AppleTalk - Knowledge (XXG)

1159: 525:. In many ways, Phase II can be considered an effort to make the earlier version (never called Phase I) more generic. LANs could now support more than 255 nodes, and zones were no longer associated with physical networks but were entirely virtual constructs used simply to organize nodes. For instance, one could now make a "Printers" zone that would list all the printers in an organization, or one might want to place that same device in the "2nd Floor" zone to indicate its physical location. Phase II also included changes to the underlying inter-networking protocols to make them less "chatty", which had previously been a serious problem on networks that bridged over wide-area networks. 1150: 1622:

allowing the construction of a PC-only AppleTalk network, it allowed communication between PCs and Macs with TOPS software installed. (Macs without TOPS installed could use the same network but only to communicate with other Apple machines.) The Mac TOPS software did not match the quality of Apple's own either in ease of use or in robustness and freedom from crashes, but the DOS software was relatively simple to use in DOS terms, and was robust.

359:, which limited speeds to about 500 kbit/s, but allowed one conductor to be removed. This meant that common three-conductor cables could be used for wiring. Additionally, the adaptors were designed to be "self-terminating", meaning that nodes at the end of the network could simply leave their last connector unconnected. There was no need for the wires to be connected back together into a loop, nor the need for hubs or other devices. 416:, which used a separate box that plugged in between the computer and a normal LocalTalk/PhoneNet box. Dayna also offered a PC expansion card that ran up to 1.7 Mbit/s when talking to other Dayna PC cards. Several other systems also existed with even higher performance, but these often required special cabling that was incompatible with LocalTalk/PhoneNet, and also required patches to the networking stack that often caused problems. 1434: 312:

of the Mac – a system that was user-installable and required no configuration or fixed network addresses – in short, a true plug-and-play network. Considerable effort was needed, but by the time the Mac was released, the basic concepts had been outlined, and some of the low-level protocols were on their way to completion. Sidhu mentioned the work to Belleville only two hours after the Mac was announced.

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the same name. Later, when a client wanted to access that service, it used NBP to query machines to find that service. NBP provided browsability ("what are the names of all the services available?") as well as the ability to find a service with a particular name. Names were human-readable, containing spaces and upper- and lower-case letters, and including support for searching.

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that only connected to LocalTalk. Apple initially relied on the aforementioned LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge products, but contrary to Apple's belief that these would be low-volume products, by the end of 1987, 130,000 such networks were in use. AppleTalk was at that time the most used networking system in the world, with over three times the installations of any other vendor.

1182: 837:, in which a name translates to a machine's address, not including the port number that might be providing a service. Thus, if people are accustomed to using a particular machine name to access a particular service, their access will break when the service is moved to a different machine. This can be mitigated somewhat by insistence on using 639:, a system that allowed the Mac to support TCP/IP on machines with suitable Ethernet hardware. However, this left many universities with the problem of supporting IP on their many LocalTalk-equipped Macs. It was soon common to include MacIP support in LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridges. MacTCP would not become a standard part of the 1234:, the same cables used to connect landline telephones. Since it used the second pair of wires, network devices could even be connected through existing telephone jacks if a second line was not present. Foreshadowing today's network hubs and switches, Farallon provided solutions for PhoneNet to be used in 1211:

segment. The system was slow by today's standards, but at the time the additional cost and complexity of networking on PC machines was such that it was common that Macs were the only networked personal computers in an office. Other larger computers, such as UNIX or VAX workstations, would commonly be

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PAP also provided for out-of-band status queries, handled by separate ATP transactions. Even while it was busy servicing a print job from one client, a PAP server could continue to respond to status requests from any number of other clients. This allowed other Macintoshes on the LAN that were waiting

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AppleTalk had an included attention message system which allowed short messages to be sent which would bypass the normal stream data flow. These were delivered reliably but out of order with respect to the stream. Any attention message would be delivered as soon as possible instead of waiting for the

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An AppleTalk address was a four-byte quantity. This consisted of a two-byte network number, a one-byte node number, and a one-byte socket number. Of these, only the network number required any configuration, being obtained from a router. Each node dynamically chose its own node number, according to a

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was separated from the SEAGATE code and became the de facto method for IP packets to be routed over LocalTalk networks. By 1986, Columbia University released the first version of the Columbia AppleTalk Package (CAP) that allowed higher integration of Unix, TCP/IP, and AppleTalk environments. In 1988,

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Jobs' earlier question to Sidhu had already sparked a number of ideas. When AppleNet was cancelled in October, Sidhu led an effort to develop a new networking system based on the AppleBus hardware. This new system would not have to conform to any existing preconceptions, and was designed to be worthy

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Four months later, in October, AppleNet was cancelled. At the time, they announced that "Apple realized that it's not in the business to create a networking system. We built and used AppleNet in-house, but we realized that if we had shipped it, we would have seen new standards coming up." In January,

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printers. It was built on top of ATP. When a PAP connection was opened, each end sent the other an ATP request which basically meant "send me more data". The client's response to the server was to send a block of PostScript code, while the server could respond with any diagnostic messages that might

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identified as an AEP packet, it is forwarded to the node where the packet is examined by the DDP at the destination. After the packet is identified as an AEP packet, the packet is then copied and a field in the packet is altered to create an AEP reply packet, and is then returned to the source node.

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being provided by a machine, which was entirely separate from the name of the machine itself. Thus, services could be moved to a different machine and, so long as they kept the same service name, there was no need for users to do anything different in order to continue accessing the service. And the

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As Apple expanded into more commercial and education markets, they needed to integrate AppleTalk into existing network installations. Many of these organizations had already invested in a very expensive Ethernet infrastructure and there was no direct way to connect a Macintosh to Ethernet. AppleTalk

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The main advantage of AppleTalk was that it was completely maintenance-free. To join a device to a network, a user simply plugged the adaptor into the machine, then connected a cable from it to any free port on any other adaptor. The AppleTalk network stack negotiated a network address, assigned the

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When AppleTalk was first introduced, the dominant office computing platform was the PC compatible running MS-DOS. Apple introduced the AppleTalk PC Card in early 1987, allowing PCs to join AppleTalk networks and print to LaserWriter printers. A year later AppleShare PC was released, allowing PCs to

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The AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) was the original reliable transport-level protocol for AppleTalk, built on top of DDP. At the time it was being developed, a full, reliable connection-oriented protocol like TCP was considered to be too expensive to implement for most of the intended uses of

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asking for a network address, intending to hear back from controllers such as routers. If no address is provided, one is picked at random from the "base subnet", 0. It then broadcasts another packet saying "I am selecting this address", and then waits to see if anyone else on the network complains.

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LLAP and later, for Ethernet/EtherTalk, the AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol, AARP) which handled contention between different nodes accidentally choosing the same number. For socket numbers, a few well-known numbers were reserved for special purposes specific to the AppleTalk protocol itself.

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The Name Binding Protocol (NBP) was a dynamic, distributed system for managing AppleTalk names. When a service started up on a machine, it registered a name for itself as chosen by a human administrator. At this point, NBP provided a system for checking that no other machine had already registered

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Both AARP and NBP had defined ways to allow "controller" devices to override the default mechanisms. The concept was to allow routers to provide the information or "hardwire" the system to known addresses and names. On larger networks where AARP could cause problems as new nodes searched for free

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Ethernet had become almost universal by 1990, and it was time to build Ethernet into Macs direct from the factory. However, the physical wiring used by these networks was not yet completely standardized. Apple solved this problem using a single port on the back of the computer into which the user

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The appearance of a Macintosh with a direct Ethernet connection also magnified the Ethernet and LocalTalk compatibility problem: Networks with new and old Macs needed some way to communicate with each other. This could be as simple as a network of Ethernet Mac II's trying to talk to a LaserWriter

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The "TOPS Teleconnector" MS-DOS networking system over AppleTalk system enabled MS-DOS PCs to communicate over AppleTalk network hardware; it comprised an AppleTalk interface card for the PC and a suite of networking software allowing such functions as file, drive and printer sharing. As well as

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and file shares, but alternate connection solutions common in this era, notably USB for printers, limited their demand. As Apple abandoned many of these product categories, and all new systems were based on IP, AppleTalk became less and less common. AppleTalk support was finally removed from the

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addresses, the addition of a router could reduce "chattiness." Together AARP and NBP made AppleTalk an easy-to-use networking system. New machines were added to the network by plugging them in and optionally giving them a name. The NBP lists were examined and displayed by a program known as the

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The Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) was the protocol by which routers kept each other informed about the topology of the network. This was the only part of AppleTalk that required periodic unsolicited broadcasts: every 10 seconds, each router had to send out a list of all the network

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The system was designed for future expansion; the addressing system allowed for expansion to 255 nodes in a LAN (although only 32 could be used at that time), and by using "bridges" (which came to be known as "routers", although technically not the same) one could interconnect LANs into larger

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star with "PhoneNet Star Controller" hub hardware. In a star configuration, any wiring issue only affected one device, and problems were easy to pinpoint. PhoneNet's low cost, flexibility, and easy troubleshooting resulted in it being the dominant choice for Mac networks into the early 1990s.

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The AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP) was a transport layer protocol designed to test the reachability of network nodes. AEP generates packets to be sent to the network node and is identified in the Type field of a packet as an AEP packet. The packet is first passed to the source DDP. After it is

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If another machine has that address, the newly connecting machine will pick another address, and keep trying until it finds a free one. On a network with many machines it may take several tries before a free address is found, so for performance purposes the successful address is recorded in

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The physical layer had a number of limitations, including a speed of only 230.4 kbit/s, a maximum distance of 1,000 feet (300 m) from end to end, and only 32 nodes per LAN. But as the basic hardware was built into the Mac, adding nodes only cost about $ 50 for the adaptor box. In

663:. Additionally, a number of server products appeared that allowed the Mac to host Internet content. Through this period, Macs had about 2 to 3 times as many clients connected to the Internet as any other platform, despite the relatively small overall microcomputer market share. 1135:

was a subdivision of the network that made sense to humans (for example, "Accounting Department"); but while a network number had to be assigned to a topologically contiguous section of the network, a zone could include several different discontiguous portions of the network.

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pioneered the development of IP packets encapsulated in DDP as part of the SEAGATE (Stanford Ethernet–AppleTalk Gateway) project. SEAGATE was commercialized by Kinetics in their LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge as an additional routing option. A few years later,

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collections. "Zones" allowed devices to be addressed within a bridge-connected internet. Additionally, AppleTalk was designed from the start to allow use with any potential underlying physical link, and within a few years, the physical layer would be renamed

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to be connected with no prior setup or the need for a centralized router or server of any sort. Connected AppleTalk-equipped systems automatically assign addresses, update the distributed namespace, and configure any required inter-networking routing.

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By this point, Apple had a wide variety of communications products under development, and many of these were announced along with AppleTalk Phase II. These included updates to EtherTalk and TokenTalk, AppleTalk software and LocalTalk hardware for the

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service with no guarantees of delivery. All application-level protocols, including the infrastructure protocols NBP, RTMP and ZIP, were built on top of DDP. AppleTalk's DDP corresponds closely to the Network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection

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equipped with similar SCCs could communicate using the built-in protocols, interleaving their data with other peripherals on the same bus. This would eliminate the need for more ports on the back of the machine, and allowed for the elimination of

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included a protocol structure for interconnecting AppleTalk subnets and so as a solution, EtherTalk was initially created to use the Ethernet as a backbone between LocalTalk subnets. To accomplish this, organizations would need to purchase a

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connections. The SCC cost about $ 5 more than a UART, but offered much higher speeds of up to 250 kilobits per second (or higher with additional hardware) and internally supported a number of basic networking-like protocols like IBM's

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instead of Apple's round connectors. PhoneNet allowed AppleTalk networks to be connected together using normal telephone wires, and with very little extra work, could run analog phones and AppleTalk on a single four-conductor phone cable.

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The "new" AppleBus was announced in early 1984, allowing direct connection from the Mac or Lisa through a small box that is plugged into the serial port and connected via cables to the next computer upstream and downstream. Adaptors for

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and had considered a number of other options to answer the question of how to share these expensive machines and other resources. A series of memos from Bob Belleville clarified these concepts, outlining the Mac, LaserWriter, and a

375:. AppleTalk was so easy to use that ad hoc networks tended to appear whenever multiple Macs were in the same room. Apple would later use this in an advertisement showing a network being created between two seats in an airplane. 1013:

The AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) was an intermediate protocol, built on top of AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP), which in turn was the foundation of AFP. It provided basic services for requesting responses to arbitrary

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in 2007) that also used the RS-422 port and was indistinguishable from LocalTalk as far as Apple's LocalTalk port drivers were concerned, but ran over very inexpensive standard phone cabling with four-wire, six-position

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packet from the requestor, or until a timeout elapsed. This way, it could respond to duplicate requests with the same transaction ID by resending the same response data, without performing the actual operation again.

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For some time in the early 1990s, the Mac was a primary client on the rapidly expanding Internet. Among the better-known programs in wide use were Fetch, Eudora, eXodus, NewsWatcher, and the NCSA packages, especially

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and used as the default address in the future. This means that in most real-world setups where machines are added a few at a time, only one or two tries are needed before the address effectively becomes constant.

1001:(for AFP over TCP), it provides services for authenticating users (extensible to different authentication methods including two-way random-number exchange) and for performing operations specific to the Macintosh 710:

However, the loss of AppleTalk did not reduce the desire for networking solutions that combined its ease of use with IP routing. Apple has led the development of many such efforts, from the introduction of the

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Other companies took advantage of the SCC's ability to read external clocks in order to support higher transmission speeds, up to 1 Mbit/s. In these systems, the external adaptor also included its own

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product, which used the same Network control panel and underlying software. Over time, many third-party companies would introduce compatible Ethernet and Token Ring cards that used these same drivers.

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As the world quickly moved to IP for both LAN and WAN uses, Apple was faced with maintaining two increasingly outdated code bases on an ever-wider group of machines as well as the introduction of the

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were also announced. Apple also announced that an AppleBus network could be attached to, and would appear to be a single node within, a Token Ring system. Details of how this would work were sketchy.

1266:, respectively. EtherTalk gradually became the dominant implementation method for AppleTalk as Ethernet became generally popular in the PC industry throughout the 1990s. Besides AppleTalk and 841:

indicating service rather than actual machine names to refer to the service, but there is no way of guaranteeing that users will follow such a convention. Some newer protocols, such as

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that allowed the user to select which physical connection to use for networking (from "Built-in" or "EtherTalk"). At introduction, Ethernet interface cards were available from

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system. The intended target was not Ethernet, and it did not have 48-bit addresses to route. Nevertheless, many portions of the AppleTalk system have direct analogs in XNS.

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slot in the machine. The new networking stack also expanded the system to allow a full 255 nodes per LAN. With EtherTalk's release, AppleTalk Personal Network was renamed

698:, AppleTalk was strictly a legacy system. Support was added to Mac OS X in order to provide support for a large number of existing AppleTalk devices, notably 449:

computer, one of Apple's first two Macintoshes with expansion slots (the Macintosh SE had one slot of a different type), the operating system included a new Network

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ports at 230.4 kbit/s. LocalTalk used a splitter box in the RS-422 port to provide an upstream and downstream cable from a single port. The topology was a

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AppleBus is mentioned by name in Steve Jobs' introduction of the Macintosh at the Boston Computer Society meeting in 1984. It appears just after the 7:20 mark

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A thriving third-party market for AppleTalk devices developed over the next few years. One particularly notable example was an alternate adaptor designed by

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computer a human-readable name, and compiled a list of the names and types of other machines on the network so the user could browse the devices through the

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In addition, Columbia University released the Columbia AppleTalk Package (CAP) which implemented the protocol suite for various Unix flavors including

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which, being chosen by humans, could be expected to be meaningful to users, and also could be sufficiently long to minimize the chance of conflicts.

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during the 1990s led to a reimplementation of most of these types of support on that protocol, and AppleTalk became unsupported as of the release of

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AppleTalk was released in 1985 and was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 1990s. Versions were also released for the

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computers, and used across much of the Mac line for some time. As with LocalTalk, a number of third-party FriendlyNet adaptors quickly appeared.

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The AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) was a comparatively late addition to the AppleTalk protocol suite, done when it became clear that a

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Apart from these, all application-level protocols were expected to use dynamically assigned socket numbers at both the client and server end.

513:. AppleShare was effectively the replacement for the failed Macintosh Office efforts, which had been based on a dedicated file server device. 250:

Through this period, Apple was deep in development of the Macintosh computer. During development, engineers had made the decision to use the

199:. AppleNet was announced early in 1983 with a full introduction at the target price of $ 500 for plug-in AppleNet cards for the Lisa and the 821:

As NBP names translated to an address, which included a socket number as well as a node number, a name in AppleTalk mapped directly to a

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ATP could operate in either "at-least-once" mode or "exactly-once" mode. Exactly-once mode was essential for operations which were not

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packet containing a bit mask indicating which of the response packets it received, so the responder could retransmit the remainder.

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as well prior versions. HELIOS Software GmbH offers a proprietary implementation of the AppleTalk protocol stack, as part of their

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There were no "half-open" connections; once one end initiated a tear-down of the connection, the whole connection would be closed (

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One key differentiation for AppleTalk was it contained two protocols aimed at making the system completely self-configuring. The

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Because of this dynamism, users could not be expected to access services by specifying their address. Instead, all services had

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or AUI, but deliberately chose a non-standard connector that was smaller and easier to use, which they called "Apple AUI", or

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Interior of Apple LocalTalk interface box. In 1989, these boxes typically cost US$ 90 each. The connectors feature automatic

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By 1987, Ethernet was clearly winning the standards battle over Token Ring, and in the middle of that year, Apple introduced

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The Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) was the protocol by which AppleTalk network numbers were associated with zone names. A

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same machine could host any number of instances of services of the same type, without any network connection conflicts.

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to print to display status messages indicating that the printer was busy, and what the job was that it was busy with.

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which would display a list of machines on the local network, divided into classes such as file-servers and printers.

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be generated as a result, after which another "send-more-data" request was sent. This use of ATP provided automatic

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efforts, which re-implemented both MacTCP and AppleTalk on an entirely new code base adapted from the Unix standard

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The Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) was the lowest-level data-link-independent transport protocol. It provided a

877: 445:, an implementation of the AppleTalk protocol over the Ethernet physical layer. Introduced for the newly released 283:, envisioning a system controlled by the host Macintosh polling "dumb" devices in a fashion similar to the modern 1329: 561: 1809: 467:, the name it would be known under for the bulk of its life. Token Ring would later be supported with a similar 502: 1207:: cables were daisy-chained from each connected machine to the next, up to the maximum of 32 permitted on any 1031:

AppleTalk. Thus, ATP was a simple request/response exchange, with no need to set up or tear down connections.

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server. This is essentially a File and Print Server suite that runs on a whole range of different platforms.

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filesystem. AFP is still in use in macOS, even though most other AppleTalk protocols have been deprecated.

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and Apple left it to third parties to produce these products. A number of companies responded, including

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comparison, Ethernet or Token Ring cards cost hundreds or thousands of dollars. Additionally, the entire

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As of 2020, AppleTalk support has been completely removed from legacy support with macOS 11 Big Sur.

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The initial default hardware implementation for AppleTalk was a high-speed serial protocol known as

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in 2009. Many of AppleTalk's more advanced autoconfiguration features have since been introduced in

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Other physical implementations were also available. A very popular replacement for LocalTalk was

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AppleTalk protocols also came to run over Ethernet (first coaxial and then twisted pair) and

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star connections (with the phone wires simply bridged to each other at a central point), and

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of the LocalTalk signal bus; insertion of a LocalTalk bus cable depresses a normally closed

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The relatively slow speed of AppleTalk allowed further reductions in cost. Instead of using

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and performing out-of-band status queries. It also allowed the server to send asynchronous

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file servers. Built on top of AppleTalk Session Protocol (for legacy AFP over DDP) or the

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asked Gursharan Sidhu a seemingly innocuous question: "Why has networking not caught on?"

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in 1987. This was essentially a replacement for Apple's connector that had conventional

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The SCC was chosen because it would allow multiple devices to be attached to the port.

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were the final Macs to include AAUI, and 10BASE-T became universal starting with the

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computer in January 1983, Apple invested considerable effort in the development of a

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AARP is a fairly simple system. When powered on, an AppleTalk machine broadcasts an

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The AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP) resolves AppleTalk addresses to

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The Printer Access Protocol (PAP) was the standard way of communicating with

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to identify services by name, which is much closer to the AppleTalk model.

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is a free, open-source implementation of the AppleTalk suite of protocols.

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operating systems support AppleTalk through an open source project called

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From the beginning of AppleTalk, users wanted to connect the Macintosh to

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serial controller chip (SCC) instead of the lower-cost and more common

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for supporting more complex devices. The initial concept was known as

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At that time, early LAN systems were just coming to market, including

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required only about 6 kB of RAM, allowing it to run on any Mac.

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became the de facto cabling system for Ethernet, second-generation

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The Macintosh team had already begun work on what would become the

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server software for Macintosh-Windows integration which supports

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system and their implementation of it, Rendezvous, later renamed

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and obtains address resolution by a method very similar to ARP.

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behind the connector, disabling termination for that connector.

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Sidhu, Gursharan; Andrews, Richard; Oppenheimer, Alan (1989).

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networking system. A similar solution was the 850 kbit/s

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Just prior to its release in early 1985, AppleBus was renamed

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numbers it knew about and how far away it thought they were.

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Server operating systems supported AppleTalk starting with

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could plug an adaptor for any given cabling system. This

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machines added a 10BASE-T port in addition to AAUI. The

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systems, AppleTalk was not built using the archetypal

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current stream byte sequence point to become current.

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Jobs announced that they would instead be supporting

112:. AppleTalk includes a number of features that allow 1656:

continues to bundle its AppleTalk protocol with its

1774:"Apple plans slower, affordable local area network" 81: 63: 53: 2408:"Inside the Mac OS: A look at AppleTalk and zones" 593:and lower-end Power Macs also added 10BASE-T. The 1691:. This package is no longer actively maintained. 521:A significant re-design was released in 1989 as 433:and a few newly formed companies like Kinetics. 740:of protocol layering. Unlike most of the early 437:LocalTalk, EtherTalk, TokenTalk, and AppleShare 2468:"Apple Starts Shipping AppleShare PC Software" 736:The AppleTalk design rigorously followed the 625:network environments. In 1984, Bill Croft at 490:or more. A common AppleShare machine was the 8: 928:addresses. It is functionally equivalent to 643:until 1994, by which time it also supported 195:system rather than Xerox's 2.94 Mbit/s 32: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2188: 2176: 2161: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2030: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1926: 1896: 1864: 1792: 1359:Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) 570:. FriendlyNet was first introduced on the 560:system was based on the industry-standard 31: 2322: 907:Learn how and when to remove this message 544:and other network resources, and the Mac 517:AppleTalk Phase II and other developments 478:1987 also marked the introduction of the 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2143:"Study finds NetWare to be OS of choice" 2017:Apple Computer Ad - Powerbook Networking 1463: 1285: 1038:packet could be answered by up to eight 486:that ran on any Mac with 512 kB of 180:(LAN) system for the machines. Known as 2086:"Get More Net Work Out Of Your Network" 1852: 1761: 1733: 961:A connection attempt could be rejected. 1387:TokenTalk Link Access Protocol (TLAP) 1385:LocalTalk Link Access Protocol (LLAP) 1336:AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) 191:but running on a custom 1 Mbit/s 2581:Pushing AppleTalk Across the Internet 2434:Sidhu, Andrews & Oppenheimer 1989 2352:Sidhu, Andrews & Oppenheimer 1989 1834:Sidhu, Andrews & Oppenheimer 1989 1383:EtherTalk Link Access Protocol (ELAP) 1258:physical layers, labeled by Apple as 920:AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol 753:AppleTalk address resolution protocol 7: 2538:from the original on 9 October 2022. 2266:"Mac OS X v10.6: Mac 101 – Printing" 1346:AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) 1042:packets. The requestor then sent an 889:adding citations to reliable sources 2558:"A History of Macintosh Networking" 771:for instance. Beginning about 2002 230:standard. It was at this show that 2556:Oppenheimer, Alan (January 2004). 2487:Stephens, Mark (25 January 1988). 2446:Petrosky, Mary (2 February 1987). 1389:Fiber Distributed Data Interface ( 1118:Routing Table Maintenance Protocol 387:and commercialized by Farallon as 27:Computer networking protocol suite 25: 715:router to the development of the 670:-based machines. This led to the 457:and Kinetics that plugged into a 2515:Inside AppleTalk, Second Edition 1618:access AppleShare file servers. 1432: 1334:AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) 1157: 1148: 865: 45: 2311:; Krochmal, M (February 2013). 1292:Corresponding AppleTalk layers 876:needs additional citations for 2543:Bartimo, Jim (26 March 1984). 2476:. 18 January 1988. p. 29. 2064:Battelle, John (23 May 1989). 2043:Brown, Tim (26 October 1987). 1910:"Token-Ring Technical Summary" 1026:AppleTalk Transaction Protocol 949:AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol 808:LocalTalk Link Access Protocol 694:and subsequent development of 304:system which would become the 184:, it was based on the seminal 1: 2141:DiDio, Laura (11 July 1988). 2066:"DaynaTalk accelerators ship" 1939:Barimo, Jim (26 March 1984). 1912:. Section 1.2. Archived from 717:zero-configuration networking 102:suite of networking protocols 2406:Faas, Ryan (15 March 2005). 1996:Larson, Lee (October 1999). 1369:Datagram Delivery Protocol ( 427:LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge 224:National Computer Conference 1328:Zone Information Protocol ( 777:DNS-based service discovery 379:PhoneNet and other adaptors 69:; 39 years ago 2622: 1242:configurations, with both 1062:Datagram Delivery Protocol 1009:AppleTalk Session Protocol 505:in the late 1980s, behind 338:AppleTalk Personal Network 328:AppleTalk Personal Network 2601:Network operating systems 2448:"AppleShare airs at last" 1998:"LocalTalk to EtherTalk?" 1879:Zilog Z8530 User's Manual 1185:Farallon PhoneNET adapter 1127:Zone Information Protocol 806:protocol (originally the 562:Attachment Unit Interface 172:After the release of the 44: 37: 2002:Louisville Computer News 1613:Cross-platform solutions 1212:networked via Ethernet. 1022:messages to the client. 533:, EtherTalk for Apple's 503:network operating system 501:. AppleShare was the #3 336:. Initially marketed as 124:and compatibles and the 2045:"AppleTalk Made Faster" 1353:Name Binding Protocol ( 1349:AppleTalk Echo Protocol 1140:Physical implementation 1097:Printer Access Protocol 1088:AppleTalk Echo Protocol 1075:) communication model. 420:AppleTalk over Ethernet 157:Universal Plug and Play 1571:2.1, 2.0 and even 1.1 1186: 1169:electrical termination 686:Legacy and abandonment 617:The capital-I Internet 159:serves similar needs. 1552:Open Transport 2.0.3 1471:Apple Filing Protocol 1316:Apple Filing Protocol 1303:Apple Filing Protocol 1184: 1079:Name Binding Protocol 999:Data Stream Interface 991:Apple Filing Protocol 985:Apple Filing Protocol 785:link-local addressing 761:Name Binding Protocol 690:With the purchase of 482:product, a dedicated 178:local area networking 2376:"AppleTalk Overview" 1772:(14 February 1983). 1722:Server Message Block 885:improve this article 775:(the combination of 595:Power Macintosh 7300 285:Universal Serial Bus 2596:Apple Inc. software 2568:on 16 October 2006. 2094:. 11 December 1989. 1712:Remote File Sharing 1707:Network File System 1662:Windows Server 2008 1650:Windows Server 2003 1539:Open Transport 1.3 829:Contrast this with 659:and its offspring, 627:Stanford University 540:allowing it to use 291:AppleBus networking 114:local area networks 110:Macintosh computers 34: 2521:. Addison-Wesley. 2286:Cheshire, Stuart. 1886:. p. 1-1. 1815:Creative Computing 1467:AppleTalk version 1444:. You can help by 1232:modular connectors 1187: 661:Netscape Navigator 607:Power Macintosh G3 523:AppleTalk Phase II 136:, and a number of 97:is a discontinued 2606:Network protocols 2387:. 2 February 2010 2201:Calore, Michael. 1949:. pp. 45–46. 1916:on 22 April 2012. 1648:and ending after 1610: 1609: 1585:2.2, 3.0 and 3.1 1462: 1461: 1422: 1421: 937:AARP probe packet 917: 916: 909: 494:with an external 357:electrical ground 92: 91: 16:(Redirected from 2613: 2569: 2564:. Archived from 2552: 2539: 2537: 2520: 2499: 2498: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2443: 2437: 2436:, p. 12-19. 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2380: 2372: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2326: 2324:10.17487/RFC6762 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2262: 2256: 2253:Oppenheimer 2004 2250: 2244: 2241:Oppenheimer 2004 2238: 2232: 2229:Oppenheimer 2004 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2198: 2192: 2189:Oppenheimer 2004 2186: 2180: 2177:Oppenheimer 2004 2174: 2165: 2162:Oppenheimer 2004 2159: 2153: 2152: 2138: 2132: 2129:Oppenheimer 2004 2126: 2120: 2117:Oppenheimer 2004 2114: 2108: 2105:Oppenheimer 2004 2102: 2096: 2095: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2040: 2034: 2031:Oppenheimer 2004 2028: 2022: 2021: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1993: 1987: 1984:Oppenheimer 2004 1981: 1975: 1972:Oppenheimer 2004 1969: 1963: 1960:Oppenheimer 2004 1957: 1951: 1950: 1936: 1930: 1927:Oppenheimer 2004 1924: 1918: 1917: 1906: 1900: 1897:Oppenheimer 2004 1894: 1888: 1887: 1874: 1868: 1865:Oppenheimer 2004 1862: 1856: 1850: 1837: 1836:, p. xxiii. 1831: 1820: 1819: 1802: 1796: 1793:Oppenheimer 2004 1790: 1784: 1783: 1766: 1745: 1738: 1562:Mac OS X 10.0.3 1464: 1457: 1454: 1436: 1429: 1286: 1282:Networking model 1161: 1152: 912: 905: 901: 898: 892: 869: 861: 847:Active Directory 538:operating system 509:and Microsoft's 346:networking stack 306:Macintosh Office 77: 75: 70: 49: 35: 21: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2586: 2585: 2577: 2572: 2555: 2542: 2535: 2529: 2518: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2288:"Multicast DNS" 2285: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2014: 2013: 2009: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1840: 1832: 1823: 1808:(August 1983). 1804: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1697: 1615: 1475:Corresponds to 1458: 1452: 1449: 1442:needs expansion 1427: 1414: 1409: 1408:Ethernet driver 1407: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1358: 1352: 1347: 1335: 1333: 1284: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1154: 1153: 1142: 1129: 1120: 1099: 1090: 1081: 1064: 1044:acknowledgement 1028: 1011: 987: 951: 922: 913: 902: 896: 893: 882: 870: 859: 803: 734: 688: 635:Apple released 619: 591:PowerBook 3400c 587:Power Macintosh 519: 439: 422: 381: 330: 293: 277:expansion slots 248: 170: 165: 73: 71: 68: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2619: 2617: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2575:External links 2573: 2571: 2570: 2553: 2540: 2527: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2479: 2459: 2438: 2426: 2398: 2356: 2344: 2300: 2278: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2193: 2181: 2166: 2154: 2133: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2077: 2056: 2035: 2023: 2007: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1952: 1931: 1919: 1901: 1889: 1869: 1857: 1838: 1821: 1818:. p. 188. 1797: 1785: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1696: 1693: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1603:Mac OS X v10.4 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1589:Mac OS X v10.3 1586: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1575:Mac OS X v10.2 1572: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1460: 1459: 1439: 1437: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1225:, acquired by 1195:that used the 1166: 1165: 1156: 1155: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1128: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1063: 1060: 1027: 1024: 1010: 1007: 986: 983: 982: 981: 977: 962: 950: 947: 921: 918: 915: 914: 873: 871: 864: 858: 855: 802: 799: 733: 730: 705:Mac OS X v10.6 703:macOS line in 700:laser printers 687: 684: 672:Open Transport 641:Classic Mac OS 618: 615: 518: 515: 507:Novell NetWare 438: 435: 421: 418: 380: 377: 329: 326: 292: 289: 247: 244: 189:protocol stack 169: 166: 164: 161: 149:Mac OS X v10.6 130:laser printers 106:Apple Computer 90: 89: 83: 79: 78: 65: 61: 60: 58:Apple Computer 55: 51: 50: 42: 41: 39:Protocol stack 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2618: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2562:MacWorld Expo 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2530: 2528:0-201-55021-0 2524: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2497:. p. 12. 2496: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2454: 2453:Network World 2449: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2399: 2386: 2385: 2377: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2333: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2314:Multicast DNS 2310: 2304: 2301: 2289: 2282: 2279: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2155: 2151:. p. 17. 2150: 2149: 2148:Network World 2144: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2057: 2053:. p. 27. 2052: 2051: 2050:Network World 2046: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1855:, p. 45. 1854: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1782:. p. 14. 1781: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1770:Markoff, John 1765: 1762: 1756: 1751: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1666:Windows Vista 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1536:Mac OS 7.6.1 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1512:System 7.1.2 1511: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1456: 1447: 1443: 1440:This section 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1424: 1417: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1183: 1174: 1170: 1160: 1151: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1126: 1124: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1096: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 984: 978: 975: 971: 967: 963: 960: 959: 958: 956: 948: 946: 943: 938: 933: 931: 927: 919: 911: 908: 900: 890: 886: 880: 879: 874:This section 872: 868: 863: 862: 856: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839:CNAME records 836: 832: 827: 824: 819: 817: 812: 809: 800: 798: 796: 795: 788: 786: 782: 781:Multicast DNS 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 731: 729: 726: 724: 723: 718: 714: 708: 706: 701: 697: 693: 685: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 628: 624: 616: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 568: 563: 559: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 536: 532: 526: 524: 516: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 476: 472: 470: 466: 465: 460: 456: 452: 451:control panel 448: 444: 443:EtherTalk 1.0 436: 434: 432: 428: 419: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 397: 394: 390: 386: 378: 376: 374: 368: 366: 360: 358: 354: 349: 347: 341: 339: 335: 327: 325: 323: 319: 313: 309: 307: 303: 298: 290: 288: 286: 282: 278: 273: 268: 266: 261: 257: 253: 245: 243: 241: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 204: 202: 198: 194: 193:coaxial cable 190: 187: 183: 179: 175: 167: 162: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 115: 111: 107: 104:developed by 103: 100: 96: 87: 84: 80: 66: 62: 59: 56: 52: 48: 43: 40: 36: 30: 19: 2566:the original 2561: 2548: 2514: 2505:Bibliography 2492: 2482: 2471: 2462: 2456:. p. 4. 2451: 2441: 2429: 2417:. Retrieved 2411: 2401: 2389:. Retrieved 2382: 2347: 2335:. Retrieved 2313: 2303: 2291:. Retrieved 2281: 2269:. Retrieved 2260: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212:. Retrieved 2206: 2196: 2184: 2157: 2146: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2089: 2080: 2069: 2059: 2048: 2038: 2026: 2016: 2010: 2001: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1955: 1944: 1934: 1922: 1914:the original 1904: 1892: 1878: 1872: 1860: 1853:Bartimo 1984 1813: 1800: 1788: 1777: 1764: 1742:in the video 1736: 1674: 1639: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1500:System 7.12 1450: 1446:adding to it 1441: 1311:Presentation 1263: 1259: 1253: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1216: 1214: 1199:'s built-in 1190: 1188: 1132: 1130: 1121: 1112: 1108:flow control 1100: 1091: 1082: 1065: 1054: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1019: 1015: 1012: 988: 974:dual simplex 965: 952: 936: 934: 923: 903: 894: 883:Please help 878:verification 875: 838: 830: 828: 822: 820: 815: 813: 804: 792: 789: 769:Banyan VINES 764: 760: 756: 752: 750: 735: 727: 720: 709: 689: 665: 653: 620: 611:PowerBook G3 580: 565: 557: 554: 542:LaserWriters 527: 522: 520: 477: 473: 468: 462: 447:Macintosh II 442: 440: 423: 413: 405: 398: 382: 369: 364: 361: 350: 342: 337: 333: 331: 314: 310: 294: 280: 269: 249: 236: 227: 205: 181: 171: 143:The rise of 142: 134:file servers 119: 94: 93: 64:Introduction 54:Developer(s) 29: 2309:Cheshire, S 2271:2 September 2255:, Slide 54. 2243:, Slide 51. 2231:, Slide 46. 2191:, Slide 43. 2179:, Slide 36. 2164:, Slide 34. 2131:, Slide 32. 2119:, Slide 30. 2107:, Slide 31. 2033:, Slide 28. 1986:, Slide 17. 1974:, Slide 19. 1962:, Slide 15. 1929:, Slide 10. 1658:ExtremeZ-IP 1549:Mac OS 8.6 1524:System 7.5 1488:System 7.0 1298:Application 1238:as well as 970:full-duplex 851:SRV records 657:NCSA Mosaic 558:FriendlyNet 484:file server 393:phone jacks 302:file server 297:LaserWriter 272:Peripherals 260:serial port 258:to provide 99:proprietary 2590:Categories 2214:14 October 1899:, Slide 9. 1867:, Slide 6. 1806:Ahl, David 1795:, Slide 3. 1752:References 1670:HELIOS UB2 1654:GroupLogic 1646:Windows NT 1411:Token Ring 1289:OSI Model 1256:Token Ring 1103:PostScript 1051:idempotent 995:AppleShare 968:, ADSP is 926:link layer 897:March 2023 801:Addressing 773:Rendezvous 576:Quadra 900 572:Quadra 700 552:products. 499:hard drive 480:AppleShare 252:Zilog 8530 232:Steve Jobs 212:Token Ring 174:Apple Lisa 126:Apple IIGS 108:for their 2549:InfoWorld 2494:InfoWorld 2473:InfoWorld 2337:5 October 2293:5 October 2091:InfoWorld 1946:InfoWorld 1779:InfoWorld 1757:Citations 1453:June 2008 1404:LocalTalk 1379:Data link 1342:Transport 1264:TokenTalk 1260:EtherTalk 1209:LocalTalk 1197:Macintosh 1192:LocalTalk 1020:attention 857:Protocols 831:A records 746:Xerox XNS 738:OSI model 707:in 2009. 682:efforts. 469:TokenTalk 464:LocalTalk 414:DaynaTalk 406:FlashTalk 365:LocalTalk 334:AppleTalk 322:Apple III 186:Xerox XNS 95:AppleTalk 86:LocalTalk 33:AppleTalk 18:Appletalk 2533:Archived 2419:21 March 2413:Macworld 2391:21 March 1701:Netatalk 1695:See also 1635:Netatalk 1425:Versions 1399:Physical 1227:Motorola 1218:PhoneNET 1068:datagram 1040:response 1016:commands 849:use DNS 843:Kerberos 696:Mac OS X 583:10BASE-T 492:Mac Plus 389:PhoneNET 318:Apple II 281:AppleBus 246:AppleBus 228:de facto 208:Ethernet 201:Apple II 197:Ethernet 182:AppleNet 168:AppleNet 155:, while 132:), some 88:, others 82:Hardware 2071:MacWEEK 1642:Windows 1544:60.0a6 1519:58.1.3 1507:58.1.1 1495:57.0.4 1418:driver 1365:Network 1324:Session 1244:passive 1223:Netopia 1055:release 1036:request 1034:An ATP 833:in the 823:service 794:Chooser 722:Bonjour 713:AirPort 680:Copland 676:STREAMS 668:PowerPC 373:Chooser 163:History 153:Bonjour 138:routers 72: ( 2525: 1677:Ultrix 1478:Notes 1413:driver 1406:driver 1318:(AFP) 1305:(AFP) 1272:DECnet 1268:TCP/IP 1248:active 1201:RS-422 1173:switch 972:, not 783:, and 732:Design 637:MacTCP 623:TCP/IP 531:IBM PC 511:MS-Net 353:RS-422 265:Bisync 220:ARCNET 218:, and 216:Econet 145:TCP/IP 122:IBM PC 2551:: 45. 2536:(PDF) 2519:(PDF) 2384:Cisco 2379:(PDF) 2208:Wired 1884:Zilog 1728:Notes 1717:Samba 1681:SunOS 1631:Linux 1531:60.3 1351:(AEP) 942:NVRAM 816:names 632:MacIP 459:Nubus 431:Hayes 402:clock 2523:ISBN 2421:2023 2393:2023 2339:2022 2332:6762 2295:2022 2273:2009 2216:2017 1689:IRIX 1687:and 1664:and 1640:The 1629:and 1625:The 1599:3.2 1559:3.0 1416:FDDI 1391:FDDI 1274:and 1262:and 1236:star 1133:zone 989:The 966:i.e. 845:and 757:AARP 692:NeXT 647:and 645:SNMP 609:and 603:9600 599:8600 574:and 567:AAUI 550:MacX 548:and 546:X.25 535:A/UX 496:SCSI 455:3Com 410:TOPS 385:BMUG 320:and 256:UART 74:1985 67:1985 2329:RFC 2319:doi 1685:BSD 1627:BSD 1483:56 1448:. 1371:DDP 1355:NBP 1330:ZIP 1276:IPX 1240:bus 1205:bus 1073:OSI 1003:HFS 955:TCP 930:ARP 887:by 835:DNS 765:NBP 742:LAN 649:PPP 581:As 488:RAM 240:IBM 2592:: 2560:. 2547:. 2531:. 2491:. 2470:. 2450:. 2410:. 2381:. 2359:^ 2327:. 2317:. 2205:. 2169:^ 2145:. 2088:. 2068:. 2047:. 2000:. 1943:. 1882:. 1841:^ 1824:^ 1812:. 1776:. 1683:, 1679:, 1393:) 1373:) 1278:. 976:). 779:, 725:. 651:. 613:. 287:. 267:. 214:, 210:, 203:. 140:. 2423:. 2395:. 2354:. 2341:. 2321:: 2297:. 2275:. 2218:. 2074:. 2020:. 2004:. 1744:. 1455:) 1451:( 1357:) 1332:) 1071:( 910:) 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