878:, Novell increased the rigors of compatibility testing with their third-party vendors, revamping their certification program in October 1992 and unveiling a two-tier cooperating marketing program. The first tier provided Novell's vendors a package containing a compatibility guideline book, engineering support lines, self-testing tools, and limited marketing resources, the latter including a license to promote products with a logo stating "Yes, it runs with NetWare" – all free of charge and followed at the vendors' discretion. The second tier required a one-time application fee of $ 7,000 but replaced the logo's byline with a more confident-sounding "Yes, it's NetWare tested and approved" and accorded partners with more extensive support, including on-location testing by Novell Labs. Initially limited to the United States, this program was rolled out in the United Kingdom in the following year.
1125:
865:
628:-/16-bit processors, which are limited to an address space of 1 MiB with not more than 640 KiB of directly addressable RAM.) The combination of a higher 16 MiB RAM limit, 80286 processor feature utilization, and 256 MB NetWare volume size limit (compared to the 32 MB that DOS allowed at that time) allowed the building of reliable, cost-effective server-based local area networks for the first time. The 16 MiB RAM limit was especially important, since it makes enough RAM available for disk caching to significantly improve performance. This became the key to Novell's performance while also allowing larger networks to be built.
1589:
1683:, the dirty disk cache delay time and dirty directory cache delay time settings controlled the amount of time the server would cache changed ("dirty") data before saving (flushing) the data to a hard drive. The default setting of 3.3 seconds could be decreased to 0.5 seconds but not reduced to zero, while the maximum delay was 10 seconds. The option to increase the cache delay to 10 seconds provided a significant performance boost. Windows 2000 and 2003 server do not allow adjustment to the cache delay time. Instead, they use an algorithm that adjusts cache delay.
929:. The outputs of the two system engines were compared to ensure proper operation, and two copies fed back to the I/O engines. Using the existing SFT-II software RAID functionality present in the core, disks could be mirrored between the two machines without special hardware. The two machines could be separated as far as the server-to-server link would permit. In case of a server or disk failure, the surviving server could take over client sessions transparently after a short pause since it had full state information. SFT-III was the first NetWare version able to make use of
956:
1480:, Novell moved away from NetWare and shifted its focus towards Linux. Marketing was focused on getting faithful NetWare users to move to the Linux platform for future releases. The clearest indication of this direction was Novell's controversial decision to release Open Enterprise Server on Linux only, not NetWare. Novell later watered down this decision and stated that NetWare's 90 million users would be supported until at least 2015. Meanwhile, many former NetWare customers rejected the confusing mix of licensed software running on an
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acceptance. Especially new users preferred the
Windows graphical interface to learning DOS commands necessary to build and control a NetWare server. Novell could have eliminated at least the separately bootable DOS partition requirement at the outset, by retaining the design of NetWare 286, which installed the server file into a Novell partition and allowed the server to boot from the Novell partition without creating a bootable DOS partition. Novell finally added support for this in a Support Pack for NetWare 6.5.
994:, allowing the introduction of new object types. This allowed a single user authentication to NDS to govern access to any server in the directory tree structure. Users could therefore access network resources no matter on which server they resided, although user license counts were still tied to individual servers. (Large enterprises could opt for a license model giving them essentially unlimited per-server users if they let Novell audit their total user count.)
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749:. All memory is allocated to NetWare; no DOS ran on the server. However, a "non-dedicated" version was also available for price-conscious customers. In this, DOS 3.3 or higher remains in memory, and the processor time-slices between the DOS and NetWare programs, allowing the server computer to be used simultaneously as a network file server and as a user workstation. Because all
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It was written from the ground up as a platform for client-server processing services. Initially it focused on file and print services, but later demonstrated its flexibility by running database, email, web and other services as well. It also performed efficiently as a router, supporting IPX, TCP/IP, and
Appletalk, though it never offered the flexibility of a 'hardware' router.
43:
378:. By controlling access at the level of individual files, instead of entire disks, files could be locked and better access control implemented. In 1983 when the first versions of NetWare originated, all other competing products were based on the concept of providing shared direct disk access. Novell's alternative approach was validated by
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1755:, etc. Processes and services running under the NetWare OS were expected to be cooperative, that is to process a request and return control to the OS in a timely fashion. On the down side, this trust of application processes to manage themselves could lead to a misbehaving application bringing down the server.
453:). Native TCP/IP support for the client file and print services normally associated with NetWare was introduced in NetWare 5.0 (released in 1998). There was also a short-lived product, NWIP, that encapsulated IPX in TCP/IP, intended to ease transition of an existing NetWare environment from IPX to IP.
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a connection license. In the NetWare 6 User Access
License model, users consume a single User license (per tree) regardless of the number of NetWare 6 servers they log on to. Printers that connect to a NetWare 6 server do not consume a User license. The same is true for all other non-User connections.
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One of the raging debates of the 1990s was whether it was more appropriate for network file service to be performed by a software layer running on top of a general purpose operating system, or by a special purpose operating system. NetWare was a special purpose operating system, not a timesharing OS.
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In previous versions of NetWare, a Server
Connection License model is used, where users are granted access to network services on a per-server basis. This means each time a user accesses services on a different server, the user consumes a license unit on that server. Printer connections also consume
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386", or NWFS 386, which significantly extended volume capacity (1 TB, 4 GB files), and could handle up to 16 volume segments spanning multiple physical disk drives. Volume segments could be added while the server was in use and the volume was mounted, allowing a server to be expanded
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NetWare 6 was released in
October 2001, shortly after its predecessor. This version has a simplified licensing scheme based on users, not server connections. This allows unlimited connections per user to any number of NetWare servers in the network. Novell Cluster Services was also improved to
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By around 1995, and coincidental with IBM's renewed marketing push for its 32-bit OS/2 Warp OS, both as a desktop client and as a LAN server (OS/2 Warp Server), NetWare for OS/2 began receiving some good press coverage. "NetWare 4.1 for OS/2" allowed to run Novell's network stack and server modules
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NetWare dominated the network operating system (NOS) market from the mid-1980s through the mid- to late-1990s due to its extremely high performance relative to other NOS technologies. Most benchmarks during this period demonstrated a 5:1 to 10:1 performance advantage over products from
Microsoft,
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By August 1993, Novell released its first version of "NetWare for OS/2". This first release supported OS/2 2.1 (1993) as the base OS, and required that users first buy and install IBM OS/2, then purchase NetWare 4.01, and then install the NetWare for OS/2 product. It retailed for $ 200.
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Server licensing on early versions of NetWare 286 is accomplished by using a key card. The key card was designed for an 8-bit ISA bus, and has a serial number encoded on a ROM chip. The serial number has to match the serial number of the NetWare software running on the server. To broaden the
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All requests contained a sequence number, so if the client didn't receive a response within an appropriate amount of time it would re-send the request with the same sequence number. If the server had already processed the request it would resend the cached response, if it had not yet had time to
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From the start, the NetWare design focused on servers with copious amounts of RAM. The entire file allocation table (FAT) was read into RAM when a volume was mounted, thereby requiring a minimum amount of RAM proportional to online disk space; adding a disk to a server would often require a RAM
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All of the work of searching the directory to figure out where the desired data was physically located on the disk was performed at high speed locally on the server. By the mid-1980s, most NOS products had shifted from the disk service to the file service model. Today, the disk service model is
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NetWare still required IPX/SPX as NCP used it, but Novell started to acknowledge the demand for TCP/IP with NetWare 4.11 by including tools and utilities that made it easier to create intranets and link networks to the
Internet. Novell bundled tools, such as the IPX/IP gateway, to ease the
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and later involved a DOS partition to load NetWare server files. While of little technical import, this feature became a liability due to the system administration it required. Compounding this, the NetWare console remained text-based at a time the
Windows graphical interface gained widespread
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Since IBM's 32-bit OS/2 included
Netbios, IPX/SPX and TCP/IP support, this means that sysadmins could run all three most popular network stacks on a single box, and use the OS/2 box as a workstation too. NetWare for OS/2 shared memory on the system with OS/2 seamlessly. The book "Client Server
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and the event-driven OS core. The I/O engines serialized their interrupts (disk, network etc.) into a combined event stream that was fed to two identical copies of the system engine through a fast (typically 100 Mbit/s) inter-server link. Because of its non-preemptive nature, the OS core,
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The final update release was version 6.5SP8 of May 2009; NetWare is no longer on Novell's product list. NetWare 6.5SP8 General
Support ended in 2010; Extended Support was available until the end of 2015, and Self Support until the end of 2017. The replacement is Open Enterprise Server.
1460:(OES). First released in March 2005, OES completes the separation of the services traditionally associated with NetWare (such as Directory Services, and file-and-print) from the platform underlying the delivery of those services. OES is essentially a set of applications (eDirectory,
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server program think it owns all resources on a OS/2 system". It also claimed that a NetWare server running on top of OS/2 only suffered a 5% to 10% overhead over NetWare running over the bare metal hardware, while gaining OS/2's pre-emptive multitasking and object oriented GUI.
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Microsoft successfully took market share from NetWare products from the late-1990s. Microsoft's more aggressive marketing was aimed directly at non-technical management through major magazines, while Novell NetWare's was through more technical magazines read by IT personnel.
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services over TCP/IP (not NetWare's native IPX protocol) against a dedicated Auspex NFS server and an SCO Unix server running NFS service. NetWare NFS outperformed both 'native' NFS systems and claimed a 2:1 performance advantage over SCO Unix NFS on the same hardware.
534:– a text-mode game – and used it to test the new network and demonstrate its capabilities. Snipes is the first network application ever written for a commercial personal computer, and it is recognized as one of the precursors of many popular multiplayer games such as
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NetStorage is a bridge between a company's private, internal Novell network and the public Internet. Users can use NetStorage to securely access files from any location that has Internet access, without having to download or install additional software on the
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When first developed, nearly all LAN storage was based on the disk server model. This meant that if a client computer wanted to read a particular block from a particular file it would have to issue the following requests across the relatively slow LAN:
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Later Novell released NetWare version 4.11 in 1996 which included many enhancements that made the operating system easier to install, easier to operate, faster, and more stable. It also included the first full 32-bit client for
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A decision by the management of Novell also took away the ability of independent resellers and engineers to recommend and sell the product. The reduction of their effective sales force created this downward spiral in sales.
730:(TTS) optionally protects files against incomplete updates. For single files, this requires only a file attribute to be set. Transactions over multiple files and controlled roll-backs are possible by programming to the TTS
817:(NLM) loaded either at start-up or when it was needed. NLMs could also add functionality such as anti-virus software, backup software, database and web servers. Support for long filenames was also provided by an NLM.
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or a NetWare kernel platform. Clustered OES implementations can even migrate services from Linux to NetWare and back again, making Novell one of the very few vendors to offer a multi-platform clustering solution.
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managers that used the MMU of 80386 and higher processors, such as EMM386, do not work; 8086-style expanded memory on dedicated plug-in cards is possible however. Time slicing is accomplished using the keyboard
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processor became available, Novell released Advanced NetWare 286. Two versions were offered for sale; the basic version was sold as ELS I, plus an enhanced version, ELS II. *ELS* stood for "Entry Level System".
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was still a 16-bit product, the product didn't become commercially available until after IBM and Microsoft had parted ways and OS/2 2.0 had become a 32-bit, pre-emptive multitasking and multithreading OS.
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to a NetWare volume. Clients log into a server in order to be allowed to map volumes, and access can be restricted according to the login name. Similarly, they can connect to shared printers on the dedicated
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In contrast, NCP was based on the idea that networks worked perfectly most of the time, so the reply to a request served as the acknowledgement. Here is an example of a client read request using this model:
689:, extending NetWare's support of RAM from 1 MiB to the full 16 MiB addressable by the 80286. A minimum of 2 MiB is required to start up the operating system; any additional RAM is used for
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NetWare 5 and above supported Novell NetStorage for Internet-based access to files stored within NetWare. Novell released NetWare 5.1 in January 2000. It introduced a number of tools, such as:
526:-based and shares a hard disk. In 1983, the team was privately convinced that CP/M was a doomed platform and instead came up with a successful file-sharing system for the newly introduced IBM-compatible
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As of 2010 some organizations still used Novell NetWare, but it had started to lose popularity from the mid-1990s, when NetWare was the de facto standard for file- and printer-sharing software for the
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In a significant innovation, NetWare 286 is also hardware-independent, unlike competing network server systems. Novell servers can be assembled using any brand system with an Intel 80286 CPU, any
480:. NT, in particular, offered a sub-set of NetWare's services, but on a system that could also be used on a desktop, and due to the vertical integration there was no need for a third-party client.
588:, which could use conventional Intel 8086-based PCs for the server. This was replaced in 1985 with Advanced NetWare 86, which allowed more than one server on the same network. In 1986, after the
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process the request it would only send a "positive acknowledgement". The bottom line to this 'trust the network' approach was a 2/3 reduction in network transactions and the associated latency.
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Multinode all-active cluster (up to 32 nodes). Any NetWare server in the cluster can restart resources (applications, services, IP addresses, and volumes) from a failed server in the cluster
1100:, they were poorly positioned to take advantage of the Internet in 1995. This resulted in Novell servers being bypassed for routing and Internet access in favor of hardware routers,
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The success of NetWare as a product is what allowed Novell to have sales-related offices around the world, as the back side of this mid-1990s Novell presentation folder shows.
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prior to Windows NT, NetWare automatically used all otherwise unused RAM for caching active files, employing delayed write-backs to facilitate re-ordering of disk requests (
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features includes standard read-after-write verification (SFT-I) with on-the-fly bad block re-mapping (at the time, disks did not have that feature built in) and software
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Most network protocols in use at the time NetWare was developed didn't trust the network to deliver messages. A typical client file read would work something like this:
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interface, the character-based GUI tools such as SYSCON and PCONSOLE with blue text-based background. Some of these tools survive to this day, for instance MONITOR.NLM.
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Licensing is normally for 100 users, but two ELS versions were also available. First a 5-user ELS in 1987, and followed by the 8-user ELS 2.12 II in 1988.
565:(NCP), which is a packet-based protocol that enables a client to send requests to and receive replies from a NetWare server. Initially, NCP was directly tied to the
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hard drive and any 8- or 16-bit network adapter for which NetWare drivers are available – and 18 different manufacturer's network cards were supported at launch.
1822:"Novell boosts client, server domain - Personal NetWare will bring 'universal client' to desktops -Processor Independent NetWare to run on HP, Sun and DEC RISC"
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protected mode that provides access to up to 16 MiB RAM as well as new mechanisms to aid multi-tasking. (Prior to the 80286, PC CPU servers used the Intel
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Continue reading subsequent directory blocks until the directory block containing the information on the desired file was found, could be many directory blocks
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connection between IPX workstations and IP networks. It also began integrating Internet technologies and support through features such as a natively hosted
2332:
OES NetWare relies on Novell Distributed Print Services (NDPS) to provide a robust network printing infrastructure. NDPS has been in use since NetWare 5.
2292:'The market has spoken, and TCP/IP has won,' says Novell CEO Eric Schmidt of the move to IP, a decision that was bitterly contested inside the company.
1132:
Novell priced NetWare 4.10 similarly to NetWare 3.12, allowing customers who resisted NDS (typically small businesses) to try it at no cost.
693:, DET and file caching. Since 16-bit protected mode is implemented in the 80286 and every subsequent Intel x86 processor, NetWare 286 version 2.
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network protocol to TCP/IP to meet market demand. Products continued to support IPX/SPX, but the emphasis shifted to TCP/IP. New features included:
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processor. The company soon moved away from building its own hardware, and NetWare became hardware-independent, running on any suitable Intel-based
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Read through multiple file entry blocks until the block containing the location of the desired file block was found, could be many directory blocks
852:
model, meaning that an NLM was required to yield to the kernel regularly. For either of these reasons a badly behaved NLM could result in a fatal (
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3139:
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NetStorage ships with NetWare 6.5 and enables Internet-based access to files stored in users' iFolders and on servers running NetWare 5 and above.
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During this time Novell also began to leverage its directory service, NDS, by tying their other products into the directory. Their e-mail system,
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support and the NetWare Administrator (NWADMIN or NWADMN32), a GUI-based administration tool for NetWare. Previous administration tools used the
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hardware – the I/O engine could optionally be run on its own CPU. NetWare SFT-III, ahead of its time in several ways, was a mixed success.
869:
Beginning in 1992, Novell's third-party vendors received license to use the above logo to market their NetWare-compatible products, for a fee.
798:, eliminating the 16 MiB memory limit of NetWare 286 and therefore allowing larger hard drives to be supported (since NetWare 3.
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844:". This provided the best possible performance, it sacrificed reliability because there was no memory protection, and furthermore NetWare 3.
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Virtual Office – an "out of the box" web portal for end users providing access to e-mail, personal file storage, company address book, etc.
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Another new feature was the NetWare Asynchronous Services Interface (NASI). It allowed network sharing of multiple serial devices, such as
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and contained a limited version of NDS and tried to simplify NDS administration. The intranetWare name was dropped in NetWare 5.
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OES 2 was released on 8 October 2007. It includes NetWare 6.5 SP7, which supports running as a paravirtualized guest inside the
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system, and able to utilize a wide range of network cards. From the beginning NetWare implemented a number of features inspired by
2088:"Cisco IOS Terminal Services Configuration Guide, Release 12.2 - Configuring Support for NASI Clients to Access Network Resources"
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running as a service on top of OS/2. It was compatible with third party client and server utilities and NetWare Loadable Modules.
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Version 4 also introduced a number of useful tools and features, such as transparent compression at file system level and
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protocol. Early attempts to compete with NetWare failed, but this changed with the inclusion of improved networking support in
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By 2000, however, Microsoft was taking more of Novell's customer base and Novell increasingly looked to a future based on a
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The Cluster Services improved on SFT-III, as NCS did not require specialized hardware or identical server configurations.
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DOS merely loaded NetWare into memory and turned execution over to it. In later versions, DOS could be unloaded from RAM.
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had started dropping precipitously; many companies and organizations replaced their NetWare servers with servers running
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range was a major step forward. It began with version 3.0 in 1990, followed quickly by version 3.10 and 3.11 in 1991.
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990:, in which the infrastructure was described and managed in a single place. Additionally, NDS provided an extensible
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Around this time Novell also released their last upgrade to the NetWare 4 operating system, NetWare 4.2.
955:
901:, who ported Novell source code to run on top of their Unix operating systems. Portable NetWare did not sell well.
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NetWare Management Portal (later called Novell Remote Manager), web-based management of the operating system
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1012:. Client port redirection occurred via a DOS or Windows driver allowing companies to consolidate modems and
916:, which allowed a logical server to be completely mirrored to a separate physical machine. Implemented as a
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that required configuration and linking. Any change to the operating system requires a re-linking of the
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NetWare, since it was based on a file service model, interacted with the client at the file API level:
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Novell did not adapt their pricing structure to current market conditions, and NetWare sales suffered.
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With the release of NetWare 5 in October 1998 Novell switched its primary NCP interface from the
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was also much simpler to install, with disk and network support provided by software modules called a
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The server could support up to four network cards, and these can be a mixture of technologies such as
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Linux operating system in favor of moving to complete Open Source solutions such as those offered by
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support 32-node clusters; the base NetWare 6.0 product included a two-node clustering license.
762:, which requires strict compliance with the IBM PC design model, otherwise performance is affected.
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286, or NWFS 286, supporting volumes of up to 256 MB. NetWare 286 recognizes 80286
346:(OES), released in March 2005, offers all the services previously hosted by NetWare 6.5, but on a
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NetWare 6.5 was released in August 2003. Some of the new features in this version included:
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do not require the key card; serialised license floppy disks are used in place of the key cards.
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system to help network the Motorola 68000-based hardware that Novell sold at the time. The first
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The latest – and apparently last – Service Pack for NetWare 6.5 is SP8, released May 2009.
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hardware base, particularly to machines using the IBM MCA bus, later versions of NetWare 2.
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1159:(also written as intraNetWare). A version designed for networks of 25 or fewer users was named
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445:), consisting mainly of FTP services and UNIX-style LPR/LPD printing (available in NetWare 3.
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1977:
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496:, Dale Neibaur, Kyle Powell and later Mark Hurst. This work stemmed from their classwork at
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The default dirty cache delay time was fixed at 2.2 seconds in NetWare 286 versions 2.
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normally requires a dedicated PC to act as the server, where the server uses DOS only as a
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2843:– Tips & tricks, guides, tools and other resources submitted by the NetWare community
616:, launched in 1986, was written for the then-new 80286 CPU. The 80286 CPU features a new
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DirXML Starter Pack – synchronization of user accounts with another eDirectory tree, a
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The first product to bear the NetWare name was released in 1983. The original product,
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Novell Distributed Print Services (NDPS), an infrastructure for printing over networks
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Promised as early as 1988, when the Microsoft-IBM collaboration was still ongoing and
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In 1993, the main NetWare product line took a dramatic turn when version 4 introduced
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2683:"InformationWeek, serving the information needs of the Business Technology Community"
2199:"InformationWeek, serving the information needs of the Business Technology Community"
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753:(RAM above 1 MiB) is allocated to NetWare, DOS is limited to only 640 KiB;
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engaged the work by the SuperSet team. The team was originally assigned to create a
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Version 4 in 1993 introduced NetWare Directory Services, later re-branded as
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2168:. Local Networks. Vol. 10, no. 32. Provo, Utah, USA. pp. 21, 24.
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Novell continued releasing bugfixes and updates to NetWare for OS/2 up to 1998.
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Novell packaged NetWare 4.11 with its Web server, TCP/IP support and the
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on top of IBM's 32-bit kernel and network stack. It was basically NetWare 4.
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457:
415:
At the end of the 1990s, with Internet connectivity booming, the Internet's
322:
314:
140:
2346:"More More More: Novell exteNd 5.2 and the Pursuit of SOA-Called Happiness"
959:
NetWare 4 and NDS were the subjects of many technical sessions at the
925:
stripped of non-deterministic I/O, behaves deterministically, like a large
920:
cluster, under SFT-III the OS was logically split into an interrupt-driven
3241:
212:
42:
3210:
3195:
2997:
2426:"How does User Access Licensing differ from earlier versions of NetWare?"
1417:
support for customized printer driver profiles and printer usage auditing
1152:
659:
550:
523:
2579:"How the clammy claws of Novell NetWare were torn from today's networks"
2116:. Local Networking. Vol. 5, no. 9. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA:
3205:
3200:
3071:
1775:
1573:
1485:
1408:
1354:
1198:
1105:
1093:
566:
283:
148:
2872:
Surfing the High Tech Wave: A story of Novell's early years, 1980-1990
2469:
Novell NetWare 6.0 - Novell Cluster Services Overview and Installation
366:
A networking card with a sticker indicating certification with NetWare
3261:
3094:
2921:
2472:
2436:
2353:
1891:
1473:
1420:
1320:
1097:
1009:
792:
651:
617:
416:
248:
859:
NetWare continued to be administered using console-based utilities.
243:
The original NetWare product in 1983 supported clients running both
1887:
1523:
Domain services for Windows (provided in OES 2 service pack 1)
350:; the NetWare kernel remained an option until OES 11 in late 2011.
3225:
2970:
2536:
2509:
2254:
2091:
1780:
1668:). An unexpected shutdown could therefore corrupt data, making an
1587:
1465:
1382:
1350:
1123:
983:
966:
954:
723:
625:
603:
361:
310:
144:
2687:
InformationWeek News - Connects The Business Technology Community
2433:
Novell NetWare 6.0 - NetWare Licensing Frequently Asked Questions
1609:
The reasons for NetWare's performance advantage are given below.
806:
and directory entry table into memory for improved performance).
3220:
1368:
1364:
1101:
1025:
644:
621:
569:
protocol, and NetWare communicated natively using only IPX/SPX.
512:
244:
3128:
2894:
2022:"Determining NetWare support can take work—or a bad experience"
1568:
were a series of peer-to-peer networks developed by Novell for
1081:
Server, Novell claimed 90% of the market for PC based servers.
561:(NOS) was later called Novell NetWare. NetWare is based on the
1752:
1597:
Banyan, and others. One noteworthy benchmark pitted NetWare 3.
1569:
1497:
1427:
1376:
1372:
1346:
1206:
731:
379:
279:
271:
systems that were not available in its competitors' products.
132:
1456:
In 2003, Novell announced the successor product to NetWare:
1272:
Novell released NetWare 5 during a time when NetWare's
423:. Novell had introduced limited TCP/IP support in NetWare 3.
2869:
White, Jr., Roger Bourke (2010). "Hardware Independence".
836:
all NLMs ran on the server at the same level of processor
321:). The directory service, along with a new e-mail system (
236:
to run various services on a personal computer, using the
2890:
1639:
Send file open request (if this hadn't already been done)
1520:
Dynamic Storage Technology, which provide Shadow Volumes
1259:
Novell Cluster Services (NCS), a replacement for SFT-III
662:. The operating system is provided as a set of compiled
385:
Novell NetWare shares disk space in the form of NetWare
47:
Logo of NetWare, this variant introduced with NetWare 4.
2849:"High-Performance Networking Unleashed: - 22 - NetWare"
2505:"Novell Announces Linux-Based Open Enterprise Server 2"
1672:
practically a mandatory part of a server installation.
333:) were all targeted at the needs of large enterprises.
286:, unrelated to their server-centric NetWare. These are
2717:
Novell Open Enterprise Server Administrator's Handbook
2532:"Novell Pledges Support for NetWare 6.5 at BrainShare"
2307:
Novell Open Enterprise Server Administrator's Handbook
1363:
shell and a lot of traditional Unix utilities such as
255:
and was based on a Novell-built file server using the
2076:(40). IDG Publications: S70 – via Google Books.
1500:
hypervisor and new Linux based version using SLES10.
697:
will run on any 80286 or later compatible processor.
412:, and print as if the printer is connected locally.
3234:
3163:
3058:
3021:
2985:
2978:
2928:
2761:Harris, Jeffrey L.; Lindberg, Kelley J. P. (2002).
2032:(7). IDG Publications: 62 – via Google Books.
1999:"Novell to roll out two-tier certification program"
1829:- The voice of personal computing in the enterprise
1464:services, iPrint, etc.) that can run atop either a
1231:
ConsoleOne, a Java-based GUI administration console
820:
A new file system was introduced by NetWare 3.
382:in 1984, which helped promote the NetWare product.
207:
197:
185:
167:
154:
128:
118:
98:
90:
80:
72:
60:
2376:Johnson, David; Gaskin, James E.; Cheung, Daniel;
936:With NetWare 3 an improved routing protocol,
449:), and a Novell-developed webserver (in NetWare 4.
2277:News - Connects The Business Technology Community
2166:- The newsweekly for enterprise network computing
1642:Send a request for the desired data from the file
1379:to provide additional capabilities for scripting
1215:(NSS), a file system to replace the traditional
393:. Client workstations running DOS run a special
1820:Rodriguez, Karen; Willett, Shawn (1993-10-04).
1731:Non-preemptive OS designed for network services
1069:Novell's strategy with NetWare 286 2.
940:, has been introduced which scales better than
51:. The symbol is a tilted rendition of Novell's
2114:- The newsweekly of user networking strategies
1743:and earlier versions, NetWare did not support
1077:proved very successful; before the arrival of
3140:
2906:
2809:Hughes, Jeffrey F.; Thomas, Blair W. (2002).
2788:Novell Cluster Services for Linux and NetWare
2090:. Cisco IOS Software Releases 12.2 Mainline.
1576:-based computers aimed at personal users and
963:conference, here seen during a break in 1995.
8:
704:implements a number of features inspired by
370:NetWare evolved from a very simple concept:
35:
2786:Bastiaansen, Rob; van Vugt, Sander (2006).
2764:Novell's NetWare 6 Administrator's Handbook
2740:Novell NetWare 6.5 Administrator's Handbook
1120:NetWare 4.1x and NetWare for Small Business
1049:survival Guide with OS/2" described it as "
986:, which replaced the Bindery with a global
488:NetWare originated from consulting work by
3147:
3133:
3125:
2982:
2969:
2913:
2899:
2891:
2475:. February 2002. p. 9. Archived from
863:
34:
2503:Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (2006-11-30).
1978:"Novell starts shipping ELS NetWare 2.15"
1687:Efficiency of NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)
908:was current, Novell introduced its first
712:systems that were not available in other
1679:. Starting with NetWare 386 3.
1112:on Windows and other operating systems.
1053:that lets the unmodified NetWare 4.
530:. They also wrote an application called
2624:"Microsoft Tempts Novell NetWare Users"
2152:
2150:
2009:(41). Ziff-Davis: 174 – via Gale.
1812:
1792:
1660:upgrade as well. Unlike most competing
1472:Consequent to Novell's acquisitions of
677:The file system used by NetWare 2.
2559:"Novell trips over its Linux strategy"
2226:Client/server survival guide with OS/2
1084:However, the design of NetWare 3.
1952:
1950:
1722:Server sends requested data to client
1704:Server sends requested data to client
881:For a while, Novell also marketed an
745:to execute the operating system file
7:
2812:Novell's Guide to NetWare 6 Networks
2251:"Product Updates – NetWare for OS/2"
2223:Orfali, Robert; Harkey, Dan (1994).
1613:File service instead of disk service
944:and allows building large networks.
325:), application configuration suite (
2310:. Novell Press (NetWare ed.).
2159:"Novell rolls out NetWare for OS/2"
2107:"NetWare support for OS/2 revealed"
1719:Client sends read request to server
1710:Server acknowledges acknowledgement
1701:Client acknowledges acknowledgement
1695:Client sends read request to server
1385:support (both target and initiator)
1219:(which Novell continued to support)
1128:A book on NetWare published in Thai
460:introduced their own LAN system in
274:In 1991, Novell introduced cheaper
1912:"Novell Product Support Lifecycle"
1862:"A Link for All Operating Systems"
1345:more open-source products such as
885:version of NetWare 3, called
397:(TSR) program that allows them to
25:
3044:NetWare Lite and Personal NetWare
2270:"Netware's Window Of Opportunity"
2066:"NetWare application development"
1958:"Novell updates operating system"
1476:and the German Linux distributor
1104:-based operating systems such as
492:, a group founded by the friends
27:Computer network operating system
3186:Dell Networking Operating System
3111:
3110:
2864:Another brief history of NetWare
1296:IBM WebSphere Application Server
104:6.5 SP8 (last) / 6 May 2009
41:
2879:from the original on 2018-09-02
2606:"Linux boosts server OS market"
2180:from the original on 2020-02-16
2136:from the original on 2020-02-16
1771:Comparison of operating systems
1547:NetWare Lite / Personal NetWare
1161:IntranetWare for Small Business
3346:Discontinued operating systems
2157:Gillooly, Caryn (1993-08-09).
2118:Network World Publishing, Inc.
2053:. GlobalData – via Gale.
1997:Morrissey, Jane (1992-10-12).
1407:exteNd Application Server – a
938:NetWare Link Services Protocol
791:A key feature was support for
726:(disk mirroring, SFT-II). The
456:During the early to mid-1980s
292:Personal NetWare 1.0
251:, ran over a proprietary star
18:Certified Novell Administrator
1:
2557:Bray, Hiawatha (2005-11-01).
2344:Kennard, Linda (2004-12-09).
2105:Petrosky, Mary (1988-02-29).
1860:Peter H. Lewis (1989-05-14).
1831:. Vol. 15, no. 40.
1622:Read first block of directory
1447:Novell Open Enterprise Server
1433:support for encrypted volumes
1155:browser into a bundle dubbed
889:, together with OEMs such as
674:hard drives called COMPSURF.
439:
428:
2630:. 2004-11-16. Archived from
2064:Ferrill, Paul (1993-10-04).
1833:InfoWorld Publishing Company
1765:Novell NetWare Access Server
1670:uninterruptible power supply
942:Routing Information Protocol
910:high-availability clustering
719:System Fault Tolerance (SFT)
608:Floppy disks for NetWare 2.2
504:, starting in October 1981.
419:protocol became dominant on
348:SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
340:. The successor to NetWare,
2738:Harris, Jeffrey L. (2004).
2715:Harris, Jeffrey L. (2005).
2652:Galli, Peter (2003-02-17).
2530:Galli, Peter (2006-03-20).
2462:"Overview-Product Features"
2268:Janah, Monua (1998-03-16).
2043:Staff writer (1993-06-08).
1922:(NB. Search for "NetWare".)
1698:Server acknowledges request
1631:Read the desired data block
832:In NetWare 386 3.
728:Transaction Tracking System
612:Advanced NetWare version 2.
584:. This was later joined by
395:terminate and stay resident
313:concepts (six years later,
224:is a discontinued computer
3362:
2350:Novell Connection Magazine
2050:Computergram International
1550:
1444:
472:, and then the successful
299:NetWare Directory Services
288:NetWare Lite 1.0
3336:PowerPC operating systems
3311:Network operating systems
3280:
3156:Network operating systems
3108:
2967:
2229:. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
2020:Foster, Ed (1995-02-13).
1966:. 1986-06-30. p. 76.
1753:graphical user interfaces
1662:network operating systems
1317:NetWare Web Search Server
1236:Public key infrastructure
1092:As Novell initially used
980:Novell Directory Services
850:co-operative multitasking
464:, based on the competing
329:), and security product (
40:
3321:Novell operating systems
3100:Unix System Laboratories
2654:"Novell Revs Up NetWare"
2304:Harris, Jeffrey (2005).
1986:. 1989-06-05. p. 7.
1707:Client acknowledges data
737:NetWare 286 2.
559:network operating system
498:Brigham Young University
278:networking products for
234:cooperative multitasking
226:network operating system
2439:. March 2002. p. 7
1647:making a comeback, see
1580:between 1991 and 1995.
1213:Novell Storage Services
815:NetWare Loadable Module
3341:MIPS operating systems
3029:Open Enterprise Server
2841:NetWare Cool Solutions
1593:
1458:Open Enterprise Server
1441:Open Enterprise Server
1129:
975:
971:Packages of NetWare 4.
964:
829:without interruption.
609:
470:Windows for Workgroups
367:
343:Open Enterprise Server
202:Open Enterprise Server
176:Command-line interface
106:; 15 years ago
3331:X86 operating systems
2817:John Wiley & Sons
2769:John Wiley & Sons
2394:. pp. 177, 426.
1591:
1462:NetWare Core Protocol
1265:with a 5-user license
1254:Storage Area Networks
1140:-based workstations,
1127:
1108:, and SOCKS and HTTP
970:
958:
904:While NetWare 3.
804:file allocation table
607:
563:NetWare Core Protocol
365:
3326:Proprietary software
2719:(NetWare ed.).
1504:New features include
1404:or Active Directory.
1223:Java virtual machine
927:finite state machine
301:(NDS, later renamed
1835:. pp. 1, 123.
1217:NetWare File System
826:NetWare File System
683:NetWare File System
180:text user interface
37:
2986:Systems management
2951:Robert Frankenberg
2612:. CBS Interactive.
2471:. Provo, UT, USA:
2122:IDG Communications
1867:The New York Times
1655:Aggressive caching
1594:
1413:application server
1397:Universal password
1284:operating system.
1241:directory-enabled
1234:directory-enabled
1130:
1065:Strategic mistakes
976:
965:
809:NetWare version 3.
802:cached the entire
610:
405:local drive letter
368:
240:network protocol.
232:It initially used
213:novell.com/netware
3293:
3292:
3122:
3121:
3085:Star Trek project
3054:
3053:
2941:Dennis Fairclough
2826:978-0-7645-4876-5
2801:978-0-672-32845-9
2778:978-0-7645-4882-6
2753:978-0-7897-2984-2
2730:978-0-672-32748-3
2401:978-0-7897-2788-6
2383:Novell NetWare 5.
2312:Pearson Education
1937:textmodegames.com
1536:server platform.
1402:Windows NT domain
1392:Domain controller
1138:Microsoft Windows
988:directory service
961:Novell BrainShare
838:memory protection
714:operating systems
490:SuperSet Software
307:directory service
290:(NWL), and later
261:IBM PC compatible
219:
218:
16:(Redirected from
3353:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3003:Identity Manager
2983:
2973:
2956:Ronald Hovsepian
2915:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2860:
2855:. Archived from
2830:
2805:
2782:
2757:
2734:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2689:. Archived from
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2660:. Archived from
2658:Mobile.eweek.com
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2628:linuxinsider.com
2620:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2564:The Boston Globe
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2430:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2321:978-0-67233278-4
2301:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2279:. Archived from
2265:
2259:
2258:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2201:. Archived from
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1939:. Archived from
1929:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1817:
1800:
1797:
1578:small businesses
1566:Personal NetWare
1557:Personal NetWare
1020:NetWare for OS/2
982:(NDS), based on
887:Portable NetWare
867:
748:
716:of the day. The
582:network topology
444:
441:
433:
430:
389:, comparable to
319:Active Directory
253:network topology
215:
208:Official website
114:
112:
107:
55:used until 1996.
45:
38:
32:Operating system
21:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3276:
3230:
3171:AlliedWare Plus
3159:
3153:
3123:
3118:
3104:
3050:
3017:
2974:
2965:
2924:
2919:
2882:
2880:
2868:
2853:podgoretsky.com
2847:Causey, James.
2846:
2837:
2827:
2808:
2802:
2785:
2779:
2760:
2754:
2737:
2731:
2714:
2711:
2709:Further reading
2706:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2442:
2440:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2390:. Exam cram 2.
2375:
2374:
2370:
2358:
2356:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2286:
2284:
2275:InformationWeek
2267:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1761:
1733:
1689:
1657:
1615:
1586:
1559:
1551:Main articles:
1549:
1530:
1494:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1430:storage devices
1411:1.3-compatible
1339:
1330:
1312:streaming-media
1238:services (PKIS)
1195:
1122:
1079:Windows NT
1067:
1022:
1001:public/private
953:
914:NetWare SFT-III
891:Hewlett-Packard
874:With version 3.
872:
871:
870:
782:
755:expanded memory
751:extended memory
746:
602:
486:
442:
431:
391:logical volumes
360:
294:(PNW) in 1993.
211:
170:
110:
108:
105:
91:Initial release
56:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3359:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Novell NetWare
3313:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:Access Manager
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2946:Raymond Noorda
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2866:
2861:
2859:on 2012-12-26.
2844:
2836:
2835:External links
2833:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2806:
2800:
2783:
2777:
2758:
2752:
2735:
2729:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2674:
2644:
2615:
2597:
2570:
2549:
2522:
2495:
2453:
2417:
2400:
2392:Que Publishing
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2124:. p. 17.
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2012:
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1943:on 2016-07-28.
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664:object modules
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509:Raymond Noorda
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257:Motorola 68000
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3252:Cumulus Linux
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3079:SCO v. Novell
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3022:Collaboration
3020:
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3013:BorderManager
3011:
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2713:
2712:
2708:
2693:on 2012-10-20
2692:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2664:on 2012-07-10
2663:
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2645:
2634:on 2012-03-20
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2482:on 2006-11-25
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2283:on 2000-12-05
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2236:9780442017989
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2205:on 2012-10-20
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2164:Network World
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2112:Network World
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2094:. 2013-10-07.
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2013:
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1983:Network World
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1963:Computerworld
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1394:functionality
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1147:
1143:
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1133:
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1110:Proxy Servers
1107:
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549:First called
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162:Hybrid kernel
160:
157:
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146:
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134:
131:
127:
123:
121:
117:
103:
101:
100:Final release
97:
93:
89:
86:
85:Closed source
83:
79:
75:
73:Working state
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
54:
50:
44:
39:
30:
19:
3272:Novell S-Net
3266:
3247:Banyan VINES
3077:
3070:
3038:
2961:Eric Schmidt
2881:. Retrieved
2871:
2857:the original
2852:
2811:
2792:Novell Press
2787:
2763:
2744:Novell Press
2739:
2721:Novell Press
2716:
2695:. Retrieved
2691:the original
2686:
2677:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:the original
2657:
2647:
2636:. Retrieved
2632:the original
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2589:. Retrieved
2587:. 2013-07-16
2584:The Register
2582:
2573:
2562:
2552:
2541:. Retrieved
2535:
2525:
2514:. Retrieved
2508:
2498:
2490:
2484:. Retrieved
2477:the original
2468:
2456:
2447:
2441:. Retrieved
2432:
2420:
2413:workstation.
2411:
2405:. Retrieved
2387:to 6 upgrade
2386:
2382:
2371:
2363:
2357:. Retrieved
2349:
2339:
2331:
2325:. Retrieved
2306:
2299:
2291:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:the original
2273:
2263:
2245:
2225:
2218:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:the original
2193:
2182:. Retrieved
2162:
2138:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2048:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1981:
1972:
1961:
1941:the original
1936:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1906:
1895:. Retrieved
1882:
1871:. Retrieved
1865:
1855:
1844:. Retrieved
1825:
1815:
1795:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1713:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1658:
1645:
1634:
1616:
1608:
1598:
1595:
1562:NetWare Lite
1560:
1553:NetWare Lite
1542:
1538:
1531:
1495:
1471:
1455:
1436:
1426:support for
1340:
1331:
1289:
1286:
1274:market share
1271:
1268:
1252:support for
1196:
1191:
1180:
1165:
1160:
1157:IntranetWare
1156:
1150:
1134:
1131:
1114:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1014:analog phone
1007:
996:
977:
972:
949:
935:
921:
913:
905:
903:
899:Data General
886:
880:
875:
873:
858:
845:
840:, known as "
833:
831:
821:
819:
810:
808:
799:
790:
785:
784:NetWare's 3.
783:
778:
772:
767:
764:
738:
736:
717:
710:minicomputer
701:
699:
694:
678:
676:
649:
630:
613:
611:
598:
585:
573:
571:
548:
541:
535:
516:disk sharing
506:
487:
455:
450:
446:
435:
424:
414:
410:print server
398:
386:
384:
376:disk sharing
372:file sharing
369:
352:
341:
338:Linux kernel
335:
305:), a global
296:
276:peer-to-peer
273:
269:minicomputer
242:
230:Novell, Inc.
221:
220:
198:Succeeded by
120:Available in
81:Source model
76:Discontinued
67:Novell, Inc.
53:"teeth" logo
48:
29:
3257:LAN Manager
3181:Cisco NX-OS
2045:"Minigrams"
1584:Performance
1482:open-source
1337:NetWare 6.5
1328:NetWare 6.0
1225:for NetWare
1209:for NetWare
1096:instead of
747:NET$ OS.EXE
743:boot loader
590:Intel 80286
502:Provo, Utah
484:Early years
462:LAN Manager
443: 1995
432: 1992
374:instead of
192:Proprietary
3300:Categories
3191:ExtremeXOS
3090:SUSE Linux
3066:BrainShare
2993:eDirectory
2936:Drew Major
2883:2018-09-02
2697:2014-05-23
2668:2014-05-23
2638:2011-05-26
2591:2015-11-20
2543:2007-03-26
2516:2007-03-26
2486:2012-08-20
2443:2012-08-20
2407:2010-05-25
2378:Tittel, Ed
2359:2010-05-25
2327:2014-08-05
2287:2014-05-23
2209:2011-07-08
2184:2020-02-16
2140:2020-02-16
1917:2015-11-20
1897:2015-11-20
1888:"Products"
1873:2022-09-14
1846:2020-02-16
1807:References
1745:preemption
1282:Windows NT
1190:NetWare 5.
1184:web server
1003:encryption
948:NetWare 4.
922:I/O engine
777:NetWare 3.
700:NetWare 2.
656:Token Ring
586:NetWare 86
574:NetWare 68
494:Drew Major
478:Windows 95
474:Windows NT
303:eDirectory
111:2009-05-06
3176:Cisco IOS
3034:GroupWise
2174:0887-7661
2130:0887-7661
2070:InfoWorld
2026:InfoWorld
1933:"Snipes!"
1841:0199-6649
1827:InfoWorld
1534:Intel x86
1278:Microsoft
1263:Oracle 8i
1168:GroupWise
1051:glue code
856:) error.
824: – "
760:interrupt
706:mainframe
507:In 1981,
458:Microsoft
323:GroupWise
317:released
315:Microsoft
311:ISO X.500
309:based on
265:mainframe
141:DEC Alpha
129:Platforms
62:Developer
3285:Category
3235:Historic
3211:ScreenOS
3196:Junos OS
3116:Category
2998:ZENworks
2979:Products
2877:Archived
2380:(2003).
2178:Archived
2134:Archived
1759:See also
1601:running
1172:ZENworks
1153:Netscape
1028: 1.
660:Ethernet
551:ShareNet
524:CP/M-68K
434:) and 4.
327:ZENworks
3267:NetWare
3242:3+Share
3206:pfSense
3201:OpenWrt
3164:Current
3072:NetWars
3059:Related
3039:NetWare
2003:PC Week
1776:Btrieve
1574:Windows
1514:support
1486:Red Hat
1423:support
1409:Java EE
1355:OpenSSH
1323:support
1314:servers
1249:servers
1199:IPX/SPX
1146:Cworthy
1106:FreeBSD
1094:IPX/SPX
1016:lines.
848:used a
567:IPX/SPX
557:, this
387:volumes
358:History
284:Windows
222:NetWare
187:License
169:Default
149:PowerPC
124:English
109: (
36:NetWare
3262:MS-Net
3095:Univel
2929:People
2922:Novell
2823:
2798:
2775:
2750:
2727:
2473:Novell
2437:Novell
2398:
2354:Novell
2318:
2233:
2172:
2128:
1892:Novell
1839:
1572:- and
1512:64-bit
1474:Ximian
1421:NX bit
1321:WebDAV
1256:(SANs)
1098:TCP/IP
1073:and 3.
1010:modems
992:schema
842:ring 0
793:32-bit
668:kernel
652:ARCNET
624:/8086
618:16-bit
532:Snipes
417:TCP/IP
249:MS-DOS
156:Kernel
3226:ZyNOS
3216:SONiC
3158:(NOS)
2537:eWeek
2510:eWeek
2480:(PDF)
2465:(PDF)
2429:(PDF)
2255:Novel
2092:Cisco
1787:Notes
1781:NCOPY
1767:(NAS)
1739:In 4.
1466:Linux
1383:iSCSI
1351:MySQL
984:X.500
854:ABEND
724:RAID1
643:, or
578:S-Net
576:(AKA
555:S-Net
543:Quake
520:S-Net
145:SPARC
3221:VyOS
2821:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2773:ISBN
2748:ISBN
2725:ISBN
2610:CNET
2396:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2170:ISSN
2126:ISSN
1837:ISSN
1564:and
1555:and
1478:SuSE
1375:and
1369:grep
1365:wget
1361:Bash
1353:and
1310:and
1308:NNTP
1247:DHCP
1245:and
1174:and
1102:Unix
1026:OS/2
897:and
708:and
658:and
645:SCSI
641:ESDI
622:8088
540:and
537:Doom
513:CP/M
476:and
421:LANs
282:and
267:and
247:and
245:CP/M
158:type
137:MIPS
94:1983
1649:SAN
1603:NFS
1570:DOS
1498:Xen
1492:2.0
1452:1.0
1428:USB
1377:sed
1373:awk
1347:PHP
1304:FTP
1280:'s
1243:DNS
1207:GUI
1142:SMP
999:RSA
931:SMP
895:DEC
883:OEM
732:API
691:FAT
681:is
672:MFM
637:RLL
633:MFM
553:or
522:is
500:in
466:NBF
400:map
380:IBM
280:DOS
238:IPX
133:x86
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440:c.
429:c.
403:a
178:,
147:,
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3148:e
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