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314:, or both. They have no mouth, but absorb nutrients directly from the host's gut. The neck continually produces proglottids, each one containing a reproductive tract; mature proglottids are full of eggs, and fall off to leave the host, either passively in the feces or actively moving. All tapeworms are hermaphrodites, with each individual having both male and female reproductive organs.
741:, which was found in China at base of the Cambrian deposits in Yunnan just above the Ediacaran-Cambrian border, has great similarities to present day Cestodians. If correct, this would be the earliest example of a Platyzoan and also one of the earliest bilaterian body-fossils and might thus provide an insight to the living mode of Cestodians before they became specialized parasites.
476:. Protonephridial cells drain into the parenchyma. There are four longitudinal collection canals, two dorso-lateral and two ventro-lateral, running along the length of the worm, with a transverse canal linking the ventral ones at the posterior of each segment. When the proglottids begin to detach, these canals open to the exterior through the terminal segment.
595:
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518:. These are produced from the neck by mitotic growth, which is followed by transverse constriction. The segments become larger and more mature as they are displaced backwards by newer segments. Each proglottid contains an independent reproductive tract, and like some other flatworms, cestodes excrete waste through
707:
defence. Host antibodies can kill or limit cestode infection by damaging their digestive enzymes, which reduces their ability to feed and therefore to grow and to reproduce; by binding to their bodies; and by neutralising toxins that they produce. When cestodes feed passively in the gut, they do not
1830:
Like other species of mammal, humans can become infected with tapeworms. There may be few or no symptoms, and the first indication of the infection may be the presence of one or more proglottids in the stools. The proglottids appear as flat, rectangular, whitish objects about the size of a grain of
643:
lives in the gut of a primate such as a human, its definitive host. Proglottids leave the body through the anus and fall to the ground, where they may be eaten with grass by a grazing animal such as a cow. This animal then becomes an intermediate host, the oncosphere boring through the gut wall and
529:
Mature proglottids are essentially bags of eggs, each of which is infective to the proper intermediate host. They are released and leave the host in feces, or migrate outwards as independent motile proglottids. The number of proglottids forming the tapeworm ranges from three to four thousand. Their
1970:
There are unproven claims that, around 1900, tapeworm eggs were marketed to the public as slimming tablets. A full-page coloured image, purportedly from a women's magazine of that period, reads "Fat: the enemy ... that is banished! How? With sanitized tape worms. Jar packed. No ill effects!"
631:
Cestodes produce large numbers of eggs, but each one has a low probability of finding a host. To increase their chances, different species have adopted various strategies of egg release. In the
Pseudophyllidea, many eggs are released in the brief period when their aquatic intermediate hosts are
648:. The parasite completes its life cycle when the intermediate host passes on the parasite to the definitive host, usually when the definitive host eats contaminated parts of the intermediate host, for example a human eating raw or undercooked meat. Another two-phase life cycle is exhibited by
526:) located in the proglottids. The sum of the proglottids is called a strobila, which is thin and resembles a strip of tape; from this is derived the common name "tapeworm". Proglottids are continually being produced by the neck region of the scolex, as long as the scolex is attached and alive.
616:(which burrow through the gut or body wall to reach the coelom) are intestinal, though some life cycle stages rest in muscle or other tissues. The definitive host is always a vertebrate but in nearly all cases, one or more intermediate hosts are involved in the life cycle, typically
567:
is the norm, self-fertilization sometimes occurs and makes possible the reproduction of a worm when it is the only individual in its host's gut. During copulation, the cirri of one individual connect with those of the other through the genital pore, and then
686:
is another three-phase example. The intermediate hosts are copepods and small fish, and the definitive hosts are waterbirds. This species has been used to demonstrate that cross-fertilisation produces a higher infective success rate than self-fertilisation.
510:
Once anchored to the host's intestinal wall, tapeworms absorb nutrients through their surface as their food flows past them. Cestodes are unable to synthesise lipids, which they use for reproduction, and are therefore entirely dependent on their hosts.
420:, are wormlike but not divided into proglottids. Amphilinids have a muscular proboscis at the front end; Gyrocotylids have a sucker or proboscis which they can pull inside or push outside at the front end, and a holdfast rosette at the posterior end.
632:
abundant (semelparity). In contrast, in the terrestrial
Cyclophyllidea, proglottids are released steadily over a period of years, or as long as their host lives (iteroparity). Another strategy is to have very long-lived larvae; for example, in
562:
as female organs. The common external opening for both male and female reproductive systems is known as the genital pore, which is situated at the surface opening of the cup-shaped atrium. Though they are sexually hermaphroditic and
2592:
2420:
Mondal, Madhumita; Mukhopadhyay, D.; Ghosh, D.; Dey, C.; Misra, K. K. (2009). "Analysis of major lipid classes and their fatty acids in a cestode parasite of domestic fowl, Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) echinobothrida".
1820:
Image purportedly offering "sanitized tape worms jar packed" under the heading "Fat! the enemy that is shortening your life - banished!". It promises "no ill effects", but side effects include diarrhea and abdominal
590:: Inset 5 shows the scolex, a disk with hooks on the end. Inset 6 shows the tapeworm's whole body, in which the scolex is the tiny, round tip in the top left corner, and a mature proglottid has just detached.
1846:. While accidental tapeworm infections in developed countries are quite rare, such infections are more likely to occur in countries with poor sanitation facilities or where food hygiene standards are low.
725:
Parasite fossils are rare, but recognizable clusters of cestode eggs, some with an operculum (lid) indicating that they had not erupted, one with a developing larva, have been discovered in fossil shark
487:
and vagina are innervated, and sensory endings around the genital pore are more plentiful than in other areas. Sensory function includes both tactoreception (touch) and chemoreception (smell or taste).
674:
larvae. When the copepod is eaten by a suitable second intermediate host, typically a minnow or other small freshwater fish, the procercoid larvae migrate into the fish's flesh where they develop into
254:. Their bodies consist of many similar units known as proglottidsâessentially packages of eggs which are regularly shed into the environment to infect other organisms. Species of the other subclass,
1975:
deliberately infected himself with tapeworms he gained weight due to increased appetite. Dieters still sometimes risk intentional infection, evidenced by a 2013 warning on
American television.
666:
exhibits a more complex, three-phase life cycle. If the eggs are laid in water, they develop into free-swimming oncosphere larvae. After ingestion by a suitable freshwater crustacean such as a
3094:
Waeschenbach, A.; Webster, B. L.; Littlewood, D. T. (2012). "Adding resolution to ordinal level relationships of tapeworms (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda) with large fragments of mtDNA".
2958:
Struck, Torsten H.; Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.; Golombek, Anja; Hering, Lars; Weigert, Anne; Bleidorn, Christoph; Klebow, Sabrina; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Hausdorf, Bernhard (2014).
461:
cestodes can be identified by the presence of four suckers on their scolices. Other species have ruffled or leaflike scolices, and there may be other structures to aid attachment.
636:, the hydatid larvae can survive for ten years or more in humans and other vertebrate hosts, giving the tapeworm an exceptionally long time window in which to find another host.
401:, through which gas exchange also takes place. The tegument also protects the parasite from the host's digestive enzymes and allows it to transfer molecules back to the host.
2809:
Dentzien-Dias, Paula C.; Poinar, George; de
Figueiredo, Ana Emilia Q.; Pacheco, Ana Carolina L.; Horn, Bruno L. D.; Schultz, Cesar L. (2013). Turrens, Julio Francisco (ed.).
483:
in its scolex. Nerves emanate from the ganglion to supply the general body muscular and sensory endings, with two lateral nerve cords running the length of the strobila. The
2548:"Simultaneous hermaphrodites reproducing in pairs selfâfertilize some of their eggs: an experimental test of predictions of mixedâmating and Hermaphrodite's Dilemma theory"
865:
431:
3244:
Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers
530:
layout comes in two forms: craspedote, meaning any given proglottid is overlapped by the previous proglottid, or acraspedote, indicating the proglottids do not overlap.
3003:
2091:
2759:
Christen, M.; Kurtz, J.; Milinski, M. (2002). "Outcrossing increases infection success and competitive ability: experimental evidence from a hermaphrodite parasite".
445:
The scolex, which attaches to the intestine of the definitive host, is often minute in comparison with the proglottids. It is typically a four-sided knob, armed with
1831:
rice, which may change size or move about. Bodily symptoms which are sometimes present include abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, increased appetite and weight loss.
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larvae. These are the infective stages for the mammalian definitive host. If the small fish is eaten by a predatory fish, its muscles too can become infected.
3004:"Suppression of the tapeworm order Pseudophyllidea (Platyhelminthes: Eucestoda) and the proposal of two new orders, Bothriocephalidea and Diphyllobothriidea"
2149:
2596:
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Circular and longitudinal muscles lie under the neodermis, beneath which further longitudinal, dorso-ventral and transverse muscles surround the central
299:
and then one or more freshwater fish; its definitive host is a mammal. Some cestodes are host-specific, while others are parasites of a wide variety of
1838:
drugs, some effective against many kinds of parasite, others more specific; these can be used both preventatively and to treat infections. For example,
3046:"Systematics of the Eucestoda: advances toward a new phylogenetic paradigm, and observations on the early diversification of tapeworms and vertebrates"
4905:
4776:
4815:
3553:
2251:
Dalton, John P; Skelly, Patrick; Halton, David W (February 2004). "Role of the tegument and gut in nutrient uptake by parasitic platyhelminths".
4900:
2105:
2529:, 11th edn (Saif, Y. M; Barnes, H. J.; Fadly, A. M.; Glisson, J. R.; McDougald, L .R.; Swayne, D.E. eds). Iowa State Press, USA, pp. 396-404.
608:
Cestodes are parasites of vertebrates, with each species infecting a single definitive host or group of closely related host species. All but
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2300:
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including the
Cestoda arose within that grouping. The approximate times when major groups first appeared is shown in millions of years ago.
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relies on at least three hosts, crustaceans, fish, and humans. Other fish-eating mammals like bears can equally serve as definitive hosts.
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Cestodes have no gut or mouth and absorb nutrients from the host's alimentary tract through their specialised neodermal cuticle, or
408:, a short neck, and a strobila, or segmented trunk formed of proglottids, which makes up the worm's body. Members of the subclass
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Hosts can become immune to infection by a cestode if the lining, the mucosa, of the gut is damaged. This exposes the host's
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542:, with both male and female reproductive systems in each body. The reproductive system includes one or more testes, cirri,
2911:"Comparative Genomics of Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) Reveals Shared Genomic Features of Ecto- and Endoparastic Neodermata"
310:. Tapeworms anchor themselves to the inside of the intestine of their host using their scolex, which typically has hooks,
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or other vertebrates. Infections can be long-lasting; in humans, tapeworm infection may last as much as 30 years. No
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owns a talking tapeworm, which they call "the most attractive character in the novel"; it becomes the policeman's
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289:, while the larvae often live in the bodies of other animals, either vertebrates or invertebrates. For example,
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The body form of adult eucestodes is simple, with a scolex, or grasping head, adapted for attachment to the
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628:, but the life cycle pattern has been a crucial criterion for assessing evolution among Platyhelminthes.
303:. Some six thousand species have been described; probably all vertebrates can host at least one species.
277:
in which the adults grow and reproduce, often for years, and one or two intermediate stages in which the
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2221:"Cestoidea: The Tapeworms, Cestodaria: the Unsegemented Tapeworms & Eucestoda: The True Tapeworms"
1119:), are indicated in italics and parentheses, the life-cycle sequence (where known) shown by arrows as
367:, mainly intestinal; their definitive hosts are vertebrates, both terrestrial and marine, while their
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Humans are subject to infection by several species of tapeworms if they eat undercooked meat such as
3846:
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506:. This species has 7 to 13 branches of the uterus on each side (above and below in this micrograph).
381:, can grow to over 30 m (100 ft). Species with small hosts tend to be small. For example,
375:, the beef tapeworm, can grow up to 20 m (65 ft); the largest species, the whale tapeworm
115:
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2129:
Hargis, William J. (1985). "Parasitology and pathology of marine organisms of the world ocean".
306:
The adult tapeworm has a scolex (head), a short neck, and a strobila (segmented body) formed of
3511:
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1127:. Alternatives, generally for different species within an order, are shown in square brackets.
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2960:"Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia"
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3398:"System of a Down Had a Massive Fight Over That 'Tapeworm' Lyric While Making 'Toxicity'"
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that often infect humans, may be the most basal of the 12 orders of the
Cyclophyllidea.
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In the larval stage the scolex is similarly shaped and is known as the protoscoleces.
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tapeworms are only 13â240 mm (0.5â9.4 in) in length, and those parasitizing
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Llewellyn, J. (1987). "Phylogenetic inference from platyhelminth life-cycle stages".
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1952:
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1918:
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described and illustrated many parasites, and was the first to identify the cysts of
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migrating to another part of the body such as the muscle. Here it encysts, forming a
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246:(Platyhelminthes). Most of the speciesâand the best-knownâare those in the subclass
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1967:": their inclusion within the song result in a lyrical dispute among band members.
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include insects, crustaceans, molluscs, and annelids as well as other vertebrates.
347:
1842:
is an effective treatment for tapeworm infection, and is preferred over the older
918:
3185:
3019:
2835:
2463:(12th ed.). Benjamin-Cummings, part of Addison Wesley Longman. p. 347.
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2150:"Body size variation in tapeworms (Cestoda): adaptation to intestinal gradients?"
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2509:. Academic Press, Division of Hardcourt Brace & Company, USA, pp. 402â416.
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Many tapeworms have a two-phase life cycle with two types of host. The adult
4737:
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Tang, Feng; Song, Sicun; Zhang, Guangxu; Chen, Ailin; Liu, Jun-Ping (2020).
2000:
1937:
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911:
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339:), or if they live in, or eat food prepared in, conditions of poor hygiene (
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2004:
1902:
seen in dogs and sheep as parasitic in origin; a century later, in 1760,
1885:
1871:
1009:
989:
750:
709:
704:
564:
480:
450:
423:
The
Cestodaria have 10 larval hooks while Eucestoda have 6 larval hooks.
364:
240:
169:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
17:
2030:"Tapeworm Eggs Discovered in 270-Million-Year-Old Fossil Shark faeces",
1095:
and other DNA, and morphological analysis and continues to be revised. "
4134:
3150:
2886:
2869:
2712:
2186:
1996:
731:
700:
667:
555:
103:
78:
4794:
2691:
Mackiewicz, John S. (February 1988). "Cestode
Transmission Patterns".
559:
243:
159:
4619:
3142:
2704:
2264:
2178:
1627:(crustaceans?/cephalopods?/teleosts? â seabirds/cetaceans/pinnipeds)
4781:
4742:
2870:"Enigmatic ribbon-like fossil from Early Cambrian of Yunnan, China"
2459:
Tortora, Gerard J.; Funke, Berdell R.; Case, Christine L. (2016) .
654:, the definitive host being an equine and the intermediate host an
1815:
1074:
1063:
1052:
551:
495:
430:
386:
278:
749:
The position of the
Cestoda within the Platyhelminthes and other
2066:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
318:
4623:
3535:
1087:
The evolutionary history of the
Cestoda has been studied using
3129:
Mariaux, J. (1998). "A molecular phylogeny of the Eucestoda".
449:
or hooks or both. In some species, the scolex is dominated by
4729:
1906:
correctly suggested that these were the larvae of tapeworms.
757:. The non-parasitic flatworms, traditionally grouped as the "
514:
The tapeworm body is composed of a series of segments called
2773:
10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[2243:oiisac]2.0.co;2
3472:"Iowa woman tries 'tapeworm diet', prompts doctor warning"
1543:(crustaceans â inverts/verts â fishes/amphibians/reptiles)
2811:"Tapeworm Eggs in a 270 Million-Year-Old Shark Coprolite"
281:
develop in other hosts. Typically the adults live in the
2909:
Hahn, Christoph; Fromm, Bastian; Bachmann, Lutz (2014).
2525:
McDougald, L. R. (2003). "Cestodes and trematodes". In:
2361:(1st ed.). Florida: Taylor & Francis. p.
351:
species). The unproven concept of using tapeworms as a
3425:"'Eat! Eat! Eat!' Those notorious tapeworm diet pills"
1959:
tapeworms. Tapeworms are prominently mentioned in the
1358:(fishes/crustaceans/molluscs â bony fishes/selachians)
1494:(copepods â fishes/decapods/cephalopods â selachians)
3525:
University of South Carolina - School of Medicine -
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1060:: body flatwormlike, not divided into proglottids
670:, the first intermediate host, they develop into
479:The main nerve centre of a cestode is a cerebral
250:; they are ribbon-like worms as adults, known as
2341:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite
753:phyla based on genomic analysis is shown in the
2295:. Morton Publishing Company. pp. 535â536.
2289:Pendarvis, Murray P.; Crawley, John L. (2018).
2148:Haukisalmi, V.; Heino, M.; Kaitala, V. (1998).
2135:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1888:recorded parasites including tapeworms. In the
550:as male organs, and a single lobed or unlobed
3547:
3372:"Medical Magic Leads To Terror In 'Parasite'"
3305:. Oxford University Press. pp. 465â466.
3039:
3037:
2997:
2995:
1071:: body wormlike, not divided into proglottids
624:occur in the life cycle, as they do in other
8:
3510:Mayo Clinic Website on infectious diseases,
3297:Scholar, Eric M.; Pratt, William B. (2000).
3250:. World Health Organization. pp. 1â61.
2090:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3337:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
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1929:'s sociopathic policeman in his 1998 novel
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2597:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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1392:(crustaceans â teleost fishes/amphibians)
905: tapeworms and allies
453:, or "sucking grooves" that function like
114:
31:
2975:
2934:
2885:
2844:
2834:
2563:
2343:. Chicago: EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica, 2010.
2168:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
389:only 0.8â60 mm (0.03â2.36 in).
3370:Valentine, Genevieve (30 October 2013).
593:
579:
3496:, Second Home Edition, Online Version,
3494:Merck Manual of Medication' Information
3190:. Chatto & Windus. pp. 34â36.
2019:
1984:
1645:(mammals â mammals, or insects â birds)
295:has at least two intermediate hosts, a
258:, are mainly fish infecting parasites.
3451:"TV doctor infests himself with worms"
3211:
3209:
3207:
3008:International Journal for Parasitology
2658:International Journal for Parasitology
2227:. Elsevier Science. pp. 378â444.
2083:
2070:. Cengage Learning. pp. 258â263.
1103:" has been broken up into two orders,
3333:"History of human parasitic diseases"
3271:Holden-Dye, Lindy; Walker, Robert J.
3096:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2423:Proceedings of the Zoological Society
1909:Tapeworms have occasionally appeared
1866:described the lumps that form during
1115:often mirrors that of the parasites (
7:
4769:09d0eedf-5d62-4707-9716-ffc6dc18c0ee
2246:
2244:
3396:Hartmann, Graham (April 21, 2021).
3002:Kuchta, Roman; et al. (2008).
2798:. Academic Press. pp. 535â536.
2613:. Sinauer Associates. p. 405.
2292:Exploring Biology in the Laboratory
1616:
1591:
1566:
1515:
1508:
1481:
1456:
1431:
1406:
1381:
1329:
1322:
1257:
1232:
1225:
1200:
1172:
1165:
1140:
1130:
982:
884:
854:
822:
792:
782:
772:
355:has been touted since around 1900.
3299:"Treatment of Parasitic Infection"
2595:from websites or documents of the
2546:LĂźscher, A.; Milinski, M. (2003).
25:
2068:Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition
1951:envisages a world where people's
1340:(elasmobranchs inc. rays, sharks)
363:All 6,000 species of Cestoda are
4906:Extant Permian first appearances
3513:Mayo Clinic - Tapeworm Infection
3331:Cox, Francis E. G. (June 2004).
2591: This article incorporates
2586:
2565:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00552.x
1800:, including species such as the
1012:
992:
917:
894:
864:
834:
802:
703:, enabling the host to mount an
307:
136:
3219:. NHS Choices. 19 December 2017
2964:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2552:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2395:Mar Vista Animal Medical Center
1099:" is seen to be paraphyletic; "
1083:": elaborate four-leaved scolex
875: fish parasites
441:with hooks and bothria present.
3521:Taeniasis (tapeworm infection)
2507:General Parasitology (2nd edn)
2114:. 8 April 1957. Archived from
1183:(crustaceans â fishes/turtles)
734:, some 270 million years ago.
378:Tetragonoporus calyptocephalus
1:
4901:Guadalupian first appearances
2461:Microbiology: An Introduction
1834:There are several classes of
4013:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
3020:10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.08.005
2915:Genome Biology and Evolution
2836:10.1371/journal.pone.0055007
2670:10.1016/0020-7519(87)90051-8
2397:. 6 May 2012. Archived from
1991:Tapeworms are not formed of
584:Life cycle of the eucestode
4350:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
3999:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
3108:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.020
2253:Canadian Journal of Zoology
4922:
2357:Dictionary of Parasitology
2106:"The Persistent Parasites"
1971:When television presenter
4590:Capillaria philippinensis
4513:Halicephalobus gingivalis
4484:Strongyloides stercoralis
3349:10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.001
3239:World Health Organization
2794:Cheng, Thomas C. (1973).
2435:10.1007/s12595-009-0015-3
2219:Cheng, Thomas C. (2012).
1880:, completed in 1025, the
1639:
1621:
1614:
1596:
1589:
1571:
1564:
1537:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1486:
1479:
1461:
1454:
1436:
1429:
1411:
1404:
1386:
1379:
1352:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1284:
1262:
1255:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1205:
1198:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1145:
1138:
1007:
987:
980:
915:
892:
882:
862:
852:
827:
820:
797:
790:
780:
538:Cestodes are exclusively
273:, including a stage in a
210:
205:
133:Scientific classification
131:
122:
113:
34:
4596:Intestinal capillariasis
3691:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
3044:Hoberg, Eric P. (1999).
2609:Brusca, Richard (2016).
1812:Interactions with humans
651:Anoplocephala perfoliata
4583:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
4533:Enterobius vermicularis
4328:Cutaneous larva migrans
3901:Echinococcus granulosus
3841:Heterophyes heterophyes
3827:Gastrodiscoides hominis
3650:Trichobilharzia regenti
3303:The Antimicrobial Drugs
3131:Journal of Parasitology
3062:10.1023/a:1006099009495
3050:Systematic Parasitology
2739:Merck Veterinary Manual
2693:Journal of Parasitology
2353:Gosling, Peter (2005).
1899:Echinococcus granulosus
1858:, the comic playwright
1826:Infection and treatment
1442:(molluscs â selachians)
716:Evolution and phylogeny
683:Schistocephalus solidus
4431:Visceral larva migrans
4226:Gnathostoma spinigerum
4079:Dracunculus medinensis
3985:Diphyllobothrium latum
3764:Paragonimus westermani
3731:Opisthorchis viverrini
3449:Morgan, James (2014).
2593:public domain material
2387:"The Common Tapeworm (
1957:genetically engineered
1822:
1577:(crustaceans â fishes)
1084:
1072:
1061:
605:
601:Diphyllobothrium latum
591:
507:
442:
275:definitive (main) host
4312:Ancylostoma duodenale
3855:Metagonimus yokogawai
3376:National Public Radio
2977:10.1093/molbev/msu143
2735:"Tapeworms in Horses"
1877:The Canon of Medicine
1819:
1290:(copepods â mammals)
1268:(freshwater fishes â
1078:
1067:
1056:
597:
583:
499:
434:
359:Diversity and habitat
4764:Fauna Europaea (new)
4564:Trichinella spiralis
4391:Ascaris lumbricoides
4205:Lymphatic filariasis
4187:Wuchereria bancrofti
3527:Cestodes (tapeworms)
3273:"Anthelmintic drugs"
2796:General Parasitology
2635:"Tapeworm infection"
2505:Cheng, T.C. (1986).
2317:"Helminth Parasites"
2225:General Parasitology
1870:as "hailstones". In
1211:(amphipods â fishes)
554:with the connecting
269:; many have complex
4578:Trichuris trichiura
4505:Trichostrongyliasis
4121:Onchocerca volvulus
3677:Clonorchis sinensis
3612:Schistosoma mansoni
3593:Trematode infection
2827:2013PLoSO...855007D
2527:Diseases of Poultry
1993:fixed body segments
1850:History and culture
1243:(annelids â fishes)
765:, as the parasitic
565:cross-fertilization
500:Two proglottids of
4464:Parascaris equorum
4450:Dioctophyme renale
4356:Angiostrongyliasis
4336:Necator americanus
4306:Hookworm infection
4166:Dirofilaria repens
3991:Diphyllobothriasis
3882:Tapeworm infection
3813:Fasciolopsis buski
3503:2007-11-02 at the
3498:Tapeworm Infection
2927:10.1093/gbe/evu078
2887:10.31035/cg2020056
2401:on 29 October 2013
2389:Dipylidium caninum
1955:are maintained by
1904:Peter Simon Pallas
1823:
1417:(lamniform sharks)
1287:Diphyllobothriidea
1125:â definitive host)
1121:(intermediate host
1109:Diphyllobothriidea
1085:
1073:
1062:
928: flukes
606:
592:
508:
443:
369:intermediate hosts
27:Class of flatworms
4883:
4882:
4855:Open Tree of Life
4626:Taxon identifiers
4617:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4549:
4548:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
3907:E. multilocularis
3871:
3870:
3711:Fasciola hepatica
3563:Parasitic disease
3480:. 16 August 2013.
3197:978-0-7011-8180-2
2767:(11): 2243â2251.
2620:978-1-60535-375-3
2302:978-1-61731-756-9
2234:978-0-323-14010-2
2118:on June 27, 2008.
2077:978-81-315-0104-7
2034:, 30 January 2013
1941:and better self.
1793:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1553:
1552:
1389:Bothriocephalidea
1368:
1367:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1117:Fahrenholz's rule
1105:Bothriocephalidea
1045:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1024:
966:
965:
956:
955:
942:
941:
933:
932:
755:phylogenetic tree
226:
225:
16:(Redirected from
4913:
4876:
4875:
4863:
4862:
4850:
4849:
4837:
4836:
4824:
4823:
4811:
4810:
4798:
4797:
4785:
4784:
4772:
4771:
4759:
4758:
4746:
4745:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4719:
4707:
4706:
4694:
4693:
4681:
4680:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4621:
4498:Trichostrongylus
4490:Strongyloidiasis
4370:Metastrongylosis
4102:
4066:
4057:
4048:
3952:Hymenolepis nana
3888:
3788:Intestinal fluke
3599:
3584:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3533:
3482:
3481:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3429:The Quack Doctor
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3328:
3317:
3316:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3249:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3213:
3202:
3201:
3174:
3163:
3162:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3041:
3032:
3031:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2970:(7): 1833â1849.
2955:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2921:(5): 1105â1117.
2906:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2606:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2558:(5): 1030â1037.
2543:
2537:
2523:
2517:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2360:
2350:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2216:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2189:. Archived from
2172:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2063:
2036:
2027:
2008:
1989:
1961:System of a Down
1862:and philosopher
1617:
1592:
1567:
1540:Proteocephalidea
1516:
1509:
1482:
1457:
1439:Lecanicephalidea
1432:
1407:
1382:
1330:
1323:
1258:
1233:
1226:
1208:Spathebothriidea
1201:
1173:
1166:
1141:
1131:
1016:
996:
983:
921:
898:
885:
868:
855:
838:
823:
806:
793:
783:
773:
663:Diphyllobothrium
548:seminal vesicles
383:vole and lemming
336:Diphyllobothrium
292:Diphyllobothrium
283:digestive tracts
141:
140:
118:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4871:
4866:
4858:
4853:
4845:
4842:Observation.org
4840:
4832:
4827:
4819:
4814:
4806:
4801:
4793:
4788:
4780:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4754:
4749:
4741:
4736:
4728:
4723:
4715:
4710:
4702:
4697:
4689:
4684:
4676:
4671:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4628:
4618:
4609:
4545:
4518:
4469:
4376:
4324:Ancylostomiasis
4294:
4278:
4258:
4238:Gnathostomiasis
4211:
4108:
4091:
4042:
4039:
4025:
3976:Pseudophyllidea
3970:
3921:Taenia saginata
3879:
3867:
3819:Fasciolopsiasis
3804:Echinostomiasis
3782:
3749:
3743:Opisthorchiasis
3662:
3642:Schistosomiasis
3636:S. intercalatum
3590:
3588:Fluke/trematode
3579:
3576:
3569:
3560:
3519:Medline Plus -
3505:Wayback Machine
3490:
3488:Further reading
3485:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3330:
3329:
3320:
3313:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3247:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3198:
3187:Bugs Britannica
3176:
3175:
3166:
3143:10.2307/3284540
3128:
3127:
3123:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2705:10.2307/3282479
2690:
2689:
2685:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2321:parasite.org.au
2315:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2265:10.1139/z03-213
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2179:10.2307/3546556
2170:10.1.1.538.3826
2152:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2082:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2039:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2011:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1923:Bugs Britannica
1852:
1828:
1814:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1624:Tetrabothriidea
1602:(mammals/birds)
1599:Mesocestoididae
1554:
1464:Rhinebothriidea
1369:
1310:
1301:
1265:Haplobothriidea
1124:
1111:. Hosts, whose
1101:Pseudophyllidea
1051:
1046:
1036:
1026:
967:
957:
943:
934:
817:Platyhelminthes
747:
723:
718:
693:
641:Taenia saginata
578:
572:are exchanged.
536:
494:
470:
429:
406:definitive host
395:
361:
237:parasitic worms
170:Platyhelminthes
135:
125:Taenia saginata
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4888:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4864:
4851:
4838:
4825:
4812:
4799:
4786:
4773:
4760:
4751:Fauna Europaea
4747:
4734:
4721:
4708:
4695:
4682:
4669:
4654:
4638:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4456:Dioctophymosis
4446:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4419:Toxocara canis
4415:
4414:
4413:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4364:Metastrongylus
4360:
4359:
4358:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4318:A. braziliense
4308:
4302:
4300:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4221:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4179:Dirofilariasis
4169:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4158:Mansonelliasis
4148:
4147:
4146:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4127:Onchocerciasis
4116:
4114:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4085:Dracunculiasis
4074:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3964:Hymenolepiasis
3948:
3947:
3946:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3913:Echinococcosis
3896:
3894:
3892:Cyclophyllidea
3885:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3861:Metagonimiasis
3851:
3850:
3849:
3847:Heterophyiasis
3837:
3836:
3835:
3833:Amphistomiasis
3823:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3776:Paragonimiasis
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3703:Dicrocoeliasis
3687:
3686:
3685:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3656:Swimmer's itch
3646:
3645:
3644:
3630:S. haematobium
3607:
3605:
3596:
3581:
3571:
3570:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3508:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3463:
3441:
3416:
3388:
3362:
3343:(2): 173â174.
3318:
3311:
3289:
3263:
3257:978-9241547109
3256:
3230:
3203:
3196:
3182:Mabey, Richard
3164:
3137:(1): 114â124.
3121:
3102:(3): 834â847.
3083:
3033:
2991:
2950:
2901:
2860:
2801:
2786:
2751:
2726:
2683:
2664:(1): 281â289.
2648:
2626:
2619:
2601:
2579:
2538:
2518:
2498:
2476:
2469:
2448:
2429:(2): 131â137.
2412:
2378:
2371:
2345:
2332:
2308:
2301:
2278:
2259:(2): 211â232.
2240:
2233:
2206:
2163:(1): 152â160.
2140:
2131:NOAA Tech. Rep
2121:
2097:
2076:
2037:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:Michael Mosley
1953:immune systems
1945:'s 2013 novel
1894:Francesco Redi
1856:Ancient Greece
1851:
1848:
1827:
1824:
1813:
1810:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1642:Cyclophyllidea
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1574:Nippotaeniidea
1570:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:Tetraphyllidea
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1490:Tetraphyllidea
1485:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1414:Litobothriidea
1410:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1355:Trypanorhyncha
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1240:Caryophyllidea
1236:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1097:Tetraphyllidea
1081:Tetraphyllidea
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
986:
981:
979:
977:Lophotrochozoa
973:
972:
969:
968:
964:
963:
959:
958:
954:
953:
945:
944:
940:
939:
936:
935:
931:
930:
924:
923:
914:
908:
907:
901:
900:
891:
883:
881:
878:
877:
871:
870:
861:
853:
851:
845:
844:
841:
840:
826:
821:
819:
813:
812:
809:
808:
796:
791:
789:
781:
779:
777:Platytrochozoa
771:
746:
743:
730:dating to the
722:
721:Fossil history
719:
717:
714:
692:
689:
622:asexual phases
598:Life cycle of
577:
574:
540:hermaphrodites
535:
532:
524:protonephridia
493:
490:
469:
466:
428:
425:
394:
391:
360:
357:
271:life histories
224:
223:
222:
221:
216:
208:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
129:
128:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4918:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4443:Baylisascaris
4440:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4193:Brugia malayi
4189:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3944:Cysticercosis
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3770:P. kellicotti
3766:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3683:Clonorchiasis
3681:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3577:platyhelminth
3572:
3568:
3567:helminthiases
3564:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3312:9780199759712
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3178:Marren, Peter
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2874:China Geology
2871:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2821:(1): e55007.
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2637:. Mayo Clinic
2636:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2611:Invertebrates
2605:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:0-8138-0718-2
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2515:0-12-170755-5
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2470:9780321929150
2466:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2413:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2372:9780415308557
2368:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2196:on 2016-03-04
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:Richard Mabey
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1868:cysticercosis
1865:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:anthelminthic
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1806:beef tapeworm
1803:
1802:pork tapeworm
1799:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:Gyrocotylidea
1143:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:mitochondrial
1090:
1089:ribosomal RNA
1082:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1058:Gyrocotylidea
1055:
1048:
1041:580 mya
1040:
1039:
1031:550 mya
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
991:
985:
984:
978:
975:
974:
971:
970:
962:270 mya
961:
960:
952:
951:
947:
946:
938:
937:
929:
926:
925:
922:
920:
913:
910:
909:
906:
903:
902:
899:
897:
890:
887:
886:
880:
879:
876:
873:
872:
869:
867:
860:
857:
856:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
839:
837:
832:
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824:
818:
815:
814:
811:
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807:
805:
801:
795:
794:
788:
785:
784:
778:
775:
774:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
744:
742:
740:
739:Rugosusivitta
735:
733:
729:
720:
715:
713:
711:
706:
702:
698:
697:immune system
691:Host immunity
690:
688:
685:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
659:
657:
656:oribatid mite
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
603:
602:
596:
589:
588:
582:
575:
573:
571:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
533:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
512:
505:
504:
503:Taenia solium
498:
491:
489:
486:
482:
477:
475:
467:
465:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
440:
439:
438:Taenia solium
433:
426:
424:
421:
419:
418:Gyrocotylidea
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
366:
358:
356:
354:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
337:
333:), and fish (
332:
331:
326:
325:
324:Taenia solium
320:
315:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
209:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:Rhabditophora
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
134:
130:
127:
126:
121:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
4633:
4603:
4588:
4576:
4562:
4539:Enterobiasis
4531:
4511:
4497:
4482:
4462:
4448:
4441:
4435:Toxocariasis
4424:
4417:
4403:
4389:
4362:
4348:
4342:Necatoriasis
4334:
4317:
4310:
4271:
4244:
4231:
4224:
4217:Thelazioidea
4198:
4191:
4185:
4172:
4164:
4150:
4141:
4133:
4119:
4077:
4011:
3997:
3984:
3957:
3950:
3932:
3926:
3919:
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3876:
3853:
3839:
3825:
3811:
3802:
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3769:
3762:
3736:
3729:
3717:F. gigantica
3716:
3709:
3696:
3689:
3675:
3648:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3618:S. japonicum
3617:
3610:
3512:
3493:
3475:
3466:
3455:. Retrieved
3444:
3433:. Retrieved
3431:. 2015-01-23
3428:
3419:
3407:. Retrieved
3401:
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3365:
3340:
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3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3276:
3266:
3243:
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3221:. Retrieved
3186:
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3130:
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3049:
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2738:
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2696:
2692:
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2629:
2610:
2604:
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2551:
2541:
2526:
2521:
2506:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2479:
2460:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2399:the original
2394:
2388:
2381:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2339:"Flatworm".
2335:
2324:. Retrieved
2320:
2311:
2291:
2256:
2252:
2224:
2198:. Retrieved
2191:the original
2160:
2156:
2143:
2130:
2124:
2116:the original
2109:
2100:
2067:
2032:ScienceDaily
2031:
1987:
1969:
1946:
1936:
1930:
1927:Irvine Welsh
1922:
1915:Peter Marren
1908:
1897:
1890:Early Modern
1875:
1860:Aristophanes
1853:
1840:praziquantel
1833:
1829:
1795:
1760:
1644:
1640:
1626:
1622:
1601:
1597:
1576:
1572:
1542:
1538:
1521:
1493:
1487:
1466:
1462:
1441:
1437:
1416:
1412:
1391:
1387:
1357:
1353:
1339:
1335:
1289:
1285:
1267:
1263:
1242:
1238:
1210:
1206:
1182:
1180:Amphilinidea
1178:
1150:
1146:
1134:
1120:
1086:
1069:Amphilinidea
1008:
988:
948:
927:
916:
904:
893:
888:
874:
863:
828:
800:Gastrotricha
798:
763:paraphyletic
748:
736:
724:
694:
681:
680:
676:plerocercoid
661:
660:
649:
640:
638:
634:Echinococcus
633:
630:
614:gyrocotylids
607:
599:
585:
544:vas deferens
537:
534:Reproduction
528:
523:
515:
513:
509:
501:
492:Proglottids
478:
471:
468:Body systems
463:
459:Cyclophyllid
455:suction cups
444:
436:
422:
414:Amphilinidea
403:
396:
376:
372:
362:
353:slimming aid
348:Echinococcus
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
305:
290:
262:
260:
251:
228:
227:
199:
186:Superclass:
123:
41:270 â0
29:
4790:iNaturalist
4658:Wikispecies
4604:C. hepatica
4570:Trichinosis
4555:Adenophorea
4411:Anisakiasis
4292:Strongylida
4273:Gongylonema
4264:Spiruroidea
4252:Thelaziasis
4232:G. hispidum
4106:Filarioidea
4070:Camallanida
4052:Secernentea
4019:Sparganosis
4005:Sparganosis
3958:H. diminuta
3927:T. asiatica
3797:Echinostoma
3737:O. felineus
3723:Fasciolosis
3668:Liver fluke
3603:Blood fluke
3409:October 12,
3217:"Tapeworms"
3056:(1): 1â12.
2405:26 November
1995:as are the
1925:write that
1844:niclosamide
1467:(stingrays)
1337:Diphyllidea
831:Turbellaria
759:Turbellaria
737:The fossil
708:provoke an
699:to cestode
646:cysticercus
610:amphilinids
570:spermatozoa
520:flame cells
516:proglottids
373:T. saginata
342:Hymenolepis
330:T. saginata
308:proglottids
287:vertebrates
206:Subclasses
176:Subphylum:
4890:Categories
4475:Rhabditida
4397:Ascariasis
4382:Ascaridida
4173:D. immitis
4152:Mansonella
4144:filariasis
4111:Filariasis
4038:Roundworm/
3755:Lung fluke
3624:S. mekongi
3565:caused by
3457:2018-07-26
3453:. BBC News
3435:2018-07-26
2485:"Cestodes"
2326:2018-07-27
2200:2015-08-29
2015:References
2001:arthropods
1943:Mira Grant
1911:in fiction
1884:physician
1874:times, in
849:Neodermata
767:Neodermata
728:coprolites
712:reaction.
672:procercoid
618:arthropods
576:Life cycle
474:parenchyma
435:Scolex of
410:Cestodaria
297:crustacean
256:Cestodaria
214:Cestodaria
190:Neodermata
4199:B. timori
4097:Spirurida
4043:infection
3940:Taeniasis
3933:T. solium
3697:D. hospes
3580:infection
3575:Flatworm/
2896:235047029
2761:Evolution
2273:0008-4301
2165:CiteSeerX
2086:cite book
2005:chordates
1938:alter ego
1864:Aristotle
1798:Taeniidae
1761:tapeworms
1195:Eucestoda
1113:phylogeny
950:parasitic
912:Trematoda
859:Monogenea
787:Rouphozoa
751:Spiralian
626:flatworms
365:parasites
327:), beef (
267:parasitic
252:tapeworms
248:Eucestoda
219:Eucestoda
156:Kingdom:
150:Eukaryota
18:Cestoidea
4643:Wikidata
4524:Oxyurida
4405:Anisakis
4297:hookworm
4246:Thelazia
4061:Spiruria
4041:Nematode
3501:Archived
3403:Loudwire
3357:15145374
3277:WormBook
3241:(2006).
3184:(2010).
3116:22406529
3070:10613542
3028:17950292
2986:24748651
2945:24732282
2880:: 1â11.
2855:23383033
2815:PLOS ONE
2781:12487354
2574:14635918
2487:. Scribd
2443:39258998
1997:annelids
1948:Parasite
1892:period,
1886:Avicenna
1872:Medieval
1804:and the
1151:(fishes)
1049:Internal
1010:Annelida
990:Mollusca
745:External
710:antibody
705:antibody
701:antigens
481:ganglion
399:tegument
263:cestodes
241:flatworm
166:Phylum:
160:Animalia
146:Domain:
4896:Cestoda
4691:Cestoda
4678:Cestoda
4664:Cestoda
4649:Q159715
4634:Cestoda
4425:T. cati
4142:Loa loa
4135:Loa loa
3877:Cestoda
3381:15 June
3159:9488348
3151:3284540
3078:6288037
2936:4040987
2846:3559381
2823:Bibcode
2721:3282055
2713:3282479
2678:3294640
2641:23 July
2187:3546556
1965:Needles
1882:Persian
1135:Cestoda
889:Cestoda
761:", are
732:Permian
668:copepod
556:oviduct
451:bothria
447:suckers
393:Anatomy
312:suckers
239:in the
229:Cestoda
200:Cestoda
196:Class:
35:Cestoda
4860:765784
4847:186966
4795:152102
4743:1CESTC
3935:(pork)
3516:, 2006
3355:
3309:
3282:23 May
3254:
3223:20 May
3194:
3157:
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3114:
3076:
3068:
3026:
2984:
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2853:
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2744:21 May
2719:
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2491:24 May
2467:
2441:
2369:
2299:
2271:
2231:
2185:
2167:
2074:
1963:song "
1270:bowfin
587:Taenia
560:uterus
546:, and
485:cirrus
427:Scolex
412:, the
387:shrews
279:larvae
244:phylum
4868:WoRMS
4821:57307
4803:IRMNG
4756:16176
3477:Today
3248:(PDF)
3147:JSTOR
3074:S2CID
2892:S2CID
2709:JSTOR
2439:S2CID
2194:(PDF)
2183:JSTOR
2157:Oikos
2153:(PDF)
1979:Notes
1932:Filth
1821:pain.
552:ovary
301:hosts
233:class
231:is a
4873:1051
4834:6199
4829:NCBI
4816:ITIS
4808:1372
4777:GBIF
4738:EPPO
4730:2885
4699:BOLD
4500:spp.
3507:2005
3411:2021
3383:2018
3353:PMID
3307:ISBN
3284:2018
3252:ISBN
3225:2018
3192:ISBN
3155:PMID
3112:PMID
3066:PMID
3024:PMID
2982:PMID
2941:PMID
2851:PMID
2777:PMID
2746:2018
2717:PMID
2674:PMID
2643:2018
2615:ISBN
2570:PMID
2531:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2493:2018
2465:ISBN
2407:2013
2367:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2269:ISSN
2229:ISBN
2111:Time
2092:link
2072:ISBN
1917:and
1796:The
1107:and
612:and
558:and
416:and
319:pork
265:are
261:All
49:Preę
4782:144
4725:EoL
4712:CoL
4686:AFD
4673:ADW
3345:doi
3139:doi
3104:doi
3058:doi
3016:doi
2972:doi
2931:PMC
2923:doi
2882:doi
2841:PMC
2831:doi
2769:doi
2701:doi
2666:doi
2560:doi
2431:doi
2363:286
2261:doi
2175:doi
2003:or
1921:in
1854:In
345:or
285:of
235:of
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