833:(FRDA). Loss of Fxn in the nervous system in mice also activates an iron/sphingolipid/PDK1/Mef2 pathway, indicating that the mechanism is evolutionarily conserved. Furthermore, sphingolipid levels and PDK1 activity are also increased in hearts of FRDA patients, suggesting that a similar pathway is affected in FRDA. Other research has demonstrated that iron accumulation in the nervous systems of flies enhances the synthesis of sphingolipids, which in turn activates 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 (Pdk1) and myocyte enhancer factor-2 (Mef2) to trigger neurodegeneration of adult photoreceptors.
122:
849:
433:
25:
266:
Sphingoid bases are the fundamental building blocks of all sphingolipids. The main mammalian sphingoid bases are dihydrosphingosine and sphingosine, while dihydrosphingosine and phytosphingosine are the principal sphingoid bases in yeast. Sphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, and phytosphingosine may be
491:
Breakdown pathways allow the reversion of these metabolites to ceramide. The complex glycosphingolipids are hydrolyzed to glucosylceramide and galactosylceramide. These lipids are then hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidases and beta-galactosidases to regenerate ceramide. Similarly, sphingomyelin may be
836:
Sphingolipids play a key role in neuronal survival in
Parkinson's Disease (PD) and their catabolic pathway alteration in the brain is partly represented in cerebrospinal fluid and blood tissues (Table1) and have the diagnostic potential.
518:. Cell recognition depends mainly on the physical properties of the sphingolipids, whereas signaling involves specific interactions of the glycan structures of glycosphingolipids with similar lipids present on neighboring cells or with
1366:
Causeret C, Geeraert L, Van der Hoeven G, Mannaerts GP, Van
Veldhoven PP (October 2000). "Further characterization of rat dihydroceramide desaturase: tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and substrate specificity".
2770:
1225:"Ceramide synthase inhibition by fumonisin B1 causes accumulation of 1-deoxysphinganine: a novel category of bioactive 1-deoxysphingoid bases and 1-deoxydihydroceramides biosynthesized by mammalian cell lines and animals"
826:, and people with these types of sphingolipidoses may live well into adulthood. The other types are generally fatal by age 1 to 5 years for infantile forms, but progression may be mild for juvenile- or adult-onset forms.
421:, and the diversity of sphingoid bases has recently been reviewed. Next, 3-keto-dihydrosphingosine is reduced to form dihydrosphingosine. Dihydrosphingosine is acylated by one of six (dihydro)-ceramide synthase,
674:
for working out new pathways. These single-celled organisms are often more genetically tractable than mammalian cells, and strain libraries are available to supply strains harboring almost any non-lethal
2763:
573:" were originally proposed to sort membrane proteins along the cellular pathways of membrane transport. At present, most research focuses on the organizing function during signal transduction.
2756:
503:
Sphingolipids are commonly believed to protect the cell surface against harmful environmental factors by forming a mechanically stable and chemically resistant outer leaflet of the
290:
is produced in mammalian systems by desaturation of dihydroceramide by dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (DES1). This highly bioactive molecule may also be phosphorylated to form
429:
substrates, resulting in the generation of dihydroceramides with differing chain lengths (ranging from C14-C26). Dihydroceramides are then desaturated to form ceramide.
2058:"Modulation of sphingolipid metabolism by the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate phosphatase Sac1p through regulation of phosphatidylinositol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
495:
The only route by which sphingolipids are converted to non-sphingolipids is through sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase. This forms ethanolamine phosphate and hexadecenal.
700:
In addition to the important structural functions of complex sphingolipids (inositol phosphorylceramide and its mannosylated derivatives), the sphingoid bases
2512:
935:
Schnaar, Ronald L.; Sandhoff, Roger; Tiemeyer, Michael; Kinoshita, Taroh (2022), Varki, Ajit; Cummings, Richard D.; Esko, Jeffrey D.; Stanley, Pamela (eds.),
1223:
Zitomer NC, Mitchell T, Voss KA, Bondy GS, Pruett ST, Garnier-Amblard EC, Liebeskind LS, Park H, Wang E, Sullards MC, Merrill AH, Riley RT (February 2009).
2353:
2534:
729:
740:
has recently been described. Additionally, a substrate-level interaction has been shown between complex sphingolipid synthesis and cycling of
948:
262:
Simple sphingolipids, which include the sphingoid bases and ceramides, make up the early products of the sphingolipid synthetic pathways.
2913:
1037:
108:
1327:"When do Lasses (longevity assurance genes) become CerS (ceramide synthases)?: Insights into the regulation of ceramide synthesis"
2158:
Chen K, Lin G, Haelterman NA, Ho TS, Li T, Li Z, Duraine L, Graham BH, Jaiswal M, Yamamoto S, Rasband MN, Bellen HJ (June 2016).
741:
728:, posttranslational protein modification, and the heat stress response. Additionally, modulation of sphingolipid metabolism by
2908:
379:-containing ceramides, which are derived from phytoceramide, are produced in yeast. These include inositol phosphorylceramide,
3029:
3021:
46:
89:
3072:
42:
61:
3082:
2346:
2160:"Loss of Frataxin induces iron toxicity, sphingolipid synthesis, and Pdk1/Mef2 activation, leading to neurodegeneration"
791:
639:, meaning that they are evolutionally very old. Bacteria that do produce sphingolipids are found in some members of the
1147:
Merrill AH (December 1983). "Characterization of serine palmitoyltransferase activity in
Chinese hamster ovary cells".
2527:
2431:
402:
829:
Sphingolipids have also been implicated with the frataxin protein (Fxn), the deficiency of which is associated with
68:
815:
35:
2422:
687:
457:
453:
2007:"Thematic review series: sphingolipids. New insights into sphingolipid metabolism and function in budding yeast"
1051:"Thematic review series: sphingolipids. New insights into sphingolipid metabolism and function in budding yeast"
413:. However, studies have demonstrated that serine palmitoyltransferase has some activity toward other species of
2274:
1453:
Bandhuvula P, Saba JD (May 2007). "Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase in immunity and cancer: silencing the siren".
807:
681:
647:
616:
558:
448:
is the central hub of the sphingolipid network and subsequently has several fates. It may be phosphorylated by
75:
1410:
Hannun YA, Obeid LM (February 2008). "Principles of bioactive lipid signalling: lessons from sphingolipids".
3034:
2737:
2339:
612:
530:
592:, where they perform many of their functions. Transport occurs via vesicles and monomeric transport in the
488:
may be phosphorylated to form sphingosine-1-phosphate. This may be dephosphorylated to reform sphingosine.
2563:
2520:
2435:
2417:
1572:"Regulation of autophagy by sphingosine kinase 1 and its role in cell survival during nutrient starvation"
867:
848:
830:
469:
291:
787:
202:
The long-chain bases, sometimes simply known as sphingoid bases, are the first non-transient products of
57:
3113:
2660:
2471:
2426:
1274:
Pruett ST, Bushnev A, Hagedorn K, Adiga M, Haynes CA, Sullards MC, Liotta DC, Merrill AH (August 2008).
725:
601:
577:
425:- originally termed LASS - to form dihydroceramide. The six CerS enzymes have different specificity for
1866:
1490:"The Ceramide-centric universe of lipid-mediated cell regulation: stress encounters of the lipid kind"
2935:
2211:"Clinical Sphingolipids Pathway in Parkinson's Disease: From GCase to Integrated-Biomarker Discovery"
771:
1917:"Phytosphingosine as a specific inhibitor of growth and nutrient import in Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
121:
2883:
2816:
2748:
1570:
Lavieu G, Scarlatti F, Sala G, Carpentier S, Levade T, Ghidoni R, Botti J, Codogno P (March 2006).
795:
318:
155:
143:
1958:"Yeast sphingolipids: recent developments in understanding biosynthesis, regulation, and function"
1184:"Utilization of different fatty acyl-CoA thioesters by serine palmitoyltransferase from rat brain"
3007:
2893:
2888:
2863:
2848:
2698:
2584:
2320:
1897:
1435:
1392:
676:
511:
1183:
284:-acylation of dihydrosphingosine. Dihydroceramide is found in both yeast and mammalian systems.
2808:
2631:
2559:
2476:
2312:
2304:
2250:
2232:
2191:
2140:
2089:
2038:
1987:
1938:
1889:
1847:
1824:
Vesper H, Schmelz EM, Nikolova-Karakashian MN, Dillehay DL, Lynch DV, Merrill AH (July 1999).
1806:
1765:
1724:
1683:
1634:
1593:
1552:
1511:
1470:
1427:
1384:
1348:
1307:
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1205:
1164:
1129:
1082:
1033:
1011:
954:
944:
917:
651:
608:
465:
328:
306:
Complex sphingolipids may be formed by addition of head groups to ceramide or phytoceramide:
204:
191:
2209:
Esfandiary, Ali; Finkelstein, David Isaac; Voelcker, Nicolas Hans; Rudd, David (2022-04-15).
150:. They were discovered in brain extracts in the 1870s and were named after the mythological
2821:
2783:
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2491:
2409:
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2240:
2222:
2181:
2171:
2130:
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2079:
2069:
2028:
2018:
1977:
1969:
1928:
1881:
1837:
1796:
1755:
1714:
1673:
1665:
1654:"Sphingosine kinase: Role in regulation of bioactive sphingolipid mediators in inflammation"
1624:
1583:
1542:
1501:
1462:
1419:
1376:
1338:
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437:
209:
163:
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2930:
2486:
823:
783:
585:
581:
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422:
82:
2270:
208:
sphingolipid synthesis in both yeast and mammals. These compounds, specifically known as
976:
2543:
2371:
2245:
2210:
2186:
2159:
2135:
2108:
2084:
2057:
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2006:
1982:
1957:
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175:
1200:
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2902:
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2671:
2496:
2456:
2379:
2363:
2324:
2284:"Sphingolipids accumulate in aged muscle, and their reduction counteracts sarcopenia"
2283:
1160:
819:
799:
775:
670:
Because of the incredible complexity of mammalian systems, yeast are often used as a
562:
507:
461:
406:
393:
310:
297:
179:
167:
1901:
1006:
989:
810:
of approximately 1 in 10,000, but substantially more in certain populations such as
2384:
1439:
1396:
717:
597:
569:
less fluid than the bulk phospholipids. These sphingolipid-based microdomains, or "
546:
364:
232:
2331:
977:|SIGMA&N5=SEARCH_CONCAT_PNO|BRAND_KEY&F=SPEC Product page at Sigma Aldrich
533:, have been shown to be important mediators in the signaling cascades involved in
1973:
1826:"Sphingolipids in food and the emerging importance of sphingolipids to nutrition"
1760:
1743:
1669:
1466:
903:
2946:
2842:
2709:
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2579:
2389:
936:
854:
737:
713:
709:
659:
640:
538:
485:
481:
418:
368:
342:
183:
147:
24:
2300:
2109:"Loss of Frataxin activates the iron/sphingolipid/PDK1/Mef2 pathway in mammals"
2023:
1292:
1114:
1067:
752:
Higher plants contain a wider variety of sphingolipids than animals and fungi.
432:
231:
The sphingosine backbone is O-linked to a (usually) charged head group such as
2954:
2787:
2779:
2551:
2466:
2461:
1885:
1380:
943:(4th ed.), Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,
721:
628:
570:
554:
526:
477:
336:
251:
247:
2308:
2236:
1703:"Structure and function of sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membrane rafts"
1629:
1612:
1276:"Biodiversity of sphingoid bases ("sphingosines") and related amino alcohols"
401:
sphingolipid synthesis begins with formation of 3-keto-dihydrosphingosine by
2924:
2872:
2690:
2652:
1842:
1825:
643:
589:
550:
534:
356:
350:
270:
216:(also known as sphinganine, although this term is less common), are mainly C
187:
137:
2316:
2254:
2195:
2144:
2093:
2074:
2042:
1991:
1942:
1933:
1916:
1893:
1851:
1810:
1801:
1784:
1769:
1728:
1719:
1702:
1687:
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1588:
1571:
1556:
1547:
1530:
1515:
1506:
1489:
1474:
1431:
1388:
1352:
1343:
1326:
1311:
1260:
1241:
1133:
1086:
990:"Sphingolipid functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: comparison to mammals"
958:
921:
154:
because of their enigmatic nature. These compounds play important roles in
2227:
1962:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
1744:"Intracellular trafficking of sphingolipids: relationship to biosynthesis"
1638:
1209:
1168:
1015:
744:
by the phosphatidylinositol kinase Stt4p and the lipid phosphatase Sac1p.
3064:
2832:
2717:
2571:
2501:
2451:
803:
632:
542:
445:
426:
376:
287:
213:
171:
2176:
2125:
476:
is generated by this process. Finally, ceramide may be broken down by a
888:"Mechanism of action of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis"
636:
593:
519:
452:
to form ceramide-1-phosphate. Alternatively, it may be glycosylated by
383:
inositol phosphorylceramide, and mannose diinositol phosphorylceramide.
380:
346:
240:
190:, respectively. Cerebrosides and globosides are collectively known as
3076:
2989:
2984:
2790:
2481:
2399:
2107:
Chen K, Ho TS, Lin G, Tan KL, Rasband MN, Bellen HJ (November 2016).
1611:
Venable ME, Lee JY, Smyth MJ, Bielawska A, Obeid LM (December 1995).
410:
236:
166:, or disorders of sphingolipid metabolism, have particular impact on
151:
1423:
1028:
A brief, very comprehensible review is given in
Gunstone, F. (1996)
704:
and dihydrosphingosine (sphinganine) play vital signaling roles in
604:, but constitute a 20-35 molar fraction of plasma membrane lipids.
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2547:
431:
332:
322:
140:
133:
1915:
Chung N, Mao C, Heitman J, Hannun YA, Obeid LM (September 2001).
1149:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism
766:
There are several disorders of sphingolipid metabolism, known as
174:. Other common groups bonded to the terminal oxygen atom include
3086:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
2878:
2853:
300:
is produced in yeast by hydroxylation of dihydroceramide at C-4.
2752:
2516:
2335:
2641:
2636:
2626:
576:
Sphingolipids are synthesized in a pathway that begins in the
18:
136:
containing a backbone of sphingoid bases, which are a set of
514:
were found to be involved in specific functions, such as
277:-acylated sphingoid bases lacking additional head groups.
1325:
Pewzner-Jung Y, Ben-Dor S, Futerman AH (September 2006).
691:, although research is also done in the pathogenic yeast
1531:"Sphingosine 1-phosphate, a key cell signaling molecule"
607:
In experimental animals, feeding sphingolipids inhibits
679:
single deletion. The two most commonly used yeasts are
440:
are labeled at corresponding stages that are deficient.
436:
Metabolic pathways of various forms of sphingolipids.
170:. A sphingolipid with a terminal hydroxyl group is a
2281:
Laurila, Pirkka-Pekka; et al. (December 2022).
3063:
3020:
3000:
2944:
2830:
2806:
2797:
2730:
2707:
2688:
2669:
2650:
2616:
2605:
2570:
2444:
2408:
2370:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2282:
1748:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
1102:"Bioactive sphingolipids: metabolism and function"
492:broken down by sphingomyelinase to form ceramide.
1785:"Sphingolipid transport: rafts and translocators"
405:. The preferred substrates for this reaction are
367:have at least three sugars, one of which must be
182:, and various sugar monomers or dimers, yielding
339:linkage at the 1-hydroxyl position (see image).
1652:Snider AJ, Orr Gandy KA, Obeid LM (June 2010).
1032:, pp 43-44. Blackie Academic and Professional.
1867:"Sphingolipids in host-microbial interactions"
1865:Heaver, SL; Johnson, EL; Ley, RE (June 2018).
394:Palmitoyl-CoA Β§ Sphingolipid biosynthesis
2764:
2528:
2347:
2056:Brice SE, Alford CW, Cowart LA (March 2009).
716:(and, thus, regulation of nutrient uptake ),
8:
224:bases. Ceramides and glycosphingolipids are
806:. Taken together, sphingolipidoses have an
2803:
2771:
2757:
2749:
2613:
2535:
2521:
2513:
2354:
2340:
2332:
596:. Sphingolipids are virtually absent from
561:. Ceramide-based lipids self-aggregate in
220:compounds, with somewhat lower levels of C
2273:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2244:
2226:
2185:
2175:
2134:
2124:
2083:
2073:
2032:
2022:
1981:
1932:
1841:
1800:
1759:
1718:
1677:
1628:
1613:"Role of ceramide in cellular senescence"
1587:
1546:
1505:
1342:
1301:
1291:
1250:
1240:
1199:
1182:Merrill AH, Williams RD (February 1984).
1123:
1113:
1076:
1066:
1005:
911:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
246:The backbone is also amide-linked to an
120:
878:
844:
730:phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate
584:, but these lipids are enriched in the
460:. Additionally, it can be converted to
708:. These effects include regulation of
228:-acyl derivatives of these compounds.
1412:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
794:. They are generally inherited in an
770:. The main members of this group are
325:to the 1-hydroxy group of a ceramide.
7:
499:Functions of mammalian sphingolipids
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2062:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1921:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1789:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1707:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1617:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1576:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1535:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1529:Spiegel S, Milstien S (July 2002).
1494:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1331:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1229:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
125:General structures of sphingolipids
1956:Cowart LA, Obeid LM (March 2007).
1783:van Meer G, Lisman Q (July 2002).
1100:Bartke N, Hannun YA (April 2009).
14:
2914:Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1
1488:Hannun YA, Obeid LM (July 2002).
388:Mammalian sphingolipid metabolism
1701:Brown DA, London E (June 2000).
847:
742:phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate
23:
2909:Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase
1874:Current Opinion in Microbiology
1007:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.27
627:Sphingolipids are universal in
331:are ceramides with one or more
280:Dihydroceramide is produced by
34:needs additional citations for
3030:Palmitoyl protein thioesterase
1030:Fatty Acid and Lipid Chemistry
525:Recently, simple sphingolipid
516:cell recognition and signaling
1:
3073:Serine C-palmitoyltransferase
1742:Futerman AH (December 2006).
1201:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37838-X
994:Annual Review of Biochemistry
818:is available to treat mainly
3083:Ceramide glucosyltransferase
1974:10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.08.005
1761:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.08.004
1670:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.008
1467:10.1016/j.molmed.2007.03.005
1455:Trends in Molecular Medicine
1161:10.1016/0005-2760(83)90144-3
904:10.1097/wnf.0b013e3181cbf825
792:Metachromatic leukodystrophy
16:Family of chemical compounds
2432:Peripheral membrane protein
1108:. 50 Suppl (Suppl): S91-6.
886:Chun J, Hartung HP (2010).
458:galactosylceramide synthase
403:serine palmitoyltransferase
353:at the 1-hydroxy position.
3130:
2423:Integral membrane proteins
2301:10.1038/s43587-022-00309-6
2024:10.1194/jlr.R800003-JLR200
1293:10.1194/jlr.R800012-JLR200
1115:10.1194/jlr.R800080-JLR200
1068:10.1194/jlr.R800003-JLR200
941:Essentials of Glycobiology
892:Clinical Neuropharmacology
816:Enzyme replacement therapy
759:
658:, and some members of the
391:
359:are sulfated cerebrosides.
273:, as a general class, are
2011:Journal of Lipid Research
1886:10.1016/j.mib.2017.12.011
1381:10.1007/s11745-000-0627-6
1280:Journal of Lipid Research
1188:Journal of Lipid Research
1106:Journal of Lipid Research
1055:Journal of Lipid Research
688:Schizosaccharomyces pombe
454:glucosylceramide synthase
2275:Medical Subject Headings
1830:The Journal of Nutrition
1630:10.1074/jbc.270.51.30701
682:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
580:and is completed in the
3035:Tripeptidyl peptidase I
2738:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
2564:metabolic intermediates
2467:Lipid raft/microdomains
2005:Dickson RC (May 2008).
1049:Dickson RC (May 2008).
650:), particularly family
531:sphingosine-1-phosphate
529:, such as ceramide and
335:residues joined in a Ξ²-
2472:Membrane contact sites
2436:Lipid-anchored protein
2418:Membrane glycoproteins
2075:10.1074/jbc.M808325200
1934:10.1074/jbc.m105653200
1802:10.1074/jbc.R200010200
1720:10.1074/jbc.R000005200
1589:10.1074/jbc.M506182200
1548:10.1074/jbc.R200007200
1507:10.1074/jbc.R200008200
1344:10.1074/jbc.R600010200
1242:10.1074/jbc.M808798200
868:Sphingosyl phosphatide
712:, ubiquitin-dependent
654:, some members of the
470:sphingomyelin synthase
441:
126:
2661:Globotriaosylceramide
2427:transmembrane protein
2228:10.3390/cells11081353
1843:10.1093/jn/129.7.1239
798:fashion, but notably
464:by the addition of a
435:
124:
2936:Galactosylceramidase
2452:Caveolae/Coated pits
937:"Glycosphingolipids"
772:Niemann-Pick disease
736:Slm1p and Slm2p and
609:colon carcinogenesis
541:, stress responses,
292:ceramide-1-phosphate
43:improve this article
2884:Alpha-galactosidase
2817:Glycosyltransferase
2177:10.7554/eLife.16043
2126:10.7554/eLife.20732
988:Dickson RC (1998).
831:Friedreich's ataxia
796:autosomal recessive
748:Plant sphingolipids
666:Yeast sphingolipids
623:Other sphingolipids
319:phosphoethanolamine
156:signal transduction
3065:Ceramide synthesis
3008:Sphingosine kinase
2894:Glucocerebrosidase
2889:Beta-galactosidase
2864:Glucocerebrosidase
2849:Beta-galactosidase
2699:Galactocerebroside
2585:Galactocerebroside
2560:glycosphingolipids
2477:Membrane nanotubes
2362:Structures of the
677:open reading frame
565:and form separate
512:glycosphingolipids
510:. Certain complex
444:De novo generated
442:
329:Glycosphingolipids
214:dihydrosphingosine
192:glycosphingolipids
127:
3096:
3095:
3016:
3015:
2809:glycosphingolipid
2746:
2745:
2726:
2725:
2510:
2509:
2410:Membrane proteins
2295:(12): 1159β1175.
950:978-1-62182-421-3
841:Additional images
788:TayβSachs disease
652:Sphingomonadaceae
466:phosphorylcholine
321:molecule with an
119:
118:
111:
93:
3121:
2927:
2905:
2879:Hexosaminidase B
2875:
2854:Hexosaminidase A
2845:
2822:Sulfotransferase
2804:
2784:lipid metabolism
2773:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2680:Glucocerebroside
2614:
2597:Lactosylceramide
2590:Glucocerebroside
2537:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2492:Nuclear envelope
2487:Nodes of Ranvier
2356:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2328:
2286:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2230:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2128:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2077:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1927:(38): 35614β21.
1912:
1906:
1905:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1500:(29): 25847β50.
1485:
1479:
1478:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1046:
1040:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1009:
985:
979:
974:
968:
967:
966:
965:
932:
926:
925:
915:
883:
851:
768:sphingolipidoses
762:Sphingolipidoses
702:phytosphingosine
694:Candida albicans
656:Bdellovibrionota
631:but are rare in
438:Sphingolipidoses
417:and alternative
210:phytosphingosine
164:Sphingolipidoses
160:cell recognition
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3059:
3012:
2996:
2940:
2931:Arylsulfatase A
2922:
2900:
2870:
2840:
2826:
2793:
2777:
2747:
2742:
2722:
2703:
2684:
2665:
2646:
2609:
2601:
2566:
2544:Glycoconjugates
2541:
2511:
2506:
2440:
2404:
2372:Membrane lipids
2366:
2360:
2280:
2267:
2262:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2068:(12): 7588β96.
2055:
2054:
2050:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1795:(29): 25855β8.
1782:
1781:
1777:
1754:(12): 1885β92.
1741:
1740:
1736:
1713:(23): 17221β4.
1700:
1699:
1695:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1623:(51): 30701β8.
1610:
1609:
1605:
1582:(13): 8518β27.
1569:
1568:
1564:
1541:(29): 25851β4.
1528:
1527:
1523:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1424:10.1038/nrm2329
1409:
1408:
1404:
1375:(10): 1117β25.
1365:
1364:
1360:
1337:(35): 25001β5.
1324:
1323:
1319:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1027:
1023:
987:
986:
982:
975:
971:
963:
961:
951:
934:
933:
929:
885:
884:
880:
876:
864:
857:
852:
843:
824:Gaucher disease
784:Gaucher disease
764:
758:
750:
668:
648:Sphingobacteria
625:
617:HDL cholesterol
613:LDL cholesterol
586:plasma membrane
582:Golgi apparatus
559:differentiation
505:plasma membrane
501:
450:ceramide kinase
396:
390:
267:phosphorylated.
260:
223:
219:
200:
132:are a class of
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3127:
3125:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2951:
2949:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2497:Phycobilisomes
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2457:Cell junctions
2454:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2278:
2266:
2265:External links
2263:
2261:
2260:
2201:
2150:
2099:
2048:
1997:
1948:
1907:
1857:
1836:(7): 1239β50.
1816:
1775:
1734:
1693:
1644:
1603:
1562:
1521:
1480:
1445:
1402:
1358:
1317:
1286:(8): 1621β39.
1266:
1235:(8): 4786β95.
1215:
1174:
1139:
1092:
1041:
1021:
980:
969:
949:
927:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
863:
860:
859:
858:
853:
846:
842:
839:
812:Ashkenazi Jews
780:Krabbe disease
760:Main article:
757:
754:
749:
746:
720:dynamics, the
672:model organism
667:
664:
624:
621:
563:cell membranes
500:
497:
474:Diacylglycerol
415:fatty acyl-CoA
389:
386:
385:
384:
374:
373:
372:
362:
361:
360:
345:have a single
326:
315:phosphocholine
311:Sphingomyelins
304:
303:
302:
301:
295:
285:
268:
259:
256:
221:
217:
199:
196:
176:phosphocholine
146:that includes
117:
116:
58:"Sphingolipid"
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3126:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:sphingomyelin
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Neuraminidase
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2672:sphingomyelin
2668:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2556:sphingolipids
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Myelin sheath
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Sphingolipids
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Phospholipids
2383:
2381:
2380:Lipid bilayer
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:cell membrane
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2271:Sphingolipids
2269:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2017:(5): 909β21.
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:(3): 421β31.
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:(6): 707β15.
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:(2): 139β50.
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:(3): 284β91.
1154:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1061:(5): 909β21.
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:0-7514-0253-2
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
981:
978:
973:
970:
960:
956:
952:
946:
942:
938:
931:
928:
923:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
898:(2): 91β101.
897:
893:
889:
882:
879:
873:
869:
866:
865:
861:
856:
850:
845:
840:
838:
834:
832:
827:
825:
821:
820:Fabry disease
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:Fabry disease
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:Fabry disease
773:
769:
763:
755:
753:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:S. cerevisiae
703:
698:
696:
695:
690:
689:
684:
683:
678:
673:
665:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
620:
618:
615:and elevates
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:proliferation
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:lipid bilayer
506:
498:
496:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:headgroup by
467:
463:
462:sphingomyelin
459:
455:
451:
447:
439:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:palmitoyl-CoA
404:
400:
395:
387:
382:
378:
375:
370:
366:
363:
358:
355:
354:
352:
348:
344:
341:
340:
338:
334:
330:
327:
324:
323:ester linkage
320:
316:
312:
309:
308:
307:
299:
298:Phytoceramide
296:
293:
289:
286:
283:
279:
278:
276:
272:
269:
265:
264:
263:
257:
255:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
215:
211:
207:
206:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
180:sphingomyelin
178:, yielding a
177:
173:
169:
168:neural tissue
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
131:
130:Sphingolipids
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: β
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3114:Cell biology
2799:Sphingolipid
2798:
2555:
2394:
2390:Lipoproteins
2292:
2289:Nature Aging
2288:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1877:
1873:
1860:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1461:(5): 210β7.
1458:
1454:
1448:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1194:(2): 185β8.
1191:
1187:
1177:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1105:
1095:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1029:
1024:
997:
993:
983:
972:
962:, retrieved
940:
930:
895:
891:
881:
835:
828:
765:
751:
733:
718:cytoskeletal
705:
699:
692:
686:
680:
669:
626:
606:
598:mitochondria
575:
547:inflammation
524:
502:
494:
490:
443:
398:
397:
365:Gangliosides
343:Cerebrosides
305:
281:
274:
261:
250:, such as a
245:
233:ethanolamine
230:
225:
203:
201:
184:cerebrosides
129:
128:
105:
99:January 2023
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2947:sphingosine
2843:ganglioside
2710:sphingosine
2619:ganglioside
2607:Ganglioside
2580:Cerebroside
2552:glycolipids
2221:(8): 1353.
855:Sphingosine
738:calcineurin
726:translation
714:proteolysis
710:endocytosis
660:Myxococcota
641:superphylum
571:lipid rafts
527:metabolites
486:Sphingosine
482:sphingosine
419:amino acids
369:sialic acid
148:sphingosine
3103:Categories
2955:Ceramidase
2788:glycolipid
2780:Metabolism
2462:Glycocalyx
964:2024-09-10
874:References
732:signaling
722:cell cycle
629:eukaryotes
611:, reduces
555:senescence
478:ceramidase
392:See also:
357:Sulfatides
337:glycosidic
252:fatty acid
248:acyl group
188:globosides
69:newspapers
2925:sulfatide
2873:globoside
2691:sulfatide
2653:globoside
2502:Porosomes
2325:254819305
2309:2662-8465
2237:2073-4409
1880:: 92β99.
1658:Biochimie
1000:: 27β48.
808:incidence
756:Disorders
644:FCB group
590:endosomes
551:autophagy
535:apoptosis
351:galactose
271:Ceramides
198:Structure
138:aliphatic
2833:ceramide
2718:Ceramide
2572:Ceramide
2317:37118545
2255:35456032
2196:27343351
2145:27901468
2094:19139096
2043:18296751
1992:16997623
1943:11468289
1902:26181993
1894:29328957
1852:10395583
1811:12011105
1770:16996025
1729:10770957
1688:20156522
1598:16415355
1557:12011102
1516:12011103
1475:17416206
1432:18216770
1389:11104018
1353:16793762
1312:18499644
1261:19095642
1134:19017611
1087:18296751
959:35536927
922:20061941
862:See also
804:X-linked
633:bacteria
600:and the
543:necrosis
520:proteins
480:to form
446:ceramide
427:acyl-CoA
377:Inositol
288:Ceramide
172:ceramide
144:alcohols
2791:enzymes
2610:pathway
2400:Sterols
2246:9028315
2187:4956409
2136:5130293
2085:2658053
2034:2311445
1983:1868558
1679:2878898
1639:8530509
1440:8692993
1397:3962533
1303:2444003
1252:2643501
1210:6707526
1169:6652105
1125:2674734
1078:2311445
1016:9759481
913:2859693
637:archaea
594:cytosol
588:and in
399:De novo
381:mannose
347:glucose
313:have a
241:choline
205:de novo
83:scholar
3109:Lipids
3077:SPTLC1
2990:ASAH2C
2985:ASAH2B
2562:, and
2550:, and
2548:lipids
2323:
2315:
2307:
2277:(MeSH)
2253:
2243:
2235:
2194:
2184:
2143:
2133:
2092:
2082:
2041:
2031:
1990:
1980:
1941:
1900:
1892:
1850:
1809:
1768:
1727:
1686:
1676:
1637:
1596:
1555:
1514:
1473:
1438:
1430:
1395:
1387:
1369:Lipids
1351:
1310:
1300:
1259:
1249:
1208:
1167:
1132:
1122:
1085:
1075:
1036:
1014:
957:
947:
920:
910:
567:phases
557:, and
411:serine
237:serine
152:sphinx
134:lipids
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3001:Other
2980:ASAH2
2975:ASAH1
2970:ACER3
2965:ACER2
2960:ACER1
2923:From
2901:From
2871:From
2841:From
2731:Other
2689:From
2670:From
2651:From
2617:From
2445:Other
2321:S2CID
2215:Cells
2164:eLife
2113:eLife
1898:S2CID
1870:(PDF)
1436:S2CID
1393:S2CID
333:sugar
258:Types
239:, or
141:amino
90:JSTOR
76:books
3087:UGCG
3055:CLN8
3050:CLN6
3045:CLN5
3040:CLN3
2558:and
2313:PMID
2305:ISSN
2251:PMID
2233:ISSN
2192:PMID
2141:PMID
2090:PMID
2039:PMID
1988:PMID
1966:1771
1939:PMID
1890:PMID
1848:PMID
1807:PMID
1766:PMID
1752:1758
1725:PMID
1684:PMID
1635:PMID
1594:PMID
1553:PMID
1512:PMID
1471:PMID
1428:PMID
1385:PMID
1349:PMID
1308:PMID
1257:PMID
1206:PMID
1165:PMID
1130:PMID
1083:PMID
1034:ISBN
1012:PMID
955:PMID
945:ISBN
918:PMID
822:and
790:and
685:and
635:and
423:CerS
409:and
212:and
186:and
158:and
62:news
3022:NCL
2945:To
2831:To
2807:To
2708:To
2642:GD2
2637:GM3
2632:GM2
2627:GM1
2297:doi
2241:PMC
2223:doi
2182:PMC
2172:doi
2131:PMC
2121:doi
2080:PMC
2070:doi
2066:284
2029:PMC
2019:doi
1978:PMC
1970:doi
1929:doi
1925:276
1882:doi
1838:doi
1834:129
1797:doi
1793:277
1756:doi
1715:doi
1711:275
1674:PMC
1666:doi
1625:doi
1621:270
1584:doi
1580:281
1543:doi
1539:277
1502:doi
1498:277
1463:doi
1420:doi
1377:doi
1339:doi
1335:281
1298:PMC
1288:doi
1247:PMC
1237:doi
1233:284
1196:doi
1157:doi
1153:754
1120:PMC
1110:doi
1073:PMC
1063:doi
1002:doi
908:PMC
900:doi
802:is
734:via
456:or
349:or
317:or
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