745:, and the provincial and federal governments tend to squabble over funding. All levels of government are pressured to limit spending while maintaining equitable and accessible services for disabled and dependent persons. The result is a fragile system of provincially run community care services that ration medical care while avoiding the complex social issue of long-term community care reform. Canadian policymakers talk about a social model of disability and typically recognise that this model is preferred by disabled persons, however, the policy reality of independent living falls closer to a model that combines biomedical and neoliberal ideologies while neglecting social and environmental determinants of ability. Independent living remains difficult for many people and institutionalisation is offered as an ongoing practical solution to meeting care needs. Noticeable in the ideological push for independent living is the marketisation of institutional care as independent living in 21st century Canada. Funding is through a decentralised mix of publicly paid, private-for-profit, and private-not-for-profit systems. Beyond home care, community care is offered through a variety of service delivery models including supportive living, assisted living, and long-term care.
689:. His biggest educational challenge came when he was accepted at college. After struggling to get accepted, the UCBerkeley refused to give Roberts financial aid. He then sued Berkeley for access and integration. Although he won the case, Roberts was housed in school's infirmary instead of the dorms. As others with disabilities started attending the school and living in the infirmary, an activist group called the Rolling Quads was formed. They ended up starting the Disabled Students' Program, a resource for those with disabilities that was run by people with disabilities. This program led to the first independent living center in America being made, the Berkeley Center for Independent Living. These centers flourished across the United States and are a huge part of why Ed Roberts was so instrumental in the start of the Independent Living Movement. As well, a major project in Berkeley, California led by Roberts and others at the Center for Independent Living led to curb cuts up and down Telegraph and Shattuck Avenues creating an extensive path of travel.
706:
changed when farm workers and their families, replaced by technology on farms, migrated from small rural communities to large urban centres in search of gainful employment in industry. The redistribution of paid agricultural labour to industry created a shortage of unpaid domestic care for disabled and dependent persons whose caregivers also became occupied with paid industrial labour. The taken-for-granted economy of care (previously unpaid and supported by families and small rural communities) was disrupted, and industrialised communities suffered ballooning levels of homelessness and poverty as a consequence of an industrialised social structure.
697:"Independent Living does not mean that we want to do everything by ourselves, do not need anybody or like to live in isolation. Independent Living means that we demand the same choices and control in our every-day lives that our non-disabled brothers and sisters, neighbors and friends take for granted. We want to grow up in our families, go to the neighborhood school, use the same bus as our neighbors, work in jobs that are in line with our education and interests, and raise families of our own. We are profoundly ordinary people sharing the same need to feel included, recognized and loved."
685:) and of course, early friends and collaborators in the 1970s (Julie Ann Racino) and university and government supporters throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Ed Roberts was a quadriplegic who dealt with discrimination in many different aspects of his life. His fight for acceptance in schools, however, is what Roberts is most well known for. In high school, Roberts was stopped from graduating because he could not complete his gym requirement, as he was paralyzed and spent most of his time in an
36:
2415:
520:
2425:
725:. Neoliberal thinkers oppose state interventions such as institutional care, promoting competitive market-based care delivery systems as cost-effective solutions to care for dependent and disabled persons. With support from both movements, community care gained popularity as a moral and cost-effective alternative to institutional care.
797:, and are run and controlled by persons with disabilities. According to the IL approach, the example of a peer, somebody who has been in a similar situation, can be more powerful than a non-disabled professional's interventions in analyzing one's situation, in assuming responsibility for one's life and in developing coping strategies.
705:
Canada's history of independence, home living, and the independent living movement can be traced back to the industrial revolution of the 19th century. The industrial revolution precipitated rapid changes in the structure of society and the paid and unpaid labour economies. The distribution of labour
621:
contribute to negative attitudes towards people with disabilities, portraying them as sick, defective and deviant persons, as objects of professional intervention, or as a burden for themselves and their families. These images have consequences for disabled people's opportunities for raising families
748:
These newer forms of institutional care attempt to maximise independent living while minimising care provided, both to support disabled and dependent person's identified needs and to control costs in the formal care economy. Unmet needs of deinstitutionalised care-dependent people may be absorbed by
709:
Urban communities pushed governments for an ethical solution to the problem of uncared for disabled and dependent persons. Provincial governments responded by building and funding medical institutions, however, institutional care was deeply flawed. Institutionalised care created a paternalistic and
807:
There is a fundamental set of services (Core
Services) found in all of the Centers, but there is some variation in the programs that are offered, the funding sources, and the staffing, among other things. Depending on the public services in the community, Centers might assist with housing referral
713:
In the late 20th century, a social movement called the independent living movement fought to re-identify disabled and dependent persons as people with beliefs, values, dreams, and identities that extended beyond their medical diagnoses. The overarching goal of the movement was to gain choice and
728:
Deinstitutionalisation coincided with an economic downturn in the 1980s. The goals of the independent living movement - choice, control, and quality care - were essentially co-opted by neoliberal ideals of cost-control, self-sufficiency, and minimalist state intervention. Deinstitutionalisation
804:– can learn to take more initiative and control over their lives. For example, peer support is used in Independent Living Skills classes where people living with their families or in institutions learn how to run their everyday lives in preparation for living by themselves.
740:
Home care, or home-based community care, came into effect in the 1980s in most
Canadian Provinces as one policy solution to bridge the gap between institutional and community care. The transition is ongoing and contentious. Home care is not covered under the 1984
736:
independent, or at least have families that could provide support. Community care has been structured as a compromise between neoliberal values and the lived realities of disabled and dependent persons of the independent living movement.
729:
occurred alongside health and welfare service restructuring in a concerted effort to reduce public spending and improve the efficiency of formal care. Service reductions were justified by neoliberal beliefs that all people
2004:
2040:
248:
1537:
2020:
923:
2133:
2030:
824:
1350:
2061:
918:
46:
2035:
558:
1873:
385:
2224:
665:
developed by people with disabilities themselves. The first
Independent Living ideologists and organizers were people with extensive disabilities (e.g.,
831:(NCIL, 1989–2011) as a project, which became a spin-out independent organisation in the early 2000s before merging with two other organisations to form
654:
238:
2259:
2123:
2025:
1741:
710:
segregated system that medicalised the identities of disabled and dependent persons and actively participated in the abuse of their human rights.
714:
control for dependent and disabled persons in the delivery of health and social care through state-supported community re-integration and care.
2366:
1746:
828:
812:. Typically, Centers work with local and regional governments to improve infrastructure, raise awareness about disability issues and lobby for
1573:
998:
Illario, Maddalena; Vollenbroek-Hutten, Miriam M. R.; Molloy, D. William; Menditto, Enrica; Iaccarino, Guido; Eklund, Patrik (14 June 2018).
2092:
349:
1408:
2335:
1100:
883:
2229:
2128:
2082:
425:
1427:
2428:
1761:
1511:
1483:
529:
80:
949:
DiGennaro Reed, Florence D.; Strouse, Michael C.; Jenkins, Sarah R.; Price, Jamie; Henley, Amy J.; Hirst, Jason M. (11 June 2014).
1927:
1789:
551:
415:
258:
155:
2330:
1866:
1751:
1708:
903:
813:
749:
families and communities via the unpaid care economy, into existing systems of acute and primary care, or be left unaddressed.
2244:
2188:
1809:
1756:
630:, which may result in persons with disabilities living in poverty. The alternative to the Medical Model of Disability is the
420:
277:
637:
With the rise in Senior population, Independent Living facilities have risen in popularity as an option for aging citizens.
208:
2295:
2056:
1932:
1840:
233:
2097:
354:
2102:
2077:
1906:
1794:
1736:
820:. Effective centers have proven to be in states like California, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois.
618:
544:
369:
364:
121:
62:
2454:
2371:
2163:
1999:
1911:
1859:
1616:
913:
868:
836:
801:
646:
631:
281:
228:
126:
2087:
1942:
1566:
888:
873:
374:
150:
617:
In most countries, proponents of the
Independent Living Movement claim preconceived notions and a predominantly
2264:
2239:
1621:
1377:
1200:
253:
1174:
2378:
2325:
2320:
2249:
1771:
898:
878:
502:
58:
1222:
2361:
2300:
2254:
1766:
718:
492:
1952:
1728:
782:
762:
666:
243:
2285:
2269:
2234:
2168:
1692:
1672:
1611:
1559:
893:
832:
786:
295:
203:
131:
2449:
2418:
1937:
1804:
524:
178:
2351:
1901:
1647:
1272:
599:
485:
111:
1126:
2305:
2208:
2158:
1969:
1830:
1799:
1507:
1479:
1424:
1322:
1264:
1096:
1058:
1031:
980:
742:
650:
595:
330:
290:
173:
168:
800:
According to the IL Movement, with peer support, everyone – including persons with extensive
17:
2459:
2398:
2393:
2290:
2203:
1947:
1835:
1718:
1687:
1312:
1256:
1021:
1011:
970:
962:
758:
658:
461:
456:
325:
198:
2107:
1652:
1626:
1532:
1431:
863:
611:
300:
1543:
1301:"A critical policy analysis of an emerging agenda for home care in one Canadian province"
1049:
DeJong, Gerben (1979). "Independent Living: From Social
Movement to Analytic Paradigm".
2356:
1964:
1662:
1606:
1472:
1245:"Reconciling tensions: Needing formal and family/friend care but feeling like a burden"
1088:
1026:
999:
975:
950:
853:
817:
674:
497:
471:
359:
2443:
2193:
1959:
1667:
1527:
1500:
1317:
1300:
1276:
908:
848:
722:
315:
163:
27:
Housing and community arrangements that maximize independence and self-determination
2310:
2178:
2138:
1713:
1682:
928:
790:
603:
430:
379:
305:
2388:
1814:
682:
466:
2383:
2198:
1896:
1882:
1596:
1260:
1181:. Ontario Ministry of Children, Community and Social Services. March 18, 2018.
966:
951:"Barriers to Independent Living for Individuals with Disabilities and Seniors"
858:
794:
670:
627:
591:
583:
448:
320:
96:
2183:
1657:
1582:
1445:
1244:
809:
686:
678:
623:
607:
310:
1409:"Resetting normal: Women, decent work, and Canada's fractured care economy"
1326:
1268:
1035:
1016:
984:
2315:
1062:
662:
579:
1994:
1677:
587:
435:
116:
610:, independent living is seen as a step in the continuum of care, with
1547:
649:, which began in the 1960s. The IL Movement works at replacing the
1151:
2041:
1601:
1249:
Canadian
Journal on Aging / La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement
1855:
1555:
717:
The independent living movement found significant support for
29:
1851:
1551:
835:
in
January 2012. All these organisations subscribe to the
594:, and a worldwide movement of disabled people working for
45:
deal primarily with USA and Europe and do not represent a
1351:"Home care in Canada: From the margins to the mainstream"
1000:"Active and Healthy Ageing and Independent Living 2016"
924:
Timeline of disability rights outside the United States
54:
1378:"From bad to worse: Residential elder care in Alberta"
769:
denounced human rights violations of disabled people.
2031:
Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities
653:
and rehabilitation experts' concepts of integration,
1502:
ABC-CLIO Companion to the
Disability Rights Movement
2344:
2278:
2217:
2151:
2116:
2070:
2049:
2013:
1987:
1980:
1920:
1889:
1823:
1782:
1727:
1701:
1635:
1589:
1095:. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. p. 38.
825:
British Council of Organisations of Disabled People
1499:
1471:
919:Timeline of disability rights in the United States
1446:"Independent Living for Disabilities and Seniors"
1376:Campanella, D.; Bower, S. S. (November 6, 2013).
808:and adaptation, personal assistance referral, or
645:The Independent Living Movement grew out of the
1083:
1081:
931:– social integration beyond independent living
721:through another ideological movement known as
2036:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
1867:
1567:
1075:Richard Scotch, www.jstor.org/stable/3350150.
814:legislation that promotes equal opportunities
552:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1506:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
1115:Richard Scotch, www.jstor.org/stable/3350150
781:was founded by disability activists, led by
2424:
2225:Augmentative and alternative communication
1984:
1874:
1860:
1852:
1574:
1560:
1552:
559:
545:
92:
1478:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
1316:
1093:A Disability History of the United States
1025:
1015:
974:
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1536:) is being considered for deletion. See
1349:Canadian Healthcare Association (2009).
2260:Disproportionality in special education
1742:Nursing home care in the United Kingdom
1425:cripple tribunal on disabilityworld.org
1305:Health and Social Care in the Community
941:
789:. These Centers were created to offer
95:
1747:Nursing home care in the United States
829:National Centre for Independent Living
156:Individualized Education Program (IEP)
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1216:
1214:
1201:"Disability right movement in Canada"
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
426:Disabled Peoples' International (DPI)
7:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
350:Social Security Disability Insurance
2367:Disability in children's literature
884:List of disability rights activists
2230:Emotional or behavioral disability
25:
1762:Social care in the United Kingdom
1540:to help reach a consensus. ›
1125:Williamson, Bess (26 June 2012).
2423:
2414:
2413:
1790:Caring in intimate relationships
1318:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2006.00616.x
1299:Duncan, S.; Reutter, L. (2006).
1152:http://www.independentliving.org
519:
518:
416:National Telecommuting Institute
34:
1752:Home care in the United Kingdom
1709:Caring for people with dementia
904:Post-Polio Health International
827:(BCODP, 1981–2017) started the
2245:Disability and LGBT identities
1810:Unlicensed assistive personnel
1757:Home care in the United States
1474:The Disability Rights Movement
1407:Faraday, F. (April 15, 2020).
1199:Galer, D. (February 5, 2015).
773:Centers for Independent Living
421:Society for Disability Studies
278:Unlicensed assistive personnel
1:
2057:Services for mental disorders
1841:Distress in cancer caregiving
1131:Boom: A Journal of California
955:Behavior Analysis in Practice
779:Center for Independent Living
18:Center for Independent Living
2062:Services for disabled people
355:Supplemental Security Income
117:Ableism / Disablism
2345:Arts, media, culture, sport
1795:Direct support professional
1737:Nursing home care in Canada
1221:Dyck, E. (April 28, 2014).
1175:"The Industrial Revolution"
370:Disabled students allowance
365:Disability Living Allowance
57:, discuss the issue on the
2476:
2372:Disability in horror films
2164:Activities of daily living
1617:Activities of daily living
914:Social model of disability
869:Disability rights movement
837:Social Model of Disability
802:developmental disabilities
647:disability rights movement
632:Social Model of Disability
619:medical view of disability
229:Disability rights movement
2409:
1470:Fleischer, Doris (2001).
1261:10.1017/S0714980816000672
1205:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1004:Journal of Aging Research
967:10.1007/s40617-014-0011-6
889:Mainstreaming (education)
874:Independent senior living
375:Disabled Persons Railcard
2265:Sexuality and disability
2240:Disability and disasters
2152:Structural and assistive
1622:Long-term care insurance
1538:templates for discussion
1223:"Deinstitutionalization"
1127:"The People's Sidewalks"
388:the Severely Handicapped
344:Socioeconomic assistance
254:Sexuality and disability
2379:Disability in the media
2250:Disability and religion
2189:Personal Care Assistant
899:Person-centred planning
879:Intellectual disability
503:Disability in the media
2362:Disability in the arts
2255:Disability and poverty
2194:Physical accessibility
1824:Support for caregivers
1702:Special considerations
719:deinstitutionalisation
622:of their own, getting
586:, a way of looking at
493:Disability in the arts
316:Physical accessibility
1953:driver rehabilitation
1729:Caregiving by country
1179:Government of Ontario
1051:Arch Phys Med Rehabil
763:Amnesty International
614:being the next step.
244:People-first language
222:Societal implications
2286:Models of disability
2270:Youth and disability
2235:Invisible disability
2184:Orthotics and braces
2169:Assistive technology
1981:Rights, law, support
1693:Retirement community
1612:Occupational therapy
1498:Pelka, Fred (1997).
1434:Retrieved 2012-01-21
1017:10.1155/2016/8062079
894:Occupational therapy
833:Disability Rights UK
787:Berkeley, California
606:. In the context of
311:Orthotics and braces
296:Assistive technology
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
1938:Learning disability
1805:Sandwich generation
1783:Types of caregivers
1636:Living arrangements
1590:Background concepts
1243:Barken, R. (2017).
777:In 1972, the first
681:, Beverly Chapman,
596:equal opportunities
272:Personal assistance
179:Learning disability
2352:Disability culture
2279:Disability studies
2174:Independent living
1902:Disability studies
1648:Home modifications
1643:Independent living
1544:Independent living
1430:2010-11-23 at the
1385:Parkland Institute
1150:Dr. Adolf Ratzka,
600:self-determination
578:), as seen by its
572:Independent living
386:Assured Income for
2455:Disability rights
2437:
2436:
2306:Neuroqueer theory
2209:Web accessibility
2159:Accessible toilet
2147:
2146:
2000:Disability rights
1995:Ableism/disablism
1849:
1848:
1800:Family caregivers
757:Analogous to the
743:Canada Health Act
701:History in Canada
651:special education
569:
568:
331:Web accessibility
291:Accessible toilet
174:Special education
112:Disability theory
105:Theory and models
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
2467:
2427:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2399:Special Olympics
2291:Inspiration porn
2204:Universal design
2005:Pejorative terms
1985:
1948:Physical therapy
1876:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1836:Caregiver stress
1719:End-of-life care
1688:Residential care
1576:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1517:
1505:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1444:Lucero, Adam K.
1441:
1435:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1296:
1281:
1280:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1196:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1019:
995:
989:
988:
978:
946:
767:cripple tribunal
759:Russell Tribunal
561:
554:
547:
522:
521:
462:Paralympic Games
457:Special Olympics
326:Universal design
249:Pejorative terms
93:
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2405:
2340:
2274:
2213:
2143:
2117:Activist groups
2112:
2066:
2045:
2009:
1976:
1916:
1885:
1880:
1850:
1845:
1819:
1778:
1723:
1697:
1653:Assisted living
1631:
1627:Dignity of risk
1585:
1580:
1541:
1524:
1514:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1432:Wayback Machine
1423:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1392:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1361:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1334:
1298:
1297:
1284:
1242:
1241:
1230:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1102:978-080702204-7
1087:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1057:(10): 435–446.
1048:
1047:
1043:
997:
996:
992:
948:
947:
943:
938:
864:Dignity of risk
845:
823:In the UK, the
775:
755:
703:
695:
643:
612:assisted living
565:
534:
508:
507:
488:
478:
477:
476:
451:
441:
440:
411:
410:
394:
393:
390:
387:
345:
337:
336:
335:
301:Assisted living
273:
265:
264:
263:
223:
215:
214:
213:
193:
185:
184:
183:
146:
138:
137:
136:
106:
87:
76:
70:
67:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2357:Disability art
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:Carers' rights
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:Aging in place
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:Long-term care
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1525:
1523:
1522:External links
1520:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1462:
1436:
1417:
1390:
1359:
1332:
1311:(3): 242–253.
1282:
1228:
1210:
1184:
1155:
1143:
1117:
1108:
1101:
1077:
1068:
1041:
990:
940:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
854:Aging in place
851:
844:
841:
818:discrimination
816:and prohibits
774:
771:
754:
751:
702:
699:
694:
691:
675:Judith Heumann
659:rehabilitation
642:
641:History in USA
639:
567:
566:
564:
563:
556:
549:
541:
538:
537:
536:
535:
533:
532:
527:
515:
510:
509:
506:
505:
500:
498:Disability art
495:
489:
484:
483:
480:
479:
475:
474:
472:Invictus Games
469:
464:
459:
453:
452:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
412:
409:
408:
405:
401:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
384:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
360:Ticket to Work
357:
352:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
286:
285:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
259:Women's health
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
212:
211:
206:
201:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
182:
181:
176:
171:
169:Special school
166:
160:
159:
158:
153:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
135:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
89:
88:
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2472:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:Social issues
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:Special needs
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Mainstreaming
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Medical model
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Adult daycare
1671:
1669:
1668:Elder village
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1513:0-87436-834-0
1509:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1485:1-56639-812-6
1481:
1476:
1475:
1466:
1463:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
991:
986:
982:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
942:
935:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
909:Self-advocacy
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
849:Accessibility
847:
846:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
805:
803:
798:
796:
795:role modeling
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
752:
750:
746:
744:
738:
735:
732:
726:
724:
723:neoliberalism
720:
715:
711:
707:
700:
698:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:normalization
652:
648:
640:
638:
635:
633:
629:
625:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
542:
540:
539:
531:
528:
526:
517:
516:
514:
513:
512:
511:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
487:
482:
481:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
450:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
407:Organizations
406:
403:
402:
398:
397:
389:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
341:
340:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
283:
279:
276:
275:
269:
268:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
239:Normalization
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
219:
218:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
189:
188:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
164:Special needs
162:
161:
157:
154:
152:
151:Mainstreaming
149:
148:
142:
141:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
122:Medical model
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
102:
101:
98:
94:
85:
82:
74:
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2321:Anthropology
2311:Deaf studies
2301:Crip as verb
2179:Mobility aid
2173:
2139:Reach Canada
1912:Social model
1714:Elderly care
1683:Nursing home
1642:
1542:
1531:
1501:
1473:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:
1439:
1420:
1384:
1308:
1304:
1255:(1): 81–96.
1252:
1248:
1204:
1178:
1146:
1136:22 September
1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1120:
1111:
1092:
1089:Nielsen, Kim
1071:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1007:
1003:
993:
961:(2): 70–77.
958:
954:
944:
929:Visitability
822:
806:
799:
791:peer support
778:
776:
766:
756:
747:
739:
733:
730:
727:
716:
712:
708:
704:
696:
644:
636:
616:
604:self-respect
575:
571:
570:
431:Visitability
380:Freedom Pass
306:Mobility aid
204:Occupational
132:Other models
127:Social model
77:
71:October 2020
68:
44:
2394:Paralympics
2389:Deaflympics
2199:Prosthetics
1890:Main topics
1815:Young carer
1526:‹ The
683:Lex Frieden
661:with a new
467:Deaflympics
321:Prosthetics
2450:Caregiving
2444:Categories
2384:Parasports
1921:Approaches
1897:Disability
1883:Disability
1597:Disability
1583:Caregiving
1010:: 542183.
936:References
859:Camp Jened
783:Ed Roberts
753:In Germany
693:Philosophy
671:Hale Zukas
667:Ed Roberts
592:disability
584:philosophy
525:Disability
449:Parasports
97:Disability
2331:Education
2326:Geography
1970:education
1933:Inclusion
1658:Home care
1277:206277940
810:legal aid
687:iron lung
679:Peg Nosek
624:education
608:eldercare
580:advocates
234:Inclusion
145:Education
59:talk page
2419:Category
2336:Journals
2316:Eugenics
2296:Bodymind
2103:Students
2050:Services
1772:Scotland
1528:template
1428:Archived
1327:16650121
1269:28052791
1091:(2012).
1036:26346624
985:27294013
843:See also
663:paradigm
199:Physical
53:You may
2460:Housing
2071:Support
1767:England
1678:Hospice
1530:below (
1450:Seniors
1027:4545157
976:4711747
588:society
582:, is a
486:Culture
436:WeThe15
280: (
192:Therapy
1988:Rights
1965:school
1548:Curlie
1533:Curlie
1510:
1482:
1455:2 July
1325:
1275:
1267:
1099:
1063:496597
1061:
1034:
1024:
983:
973:
765:, the
602:, and
523:
404:Groups
209:Speech
2429:Lists
2134:MINDS
1602:Aging
1412:(PDF)
1381:(PDF)
1354:(PDF)
1273:S2CID
785:, in
734:to be
731:ought
530:Lists
61:, or
2108:CNIB
2093:SSDI
2088:Rail
2083:ODSP
2021:AODA
1508:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1457:2016
1323:PMID
1265:PMID
1138:2014
1097:ISBN
1059:PMID
1032:PMID
1008:2016
981:PMID
793:and
657:and
628:work
626:and
590:and
282:ADLs
2129:DPI
2124:CCD
2098:SSI
2078:DLA
2026:ADA
2014:Law
1928:IEP
1546:at
1313:doi
1257:doi
1022:PMC
1012:doi
971:PMC
963:doi
761:by
2446::
1448:.
1393:^
1383:.
1362:^
1335:^
1321:.
1309:14
1307:.
1303:.
1285:^
1271:.
1263:.
1253:36
1251:.
1247:.
1231:^
1213:^
1203:.
1187:^
1177:.
1158:^
1129:.
1080:^
1055:60
1053:.
1030:.
1020:.
1006:.
1002:.
979:.
969:.
957:.
953:.
839:.
677:,
673:,
669:,
634:.
598:,
576:IL
1875:e
1868:t
1861:v
1575:e
1568:t
1561:v
1516:.
1488:.
1459:.
1414:.
1387:.
1356:.
1329:.
1315::
1279:.
1259::
1225:.
1207:.
1140:.
1105:.
1065:.
1038:.
1014::
987:.
965::
959:7
574:(
560:e
553:t
546:v
284:)
84:)
78:(
73:)
69:(
51:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.