from non-consensually interfering with an individual's cognitive processes, seeks to protect individuals from having their mental processes altered or monitored without their consent or knowledge, "setting up a defensive wall against unwanted intrusions". Ongoing
338:
have argued that cognitive liberty is fundamental to
Freedom of Thought because it encompasses the ability to have certain types of experiences, including the right to experience altered or non-ordinary states of consciousness. It has also been suggested that cognitive liberty can be seen to be a
329:
Cognitive liberty then can be seen as an extension of or an "update" to the right to freedom of thought as it has been traditionally understood. Freedom of thought should now be understood to include the right to determine one's own mental state as well as the content of one's thoughts. However,
321:
they want. Cognitive liberty seeks to protect an individual's right to determine their own state of mind and be free from external control over their state of mind, rather than just protecting the content of an individual's thoughts. It has been suggested that the lack of protection of cognitive
215:
interference with human cognition, Jan
Christoph Bublitz and Reinhard Merkel among others suggest that cognitive liberty should also prevent other, non-state entities from interfering with an individual's mental "inner realm". Bublitz and Merkel propose the introduction of a new criminal offense
450:
The recent development of neurosciences is increasing the possibility of controlling and influence specific mental functions. The risks inherent in removing restrictions on controlled cognitive-enhancing drugs, including of widening the gap between those able to afford such treatments and those
229:
Where the first obligation seeks to protect individuals from interference with cognitive processes by the state, corporations or other individuals, this second obligation seeks to ensure that individuals have the freedom to alter or enhance their own consciousness. An individual who enjoys this
84:
The CCLE is a network of scholars dedicated to protecting freedom of thought in the modern world of accelerating neurotechnologies. They seek to develop public policies that will preserve and enhance freedom of thought, and offer guidance with regard to relevant developments in neurotechnology,
171:
This element of cognitive liberty has been raised in relation to a number of state-sanctioned interventions in individual cognition, from the mandatory psychiatric 'treatment' of homosexuals in the US before the 1970s, to the non-consensual administration of psychoactive drugs to unwitting US
88:
Sententia and Boire conceived of the concept of cognitive liberty as a response to the increasing ability of technology to monitor and manipulate cognitive function, and the corresponding increase in the need to ensure individual cognitive autonomy and privacy. Sententia divides the practical
122:
Supporters of cognitive liberty therefore seek to impose both a negative and a positive obligation on states: to refrain from non-consensually interfering with an individual's cognitive processes, and to allow individuals to self-determine their own "inner realm" and control their own mental
57:. Though a relatively recently defined concept, many theorists see cognitive liberty as being of increasing importance as technological advances in neuroscience allow for an ever-expanding ability to directly influence consciousness. Cognitive liberty is not a recognized right in any
467:, wrote that "some who worry about the ethics of cognitive enhancement point to the danger of creating two classes of human beings – those with access to enhancement technologies, and those who must make do with an unaltered memory that fades with age."
296:
to enhance human cognition and that something beyond the current conception of freedom of thought is needed. Sententia claims that "cognitive liberty's strength is that it protects those who do want to alter their brains, but also those who do not".
220:
impermissible and subject to criminal prosecution. Sententia and Boire have also expressed concern that corporations and other non-state entities might utilize emerging neurotechnologies to alter individuals' mental processes without their consent.
2785:
2705:
93:
As long as their behavior does not endanger others, individuals should not be compelled against their will to use technologies that directly interact with the brain or be forced to take certain psychoactive
346:
Most proponents of cognitive liberty agree, however, that cognitive liberty should be expressly recognized as a human right in order to properly provide protection for individual cognitive autonomy.
2280:
790:
2295:
2285:
97:
As long as they do not subsequently engage in behavior that harms others, individuals should not be prohibited from, or criminalized for, using new mind-enhancing drugs and technologies.
2730:
432:
to deny
Hardison's right to appeal to a superior court. Hardison was convicted and given a 20-year prison sentence, though he was released on 29 May 2013 after nine years in prison.
2725:
2710:
2275:
421:
2919:
2405:
2873:
2735:
2290:
2720:
2620:
2715:
2780:
188:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2380:
2685:
2670:
2605:
2595:
2425:
2300:
2755:
2540:
2525:
2355:
2340:
1938:
313:(UDHR), freedom of thought can be distinguished from cognitive liberty in that the former is concerned with protecting an individual's freedom to think
754:
Bublitz, Jan
Christoph; Merkel, Reinhard (2014). "Crime Against Minds: On Mental Manipulations, Harms and a Human Right to Mental Self-Determination".
2760:
2675:
2555:
2480:
2460:
2455:
2325:
2775:
2700:
2610:
2565:
2510:
2430:
2390:
2370:
821:
1928:
2827:
2797:
2765:
2750:
2640:
2600:
2585:
2580:
2545:
2495:
2450:
2385:
2365:
2360:
2345:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2305:
145:
2745:
2740:
2695:
2645:
2630:
2615:
2575:
2560:
2535:
2500:
2435:
2395:
2375:
2310:
2250:
2011:
58:
230:
aspect of cognitive liberty has the freedom to alter their mental processes in any way they wish to, whether through indirect methods such as
2868:
2770:
2690:
2680:
2590:
2550:
2530:
2515:
2505:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2445:
2440:
2420:
2410:
2400:
1943:
1454:
310:
2635:
2625:
2490:
2485:
2415:
1539:
2894:
2335:
1912:
425:
2350:
2152:
1478:
1476:"Brief Amicus Curiae Of The Center For Cognitive Liberty & Ethics In Support Of The Petition, in the case of Sell v United States"
1131:
253:
As psychotropic drugs are a powerful method of altering cognitive function, many advocates of cognitive liberty are also advocates of
326:
and in anticipation of its future development however, it is argued that such express protection is becoming increasingly necessary.
2863:
2157:
1620:
1587:
1112:
738:
678:
Sententia, Wrye (2004). "Neuroethical
Considerations: Cognitive Liberty and Converging Technologies for Improving Human Cognition".
137:
1176:
2182:
2111:
2101:
2570:
2520:
999:
1238:
1039:
2206:
290:
200:
905:
The
Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology and Philosophy of the Human Future
847:"What an International Declaration on Neurotechnologies and Human Rights Could Look like: Ideas, Suggestions, Desiderata"
2660:
2270:
2116:
2858:
2106:
1792:
451:
unable to do so, have caused many to remain skeptical about the wisdom of recognizing cognitive liberty as a right.
2909:
2199:
2004:
1933:
1653:
1817:
409:
387:
305:
Cognitive liberty is not currently recognized as a human right by any international human rights treaty. While
386:, in which the Supreme Court examined whether the court had the power to make an order to forcibly administer
179:, to the forcible administration of mind-altering drugs on individuals to make them competent to stand trial.
2211:
2914:
2848:
2245:
1095:
Roskies, Adina L. (2015), "Mind
Reading, Lie Detection, and Privacy", in Clausen, Jens; Levy, Neil (eds.),
2924:
2792:
2255:
2194:
2177:
2085:
1822:
1757:
403:
335:
192:
141:
2904:
2899:
2853:
2041:
1997:
1902:
1877:
1832:
1782:
1731:
1613:
528:
512:
492:
482:
382:
364:
78:
17:
2187:
2036:
1978:
1958:
1842:
1787:
1777:
1721:
1648:
687:
540:
522:
477:
452:
331:
2132:
1968:
1963:
1862:
1837:
1752:
487:
317:
they want, whereas cognitive liberty is concerned with protecting an individual's freedom to think
2240:
1897:
1882:
813:
771:
711:
456:
441:
413:
306:
243:
157:
54:
34:
1058:
1493:
1129:
Brief Amicus Curiae Of The Center For Cognitive Liberty & Ethics In Support Of The Petition
991:
985:
731:
Entheogens, Society & Law: Towards a Politics of Consciousness, Autonomy and Responsibility
2046:
1892:
1852:
1767:
1736:
1583:
1547:
1450:
1415:
1108:
995:
918:
876:
868:
734:
703:
460:
445:
285:
38:
2260:
1887:
1857:
1847:
1812:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1670:
1665:
1606:
1442:
1407:
1100:
858:
805:
763:
695:
497:
391:
377:
204:
53:. It has been argued to be both an extension of, and the principle underlying, the right to
1475:
1128:
1872:
1867:
1807:
1762:
1711:
1482:
1135:
293:
254:
247:
211:
Though this element of cognitive liberty is often defined as an individual's freedom from
196:
176:
133:
1395:
903:
Sententia, Wrye (2013). "Freedom by Design: Transhumanist Values and Cognitive Liberty".
791:"Drugs and human rights: private palliatives, sacramental freedoms and cognitive liberty"
653:
691:
630:
607:
584:
2235:
1973:
1907:
1685:
1680:
1576:
535:
184:
42:
1271:
1153:
1040:"Freedom of Thought for the Extended Mind: Cognitive Enhancement and the Constitution"
2888:
1827:
1802:
1797:
817:
775:
517:
390:
to an individual who had refused such treatment, for the sole purpose of making them
370:
281:
102:
62:
50:
715:
2075:
2031:
2020:
1772:
545:
323:
280:
This element of cognitive liberty is also of great importance to proponents of the
258:
165:
1446:
1104:
863:
846:
208:
Think Freely in the Age of Neurotechnology' discusses the matter in great detail.
1250:
2807:
2080:
2070:
1538:
Sommaggio, Paolo; Mazzocca, Marco; Gerola, Alessio; Ferro, Fulvio (2017-11-01).
1434:
502:
161:
74:
809:
767:
464:
262:
231:
191:
has identified this element of cognitive liberty as being of relevance to the
149:
65:, and is argued to be the principle underlying a number of recognized rights.
1551:
1419:
872:
2832:
1948:
1690:
699:
153:
46:
880:
707:
369:
Richard Glen Boire of the Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics filed an
1540:"Cognitive liberty. A first step towards a human neuro-rights declaration"
1435:"Cognitive Liberty or the International Human Right to Freedom of Thought"
117:
Thou shalt not prevent thy fellow man from altering his own consciousness.
2265:
1953:
1658:
507:
274:
180:
2822:
2817:
1629:
1411:
340:
270:
2802:
1675:
1578:
The Case against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering
266:
239:
939:
144:(or "brain fingerprinting"), and to pharmacology, in the form of
2812:
235:
1993:
1989:
1602:
417:
173:
27:
Freedom of an individual to control their own mental processes
1433:
Bublitz, Christoph (2015), Clausen, Jens; Levy, Neil (eds.),
289:
one's thought processes" is vital to the free application of
105:"Two Commandments for the Molecular Age", from his 1968 book
1598:
1353:
1351:
1214:
1212:
1081:
1079:
1015:
1013:
1011:
277:
have also been made on the grounds of cognitive liberty.
101:
These two facets of cognitive liberty are reminiscent of
919:"FAQ - Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics (CCLE)"
729:
Waterman, Daniel (2013). Hardison, Casey William (ed.).
343:
of human beings as recognized by Article 1 of the UDHR.
114:
Thou shalt not alter the consciousness of thy fellow man
1441:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1309–1333,
921:. Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics. 2003-09-15
61:, but has gained a limited level of recognition in the
1582:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1302:
1300:
1298:
961:
959:
89:
application of cognitive liberty into two principles:
408:, the defendant, charged with eight counts under the
422:
Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights
420:, claimed that cognitive liberty was safeguarded by
2841:
2228:
2166:
2145:
2125:
2094:
2055:
1921:
1745:
1699:
1636:
242:, or through direct cognitive intervention through
2786:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)
1575:
990:. Berkeley, California: Ronin Publishing. p.
2874:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
1332:
1330:
654:"John Stuart Mill and the Liberty of Inebriation"
85:psychopharmacology, cognitive sciences and law.
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1156:. Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
1154:"Cognitive liberty and the right to one's mind"
189:Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
2005:
1614:
1524:
1522:
77:Wrye Sententia and legal theorist and lawyer
8:
73:The term "cognitive liberty" was coined by
2920:Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants
2170:
2063:
2012:
1998:
1990:
1939:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
1621:
1607:
1599:
1099:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 679–695,
680:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1274:. Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics
862:
301:Relationship with recognized human rights
2706:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
557:
146:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
18:Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics
2798:List of human rights abuses by country
2286:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)
2251:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
1544:BioLaw Journal - Rivista di BioDiritto
1396:"Moral Enhancement and Mental Freedom"
41:of an individual to control their own
2869:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1944:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
907:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 356.
845:Bublitz, Jan Christoph (2024-04-02).
798:International Journal of Human Rights
311:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
1394:Bublitz, Christoph (February 2016).
578:
576:
412:(MDA), including the production of
309:is recognized by Article 18 of the
59:international human rights treaties
2296:during the Libyan civil war (2011)
2158:National human rights institutions
2153:List of human rights organisations
25:
631:"On Cognitive Liberty (Part III)"
463:, when examining the prospect of
138:transcranial magnetic stimulation
2281:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp
1175:Farahany, Nita (February 2012).
1057:Rosen, Jeffrey (11 March 2007).
608:"On Cognitive Liberty (Part II)"
2406:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
2112:Natural rights and legal rights
2102:Claim rights and liberty rights
1507:R v Hardison 1 Cr App R (S) 37
585:"On Cognitive Liberty (Part I)"
2276:against Palestinians by Israel
1929:Liberty, equality, brotherhood
1243:Journal of Cognitive Liberties
1239:"On Cognitive Liberty Part II"
635:Journal of Cognitive Liberties
612:Journal of Cognitive Liberties
589:Journal of Cognitive Liberties
284:, a key tenet of which is the
1:
1474:Boire, Richard Glen, (2002).
1447:10.1007/978-94-007-4707-4_166
1400:Journal of Applied Philosophy
1126:Boire, Richard Glen, (2002).
1105:10.1007/978-94-007-4707-4_123
1046:(1049): 1053–1055, 1058–1060.
1038:Blitz, Marc Jonathan (2010).
864:10.1080/21507740.2023.2270512
733:. Melrose Books. p. 18.
201:Duke University School of Law
2117:Negative and positive rights
1237:Boire, Richard Glen (2000).
652:Boire, Richard Glen (2002).
629:Boire, Richard Glen (2000).
606:Boire, Richard Glen (2000).
583:Boire, Richard Glen (1999).
187:, chair of the Board of the
2859:List of human rights awards
2731:in the United Arab Emirates
2107:Individual and group rights
1793:Freedom from discrimination
1574:Sandel, Michael J. (2007).
940:"keeping freedom in mind -"
756:Criminal Law and Philosophy
2941:
2895:Civil rights and liberties
2781:of the Marcos dictatorship
1654:Personification of Liberty
565:Mill, John Stuart (1859).
439:
362:
33:, or the "right to mental
2726:in the State of Palestine
2711:in the Dominican Republic
2291:during the Gaddafi regime
2173:
2066:
2027:
1934:All men are created equal
1272:"Keeping Freedom in Mind"
1227:Bublitz and Merkel, 68-70
1028:Sententia (2004), 223-224
810:10.1080/13642980802704270
789:Walsh, Charlotte (2010).
768:10.1007/s11572-012-9172-y
225:Freedom to self-determine
127:Freedom from interference
1177:"Incriminating Thoughts"
1059:"The Brain on the Stand"
944:www.cognitiveliberty.org
893:Bublitz and Merkel, 60-1
428:and the earlier case of
410:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
388:antipsychotic medication
2849:History of human rights
2256:Enforced disappearances
2246:Crimes against humanity
1439:Handbook of Neuroethics
1384:Sententia (2004), 226-7
1315:Sententia (2013), 355-6
1097:Handbook of Neuroethics
1063:New York Times Magazine
987:The Politics of Ecstasy
984:Leary, Timothy (1968).
700:10.1196/annals.1305.014
107:The Politics of Ecstasy
2793:Incitement to genocide
2086:Universal jurisdiction
1357:Bublitz and Merkel, 63
1324:Bublitz and Merkel, 64
1218:Bublitz and Merkel, 68
1085:Bublitz and Merkel, 61
1019:Bublitz and Merkel, 60
661:The Independent Review
336:Casey William Hardison
282:transhumanist movement
142:electroencephalography
2854:List of global issues
1495:Sell v. United States
1306:Sententia (2013), 356
974:Sententia (2004), 227
965:Sententia (2004), 223
529:The Rhetoric of Drugs
513:Personalized medicine
493:Morphological freedom
483:Cosmetic pharmacology
453:Political philosopher
398:In the United Kingdom
383:Sell v. United States
365:Sell v. United States
339:part of the inherent
257:, claiming that the "
195:around the curing of
2736:in the United States
2511:in Jammu and Kashmir
2057:Fundamental concepts
1979:Right-libertarianism
1959:Civil libertarianism
1913:Water and sanitation
1649:Moral responsibility
1141:Sell v United States
1044:Wisconsin Law Review
541:Techno-progressivism
532:, by Jacques Derrida
523:Responsible drug use
478:Cognitive ergonomics
359:In the United States
2721:in the Soviet Union
2621:in Papua New Guinea
2271:Human rights abuses
2229:Human rights abuses
2133:Corporal punishment
1969:Left-libertarianism
1964:Drug liberalization
1497:539 U.S. 166 (2003)
1249:(2). Archived from
1181:Stanford Law Review
692:2004NYASA1013..221S
488:Drug liberalization
426:UN Drug Conventions
2716:in the Philippines
2241:Crime of apartheid
1481:2018-09-26 at the
1412:10.1111/japp.12108
1134:2018-09-26 at the
465:memory enhancement
457:Harvard University
442:Drug policy reform
307:freedom of thought
244:psychoactive drugs
158:psychoactive drugs
79:Richard Glen Boire
55:freedom of thought
35:self-determination
2910:Identity politics
2882:
2881:
2864:Three generations
2224:
2223:
2141:
2140:
1987:
1986:
1644:Cognitive liberty
1456:978-94-007-4707-4
1152:Dvorsky, George.
1139:, in the case of
851:AJOB Neuroscience
461:Michael J. Sandel
446:Human enhancement
354:Legal recognition
134:neurotechnologies
31:Cognitive liberty
16:(Redirected from
2932:
2636:in Punjab, India
2261:Forced migration
2171:
2064:
2059:and philosophies
2014:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1671:Positive liberty
1666:Negative liberty
1623:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1485:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1293:
1292:Blitz, 1058-1060
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1207:
1204:
1189:
1188:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1149:
1143:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1006:
1005:
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
954:
953:
951:
950:
936:
930:
929:
927:
926:
915:
909:
908:
900:
894:
891:
885:
884:
866:
842:
836:
835:
833:
832:
826:
820:. Archived from
795:
786:
780:
779:
751:
745:
744:
726:
720:
719:
675:
669:
668:
658:
649:
643:
642:
626:
620:
619:
603:
597:
596:
580:
571:
570:
562:
498:Neuroenhancement
394:to stand trial.
378:US Supreme Court
205:Nita A. Farahany
183:and bioethicist
172:citizens during
132:improvements to
43:mental processes
21:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2837:
2666:in South Africa
2656:in Sierra Leone
2651:in Saudi Arabia
2381:in Burkina Faso
2336:in Azad Kashmir
2220:
2162:
2137:
2121:
2090:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2042:Intersex people
2023:
2018:
1988:
1983:
1917:
1903:To be forgotten
1818:Internet access
1741:
1695:
1632:
1627:
1597:
1590:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1546:(3): 27–45–45.
1537:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1488:
1483:Wayback Machine
1473:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:Farahany, 405-6
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1349:
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1335:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
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1291:
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1270:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1192:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:Wayback Machine
1125:
1121:
1115:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1002:
983:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
957:
948:
946:
938:
937:
933:
924:
922:
917:
916:
912:
902:
901:
897:
892:
888:
844:
843:
839:
830:
828:
824:
793:
788:
787:
783:
753:
752:
748:
741:
728:
727:
723:
677:
676:
672:
656:
651:
650:
646:
628:
627:
623:
605:
604:
600:
582:
581:
574:
564:
563:
559:
555:
550:
473:
448:
438:
402:In the case of
400:
380:in the case of
367:
361:
356:
332:Daniel Waterman
303:
294:neurotechnology
255:drug law reform
248:neurotechnology
227:
197:autism spectrum
177:Project MKUltra
129:
120:
103:Timothy Leary's
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Medical ethics
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:in Switzerland
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:in South Korea
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:in North Korea
2603:
2598:
2596:in New Zealand
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:in Kyrgyzstan‎
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:in El Salvador
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:in Balochistan
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:in Afghanistan
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Atrocity crime
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1974:Libertarianism
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1686:Social liberty
1683:
1681:Self-ownership
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1566:
1557:
1530:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1486:
1467:
1455:
1425:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1347:
1338:
1336:Boire, Part II
1326:
1317:
1308:
1294:
1285:
1263:
1229:
1220:
1208:
1190:
1167:
1144:
1119:
1113:
1087:
1075:
1049:
1030:
1021:
1007:
1000:
976:
967:
955:
931:
910:
895:
886:
837:
781:
746:
739:
721:
670:
644:
621:
598:
572:
556:
554:
551:
549:
548:
543:
538:
536:Self-ownership
533:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
474:
472:
469:
437:
434:
399:
396:
363:Main article:
360:
357:
355:
352:
302:
299:
226:
223:
185:George Dvorsky
128:
125:
119:
118:
115:
111:
99:
98:
95:
70:
67:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2937:
2926:
2925:Transhumanism
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:in Uzbekistan
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:in the Russia
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:in Kazakhstan
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:in Bangladesh
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:in Azerbaijan
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:South America
2205:
2203:
2201:
2200:North America
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:Organizations
2144:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Morphological
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:Morphological
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1591:
1589:9780674036383
1585:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:(1): 88–106.
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1366:Waterman, 345
1363:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1253:on 2017-02-10
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1206:Boire, Part I
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1114:9789400747074
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1003:
997:
993:
989:
988:
980:
977:
971:
968:
962:
960:
956:
945:
941:
935:
932:
920:
914:
911:
906:
899:
896:
890:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
860:
857:(2): 96–112.
856:
852:
848:
841:
838:
827:on 2016-02-08
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
785:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
747:
742:
740:9781908645616
736:
732:
725:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
671:
667:(2): 253–258.
666:
662:
655:
648:
645:
640:
636:
632:
625:
622:
617:
613:
609:
602:
599:
594:
590:
586:
579:
577:
573:
568:
561:
558:
552:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
531:
530:
526:
524:
521:
519:
518:Psychonautics
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
447:
443:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:
397:
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
375:
373:
366:
358:
353:
351:
347:
344:
342:
337:
333:
327:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
300:
298:
295:
292:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
224:
222:
219:
214:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
126:
124:
116:
113:
112:
110:
108:
104:
96:
92:
91:
90:
86:
82:
80:
76:
75:neuroethicist
68:
66:
64:
63:United States
60:
56:
52:
51:consciousness
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2905:Human rights
2900:Drug culture
2761:in Venezuela
2676:in Sri Lanka
2556:in Lithuania
2481:in Indonesia
2461:in Hong Kong
2456:in Guatemala
2326:in Australia
2316:in Argentina
2167:By continent
2095:Distinctions
2076:Positive law
2021:Human rights
1878:Self-defense
1722:Intellectual
1643:
1577:
1569:
1560:
1543:
1533:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1489:
1470:
1460:, retrieved
1438:
1428:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1341:
1320:
1311:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1266:
1255:. Retrieved
1251:the original
1246:
1242:
1232:
1223:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1147:
1140:
1127:
1122:
1096:
1090:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:
1052:
1043:
1033:
1024:
986:
979:
970:
947:. Retrieved
943:
934:
923:. Retrieved
913:
904:
898:
889:
854:
850:
840:
829:. Retrieved
822:the original
801:
797:
784:
759:
755:
749:
730:
724:
686:(1): 221–8.
683:
679:
673:
664:
660:
647:
638:
634:
624:
615:
611:
601:
592:
588:
566:
560:
546:Thomas Szasz
527:
449:
429:
405:R v Hardison
404:
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324:neuroscience
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259:war on drugs
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199:conditions.
170:
166:neuroprivacy
130:
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106:
100:
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72:
30:
29:
2808:Persecution
2776:in Zimbabwe
2701:in Thailand
2611:in Pakistan
2566:in Malaysia
2431:in Ethiopia
2391:in Cambodia
2371:in Botswana
2183:Middle East
2081:Sovereignty
2071:Natural law
1823:Information
1788:Family life
1758:Association
1564:Blitz, 1063
503:Neuroethics
286:enhancement
218:prima facie
162:neuroethics
123:functions.
2889:Categories
2833:War crimes
2766:in Vietnam
2751:in Ukraine
2641:in Romania
2601:in Nigeria
2586:in Myanmar
2581:in Morocco
2571:in Manipur
2546:in Lebanon
2521:in Kashmir
2496:in Ireland
2451:in Germany
2386:in Burundi
2366:in Bolivia
2361:in Belarus
2346:in Bahrain
2331:in Austria
2321:in Armenia
2306:in Algeria
1783:Fair trial
1528:Walsh, 437
1516:Walsh, 433
1462:2024-06-07
1257:2015-05-16
1187:: 405–406.
1001:1579510310
949:2024-06-07
925:2020-06-07
831:2015-05-16
804:(3): 433.
567:On Liberty
553:References
459:professor
440:See also:
430:R v Taylor
265:) such as
263:nootropics
232:meditation
203:Professor
156:and other
150:nootropics
136:, such as
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2746:in Uganda
2741:in Turkey
2696:in Taiwan
2631:in Poland
2616:in Panama
2576:in Mexico
2561:in Malawi
2536:in Kuwait
2501:in Israel
2436:in France
2396:in Canada
2376:in Brazil
2311:in Angola
1949:Anarchism
1883:Sexuality
1778:Education
1737:Political
1691:Free will
1552:2284-4503
1420:0264-3758
1345:Walsh 433
873:2150-7740
818:143908075
776:144449130
436:Criticism
392:competent
376:with the
154:modafinil
148:(SSRIs),
47:cognition
2771:in Yemen
2691:in Syria
2681:in Sudan
2661:in Sindh
2591:in Nepal
2551:in Libya
2531:in Kenya
2516:in Japan
2506:in Italy
2476:in India
2471:in Haiti
2466:in Egypt
2446:in Ghana
2441:in Gabon
2421:in Egypt
2411:in China
2401:in Chile
2266:Genocide
2037:Children
1954:Autonomy
1922:See also
1863:Religion
1853:Property
1838:Movement
1753:Assembly
1746:By right
1727:Internet
1717:Economic
1707:Academic
1659:Libertas
1637:Concepts
1479:Archived
1132:Archived
881:37921859
716:44354219
708:15194617
508:Neurolaw
471:See also
315:whatever
291:emerging
275:Adderall
181:Futurist
69:Overview
2842:Related
2828:Victims
2823:Torture
2818:Slavery
2626:in Peru
2491:in Iraq
2486:in Iran
2416:in Cuba
2212:Oceania
2126:Aspects
1898:Thought
1888:Silence
1858:Protest
1848:Privacy
1813:Housing
1700:By type
1630:Liberty
688:Bibcode
341:dignity
319:however
271:Ritalin
39:freedom
2803:Murder
2195:Europe
2178:Africa
2032:Humans
1893:Speech
1873:Resist
1868:Repair
1808:Health
1768:Choice
1763:Asylum
1676:Rights
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372:amicus
267:Prozac
240:prayer
193:debate
94:drugs.
49:, and
2047:Women
1908:Truth
1843:Press
1773:Death
1712:Civil
1160:3 May
1068:3 May
825:(PDF)
814:S2CID
794:(PDF)
772:S2CID
712:S2CID
657:(PDF)
374:brief
213:state
2813:Rape
2188:Asia
1828:Life
1798:Food
1584:ISBN
1548:ISSN
1451:ISBN
1416:ISSN
1280:2024
1162:2014
1109:ISBN
1070:2014
996:ISBN
877:PMID
869:ISSN
735:ISBN
704:PMID
684:1013
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455:and
444:and
416:and
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1443:doi
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1101:doi
859:doi
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696:doi
418:LSD
414:DMT
246:or
238:or
174:CIA
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