258:, with the end goal of producing sphingosine. In the case of glycosphingolipids, exohydrolases acting at acidic pH optima cause the stepwise release of monosaccharide units from the end of the oligosaccharide chains, leaving just the sphingosine portion of the molecule, which may then contribute to the generation of ceramides. Ceramide can be further hydrolyzed by acid ceramidase to form sphingosine and a free fatty acid, both of which are able to leave the lysosome, unlike ceramide. The long-chain sphingoid bases released from the lysosome may then re-enter pathways for synthesis of ceramide and/or
39:
2531:
409:. This suggests a role for ceramide in the biological responses of all these agents. Because of its apoptosis-inducing effects in cancer cells, ceramide has been termed the "tumor suppressor lipid". Several studies have attempted to define further the specific role of ceramide in the events of cell death and some evidence suggests ceramide functions upstream of the
31:
1767:
Merleev, Alexander A.; Le, Stephanie T.; Alexanian, Claire; Toussi, Atrin; Xie, Yixuan; Marusina, Alina I.; Watkins, Steven M.; Patel, Forum; Billi, Allison C.; Wiedemann, Julie; Izumiya, Yoshihiro; Kumar, Ashish; Uppala, Ranjitha; Kahlenberg, J. Michelle; Liu, Fu-Tong; Adamopoulos, Iannis E.; Wang,
1527:
Merleev, AA; Le, ST; Alexanian, C; Toussi, A; Xie, Y; Marusina, AI; Watkins, SM; Patel, F; Billi, AC; Wiedemann, J; Izumiya, Y; Kumar, A; Uppala, R; Kahlenberg, JM; Liu, FT; Adamopoulos, IE; Wang, EA; Ma, C; Cheng, MY; Xiong, H; Kirane, A; Luxardi, G; Andersen, B; Tsoi, LC; Lebrilla, CB; Gudjonsson,
617:, allowing them to serve as platforms for signalling molecules. Moreover, as rafts on one leaflet of the membrane can induce localized changes in the other leaflet of the bilayer, they can potentially serve as the link between signals from outside the cell to signals to be generated within the cell.
433:
and free fatty acids, ceramides form the lipid mortar, a water-impermeable barrier that prevents evaporative water loss. As a general rule of thumb, the epidermal lipid matrix is composed of an equimolar mixture of ceramides (~50% by weight), cholesterol (~ 25% by weight), and free fatty acids (~15%
449:
The diversity of ceramide structures undoubtedly plays an important role in the unique attributes of the stratum corneum across different body sites. For example, the stratum corneum of the face is thin and flexible to accommodate different facial expressions. In contrast, the stratum corneum
469:
patients, other investigators have reported that rather than focusing on ceramide classes, ceramide sphingoid base length and fatty acid chain length have the strongest influence on the likelihood of a particular ceramide structure being upregulated or downregulated in inflamed skin.
397:, is essential for the maintenance of normal cellular homeostasis and is an important physiological response to many forms of cellular stress. Ceramide accumulation has been found following treatment of cells with a number of apoptotic agents, including ionizing radiation,
450:
covering the heel of the foot is thick and rigid to protect against trauma. Matching these structural changes, there are body-site specific alterations in the epidermal lipidome, including changes in the relative abundance of the different epidermal ceramide structures.
318:(MACE), namely C16:0, C18:0, and C24:1, although C24:0 has an inverse relationship. C16-C18 are harmful in the liver. Ceramide levels are positively correlated with inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver, and the onset and progression of
437:
Epidermal ceramides have a diversity of structures and can be broadly classified as AS and NS ceramides; ADS and NDS dihydroceramides; AH, EOH, and NH 6-hydroxyceramides; AP and NP phytoceramides; and EOH and EOS acylceramides, see figure.
1209:
185:
of cells, the implications of this method of generating ceramide is that the cellular membrane is the target of extracellular signals leading to programmed cell death. There has been research suggesting that when ionizing
461:, investigators have reported an increase in AS and NS ceramides and a decrease in EOS, AP, and NP ceramides, which may contribute to a defect in the skin's water impermeability barrier. Studying ceramide expression in
1768:
Elizabeth A.; Ma, Chelsea; Cheng, Michelle Y.; Xiong, Halani; Kirane, Amanda; Luxardi, Guillaume; Andersen, Bogi; Tsoi, Lam C.; Lebrilla, Carlito B.; Gudjonsson, Johann E.; Maverakis, Emanual (22 August 2022).
1982:
1623:
Garidel P, Fölting B, Schaller I, Kerth A (2010). "The microstructure of the stratum corneum lipid barrier: mid-infrared spectroscopic studies of hydrated ceramide:palmitic acid:cholesterol model systems".
2825:
413:
in inducing apoptosis. However, owing to the conflicting and variable nature of studies into the role of ceramide in apoptosis, the mechanism by which this lipid regulates apoptosis remains elusive.
656:. They are also used in cosmetic products such as some soaps, shampoos, skin creams, and sunscreens. Additionally, ceramides are being explored as a potential therapeutic in treating cancer.
453:
Similar to body site-specific alterations in ceramide abundance, there are also well-characterized changes in epidermal ceramide expression in patients with inflammatory skin diseases. In the
144:
There are three major pathways of ceramide generation. First, the sphingomyelinase pathway uses an enzyme to break down sphingomyelin in the cell membrane and release ceramide. Second, the
1207:
Li Z, Basterr MJ, Hailemariam TK, Hojjati MR, Lu S, Liu J, Liu R, Zhou H, Jiang XC (2005). "The effect of dietary sphingolipids on plasma sphingomyelin metabolism and atherosclerosis".
2818:
620:
Ceramide has also been shown to form organized large channels traversing the mitochondrial outer membrane. This leads to the egress of proteins from the intermembrane space.
494:
expression. An elevated level of ceramide can cause insulin resistance by inhibiting the ability of insulin to activate the
1970:
2811:
2567:
1057:
629:
1105:
Holland WL, Bikman BT, Wang LP, Yuguang G, Sargent KM, Bulchand S, Knotts TA, Shui G, Clegg DJ, Wenk MR, Pagliassotti MJ, Scherer PE, Summers SA (2011).
291:, cell migration and adhesion. Roles for ceramide and its downstream metabolites have also been suggested in a number of pathological states including
270:
or in endoplasmic reticulum-associated membranes. The salvage pathway has been estimated to contribute from 50% to 90% of sphingolipid biosynthesis.
1107:"Lipid-induced insulin resistance mediated by the proinflammatory receptor TLR4 requires saturated fatty acid-induced ceramide biosynthesis in mice"
429:. It is composed of terminally differentiated and enucleated corneocytes that reside within a lipid matrix, like "bricks and mortar." Together with
334:. Although initial studies showed increased insulin resistance in muscle, subsequent studies also showed increased insulin resistance in liver and
2589:
234:
by either vesicular trafficking or the ceramide transfer protein CERT. Once in the Golgi apparatus, ceramide can be further metabolized to other
338:. Interventions that limit ceramide synthesis or increase ceramide degradation lead to improved health (reduced insulin resistance and reduced
254:
Constitutive degradation of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids takes place in the acidic subcellular compartments, the late endosomes and the
2068:
Velasco, G; Galve-Roperh, I; Sánchez, C; Blázquez, C; Haro, A; Guzmán, M (2005). "Cannabinoids and ceramide: Two lipids acting hand-by-hand".
2011:
434:
by weight), with smaller quantities of other lipids also being present. The lipid barrier also protects against the entry of microorganisms.
2359:
1244:
Mehra VC, Jackson E, Zhang XM, Jiang XC, Dobrucki LW, Yu J, Bernatchez P, Sinusas AJ, Shulman GI, Sessa WC, Yarovinsky TO, Bender JR (2014).
442:
2388:
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Minamino, Miki; Sakaguchi, Ikuyo; Naka, Takashi; Ikeda, Norikazu; Kato, Yoshiko; Tomiyasu, Ikuko; Yano, Ikuya; Kobayashi, Kazuo (2003).
495:
315:
194:
in some cells, the radiation leads to the activation of sphingomyelinase in the cell membrane and ultimately, to ceramide generation.
2249:
Wehbe, Zeinab; Behringer, Sidney; Alatibi, Khaled; Watkins, David; Rosenblatt, David; Spiekerkoetter, Ute; Tucci, Sara (2019-11-01).
1732:
Motta, S; Monti, M; Sesana, S; Caputo, R; Carelli, S; Ghidoni, R (8 September 1993). "Ceramide composition of the psoriatic scale".
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Ceramides may be found as ingredients of some topical skin medications used to complement treatment for skin conditions such as
150:
pathway creates ceramide from less complex molecules. Third, in the "salvage" pathway, sphingolipids that are broken down into
1770:"Biogeographic and disease-specific alterations in epidermal lipid composition and single-cell analysis of acral keratinocytes"
1530:"Biogeographic and disease-specific alterations in epidermal lipid composition and single-cell analysis of acral keratinocytes"
2865:
1823:
262:. The salvage pathway re-utilizes long-chain sphingoid bases to form ceramide through the action of ceramide synthase. Thus,
2546:
3168:
2154:
Stiban J, Fistere D, Colombini M (2006). "Dihydroceramide hinders ceramide channel formation: Implications on apoptosis".
3315:
1053:"Insights into the roles and pathomechanisms of ceramide and sphigosine-1-phosphate in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease"
211:
2582:
1422:
Dbaibo GS, El-Assaad W, Krikorian A, Liu B, Diab K, Idriss NZ, El-Sabban M, Driscoll TA, Perry DK, Hannun YA (2001).
91:
found in cell membrane were purely supporting structural elements, ceramide can participate in a variety of cellular
223:
1246:"Ceramide-activated phosphatase mediates fatty acid-induced endothelial VEGF resistance and impaired angiogenesis"
3072:
2848:
2033:
Hallahan DE (1996). "Radiation-mediated gene expression in the pathogenesis of the clinical radiation response".
1924:
1695:
1691:"Thematic review series: skin lipids. The role of epidermal lipids in cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis"
354:
1819:"Central role of ceramide biosynthesis in body weight regulation, energy metabolism, and the metabolic syndrome"
345:
Ceramides induce skeletal muscle insulin resistance when synthesized as a result of saturated fat activation of
2561:
556:
499:
374:
3002:
2251:"The emerging role of the mitochondrial fatty-acid synthase (mtFASII) in the regulation of energy metabolism"
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3067:
2792:
566:
378:
366:
358:
259:
3012:
2618:
2575:
820:
Hannun, Y.A.; Obeid, L.M. (2008). "Principles of bioactive lipid signalling: lessons from sphingolipids".
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394:
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267:
227:
104:
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610:
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2199:"Ceramide forms channels in mitochondrial outer membranes at physiologically relevant concentrations"
637:
576:
445:
Epidermal
Ceramides. (Merleev et. al., JCI Insight 2022, Supplemental Data p.14- Supplemental Fig. 1)
283:
As a bioactive lipid, ceramide has been implicated in a variety of physiological functions including
219:
96:
38:
2105:"Ceramide Channels Increase the Permeability of the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane to Small Proteins"
2003:
681:
339:
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1602:
1453:
845:
551:
487:
331:
243:
215:
100:
3022:
2957:
2891:
1424:"Ceramide generation by two distinct pathways in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced cell death"
353:
does not have this effect. Ceramides induce insulin resistance in many tissues by inhibition of
3199:
3122:
3107:
3077:
3032:
2997:
2992:
2931:
2926:
636:, a massive altered composition of complex lipids occurs as a result of impaired mitochondrial
389:
One of the most studied roles of ceramide pertains to its function as a proapoptotic molecule.
266:
family members probably trap free sphingosine released from the lysosome at the surface of the
214:
and is the rate-limiting step of the pathway. In turn, 3-keto-dihydrosphingosine is reduced to
3117:
3082:
3057:
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2982:
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1951:
1885:
1850:
1799:
1749:
1714:
1666:
1643:
1594:
1577:
Hill JR, Wertz PW (2009). "Structures of the ceramides from porcine palatal stratum corneum".
1559:
1502:
1473:"A house divided: ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate in programmed cell death"
1445:
1404:
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1868:
Febbraio, Mark (2014). "Role of interleukins in obesity:implications for metabolic disease".
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829:
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735:
719:
426:
174:
3127:
3087:
2298:"Brain metabolism and neurological symptoms in combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria"
770:"Ionizing radiation acts on cellular membranes to generate ceramide and initiate apoptosis"
136:, the waxy or cheese-like white substance found coating the skin of newborn human infants.
3335:
2901:
2420:
1937:
606:
422:
362:
350:
231:
218:, which is then followed by acylation by the enzyme (dihydro)ceramide synthase to produce
182:
92:
684:
head group. CPE is the major sphingolipid class in some invertebrates such as members of
2803:
2536:
2487:"Bacterial ceramides and sphingophospholipids induce apoptosis of human leukaemic cells"
2837:
2598:
2462:
2435:
2332:
2297:
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2198:
2131:
2104:
1946:
1919:
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1133:
1106:
1079:
1052:
1023:
996:
912:
Zeidan, Y.H.; Hannun, Y.A. (2007). "Translational aspects of sphingolipid metabolism".
889:
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is noticeably increased, the concentration of ceramides is proportionally decreased.
641:
327:
239:
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170:
84:
80:
72:
2183:
1897:
1457:
1332:
Dbaibo GS, Pushkareva MY, Rachid RA, Alter N, Smyth MJ, Obeid LM, Hannun YA (1998).
2610:
1606:
1295:
Kogot-Levin A, Saada A (2014). "Ceramide and the mitochondrial respiratory chain".
849:
677:
602:
Currently, the means by which ceramide acts as a signaling molecule are not clear.
580:
535:
520:
410:
406:
308:
178:
88:
43:
1383:"Caspase-dependent and -independent activation of acid sphingomyelinase signaling"
1158:"Ceramides and glucosylceramides are independent antagonists of insulin signaling"
880:
441:
2266:
1488:
1310:
1263:
1222:
949:"Aging up-regulates expression of inflammatory mediators in mouse adipose tissue"
925:
3300:
2764:
2673:
2661:
2634:
1971:"The Importance of Photoprotection and Moisturization in Treating Acne Vulgaris"
965:
948:
723:
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571:
561:
454:
430:
151:
60:
2214:
1836:
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1709:
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68:
64:
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590:
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530:
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to form 3-keto-dihydrosphingosine. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme
203:
191:
187:
155:
76:
2512:
2471:
2341:
2282:
2232:
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Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
1753:
1367:
1210:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
803:
785:
3232:
3181:
3027:
1817:
Yang G, Badeanlou L, Bielawski J, Roberts AJ, Hannun YA, Samad F (2009).
1156:
Chavez JA, Siddique MM, Wang ST, Ching J, Shayman JA, Summers SA (2014).
479:
300:
17:
1070:
865:"The sphingolipid salvage pathway in ceramide metabolism and signaling"
304:
3275:
3151:
1124:
653:
491:
483:
292:
207:
1349:
833:
1381:
Rotolo JA, Zhang J, Donepudi M, Lee H, Fuks Z, Kolesnick R (2005).
706:
Davis, Deanna; Kannan, Muthukumar; Wattenberg, Binks (2018-12-01).
30:
2602:
997:"Cholesterol - the devil you know; ceramide - the devil you don't"
690:. In contrast, mammalian cells contain only small amounts of CPE.
633:
128:
56:
37:
29:
947:
Wu D, Ren Z, Pae M, Guo W, Cui X, Merrill AH, Meydani SN (2007).
1734:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
346:
2807:
2571:
361:
by ceramide causes LDL retention in arterial walls, leading to
2696:
2691:
2681:
768:
Haimovitz-Friedman A, Kan CC, Ehleiter D, et al. (1994).
202:
De novo synthesis of ceramide begins with the condensation of
123:
53:
87:. Contrary to previous assumptions that ceramides and other
398:
708:"Orm/ORMDL proteins: Gate guardians and master regulators"
664:
Ceramide is rarely found in bacteria. Bacteria of family
222:. The final reaction to produce ceramide is catalyzed by
71:. Ceramides are found in high concentrations within the
34:
Ceramide. R represents the alkyl portion of a fatty acid.
2942:
330:
has been shown to increase serum ceramide and increase
2866:
498:
and/or via the activation of
3169:
2382:"Safety Assessment of Ceramides as Used in Cosmetics"
2004:"Hydroxypalmitoyl Sphinganine (Explained + Products)"
1334:"p53-dependent ceramide response to genotoxic stress"
2356:"Ceramides - Skin Lipids That Keep Skin Moisturized"
1051:
Zhu C, Huai Q, Zhang X, Dai H, Li X, Wang H (2023).
79:
cells, since they are component lipids that make up
3250:
3213:
3190:
3167:
3150:
2940:
2864:
2847:
2785:
2762:
2743:
2724:
2705:
2671:
2660:
2625:
2436:"Apoptotic Sphingolipid Ceramide in Cancer Therapy"
1477:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
496:insulin signal transduction pathway
177:. Because sphingomyelin is one of the four common
1920:"Ceramide: a common pathway for atherosclerosis?"
863:Kitatani K, Idkowiak-Baldys J, Hannun YA (2008).
640:(mtFAS). For example, while the concentration of
605:One hypothesis is that ceramide generated in the
373:(PP2A). In mitochondria, ceramide suppresses the
613:and stabilizes smaller lipid platforms known as
322:(NAFLD) is associated with elevated ceramide in
1969:Whitney P. Bowe; Leon H. Kircik (August 2014).
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1684:
1682:
1618:
1616:
226:. De novo synthesis of ceramide occurs in the
2434:Huang, WC; Chen, CL; Lin, YS; Lin, CF (2011).
2197:Siskind LJ, Kolesnick RN, Colombini M (2006).
2103:Siskind LJ, Kolesnick RN, Colombini M (2002).
1100:
1098:
1046:
1044:
1042:
990:
988:
986:
984:
815:
813:
506:Substances known to induce ceramide generation
230:. Ceramide is subsequently transported to the
2819:
2583:
763:
761:
759:
714:. Sphingolipid Signaling in Chronic Disease.
8:
2387:. Cosmetic Ingredient Review. May 16, 2014.
1058:International Journal of Biological Sciences
995:Tippetts TS, Holland WL, Summers SA (2021).
598:Mechanism by which ceramide signaling occurs
314:Several distinct ceramides potently predict
287:, cell growth arrest, differentiation, cell
630:combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria
3215:
3164:
2861:
2826:
2812:
2804:
2668:
2590:
2576:
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2560:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2502:
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1945:
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1708:
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1132:
1078:
1022:
964:
888:
793:
739:
2947:Tooltip Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor
1918:Bismuth J, Lin P, Yao Q, Chen C (2008).
676:Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) is a
482:in obese mice may lead to both improved
440:
698:
3281:3-Ketosphinganine (dehydrosphingosine)
2871:Tooltip Lysophosphatidic acid receptor
2416:
2405:
1870:Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism
478:Inhibition of ceramide synthesis with
3174:Tooltip Serine C-palmitoyltransferase
3003:Dihydro-S1P (sphinganine 1-phosphate)
2394:from the original on January 13, 2021
2244:
2242:
1938:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.09.018
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1471:Taha TA, Mullen TD, Obeid LM (2006).
822:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
59:molecules. A ceramide is composed of
7:
1528:JE; Maverakis, E (22 August 2022).
316:major adverse cardiovascular events
1665:. New York: Taylor & Francis.
1002:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
25:
2362:from the original on 6 April 2016
2302:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
2014:from the original on 12 July 2021
1251:The American Journal of Pathology
1112:Journal of Clinical Investigation
712:Advances in Biological Regulation
320:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
83:, one of the major lipids in the
3286:Dihydrosphingosine (sphinganine)
2529:
1985:from the original on 2022-01-02
1975:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
1162:Journal of Biological Chemistry
140:Pathways for ceramide synthesis
1824:American Journal of Physiology
680:consisted of a ceramide and a
425:is the outermost layer of the
95:: examples include regulating
27:Family of waxy lipid molecules
1:
3316:Receptor/signaling modulators
2047:10.1016/S1053-4296(96)80021-X
1441:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02625-4
881:10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.12.006
132:. Ceramide is a component of
2267:10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.07.012
1746:10.1016/0925-4439(93)90135-n
1489:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.10.018
1311:10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.027
1264:10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.009
1223:10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.05.004
926:10.1016/j.molmed.2007.06.002
672:Ceramide phosphoethanolamine
543:Hydroxypalmitoyl Sphinganine
212:serine palmitoyl transferase
966:10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4829
724:10.1016/j.jbior.2018.08.002
173:is catalyzed by the enzyme
3357:
3220:Tooltip Sphingosine kinase
2296:Tucci, Sara (2020-01-22).
2215:10.1016/j.mito.2006.03.002
1837:10.1152/ajpendo.91014.2008
1786:10.1172/jci.insight.159762
1710:10.1194/jlr.R700013-JLR200
1546:10.1172/jci.insight.159762
1015:10.1016/j.tips.2021.10.001
377:and induces production of
303:, microbial pathogenesis,
224:dihydroceramide desaturase
3309:
2315:10.1186/s13023-020-1299-7
2168:10.1007/s10495-006-5882-8
2082:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.015
1882:10.1016/j.tem.2014.02.004
1696:Journal of Lipid Research
1640:10.1016/j.bpc.2010.03.008
1591:10.1007/s11745-009-3283-9
953:The Journal of Immunology
628:In the metabolic disease
557:Matrix metalloproteinases
2562:Medical Subject Headings
591:1,25 Dihydroxy vitamin D
486:signaling and decreased
375:electron transport chain
162:Sphingomyelin hydrolysis
2793:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
2619:metabolic intermediates
1175:10.1074/jbc.M113.522847
668:, however, contain it.
567:Reactive oxygen species
521:Chemotherapeutic agents
407:chemotherapeutic agents
379:reactive oxygen species
367:endothelial dysfunction
260:sphingosine-1-phosphate
2415:Cite journal requires
2122:10.1074/jbc.M200754200
1400:10.1074/jbc.M414569200
446:
46:
42:General structures of
35:
2716:Globotriaosylceramide
2504:10.1099/mic.0.25922-0
1661:Elias, Peter (2006).
1627:Biophysical Chemistry
786:10.1084/jem.180.2.525
517:Ceramidase inhibitors
444:
395:programmed cell death
371:protein phosphatase 2
268:endoplasmic reticulum
228:endoplasmic reticulum
118:comes from the Latin
105:programmed cell death
41:
33:
3013:Fingolimod phosphate
1689:Feingold KR (2007).
660:Ceramide in bacteria
638:fatty acid synthesis
577:Tetrahydrocannabinol
326:. Dietary intake of
2453:10.1155/2011/565316
682:phosphoethanolamine
340:fatty liver disease
274:Physiological roles
2754:Galactocerebroside
2640:Galactocerebroside
2615:glycosphingolipids
2035:Sem. Radiat. Oncol
1071:10.7150/ijbs.78525
552:Ionizing radiation
488:insulin resistance
447:
365:. Ceramides cause
332:insulin resistance
244:glycosphingolipids
216:dihydrosphingosine
158:to form ceramide.
47:
36:
3323:
3322:
3246:
3245:
3161:
3146:
3145:
2858:
2801:
2800:
2781:
2780:
2440:Journal of Lipids
2261:(11): 1629–1643.
2115:(30): 26796–803.
1703:(12): 2531–2546.
1009:(12): 1082–1095.
666:Sphingomonadaceae
611:membrane rigidity
463:atopic dermatitis
357:. Aggregation of
355:Akt/PKB signaling
297:neurodegeneration
264:ceramide synthase
16:(Redirected from
3348:
3221:
3217:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3155:
2948:
2944:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2852:
2835:Lysophospholipid
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2735:Glucocerebroside
2669:
2652:Lactosylceramide
2645:Glucocerebroside
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2533:
2532:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2497:(8): 2071–2081.
2482:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2446:(2011): 565316.
2431:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2317:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2124:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1831:(1): E211–E224.
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1634:(1–3): 144–156.
1620:
1611:
1610:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1443:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1393:(28): 26425–34.
1378:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1258:(5): 1562–1576.
1241:
1235:
1234:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1125:10.1172/JCI43378
1119:(5): 1858–1870.
1102:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1048:
1037:
1036:
1026:
992:
979:
978:
968:
944:
938:
937:
909:
903:
902:
892:
875:(6): 1010–1018.
860:
854:
853:
817:
808:
807:
797:
765:
754:
753:
743:
703:
632:(CMAMMA) due to
624:Related diseases
547:Gamma interferon
342:, for example).
242:and the complex
175:sphingomyelinase
52:are a family of
21:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3305:
3291:Dihydroceramide
3242:
3219:
3209:
3186:
3173:
3154:
3142:
2946:
2936:
2887:1-Palmitoyl-LPA
2870:
2851:
2843:
2832:
2802:
2797:
2777:
2758:
2739:
2720:
2701:
2664:
2656:
2621:
2599:Glycoconjugates
2596:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2414:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2076:(14): 1723–31.
2067:
2066:
2062:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2008:incidecoder.com
2002:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1925:Atherosclerosis
1917:
1916:
1905:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1483:(12): 2027–36.
1470:
1469:
1465:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1350:10.1172/JCI1180
1338:J. Clin. Invest
1331:
1330:
1326:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1050:
1049:
1040:
994:
993:
982:
946:
945:
941:
914:Trends Mol. Med
911:
910:
906:
862:
861:
857:
834:10.1038/nrm2329
819:
818:
811:
767:
766:
757:
705:
704:
700:
696:
674:
662:
650:
626:
607:plasma membrane
600:
595:
508:
476:
423:stratum corneum
419:
387:
363:atherosclerosis
359:LDL cholesterol
351:Unsaturated fat
281:
276:
252:
250:Salvage pathway
232:Golgi apparatus
220:dihydroceramide
200:
183:plasma membrane
164:
142:
97:differentiation
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3354:
3352:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3162:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2951:
2949:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2859:
2845:
2844:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2541:chemical-class
2535:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:External links
2521:
2519:
2518:
2477:
2426:
2417:|journal=
2373:
2347:
2288:
2238:
2189:
2146:
2095:
2060:
2041:(4): 250–267.
2025:
1995:
1961:
1932:(2): 497–504.
1903:
1876:(6): 312–319.
1860:
1809:
1759:
1724:
1678:
1671:
1653:
1612:
1585:(3): 291–295.
1569:
1512:
1463:
1414:
1373:
1344:(2): 329–339.
1324:
1287:
1236:
1217:(2): 130–134.
1199:
1168:(2): 723–734.
1148:
1094:
1065:(1): 311–330.
1038:
980:
959:(7): 4829–39.
939:
920:(8): 327–336.
904:
869:Cell Signaling
855:
828:(2): 139–150.
809:
755:
697:
695:
692:
673:
670:
661:
658:
649:
646:
625:
622:
599:
596:
594:
593:
588:
583:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
541:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
515:
509:
507:
504:
490:by decreasing
475:
472:
418:
415:
386:
383:
369:by activating
336:adipose tissue
280:
277:
275:
272:
251:
248:
199:
196:
163:
160:
154:are reused by
141:
138:
134:vernix caseosa
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3353:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:Palmitoyl-CoA
3269:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2727:sphingomyelin
2723:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:sphingolipids
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2409:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:(3): 118–25.
2208:
2204:
2203:Mitochondrion
2200:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:(5): 773–80.
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:J. Biol. Chem
2106:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:Life Sciences
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:(2): 147–51.
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:9780824758158
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:J. Biol. Chem
1384:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
991:
989:
987:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
905:
900:
896:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
814:
810:
805:
801:
796:
791:
787:
783:
780:(2): 525–35.
779:
775:
771:
764:
762:
760:
756:
751:
747:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
699:
693:
691:
689:
688:
683:
679:
671:
669:
667:
659:
657:
655:
647:
645:
643:
642:sphingomyelin
639:
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631:
623:
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328:saturated fat
325:
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240:sphingomyelin
237:
236:sphingolipids
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
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197:
195:
193:
189:
184:
181:found in the
180:
179:phospholipids
176:
172:
171:sphingomyelin
168:
161:
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153:
149:
148:
139:
137:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
101:proliferation
98:
94:
90:
89:sphingolipids
86:
85:lipid bilayer
82:
81:sphingomyelin
78:
74:
73:cell membrane
70:
67:joined by an
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
45:
44:sphingolipids
40:
32:
19:
3312:
3311:
3295:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3134:
3100:Antagonists:
3099:
2954:
2909:Antagonists:
2908:
2882:1-Oleoyl-LPA
2878:
2772:
2626:
2545:
2544:
2543:profile for
2540:
2494:
2491:Microbiology
2490:
2480:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2408:cite journal
2396:. Retrieved
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2350:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2258:
2254:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2007:
1998:
1987:. Retrieved
1978:
1974:
1964:
1929:
1923:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1828:
1822:
1812:
1777:
1773:
1762:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1700:
1694:
1663:Skin barrier
1662:
1656:
1631:
1625:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1537:
1533:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1431:
1428:FEBS Letters
1427:
1417:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1255:
1249:
1239:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1116:
1110:
1062:
1056:
1006:
1000:
956:
952:
942:
917:
913:
907:
872:
868:
858:
825:
821:
777:
773:
715:
711:
701:
685:
678:sphingolipid
675:
663:
651:
627:
619:
604:
601:
581:cannabinoids
536:Homocysteine
477:
455:hyperplastic
452:
448:
436:
420:
411:mitochondria
393:, or Type I
388:
344:
313:
309:inflammation
282:
253:
201:
165:
146:
143:
127:
119:
115:
113:
49:
48:
3301:Sphingosine
3258:Precursors:
2968:Ceralifimod
2917:H2L-5765834
2912:H2L-5186303
2765:sphingosine
2674:ganglioside
2662:Ganglioside
2635:Cerebroside
2607:glycolipids
1774:JCI Insight
1534:JCI Insight
1434:(1): 7–12.
774:J. Exp. Med
615:lipid rafts
572:Sphingosine
562:Niacinamide
431:cholesterol
349:receptors.
324:hepatocytes
156:reacylation
152:sphingosine
61:sphingosine
3330:Categories
3192:Ceramidase
3158:inhibitors
3023:Mocravimod
3008:Fingolimod
2958:Amiselimod
2892:GRI-977143
2841:modulators
2398:August 26,
2366:29 January
1989:2022-01-02
694:References
687:Drosophila
579:and other
526:Fas ligand
513:Anandamide
289:senescence
238:, such as
167:Hydrolysis
77:eukaryotic
69:amide bond
65:fatty acid
3341:Ceramides
3313:See also:
3200:Ceranib 1
3138:Etrasimod
3135:Unsorted:
3123:VPC-23019
3108:CYM-50358
3078:TC-G 1006
3063:Siponimod
3038:Ponesimod
3033:Phyto-S1P
2998:CYM-50308
2993:CYM-50260
2963:Cenerimod
2955:Agonists:
2932:VPC-32183
2927:TC-LPA5 4
2879:Agonists:
2838:signaling
2746:sulfatide
2708:globoside
2558:Ceramides
2324:1750-1172
2308:(1): 27.
2275:1388-1981
2156:Apoptosis
1981:(8): 89.
1305:: 88–94.
1298:Biochimie
732:2212-4926
609:enhances
586:TNF-alpha
531:Endotoxin
467:psoriasis
459:psoriasis
457:disorder
427:epidermis
403:TNF-alpha
391:Apoptosis
385:Apoptosis
285:apoptosis
279:Pathology
256:lysosomes
204:palmitate
192:apoptosis
188:radiation
114:The word
107:(PCD) of
93:signaling
50:Ceramides
18:Ceramides
3296:Ceramide
3233:Safingol
3182:Myriocin
3118:TY-52156
3083:TC-SP 14
3058:SEW-2871
3053:RPC-1063
3028:Ozanimod
2988:CYM 5541
2983:CYM-5520
2978:CYM-5442
2922:Ki-16425
2849:Receptor
2773:Ceramide
2627:Ceramide
2547:Ceramide
2513:12904547
2472:21490804
2389:Archived
2360:Archived
2342:31969167
2283:31376476
2233:16713754
2184:12633095
2176:16532372
2141:12006562
2090:15958274
2055:10717183
2012:Archived
1983:Archived
1956:17963772
1898:27123917
1890:24698032
1855:19435851
1804:35900871
1719:17872588
1648:20457485
1599:19184160
1564:35900871
1507:17161984
1458:85367540
1450:11513845
1409:15849201
1319:23933096
1282:24606881
1231:15967715
1194:24214972
1143:21490391
1089:36594091
1033:34750017
975:17878382
934:17588815
899:18191382
842:18216770
750:30193828
718:: 3–18.
480:myriocin
474:Hormonal
301:diabetes
116:ceramide
3228:N,N-DMS
3113:JTE-013
3103:CS-0777
3093:XAX-162
3018:KRP-203
2973:CS-2100
2855:ligands
2665:pathway
2537:Scholia
2463:3066853
2333:6977288
2224:2246045
2132:2246046
2018:12 July
1947:2924671
1846:2711669
1795:9462509
1754:8357845
1607:4005575
1555:9462509
1498:1766198
1368:9664074
1273:4005977
1185:3887200
1134:3083776
1080:9760443
1024:8595778
890:2422835
850:8692993
804:8046331
795:2191598
741:6251742
401:light,
305:obesity
198:De novo
190:causes
147:de novo
3336:Lipids
3276:Serine
3251:Others
3238:SKI II
3152:Enzyme
3048:RP-002
3043:RP-001
2617:, and
2605:, and
2603:lipids
2564:(MeSH)
2539:has a
2511:
2470:
2460:
2340:
2330:
2322:
2281:
2273:
2231:
2221:
2182:
2174:
2139:
2129:
2088:
2053:
1954:
1944:
1896:
1888:
1853:
1843:
1802:
1792:
1780:(16).
1752:
1717:
1669:
1646:
1605:
1597:
1579:Lipids
1562:
1552:
1540:(16).
1505:
1495:
1456:
1448:
1407:
1366:
1359:508891
1356:
1317:
1280:
1270:
1229:
1192:
1182:
1141:
1131:
1087:
1077:
1031:
1021:
973:
932:
897:
887:
848:
840:
802:
792:
748:
738:
730:
654:eczema
492:SOCS-3
484:leptin
405:, and
307:, and
293:cancer
208:serine
126:) and
103:, and
63:and a
3128:W-146
3088:W-061
2786:Other
2744:From
2725:From
2706:From
2672:From
2392:(PDF)
2385:(PDF)
2180:S2CID
1894:S2CID
1603:S2CID
1454:S2CID
846:S2CID
634:ACSF3
129:amide
109:cells
57:lipid
3268:S1P:
3261:LPA:
3216:SphK
2943:S1PR
2902:OMPT
2867:LPAR
2613:and
2509:PMID
2468:PMID
2444:2011
2421:help
2400:2015
2368:2015
2338:PMID
2320:ISSN
2279:PMID
2271:ISSN
2259:1864
2229:PMID
2172:PMID
2137:PMID
2086:PMID
2051:PMID
2020:2021
1952:PMID
1886:PMID
1851:PMID
1800:PMID
1750:PMID
1738:1182
1715:PMID
1667:ISBN
1644:PMID
1595:PMID
1560:PMID
1503:PMID
1481:1758
1446:PMID
1405:PMID
1364:PMID
1315:PMID
1278:PMID
1227:PMID
1215:1735
1190:PMID
1139:PMID
1085:PMID
1029:PMID
971:PMID
930:PMID
895:PMID
838:PMID
800:PMID
746:PMID
728:ISSN
648:Uses
540:Heat
465:and
421:The
417:Skin
347:TLR4
206:and
120:cera
54:waxy
3264:LPC
3205:OEA
3170:SPT
3073:SPC
3068:S1P
2897:LPA
2763:To
2697:GD2
2692:GM3
2687:GM2
2682:GM1
2499:doi
2495:149
2458:PMC
2448:doi
2328:PMC
2310:doi
2263:doi
2219:PMC
2211:doi
2164:doi
2127:PMC
2117:doi
2113:277
2078:doi
2043:doi
1942:PMC
1934:doi
1930:196
1878:doi
1841:PMC
1833:doi
1829:297
1790:PMC
1782:doi
1742:doi
1705:doi
1636:doi
1632:150
1587:doi
1550:PMC
1542:doi
1493:PMC
1485:doi
1436:doi
1432:503
1395:doi
1391:280
1354:PMC
1346:doi
1342:102
1307:doi
1303:100
1268:PMC
1260:doi
1256:184
1219:doi
1180:PMC
1170:doi
1166:289
1129:PMC
1121:doi
1117:121
1075:PMC
1067:doi
1019:PMC
1011:doi
961:doi
957:179
922:doi
885:PMC
877:doi
830:doi
790:PMC
782:doi
778:180
736:PMC
720:doi
500:JNK
169:of
124:wax
75:of
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