568:
of Cat A cars not exceeding 1600 cubic centimetres. However, cars with engine power output exceeding 97 kW (130 hp) will be classified under
Category B in COE bidding exercises starting February 2014 despite having engine capacity below 1600 cubic centimetres. The review of the COE categories' criteria was because LTA wanted to differentiate and regulate the buying of mass market and premium cars under Cat A in a bid to control COE prices that hovered closer and closer to S$ 100,000.
112:(LTA) to first place a monetary bid for a Certificate of Entitlement (COE). The number of available COEs is governed by a quota system called the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) and is announced by LTA in April of each year with a review in October for possible adjustments for the period of one year starting from May. Approximately one-twelfth of the yearly quota is auctioned off each month in a sealed-bid, uniform price auction system and successful bidders pay the lowest winning bid.
419:
287:
88:(ERP), the COE system is one of many key pillars in Singapore's traffic management strategies that aims to provide a sustainable urban quality of life. In place of the COE and the ERP, the government has encouraged its citizens and tourists alike to take advantage of the extensive public transportation network to get around the country instead, such as the
483:
At the end of the 10-year COE period, vehicle owners may choose to deregister their vehicle or to revalidate their COEs for another 5-year or 10-year period by paying the
Prevailing Quota Premium, which is the three-month moving average of the Quota Premium for the respective vehicle category. You do
76:
The premise was that the country had limited land resources, ie. limited supply of roads and car parks / parking lots, (with scarce land being managed to have a greater emphasis on providing an adequate supply of homes), along with demand for vehicle ownership spiralling out of control, would result
567:
In
September 2013, The COE system has been refined to include a new criterion for Category A cars. Under the change, the engine power of Cat A cars should not exceed 97 kilowatts (kW). This is equivalent to about 130 brake horsepower. This is in addition to the previous criterion of engine capacity
508:
An additional restriction on car ownership is the requirement that motor vehicles more than ten years old, known as "time expired" vehicles, must either renew the COE for another 5 or 10 years or de-register the vehicle for scrapping or exporting from
Singapore, usually to neighbouring countries in
487:
Depending on the value of the COE at the time of renewal vehicle owners are subjected to a somewhat emotional dilemma of whether to pay for a new COE which can amount to more than the market value of the vehicle or to deregister their vehicle. The emotional dilemma is certainly enhanced when the
1161:
In 1994, academics
Winston Koh and David Lee of the National University of Singapore proposed to reform the bidding process. Instead of bidding in dollars, applicants for COEs would bid in percentage of the price of the vehicle. In 2003, economist Tan Ling Hui of the International Monetary Fund
504:
All COE bids made in the two car categories (Cat A and B COEs) and the motorcycle category (Cat D COEs) must be made in the name of the buyer. Once COE is obtained, the vehicle has to be registered in the name of the bidder, i.e. Cat A, B and D COEs are non-transferable. To provide flexibility,
500:
COE biddings starts on the first and third Monday of the month and typically lasts for three days to the following
Wednesday. Bidding duration will be pushed further in some circumstances, including public holidays. Bidding results can be obtained through the local media on the same day or on a
42:
which grants the legal right of the holder to register, own and use a vehicle in
Singapore for an initial period of 10 years. When demand is high, the cost of a COE can exceed the value of the car itself. The COE system was implemented in 1990 to regulate the number of vehicles on the road and
146:
528:, which has traditionally imported such vehicles from Japan. The result of the peculiarities of the Singapore car market has resulted in Singapore being the second largest exporter of used cars in the world after Japan. Cars are exported to many countries, including beyond Asia such as
576:
Initially, COEs were divided into eight categories but after many revisions, the system has been simplified to five categories. Categories A, B & D are non-transferable. Taxis used to be classed under category A but issuance of COEs became unrestricted from August 2012 onwards.
484:
not need to bid for a new COE to renew the existing COE of your vehicle. A 5-year COE cannot be further renewed, which means that at the end of a 5-year COE, the vehicle will have to be de-registered and either scrapped or exported to another country other than
Singapore.
73:(PWD) instituted a quota limit to vehicles called the COE, as rising affluence in the country catapulted land transport network usage and previous measure to curb vehicle ownership by simply increasing road taxes was ineffective in controlling vehicle population growth.
505:
successful COE bids in the Cat C (Goods vehicles and Buses) and Cat E (Open
Category) in the name of the individuals are transferable. However these can only be transferred once within the first 3 months, while successful bids by companies are not transferable at all.
479:
The holder of a COE is allowed to own a vehicle for an initial period of 10 years, after which they must scrap or export their vehicle or bid for another COE at the prevailing rate if they wish to continue using their vehicle for an intended remaining lifespan.
513:. COEs renewed for 10 years are renewable indefinitely, but for vehicles which have a renewed COE of only 5 years, the owner of the vehicle has to scrap the vehicle at the end of the period with no option to renew the COE, totaling a car ownership of 15 years.
491:
For comparison in terms of vehicle value to COE value a Second Hand 2007 Mercedes-Benz C200K with a COE expiring in 2017 was advertised at S$ 86,800. As of
November 2013 for a category B Car with a displacement above 1600cc the COE is priced at S$ 84,578.
139:
Since the change in the total motor vehicle population is given by the number of registrations minus the number of de-registrations and any unallocated quota in a given year may be carried over to the following year, the quota formula is as follows:
404:
percent growth in the total motor vehicle population, plus additional quota licenses to cover the number of motor vehicles that will be deregistered during the (calendar) year, plus any unallocated quota licenses from the previous quota year.
282:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}({\text{Total COE Quota}})_{qy}=&g.({\text{Motor vehicle population}})_{y-1}\\&+({\text{Projected de-registrations}})_{y}\\&+({\text{Unallocated quota}})_{qy-1}\end{aligned}}}
1162:
reiterated the idea. In 2023, with COE prices surging, the idea of percentage bidding resurfaced in the general media. Proponents of percentage bidding argued that it was more equitable than bidding in dollars.
151:
683:
Non-fully electric cars 1,600cc & below, and maximum power output up to 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output up to 110 kW (147 bhp)
694:
Non-fully electric cars above 1,600cc, or maximum power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output above 110 kW (147 bhp)
1610:
1281:
1332:
488:
vehicle owner is forced to deregister and scrap an otherwise road worthy vehicle due to lack of time or insufficient funds to afford the COE at the prevailing rate.
77:
in traffic conditions exceeding the criterion of a healthy road network that is sustainable by developments in land transport infrastructure resulting in gridlock.
1550:
379:
333:
402:
353:
310:
120:
The number of COEs available to the public is regulated by the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) that is calculated every 6 months based on the following conditions:
1449:
1465:
1576:
1395:
440:
1765:
1422:
1686:
1495:
1775:
544:
in the Caribbean. As these cars are often only about ten years old, they are often in high demand as they remain in relatively good condition.
1795:
1721:
70:
17:
1790:
1660:
466:
1785:
1770:
444:
93:
89:
1520:
64:
1740:
1635:
1307:
933:
1611:"COE premiums at all-time highs in 2022; buyers could get slight reprieve in latter half of 2023 | The Straits Times"
429:
1143:
1. Excluded initial quote for first 3 months (May~Jul'90). Previous lowest record due to higher quota for year 1991
1446:
1282:"Singapore core inflation eases in February but jump in car prices drive up overall inflation | The Straits Times"
448:
433:
1800:
1473:
97:
1399:
109:
1378:
556:
85:
1240:
1780:
1357:
Tan, Ling Hui (2003). "Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System".
1636:"The Big Read: As premiums keep going through the roof, is it time to review the 33-year-old COE system?"
39:
1217:
1661:"Commentary: Instead of making it expensive to own a car, why not make it expensive to use instead"
1261:
Koh, Winston T.H.; Lee, David K.C. (1994). "The Vehicle Quota System in Singapore: An Assessment".
541:
1735:
680:
Cars 1600cc & below, and the engine power output should not exceed 97 kW (130 bhp)
552:
1694:
1584:
1191:
60:
381:
but from quota year 1999–2000 onwards, a projected number of de-registrations has been used.
335:
denotes quota year (May to April). Initially, projected de-registrations for (calendar) year
517:
1577:"COE for commercial vehicles hits new high again; premiums also up for cars and motorbikes"
1551:"COE premiums for large car and Open categories hit record highs for 6th straight exercise"
1453:
1382:
927:
718:"Open" (for any kind of vehicle, in 2017 motorcycles are no longer included in Cat E COE)
358:
775:
1.5% as per last annum + recent half-yearly deregistrations, rate are extended to July
315:
43:
control traffic congestion, especially in a land-constrained country such as Singapore.
387:
338:
295:
108:
Before buying a new vehicle, potential vehicle owners in Singapore are required by the
81:
56:
1759:
124:
Actual number of vehicles taken off the roads (i.e. number of vehicles de-registered)
1423:"Where do our old cars go? Surprisingly to Jamaica and Kenya, found one Reddit user"
516:
Some of these vehicles, especially luxury ones, have been exported further to other
1496:"Zero growth rate for cars and motorcycles extended for 3 years until Jan 31, 2025"
547:
Owners of such vehicles are given financial incentives to do this, which include a
533:
52:
1180:"Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System"
1146:
2. It was stopped on Sep 1994, the scheme was replaced by the Off-Peak Car rebate
767:
Reduced to 1.5% + deregistrations as per last annum, partly due to low price COE
691:
Cars above 1600cc, or the engine power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp)
525:
418:
34:) are classes of categories as part of a quota license for owning a vehicle in
16:
For the certificate of entitlement as a proof of right of abode in the UK, see
740:
1698:
1588:
1195:
521:
130:
Adjustments arising from temporary COEs that have expired or were cancelled.
35:
1179:
537:
18:
Right of abode in the United Kingdom § Proof of the right of abode
1687:"Motor Mouth: Fixing COE anomalies requires more than tweaking supply"
23:
Document entitling a person to own a motorised vehicle in Singapore
529:
510:
555:
and it complements other measures to curb road usage such as the
1375:
1396:"100,000 used Singapore cars expected to be exported this year"
827:
COE growth rate frozen for personal cars and motorbikes only.
702:
Goods Vehicles & Buses (including public transport buses)
412:
38:. The licence is obtained from a successful winning bid in an
1077:
d. Mainly due to higher quota and lower than minimum bidders
355:
were simply taken to be equal to actual de-registrations in
930:
and over-projections of vehicle de-registrations in 2008/09
1218:"Singapore overtakes Tokyo as world's most expensive city"
1038:
c. Partly due to strict emission standards from Oct 2006
1750:
390:
361:
341:
318:
298:
149:
1308:"Getting Singaporeans to embrace a car-lite society"
384:
Each year, the quota is set to allow for a targeted
1521:"Zero car and motorcycle growth from February 2018"
797:Reduced to 0.5% and expected to last till Jan 2015
69:On 1 May 1990, the previous transportation unit of
396:
373:
347:
327:
304:
281:
1447:COE System to Include Engine Power for Cat A Cars
549:Preferential Additional Registration Fee (PARF).
1466:"Taxis out of COE bidding process from August"
926:a. Major historical plunge partly due to the
8:
805:Change to recent quarterly deregistrations
447:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
932:b. Major historical plunge partly due to
756:3.0% + deregistrations as per last annum
467:Learn how and when to remove this message
389:
360:
340:
317:
297:
260:
251:
232:
223:
198:
189:
166:
157:
150:
148:
1306:Menon, A P Gobinath (18 November 2017).
1241:"Certificate of Entitlement - Infopedia"
1149:3. Taxi are moved to Cat E from Aug 2012
837:
733:
657:
584:
312:denotes calendar year and the subscript
1335:. Land Transport Authority of Singapore
1170:
551:This program was implemented to reduce
100:, and to embrace a "car-lite society".
127:Allowable growth in vehicle population
1545:
1543:
1541:
1394:Farah Abdul Rahim (23 October 2005).
858:
7:
1352:
1350:
1333:"Overview of a Vehicle Quota System"
1256:
1254:
445:adding citations to reliable sources
292:In the formula above, the subscript
1421:Chakraborty, Drima (30 July 2022).
1239:Singapore, National Library Board.
71:Singapore's Public Works Department
1398:. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from
940:Cat 2 (1001 – 1600 cc) & taxi
14:
647:"Open" (for any kind of vehicle)
1766:1990 establishments in Singapore
1685:Tan, Christopher (9 June 2023).
1006:Cat 5 (Goods Vehicle & Bus)
417:
1575:Lee, Nian Tjoe (8 March 2023).
563:COE Category Refinement in 2013
1472:. 27 July 2012. Archived from
1280:Auto, Hermes (23 March 2022).
1216:Grant, Jeremy (4 March 2014).
257:
248:
229:
220:
195:
186:
163:
154:
40:open bid uniform price auction
1:
1776:Singapore government policies
1376:http://www.onemotoring.com.sg
607:Cars 1001-1600cc & Taxis
1741:Resources in other libraries
989:Cat 4 (2001 cc & above)
896:Cat 1 (1000 cc & below)
65:Transit-oriented development
1796:Road transport in Singapore
934:1997 Asian financial crisis
631:Goods Vehicles & Buses
1817:
1791:Sustainable urban planning
1727:Certificate of Entitlement
1141:
1137:COE rebate up to $ 17,000
225:Projected de-registrations
116:Vehicle Quota System (VQS)
50:
28:Certificate of Entitlement
15:
1736:Resources in your library
1263:Transportation Research A
1134:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
855:
852:
846:
843:
793:
763:
717:
709:
701:
663:
660:
1751:Land Transport Authority
1609:cue (29 December 2022).
1452:19 November 2013 at the
786:Taxi are moved to Cat E
599:Cars 1000cc & below
191:Motor vehicle population
110:Land Transport Authority
957:Cat 3 (1601 – 2000 cc)
557:Electronic Road Pricing
86:Electronic Road Pricing
1381:6 January 2009 at the
1178:Tan, Ling Hui (2003).
398:
375:
349:
329:
306:
283:
1786:Sustainable transport
1771:Taxation in Singapore
1245:eresources.nlb.gov.sg
810:Feb 2015 to Jan 2018
802:Feb 2014 to Jan 2015
791:Feb 2013 to Jan 2014
780:Aug 2012 to Jan 2013
772:Jul 2010 to Jul 2012
761:Jun 2009 to Jun 2010
750:May 1990 to May 2009
536:in Africa as well as
399:
376:
350:
330:
307:
284:
1615:www.straitstimes.com
1286:www.straitstimes.com
1117:Cat 8 (Weekend Car)
864:May 1990 – Apr 1999
441:improve this section
388:
359:
339:
316:
296:
147:
1043:Cat 6 (Motorcycle)
542:Trinidad and Tobago
374:{\displaystyle y-1}
841:Previous Category
725:Historical records
654:Current Categories
623:Cars above 2000cc
553:traffic congestion
520:countries such as
394:
371:
345:
328:{\displaystyle qy}
325:
302:
279:
277:
94:Light Rail Transit
90:Mass Rapid Transit
1722:Library resources
1691:The Straits Times
1581:The Straits Times
1476:on 29 August 2012
1470:Channel News Asia
1154:
1153:
850:Current Category
831:
830:
816:Reduced to 0.25%
722:
721:
651:
650:
615:Cars 1601-2000cc
581:Prior to May 1999
572:Categories of COE
477:
476:
469:
397:{\displaystyle g}
348:{\displaystyle y}
305:{\displaystyle y}
254:
253:Unallocated quota
226:
192:
160:
61:Car-free movement
1808:
1801:Auction case law
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1547:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1492:
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1462:
1456:
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1391:
1385:
1373:
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1366:
1359:IMF Staff Papers
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1329:
1323:
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1277:
1271:
1270:
1258:
1249:
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1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1184:IMF Staff Papers
1175:
838:
734:
669:Before May 2022
658:
585:
518:right hand drive
472:
465:
461:
458:
452:
421:
413:
403:
401:
400:
395:
380:
378:
377:
372:
354:
352:
351:
346:
334:
332:
331:
326:
311:
309:
308:
303:
288:
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255:
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213:
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174:
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1725:
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1703:
1701:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1519:
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1504:
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1459:
1454:Wayback Machine
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1402:on 29 June 2007
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:Wayback Machine
1374:
1370:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1073:
1056:
1034:
931:
928:Great Recession
836:
821:Since Feb 2018
732:
730:Car growth rate
727:
656:
583:
574:
565:
559:(ERP) program.
498:
496:Auction process
473:
462:
456:
453:
438:
422:
411:
386:
385:
357:
356:
337:
336:
314:
313:
294:
293:
276:
275:
256:
239:
238:
228:
211:
210:
194:
178:
162:
159:Total COE Quota
145:
144:
137:
118:
106:
67:
49:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
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1716:External links
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1439:
1413:
1386:
1368:
1346:
1324:
1298:
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1231:
1208:
1190:(3): 436–457.
1169:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
979:
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970:
967:
964:
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918:
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909:
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903:
900:
897:
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886:
883:
880:
879:From May 1999
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871:
868:
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860:
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851:
848:
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769:
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747:
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731:
728:
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723:
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712:
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708:
704:
703:
700:
696:
695:
692:
689:
685:
684:
681:
678:
674:
673:
672:From May 2022
670:
666:
665:
664:Vehicle Class
662:
655:
652:
649:
648:
645:
641:
640:
637:
633:
632:
629:
625:
624:
621:
617:
616:
613:
609:
608:
605:
601:
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597:
593:
592:
591:Vehicle Class
589:
582:
579:
573:
570:
564:
561:
497:
494:
475:
474:
425:
423:
416:
410:
407:
393:
370:
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207:
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197:
188:
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172:
169:
165:
156:
153:
152:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
125:
117:
114:
105:
102:
82:congestion tax
57:Car dependency
48:
45:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1813:
1802:
1799:
1797:
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1781:Car ownership
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1365:(3): 437–457.
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1082:Cat 7 (Open)
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426:This section
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80:Along with a
78:
74:
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66:
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58:
54:
46:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
1726:
1702:. Retrieved
1690:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1580:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1474:the original
1469:
1460:
1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:the original
1389:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1337:. Retrieved
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:
1275:
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1262:
1244:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1187:
1183:
1173:
1160:
1145:
710:Motorcycles
639:Motorcycles
575:
566:
548:
546:
534:South Africa
515:
507:
503:
499:
490:
486:
482:
478:
463:
454:
439:Please help
427:
383:
291:
138:
119:
107:
98:public buses
79:
75:
68:
53:Carfree city
31:
27:
25:
1620:30 December
1480:27 February
1269:(1): 31–47.
526:New Zealand
84:called the
1760:Categories
1560:18 October
1530:25 October
1505:25 October
1339:24 January
1166:References
51:See also:
1699:0585-3923
1589:0585-3923
1432:18 August
1317:6 October
1201:18 August
1196:1020-7635
1157:Reception
1129:Oct 1991
1123:Sep 1994
1109:Jan 2009
1103:Oct 2023
1094:Mar 1991
1088:Dec 1994
1074:Mar 2003
1072:Nov 2002–
1066:Nov 2022
1057:Feb 1994
1055:Jan 1994,
1049:Aug 1997
1035:Mar 2007
1033:Dec 2006–
1027:Mar 2023
1018:Apr 1991
1012:Dec 1994
1001:Apr 1991
995:Dec 1994
984:Jan 2009
978:Oct 2023
969:Jan 1998
963:Dec 1994
952:Mar 1991
946:Jul 1997
923:Nov 2008
917:Oct 2023
908:Feb 1991
902:Jul 1997
834:COE range
661:Category
588:Category
522:Australia
501:website.
457:July 2024
428:does not
366:−
268:−
203:−
96:(LRT) or
36:Singapore
1450:Archived
1406:18 April
1379:Archived
1220:. FT.com
1100:158,004
975:150,001
914:106,000
859:Remarks
853:Highest
844:Highest
409:Validity
1704:12 June
1670:12 June
1645:12 June
1427:AsiaOne
1120:45,300
1085:95,986
1063:13,189
1024:91,101
1009:39,000
992:152000
960:83,500
943:102000
899:41,008
891:Period
885:Period
876:Period
870:Period
856:Lowest
847:Lowest
745:Remark
737:Period
538:Jamaica
449:removed
434:sources
135:Formula
92:(MRT),
47:History
1724:about
1697:
1594:1 July
1587:
1291:1 June
1224:7 July
1194:
1126:1,110
1106:3,200
1097:Cat E
1060:Cat D
1046:3,506
1021:Cat C
972:Cat B
911:Cat A
715:Cat E
707:Cat D
699:Cat C
688:Cat B
677:Cat A
644:Cat 7
636:Cat 6
628:Cat 5
620:Cat 4
612:Cat 3
604:Cat 2
596:Cat 1
104:System
63:, and
1640:TODAY
1555:TODAY
1525:TODAY
1500:TODAY
1312:TODAY
813:0.25
530:Kenya
511:ASEAN
1706:2023
1695:ISSN
1672:2023
1647:2023
1622:2022
1596:2023
1585:ISSN
1562:2023
1532:2023
1507:2023
1482:2013
1434:2024
1408:2007
1341:2013
1319:2023
1293:2022
1226:2014
1203:2024
1192:ISSN
1132:OPC
1091:998
998:800
981:200
949:909
905:210
888:SGD
882:SGD
873:SGD
867:SGD
824:0.0
794:0.5
783:1.0
764:1.5
753:3.0
540:and
532:and
524:and
432:any
430:cite
26:The
1665:CNA
1267:28A
966:50
443:by
32:COE
1762::
1693:.
1689:.
1663:.
1638:.
1613:.
1583:.
1579:.
1553:.
1540:^
1523:.
1498:.
1468:.
1425:.
1363:50
1361:.
1349:^
1310:.
1284:.
1265:.
1253:^
1243:.
1188:50
1186:.
1182:.
1112:–
1069:1
1052:1
1030:1
1015:1
920:2
59:,
55:,
1708:.
1674:.
1649:.
1624:.
1598:.
1564:.
1534:.
1509:.
1484:.
1436:.
1410:.
1343:.
1321:.
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1228:.
1205:.
741:%
470:)
464:(
459:)
455:(
451:.
437:.
392:g
369:1
363:y
343:y
323:y
320:q
300:y
271:1
265:y
262:q
258:)
249:(
246:+
234:y
230:)
221:(
218:+
206:1
200:y
196:)
187:(
184:.
181:g
176:=
171:y
168:q
164:)
155:(
30:(
20:.
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