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and along the
Pacific slopes. It is frequently recorded in Costa Rica. It has declined drastically in Monteverde, Costa Rica since the mid 1980s. While this may require further investigation, recorded declines in Costa Rica might be due to the chytridiomycosis disease. Different Costa Rican populations have shown stability and, in some places, (Zarcero for example), the emerald glass frog is the most common glass frog within the area. Moreover, it is shown to be common in Panama, Nicaragua, Ecuador and reasonably common in Honduras and Colombia. It currently has a stable population trend and is not considered to be fragmented. Strong site fidelity has been shown by the emerald glass frog, and its preferred system is terrestrial and freshwater. As for the home range; the emerald glass frog shows strong fidelity within around 2 meters, and it is suggested that migration is a possibility. Furthermore, studies have shown that the activity of males and females increased with rainfall.
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four at a time. The female deposits her eggs on the upper side of a leaf, a mossy rocks or branches, generally 0–3 m above the water. Once the female deposits her eggs they are fertilized by the male's sperm, the male may rub his legs on the sides of the female's body, and she may stay for minutes or hours, and then leaves without returning. Although large male size does not seem to be correlated with mating success, larger females tend to lay clutches with more eggs in them. This reproductive behavior is generally constant throughout emerald glass frog's range.
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described to be small, green, and may occasionally have dark spots on its back. It has a translucent body for camouflage, green bones and both males and females have humeral hooks (larger in males) which they use for fighting. It is native to
Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. It breeds during rainy season (May to November) and the males tend to be territorial. The space between male territories are dependent on calling. As for calling, the males will call from leaf branches.
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more common in areas of high male density than in areas of low male density. Males in combat hang by their toes on the same or nearby vegetation and seize each other front to front, hooking their humeral hooks in the other's axial region. When this ritual is over, the males may make a peep sound, or simply jump to another location on the tree. The aggressive interaction is over when one male jumps to another (lower) leaf or flattens his body against the leaf signifying submissiveness.
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570:. It appears to be more common at higher altitudes due to the presence of more stream habitats near rivers and streams. It has been found that the maximum elevation limit 1500 meters (above sea level). In terms of habitat in these altitudes, the emerald glass frog prefers vegetated areas that are dense such as evergreen forests along banks of rapid streams where it breeds by laying its eggs on nearby leaves.
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membranes between fingers 3 and 4 of its hand. In terms of sexual dimorphism; males have humeral hooks. In terms of size, males are around 0.11g, and snout to vent are about 2.5 cm. Male body size and humeral spine size is different among individuals, but these qualities don't determine success during aggressive interactions. The head of
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These frogs begin as eggs laid on land, develop as aquatic tadpoles, then return to land in their adult life stage. After deposition, the eggs take 8–20 days to develop. Tadpoles drop into the water underneath them and are often born when it is raining, which is said to be a camouflage technique. The
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Male emerald glass frogs have large humeral spines that they use for combat. The size varies amongst individuals and tends to be correlated with who wins the interaction. If a male's territory is encroached upon the two males will engage in a grappling match that can last up to 30 minutes. This is
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and continues calling. This lasts for about 174 minutes and the calls are strongest during amplexus and after egg deposition. The mating pair may stay in one location or move up to 2 m away from the original site. Males generally tend to one clutch at a time, but have been reported to tend to up to
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is listed as least concern according to IUCN in the red list category and criteria when it was assessed in 2020. It was listed as least concern because of its wide distribution, large population, and its improbable decline. The emerald glass frog has a lifespan of more than 5 years. It is physically
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Though most vocal during the wet season, it has been reported that these frogs call throughout the year. The call is used to attract a female to his territory and consists of short “chee-chee-chee”, with intermittent chirp sequences. The rate of this call ranges from 1 to 43 calls per hour, with a
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Males tend to have high fidelity to their ovipository sites. During mating season, the male establishes his territory in a tree, usually on a leaf, and emits a call to attract females to his site. He defends this territory throughout the time he is searching for a mate as well as after the eggs are
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is wide and seems round when observed overhead. Its eyes are large and protruding with a small space between the eyes. It does not have a tympanum (or cannot be seen). It has vomerine teeth and due to its translucent smooth skin, its bones and intestines are visible (intestines less so due to white
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The range of the emerald glass frog is from eastern
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, to the Pacific slopes of Colombia and Ecuador. In Colombia, it is found in the northern and eastern areas (along Cordillera Oriental and in the Magdalena Valley). It is also found along the Caribbean
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Emerald glass frogs prefer humid terrestrial or aquatic habitats in rainforests and wet forests. They have both terrestrial and aquatic life stages, so they tend to live in vegetation beside streams. They prefer shallow streams because there are more rocks and logs that have vegetation on them for
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is relatively consistent, its coloration pattern is especially variable. These variable patterns and colorations include populations that are yellow, black and green. During the tadpole phase its color is black and then later changes to brown/red. Its dorsal exteriors are emerald green (hence the
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Females generally exhibit less parental care than males do. A female may remain near her eggs for a period of time up to several hours after deposition, but males have been reported to guard the eggs as they guard their territory. There has been no evidence that female parental care benefits the
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because its distribution overlaps with reserves such as the Mache-Chindul
Ecological Reserve and the Cotacachi Cayapas Ecological Reserve. It is also found in many protected areas in Colombia and within its range in Central America. The emerald glass frog generally has a wide distribution and
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In the past thirty years there has been a major decline (about 40%) in amphibian populations in South
America, with the emerald tree frog among them. This sudden population drop was strange and perplexing because there was very little disturbance in the area. After some research in the affected
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duration of 1.5–3 seconds. The call is most intense whilst engaged in amplexus as well as after egg deposition. When a male is in close proximity to another male, they call in a short series of rapid beeps. Higher mating success has been seen to be correlated to longer length of calling.
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is considered to be medium in size, measuring 2.1-2.8 cm in males and 2.5-3.1 cm in females. During the tadpole phase, its length is around 1.2 cm and has dorsal eyes and nostrils. It is distinguished from the other glass frogs by having a protruding humeral spine in males and
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hatchlings are 12mm in length, and have specialized mouth parts for attaching to substrate in the stream. After hatching they congregate and remain in the leaf litter and sediment for several months and once they are fully developed into adults they become terrestrial animals.
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The word "prosoblepon" originates from the Greek words "proso" and "blepo", which respectively mean "forward, in front" and "see, look”, and is thought to signify the frontal position of the eyes in the emerald glass frog.
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Eggs are laid in clutches of 10 to 40 eggs and are black in color, and each about 10mm in diameter. The eggs are deposited together and form a jelly covered monolayer that is usually about 50 mm in diameter.
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name) and may have black specks. The color of its fingers is faintly paler than the rest of its body and its bones are green due to biliverdin presence. The iris is usually gray or silver with dark outlines.
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Their mating season lasts from May to
November, which is the wet season in their region. Some studies suggest that there is a positive correlation between rainfall and number of clutches laid.
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are lowland tropical forests and montane cloud forests. It is a nocturnal species occurring in low vegetation in mature forests only. It is not considered threatened overall by the
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in amphibians. Espadarana prosoblepon populations have remained relatively stable after the major population decline, keeping them on the IUCN species of least concern list.
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665:. Generally, threats to the emerald glass frogs are related to its habitat such as deforestation, human intrusion and pollution resulting from illegal crop spraying.
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due to the variation in their physiology. The emerald glass frog was able to persist during its decline which indicates high resistance to
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is found at elevations ranging from 20-1,500 meters in zones that are humid such as forests and
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membrane cover). Its fingers vary in length (finger 1 is longer than finger 2) and are webbed.
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consists of large populations which is why it has not attracted conservation efforts.
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Moreta
Herrera, Rodrigo; Durán Rodríguez, Teresa; Villegas Villacrés, Narcisa (2018).
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deposited for a period of time. When a female approaches, the male engages her in
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areas, there was speculation that the decline was a result of the fungus
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Revista de
Psicología y Educación - Journal of Psychology and Education
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clutch, whereas male parental care has been seen to increase success.
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The frog's range includes at least one protected park, including the
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although deforestation and pollution are potential threats, as is
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478:The emerald green frog, like most other frogs, are
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733:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T78163669A54342487.en
637:The emerald glass frog substantially declined in
539:depositing eggs, where less flooding occurs.
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708:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020).
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840:. University of California, Berkeley. 2023
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769:. 6.0. American Museum of Natural History
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
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578:The emerald glass frog's activity is
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60:adding citations to reliable sources
1140:IUCN Red List least concern species
719:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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860:"Ranita Dorada Amphibian Reserve"
649:is threatened by Chytrid fungus (
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553:Ranita Dorada Amphibian Reserve
388:. This species can be found in
47:needs additional citations for
767:Amphibian Species of the World
659:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
655:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
651:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
623:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
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1185:Taxa named by Oskar Boettger
1180:Amphibians described in 1892
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386:Nicaragua giant glass frog
757:Frost, Darrel R. (2016).
673:An example of conserving
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1155:Amphibians of Costa Rica
862:. ProAves. July 15, 2010
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726:: e.T78163669A54342487.
465:While the morphology of
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71:"Espadarana prosoblepon"
1170:Amphibians of Nicaragua
1165:Amphibians of Honduras
1150:Amphibians of Colombia
949:Espadarana-prosoblepon
922:Espadarana prosoblepon
892:Espadarana prosoblepon
832:Espadarana prosoblepon
761:Espadarana prosoblepon
712:Espadarana prosoblepon
675:Centrolene prosoblepon
663:Centrolene prosoblepon
647:Centrolene prosoblepon
564:Centrolene prosoblepon
543:Distribution and range
467:Espadarana prosoblepon
454:Espadarana prosoblepon
449:Espadarana prosoblepon
437:Centrolene prosoblepon
369:Centrolene prosoblepon
356:Cochranella ocellifera
328:Centrolene prosoblepon
296:Espadarana prosoblepon
140:Espadarana prosoblepon
18:Centrolene prosoblepon
1160:Amphibians of Ecuador
1175:Amphibians of Panama
56:improve this article
27:Species of amphibian
643:habitat destruction
432:General description
278:E. prosoblepon
157:Conservation status
382:emerald glass frog
342:Hylella puncticrus
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763:(Boettger, 1892)"
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54:Please help
49:verification
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996:iNaturalist
931:AmphibiaWeb
916:Wikispecies
844:15 November
838:AmphibiaWeb
773:18 February
739:16 November
592:carnivorous
590:Adults are
568:rainforests
507:Development
461:Colouration
1145:Espadarana
1134:Categories
800:(2): 155.
686:References
639:Monteverde
444:Morphology
402:Costa Rica
265:Espadarana
82:newspapers
1077:Q24796450
907:Q24796785
816:1699-9517
580:nocturnal
574:Behaviour
480:oviparous
406:Nicaragua
272:Species:
210:Kingdom:
204:Eukaryota
1071:Wikidata
901:Wikidata
866:July 27,
598:Fighting
559:Altitude
500:amplexus
414:habitats
410:Honduras
394:Colombia
313:Synonyms
304:Boettger
250:Family:
234:Amphibia
224:Chordata
220:Phylum:
214:Animalia
200:Domain:
177:IUCN 3.1
112:May 2023
1104:2429470
1014:1095991
988:9132909
679:Ecuador
633:Threats
616:History
607:Calling
586:Feeding
534:Habitat
390:Ecuador
306:, 1892)
260:Genus:
240:Order:
230:Class:
175: (
96:scholar
1117:776055
1047:uBio:
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493:Mating
408:, and
398:Panama
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