422:, meaning that a horse with only one copy is visibly different from a horse with two copies of the gene. A single copy of the cream gene dilutes red pigment in the coat to gold or yellow, and has a slight effect on the skin and eye color. The black pigment is lightened little, if at all. Two copies of the cream gene dilute both red and black pigments in the hair to cream or ivory, dilute the skin to a rosy-pink and the eyes to pale blue. The cream gene and champagne gene have an additive or enhancing interaction. Horses with the champagne gene and a single cream gene typically have lighter yellowish or blue eyes and paler, more faintly freckled skin.
645:: All three of these genetically distinct coat colors feature a lighter bronze or tan coat with darker points. As adults, the pinkish freckled skin and hazel eyes indicate amber champagne, while gray or black skin and light or dark brown eyes indicate buckskin or bay dun. Duns do not exhibit unusually colored skin, though buckskins, like palominos, may be born with blue eyes that darken within days or weeks. In the adult, the points of a buckskin or bay dun will be black, not chocolate as in the amber champagne. Bay dun horses also exhibit
497:
stripe and zebra-like stripes on the legs. Naming schemes are much the same as with champagne-cream combinations. Champagne-dun combinations retain their champagne eye and skin traits. The coats are distinguishable from non-champagne duns in that they are several shades lighter, black pigment is chocolate rather than slate, and they may exhibit a sheen. The coats are distinguishable from non-dun champagnes in the presence of primitive markings and a flatter tone.
726:(cremello, perlino, etc.). Blue-eyed creams, as their name suggests, have blue eyes from birth through adulthood and also have pink skin. Typically their blue eyes are quite pale, and are easy to distinguish from the sky blue eyes of champagne foals and the hazel eyes of adult champagnes. Their skin may have a scant few black flecks, but the abundant freckles of champagne skin are absent. The respective shades of pink skin and blue eyes are slightly different.
20:
575:, champagne produces very unusual coat behavior. Typically, gray horses are born a dark shade of their natural color, and begin to develop gray hairs around the eyes and muzzle. With each shed, the coat becomes lighter and lighter. Many older grays develop the "fleabitten" trait, in which small, interspersed flecks of red occur and often increase in density with age, even as the rest of the coat loses pigment. A few grays will also develop
618:: The most common confusion, as both of these genetically distinct coat colors feature a gold or yellow coat and ivory or cream mane and tail. As adults, the pinkish freckled skin and hazel eyes indicate gold champagne, while gray or black skin and light or dark brown eyes indicate palomino. At birth, palominos may have pink skin and blue or grey eyes, however these darken within days or weeks. Occasionally,
49:. The most distinctive traits of horses with the champagne gene are the hazel eyes and pinkish, freckled skin, which are bright blue and bright pink at birth, respectively. The coat color is also affected: any hairs that would have been red are gold, and any hairs that would have been black are chocolate brown. If a horse inherits the champagne gene from either or both parents, a coat that would otherwise be
875:
730:
2189:
traces for the partial coding sequence of SLC36A1 exon 2 with part of the flanking intronic regions for one non-champagne horse and one champagne horse were deposited in GenBank with the following accession numbers respectively: EU432176 and EU432177. This single base change at c.188 was predicted to cause a transition from a threonine to arginine at amino acid 63 of the protein (T63R)
160:
350:
780:
168:
176:
661:
2351:
2188:
Only one SNP was found, a missense mutation involving a single nucleotide change from a C to a G at base 76 of exon 2 (c.188C>G) (Figure 5). These SLC36A1 alleles were designated c.188, where c.188 designates the base pair location of the SNP from the first base of SLC36A1 cDNA, exon 1. Sequencing
539:
in horses does not affect the eyes, skin, or red pigment. Chestnuts are unaffected, but in bay, seal brown, and black horses, the black pigment is diluted to a chocolate or silver. The mane and tail are most commonly affected. Champagne horses with the silver gene will retain their champagne skin and
496:
horse coat color. Dun does not affect skin or eye color, but dilutes red pigment to yellow and black pigment to slate gray. Champagne horses with the dun gene will have slightly further-diluted coats compared to non-dun champagnes, and will always exhibit striking primitive markings, such as a dorsal
398:
The presence of other coat color modifying alleles has no effect on whether or not a horse has the champagne trait. However, different traits may interact; they may suppress, enhance, obscure or cancel out various tell-tale clues to the genetic identity of a coat color. Coat colors involving multiple
332:
Apart from the unique shades, there are several qualities of the champagne coat that may be used to help identify them. Champagne coats often have an unusual sheen. This sheen makes champagnes difficult to photograph accurately, as the appearance of the coat depends on the lighting. Not all champagne
1501:
2008. "champagne foals are born with blue eyes, which change color to amber, green, or light brown and pink "pumpkin skin" which acquires a darker mottled complexion around the eyes, muzzle, and genitalia as the animal matures. Foals with one copy of CR also have pink skin at birth but their skin is
775:
produces a diluted apricot to buff color, pale eyes and pale skin. Heterozygous pearls (one copy of the gene) often exhibit dark skin with some pinkish freckles, while homozygous pearls (two copies of the gene) have champagne-like skin. The freckles on homozygous pearls and pearl-creams are pale and
370:
and pearl-cream combinations also exhibit some freckling of the skin, however this is muted in comparison to the freckles of champagne skin. The skin may exhibit an overall lavender tone. The color qualities of the skin are most evident around the eyes and muzzle, under the tail, and on the udder or
760:
around the eye but generally the eye itself is dark brown. These mottles are alternations between unpigmented pink skin and pigmented skin, which is usually black (thus the mottles are black on a pink background). The mottles are substantially larger than the freckles of champagne skin, and leopard
567:
exhibit starkly mottled skin around the muzzle, eyes, anus and sheath or udder. Most commonly, the mottling is blocky patches of normal, black skin and unpigmented pink. When a horse has both the leopard gene and the champagne gene, the champagne-associated skin is present only where the skin would
479:
is a coat of any color affected by champagne and both copies of the cream gene. Unlike the coat colors associated with only a single cream gene, double cream champagnes (respectively prefixed with "gold," "amber," etc.) retain no obvious champagne traits. Their skin is clear pink without freckling,
2216:
2008. "...the gene responsible for the cream dilution phenotypes in horses, SLC45A2 (MATP), belongs to a similar solute carrier family. In humans, variants in SLC45A2 have been associated with skin color variation...SLC24A5 is responsible for the Golden (gol) dilution as mentioned in the review of
689:
coat, and typically have black or dark points and dove-gray coats. However, Grullos, in absence of any other dilution factors, are not born with pink skin and blue eyes, while champagnes always have these traits. As adults, grullos will retain their dark brown eyes and black skin, while champagnes
579:
in which the skin also progressively loses pigment. When a horse carries both gray and champagne, additional traits occur: Gray-champagnes are born with darker coats than the usual champagne foal, but still exhibiting the expected bright blue eyes and pink skin. The freckling that develops on the
547:
refers to an otherwise-bay coat affected by both the champagne gene and silver gene. The interaction of these two genes - one diluting black to warm chocolate and red to gold, and the other diluting black further to silver - creates an unexpected phenotype. The more closely resembles colors in the
357:
The color of the skin is the single most important visual identifier of champagne horses: in the adult horse, the skin is "pink with abundant dark freckles, except under white markings." The freckles - not mottles, splotches, specks, or blotches - are dark and may have a purple cast, and are small
622:
are also born with blue eyes and pink skin, and as gold champagnes often have chestnut-colored foal coats, the two can be difficult to distinguish. Again, the skin and eyes of the chestnut will darken quickly. In all cases, pedigrees can provide important information. Palominos will have a parent
451:
coat affected by the champagne gene and a single copy of the cream gene. The mane and tail of a typical amber cream are a warm yellowish-brown and are often frosted. The legs may also be a light chocolate brown, but need not be. The body coat is a shade of ivory, usually darker than a gold cream.
1487:
2008. "To be characterized as possessing the champagne phenotype, horses exhibited a diminished intensity of color (dilution) in black or brown hair pigment and met at least two of the three following criteria: 1) mottled skin around eyes, muzzle and/or genitalia, 2) amber, green, or light brown
861:
horse breed, "Old Granny", was born around 1905 in Iowa. Her cream-colored coat, pink skin and amber eyes are defining standards for the breed of her descendants, which are now known to be gold champagne. The superficial similarities between gold champagne and palomino, and amber champagne and
580:
skin is also exceptionally dark and dense. Gray-champagnes appear more likely to experience vitiligo. The most unexpected quality of gray-champagnes is the intensity of the fleabitten trait. Flecks of champagne-colored hair are thickly interspersed in the unpigmented white hairs.
320:
coat. The coat is gold, and the mane and tail are typically ivory. In some cases, the mane and tail may be self-colored, matching the body coat. These gold champagnes are sometimes called "dark gold" and may be an all-over apricot shade. Dark gold champagnes can be confused with
385:
In the past, some breeders and horse owners had concerns that horses with light-colored skin and eyes were not healthy. However, the lightening of these parts of the horse due to the champagne gene is not known to be linked to any health or genetic defects. While horses with
302:. Just as there are varying shades of bay, the gold body coat may vary in shade as well. The legs are often lighter than the mane and tail, and the colored points may be difficult to see. The mane and tail may also have "frosting" or light edges, a trait that also occurs in
870:
named "Champagne Lady Diane" born in 1969. A classic champagne, Champagne Lady Diane was described as "a genetic color accident" after her hairs were sent to several universities, although current evidence suggests that the champagne gene predates
Champagne Lady Diane.
508:. The mane and tail may be ivory or self-colored; the body coat ranges from a warm cream to apricot color with primitive markings a shade darker. The coat is substantially paler and more "yellow" than that of a chestnut dun, and flatter than that of a gold champagne.
342:
694:, and their coats are typically a cooler, slate shade, while classic and sable champagnes are chocolate-toned. The points and primitive markings on the grullo are black, while the points on classic and sable champagnes are brown. Grullos will have
554:
refers to an otherwise-black coat affected by both the champagne gene and silver gene. The darkest examples resemble classic champagnes with a silvery mane and tail. The palest are a very pale pewter. Some have warm chocolate tones, others do
852:
Horse
Breeders Association (PHBA), which registers "palomino" horses based on appearance, includes allowances for freckle-skinned and hazel-eyed palominos. Furthermore, while the registry typically disallows horses with pink skin, it allows
333:
horses have this sheen, and there are many extremely shiny non-champagne horses, so a "sheen" in and of itself does not indicate the champagne gene. The coat may also exhibit reverse dappling, though this is also an unreliable indicator.
261:
coat. The body coat is chocolate, the mane and tail a darker shade. The legs may also be slightly darker. The overall effect has also been described as lilac, dark taupe, and even green. This color is most often misclassified as
228:
is lightened to gold. The precise champagne dilute coat color produced depends on the underlying base coat color. The effects of champagne plus additional coat color genes have their own distinct vocabulary and appearances;
514:
refers to an otherwise-bay coat affected by both the champagne gene and dun gene. The mane and tail and primitive markings are warm chocolate brown with a buff tan-colored body. The legs may, or may not, be dark as
248:. However the 2008 study that mapped the gene and identified it as a dominant trait noted in passing that homozygotes may have less mottling or a slightly lighter hair color. The authors of this study noted that
1076:
homozygotes (homozygous champagnes) have no wildtype non-champagne alleles. Such horses are indistinguishable from heterozygotes, except that their freckles may slightly sparser and the coat slightly lighter.
1538:
Identifying the
Champagne Colored Horse. "The pink skin of a Champagne horse is "pigmented pink" -- not the pigment-free, paler pink color found under all white markings of all horses. It will often tan."
472:
coat affected by champagne and a single copy of the cream gene. Classic cream coats should resemble classic champagne shades, being only slightly lightened by the cream gene. Their coats may have a cooler
2230:
2008. "Since organellular pH affects tyrosine processing and sorting , an amino acid substitution in this protein may affect pH of the early stage melanosome and the ability to process tyrosine properly."
462:
coat affected by champagne and a single copy of the cream gene. Sable creams may more closely resemble amber cream or classic cream. Most are several shades darker, with a cooler hue, than amber creams.
862:
buckskin, may account for the relatively recent identification of champagne as a separate trait. Gold champagnes were sometimes called "pumpkin-skinned palomino." Classic champagnes, which lack the
531:
refers to an otherwise-black coat affected by both the champagne gene and dun gene. The coat possesses more cool slate-gray tones than a classic champagne, while the points are warmer than a grulla.
882:
It was not until many years after the name "champagne" was ascribed to
Champagne Lady Diane that the term appeared in scientific literature. It was first studied and described by Sponenberg and
588:
Many coat color modifying genes affect the skin and eyes as well as the coat color. Several of these may be confused with champagne. Today, when the visible cues are insufficient, horses can be
792:
Compared to the cream gene, which is widespread throughout many breeds on different continents, the champagne gene is rare and found almost exclusively among
American horse breeds. Nearly all
378:, the eyes are bright blue to blue-green and the skin is bright pink. The champagne blue foal eye is creamier than other types of blue eye such as the bright, unpigmented blue seen on some
1070:
non-champagne allele. The skin is bright pink and the eyes bright blue at birth, darkening to freckled and hazel with age, respectively. Both red and black pigment in the hair are diluted.
649:, especially a dorsal stripe, though amber duns will also possess these marks. The eyes and skin remain the best identifying feature. Buckskins, like palominos, will a parent that is
390:
may sunburn on exposed unpigmented skin, the freckled-pink skin of a champagne horse is said to tan instead. In addition, the color of the hoof has no bearing on its strength.
1019:
in pigmentation and how the champagne coat colors are created on a molecular level is not known. The researchers who identified the mutation in 2008 suggested that
521:
refers to an otherwise-seal brown coat affected by both the champagne gene and dun gene. The points are chocolate-colored and the coat is darker than the amber dun.
1574:
For the remainder of the hooves included in this study, colour did not appear to have a strong effect on the resistance to nail extraction and hence shoe fixation
2292:
1011:. In other words, the skin, eyes, and hair of horses with the champagne mutation do not lack melanocytes, melanosomes, or melanins, but rather exhibit
213:
for the gene, the offspring will not always inherit the color. Horses with the champagne gene may also carry other coat color genes that affect their
866:
of true duns, were similarly called "lilac duns." The mare that brought the champagne coat color family to the attention of modern researchers was a
353:
At birth, champagne horses have bright blue eyes and bright pink skin, as the horse matures the eyes darken to hazel and the skin becomes freckled.
198:
886:
in 1996. They studied the ratio of champagne-to-non-champagne offspring of champagne horses, and designated the causal mutation as the dominant
540:
eye traits, but the black pigment will be further diluted. Silvers vary tremendously in shade and so defining a "typical" example is difficult.
708:: Some gold champagnes have darker bodies and self-colored manes and tails. These horses may resemble red duns, however red duns have distinct
151:. The Source of this Gen is found in very old pony horses of Tibet Plateau e.g. Yushu Horse, Debao Pony and others, perfect for hypomelanism.
2200:
Online
Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM (TM). Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. MIM Number: 606561: 4/22/2004: World Wide Web URL:
1548:
Runicman, RJ; JJ Thomason; G Springett; S Bullock; W Sears (November 2004). "Horseshoe
Fixation versus Hoof Colour, a Comparative Study".
441:. The mane, tail, and coat of gold creams are typically ivory and difficult to distinguish from cremello, other than by the skin and eyes.
1962:
685:: Classic and sable champagnes are difficult to distinguish without a DNA test. Grullos and classic champagnes are both dilutions of the
120:. Horses affected by these genes can sometimes be confused with champagnes, but champagnes are genetically distinct. Champagnes are not
1430:
712:
and do not possess pinkish freckled skin or hazel eyes as adults, nor the bright pink skin and bright blue eyes of champagne foals.
1880:
2285:
1823:
257:
is, as its name suggests, the coat color most associated with the champagne gene. It is produced by the action of champagne on a
2028:
Prior to this the champagne gene was often misidentified. Many champagnes were mistakenly called "pumpkin-skinned palominos"...
1256:
1724:
65:
to classic champagne. A horse must have at least one champagne parent to inherit the champagne gene, for which there is now a
1313:
922:
813:
559:
The champagne gene, in combination with some white patterning genes, can also produce unexpected phenotypes. Horses with the
1392:
1667:
1586:
2278:
548:
red family, mostly deprived of black pigment. The mane and tail may be self-colored, and the coat is buttery and pale.
857:
with skin of any color to be registered. The PHBA was incorporated in 1941. Further back, the foundation mare of the
945:
is not associated with pigmentation phenotypes in other species, and its role in most tissues is poorly understood.
362:
is large and blocky alternations between true black or charcoal-colored skin and pigmentless-pink skin. The skin of
2821:
2802:
2771:
2761:
2736:
1117:
848:. It is widespread among American horses, and has likely been present in the genepool for more than a century. The
188:
2243:
2008. "The homozygote may differ by having less mottling or a slightly lighter hair color than the heterozygote."
480:
and the eyes are pale blue. The terms "cremello champagne", "perlino champagne" and so forth are also acceptable.
285:
1987:
1855:
399:
genes often have an unexpected appearance and unique terminology. This type of genetic interaction is called
374:
The eyes of an adult champagne horse are most often described as hazel or amber. In the newborn or very young
1912:
2791:
867:
797:
657:. Bay duns will have a parent that is bay dun, red dun, or grullo. Champagnes will have a champagne parent.
452:
Their points are substantially darker than those of a perlino, and they have champagne skin and eye traits.
2710:
821:
419:
241:
194:
2543:
2499:
1937:
996:
958:
954:
81:
878:
This classic champagne
Tennessee Walking Horse illustrates the unusual sheen common to many champagnes.
783:
Most
American Cream Draft horses owe their consistently reproducible coat color to the champagne gene.
1557:
858:
825:
805:
793:
148:
136:
132:, nor does the word champagne indicate that a horse is a shiny or light shade of another coat color.
36:
209:
for a dominant gene, it will always pass the gene on to all of its offspring, while if the horse is
2596:
2403:
854:
801:
345:
The tell-tale identifiers of the champagne gene in an adult horse are hazel eyes and freckled skin.
144:
220:
Horses with the champagne gene have a lightened hair coat and specific eye and skin color traits.
104:. Champagne is not associated with any health defects. Other dilution genes in horses include the
2700:
2473:
2339:
2048:
1127:
863:
709:
691:
665:
646:
601:
536:
489:
459:
299:
273:
117:
58:
276:
coat. It is visually difficult to distinguish from classic champagne, and can be confirmed by a
2309:
2301:
2179:
1966:
1426:
1210:
1112:
926:
46:
2695:
2393:
2169:
2159:
2126:
2116:
1646:
1565:
1200:
1190:
950:
906:
894:
624:
488:
are also well-recorded. The dun gene is responsible for flat, diluted coat colors and vivid
415:
307:
140:
125:
19:
2350:
965:, which is responsible for pigmentation variations of many types in humans, as well as the
135:
This gene and the associated coat colors are only known in
American breeds, especially the
2610:
2322:
2061:
833:
817:
745:
619:
560:
434:
359:
317:
96:
in the skin. Nor does the champagne gene remove all pigment from the skin and hair, as in
85:
50:
1156:
752:
and other breeds. Even when a spotted hair coat is absent, other traits produced include
1569:
1561:
2538:
2509:
2489:
2327:
2174:
2147:
2131:
2104:
1888:
1205:
1178:
883:
387:
2076:
1831:
341:
2815:
2715:
2685:
2670:
2482:
2371:
2148:"Missense Mutation in Exon 2 of SLC36A1 Responsible for Champagne Dilution in Horses"
1179:"Missense Mutation in Exon 2 of SLC36A1 Responsible for Champagne Dilution in Horses"
1102:
984:
809:
686:
469:
258:
101:
77:
62:
24:
1264:
2746:
2645:
2628:
2618:
2548:
2494:
2363:
2261:
2013:
1732:
1514:
1012:
1008:
1000:
874:
733:
Leopard complex has a different mottling pattern from champagne's freckling pattern
729:
572:
325:, while those with paler manes and tails were historically called "pumpkin-skinned
237:
210:
1594:
1321:
2164:
1400:
1195:
2741:
2705:
2521:
2410:
2334:
2317:
1675:
1463:
690:
have pinkish freckled skin and hazel eyes. Grullos, like all duns, will possess
448:
379:
295:
225:
54:
2121:
159:
2690:
2575:
2468:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2380:
1122:
1097:
1020:
1004:
992:
988:
966:
938:
929:. On a protein level, this SNP is predicted to result in the replacement of a
918:
772:
723:
654:
628:
597:
593:
438:
407:
367:
363:
349:
245:
233:
206:
113:
105:
93:
504:
refers to an otherwise-chestnut coat affected by both the champagne gene and
179:
Gold champagne, chestnut base diluted by champagne gene. Note similarity to
2751:
2720:
2624:
1421:
Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). "Champagne: Definition and classification".
930:
829:
779:
749:
564:
400:
221:
214:
167:
89:
2183:
1781:
1214:
995:. On the other hand, genes in horses which produce white spotting, such as
949:
is a member of a loosely united group of over 300 proteins responsible for
175:
660:
2786:
2650:
2591:
2453:
2398:
1231:
1107:
1081:
1067:
1057:
1027:
934:
849:
845:
753:
695:
650:
589:
576:
505:
493:
485:
411:
366:
is pigmented-pink, and exhibit a scant few tiny black specks. Homozygous
326:
322:
303:
277:
180:
121:
109:
97:
66:
16:
Simple dominant allele responsible for a number of rare horse coat colors
2146:
Cook, D; Brooks S; Bellone R; Bailey E (2008). Barsh, Gregory S. (ed.).
1756:
722:: Blue-eyed cream is a collective term for any horse homozygous for the
100:. Instead, the champagne gene produces traits known as hypomelanism, or
2756:
2680:
2675:
2586:
2555:
1624:
1342:
1288:
970:
962:
914:
410:
are the most common combination. The cream gene is responsible for the
73:
1802:
1367:
2560:
2458:
2270:
2201:
1703:
1033:
There are two alleles in this series: the recessive, wildtype allele
757:
673:
263:
251:
The following are considered the most "basic" champagne coat colors:
129:
39:
1991:
925:(SNP) exchanges a C for a G at base 76 (c.188C>G) resulting in a
796:
horses are gold champagne. The champagne gene is also found in the
2766:
2533:
1916:
978:
873:
778:
728:
659:
348:
340:
205:
will show the effects of the gene equally. However, if a horse is
174:
166:
158:
43:
18:
1887:. Champagne Horse Breeders and Owners Association. Archived from
1830:. Champagne Horse Breeders and Owners Association. Archived from
1731:. Champagne Horse Breeders and Owners Association. Archived from
1674:. Champagne Horse Breeders and Owners Association. Archived from
1593:. Champagne Horse Breeders and Owners Association. Archived from
1399:. Champagne Horse Breeders and Owners Association. Archived from
1320:. Champagne Horse Breeders and Owners Association. Archived from
1263:. Champagne Horse Breeders and Owners Association. Archived from
2781:
2776:
1060:
are not affected by champagne and have no true champagne traits.
910:
375:
202:
2274:
2042:
Lilac dun has been used for some of these colors in the past...
2012:
Champagne Horse Breeders and Owners Association (2007-05-26).
1177:
Cook D, Brooks S, Bellone R, Bailey E (2008). Barsh GS (ed.).
1026:
may be affected, which in turn might affect the processing of
2256:
437:
coat affected by the champagne gene and a single copy of the
771:: In the homozygous state, or when combined with cream, the
310:. Amber champagne can be confused with buckskin or bay dun.
1023:
358:
and numerous. By comparison, mottling associated with the
224:
in the coat, if present, is lightened to chocolate, while
991:
affect the nature or density of the pigments produced by
844:
The champagne gene was located in 2008, but is not a new
1990:. American Cream Draft Horse Association. Archived from
1915:. American Cream Draft Horse Association. Archived from
1850:
1848:
163:
Classic champagne, black base diluted by champagne gene.
1502:
slightly darker and becomes black/near black with age."
698:
ancestry and champagnes will have champagne ancestry.
1965:. Palomino Horse Breeders Association. Archived from
418:
and cremello coat colors, and is a dose-dependent or
92:, the champagne gene does not affect the location of
266:, and in the past was sometimes called "lilac dun."
171:
Amber champagne, bay base diluted by champagne gene.
2729:
2663:
2638:
2609:
2569:
2520:
2507:
2481:
2379:
2370:
2358:
2308:
761:complex horses do not necessarily have light eyes.
1513:
1084:for champagne detects the c.188C>G mutation on
664:Duns have dark brown eye, black skin, and exhibit
1066:heterozygotes have one champagne allele, and one
2105:"Champagne, a dominant color dilution of horses"
201:gene. A horse with either one or two champagne
2098:
2096:
1226:
1224:
2286:
1751:
1749:
1488:eyes, or 3) blue eyes and pink skin at birth"
8:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1283:
1281:
484:Horses with both the champagne gene and the
406:Horses with both the champagne gene and the
316:is produced by the action of champagne on a
294:is produced by the action of champagne on a
272:is produced by the action of champagne on a
1425:(2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 46–49.
748:is responsible for the spotted coat of the
631:. Champagnes will have a champagne parent.
183:, but distinguished by mottling around nose
2526:
2517:
2385:
2376:
2293:
2279:
2271:
2217:mouse pigment research by Hoekstra (2006)"
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
2173:
2163:
2130:
2120:
1464:"Identifying the Champagne Colored Horse"
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1204:
1194:
1159:. UC Davis Veterinary Genetics Laboratory
394:Interaction with other coat color factors
1944:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1907:
1905:
1862:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1805:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1784:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1763:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1706:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1649:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1627:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1466:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1374:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1349:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1295:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1238:. International Champagne Horse Registry
1139:
1030:, a critical element of melanogenesis.
961:. Other members of this family include
232:It is difficult to distinguish between
2257:International Champagne Horse Registry
2057:
2046:
1512:Anderson, Michelle (October 1, 2006).
1003:, interrupt or limit the migration of
298:coat. The coat is gold with chocolate
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
23:Champagne coloration is created by a
7:
2014:"The Genetics of Champagne Coloring"
2103:Sponenberg, DT; AT Bowling (1996).
1570:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.08.005
240:champagne, which is different from
2262:"Genetics of Champagne Coloring."
2202:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/
280:negative for the recessive black (
197:trait, based on a mutation in the
57:corresponding to amber champagne,
14:
42:responsible for a number of rare
2349:
1015:. However, the specific role of
53:is instead gold champagne, with
973:, which is responsible for the
492:. Bay dun is thought to be the
1856:"Champagne Foal Skin and Eyes"
1625:"Champagne-Cream Combinations"
923:single nucleotide polymorphism
814:Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse
1:
447:, similarly, is an otherwise-
2165:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000195
2109:Genetics Selection Evolution
1704:"Champagne-Dun Combinations"
1196:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000195
653:, buckskin, smoky black, or
72:Unlike the genes underlying
1045:allele represents the T63R
890:allele on the hypothetical
2838:
2803:Category:Horse coat colors
2772:Endothelin receptor type B
2737:Equine coat color genetics
2122:10.1186/1297-9686-28-5-457
1118:Equine coat color genetics
969:coat color in horses; and
901:Inheritance and expression
189:Equine coat color genetics
186:
2800:
2529:
2419:
2388:
2347:
2115:(5). Elsevier: 457–462.
1647:"Double Cream Champagne"
1556:(3). Elsevier: 377–382.
1157:"Horse Coat Color Tests"
592:for the champagne gene,
61:to sable champagne, and
2792:Melanocortin 1 receptor
1782:"Champagne + Appaloosa"
868:Tennessee Walking Horse
798:Tennessee Walking Horse
433:refers to an otherwise-
94:pigment-producing cells
1550:Biosystems Engineering
987:such as champagne and
879:
822:American Quarter Horse
784:
734:
669:
477:Double cream champagne
364:cremellos and perlinos
354:
346:
337:Skin, eyes, and hooves
244:dilutions such as the
184:
172:
164:
28:
2730:Genetics and breeding
2571:Base color variations
2500:Lethal white syndrome
1885:Champagne Comparisons
1828:Champagne Comparisons
1423:Equine Color Genetics
959:Solute carrier family
955:facilitated diffusion
877:
782:
732:
663:
352:
344:
178:
170:
162:
22:
1963:"Registration Rules"
1881:"Amber vs. Buckskin"
1757:"Champagne + Silver"
859:American Cream Draft
855:American Saddlebreds
826:American Paint Horse
806:Missouri Fox Trotter
794:American Cream Draft
571:In combination with
568:be otherwise black.
217:, or outward color.
149:Missouri Fox Trotter
137:American Cream Draft
1824:"Gold vs. Palomino"
1562:2004BiSyE..89..377R
1257:"Classic Champagne"
1232:"Classic Champagne"
802:American Saddlebred
706:Dark gold champagne
420:incomplete dominant
242:incomplete dominant
145:American Saddlebred
2701:Primitive markings
2302:Equine coat colors
2077:"Champagne Horses"
1803:"Champagne + Gray"
1725:"Champagne Silver"
1128:Silver dapple gene
917:gene, which is on
880:
864:primitive markings
785:
735:
710:primitive markings
692:primitive markings
670:
666:primitive markings
647:primitive markings
627:, smoky black, or
623:that is palomino,
602:Silver dapple gene
537:silver dapple gene
490:primitive markings
355:
347:
185:
173:
165:
118:Silver dapple gene
29:
2822:Horse coat colors
2809:
2808:
2659:
2658:
2605:
2604:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2421:double dilution:
2390:single dilution:
2056:Missing or empty
1645:Carolyn Shepard.
1587:"Champagne Cream"
1343:"Amber Champagne"
1314:"Amber Champagne"
1289:"Sable Champagne"
1113:Equine coat color
1037:and the dominant
927:missense mutation
679:Classic champagne
255:Classic champagne
84:spotting and the
2829:
2696:Point coloration
2639:Roaning patterns
2579:
2527:
2518:
2465:
2407:
2386:
2377:
2353:
2342:
2331:
2310:Base coat colors
2295:
2288:
2281:
2272:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2177:
2167:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2124:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1489:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1460:
1437:
1436:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1393:"Gold Champagne"
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1368:"Gold Champagne"
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1153:
951:active transport
584:Champagne mimics
141:Tennessee Walker
2837:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2796:
2725:
2655:
2634:
2621:
2611:Leopard complex
2601:
2580:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2477:
2456:
2437:
2415:
2402:(also known as
2401:
2366:
2354:
2345:
2337:
2326:(also known as
2325:
2304:
2299:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2158:(9): e1000195.
2145:
2144:
2140:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2055:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1729:Classifications
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1672:Classifications
1668:"Champagne Dun"
1666:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1591:Classifications
1585:
1584:
1580:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1440:
1433:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1397:Classifications
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1318:Classifications
1312:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1261:Classifications
1255:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1189:(9): e1000195.
1176:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1141:
1136:
1094:
903:
842:
834:Miniature horse
818:Spanish Mustang
790:
746:Leopard complex
716:Blue-eyed cream
683:Sable champagne
655:blue-eyed cream
643:Amber champagne
629:blue-eyed cream
586:
431:Ivory champagne
396:
360:Leopard complex
339:
292:Amber champagne
270:Sable champagne
193:Champagne is a
191:
157:
86:Leopard complex
37:simple dominant
17:
12:
11:
5:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Splashed white
2530:
2524:
2522:Pinto patterns
2515:
2510:Horse markings
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Dominant white
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2374:
2372:Dilution genes
2368:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2332:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:online edition
2259:
2252:
2251:External links
2249:
2246:
2245:
2232:
2219:
2205:
2193:
2138:
2092:
2081:Horse Genetics
2075:Glynis Scott.
2067:
2040:. p. 46.
2032:
2004:
1979:
1954:
1929:
1901:
1872:
1860:Identification
1844:
1815:
1794:
1773:
1745:
1716:
1688:
1659:
1637:
1607:
1578:
1540:
1531:
1515:"Blue's Clues"
1504:
1490:
1476:
1438:
1431:
1413:
1384:
1359:
1334:
1305:
1277:
1248:
1220:
1169:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1061:
985:Dilution genes
921:14 (ECA14); a
905:The champagne
902:
899:
841:
838:
789:
786:
616:Gold champagne
585:
582:
557:
556:
552:Classic silver
549:
533:
532:
529:Classic grulla
522:
516:
509:
482:
481:
474:
463:
453:
442:
395:
392:
388:white markings
338:
335:
314:Gold champagne
156:
153:
88:common to the
78:dominant white
33:champagne gene
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2834:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Bend-Or spots
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2474:Silver dapple
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:PLOS Genetics
2149:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
1994:on 2011-02-14
1993:
1989:
1988:"Our History"
1983:
1980:
1969:on 2011-01-03
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1943:
1942:ICHR Studbook
1939:
1933:
1930:
1919:on 2011-02-14
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1891:on 2008-05-09
1890:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1834:on 2008-05-09
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1735:on 2008-05-09
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1678:on 2007-08-13
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1597:on 2007-08-11
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:0-8138-0759-X
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1403:on 2008-07-05
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1324:on 2008-05-09
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1267:on 2008-05-09
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Dilution gene
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
900:
898:
896:
893:
889:
885:
876:
872:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
847:
839:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:Racking horse
807:
803:
799:
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777:
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766:
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755:
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478:
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471:
467:
466:Classic cream
464:
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227:
223:
222:Black pigment
218:
216:
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196:
190:
182:
177:
169:
161:
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79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
38:
34:
26:
25:dilution gene
21:
2787:STX17 (Gray)
2747:Horse genome
2629:Knabstrupper
2622:
2619:Varnish roan
2513:and patterns
2495:Sabino-white
2460:
2459:Blue dun or
2448:
2263:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2213:
2208:
2196:
2187:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2112:
2108:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:
2070:
2058:|title=
2041:
2035:
2027:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:
2007:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:the original
1982:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1957:
1946:. Retrieved
1941:
1932:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1893:. Retrieved
1889:the original
1884:
1875:
1864:. Retrieved
1859:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1827:
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1797:
1786:. Retrieved
1776:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:Combinations
1760:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:the original
1728:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1680:. Retrieved
1676:the original
1671:
1662:
1651:. Retrieved
1640:
1629:. Retrieved
1599:. Retrieved
1595:the original
1590:
1581:
1573:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1534:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:
1507:
1498:
1493:
1484:
1479:
1468:. Retrieved
1422:
1416:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:the original
1396:
1387:
1376:. Retrieved
1371:
1362:
1351:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:the original
1317:
1308:
1297:. Retrieved
1292:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:the original
1260:
1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1235:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1161:. Retrieved
1085:
1079:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1016:
1013:hypomelanism
1009:neural crest
983:
977:dilution in
974:
946:
942:
904:
891:
887:
881:
843:
791:
768:
764:
763:
756:and a white
754:mottled skin
741:
737:
736:
719:
715:
714:
705:
701:
700:
682:
678:
672:
671:
642:
638:
634:
633:
615:
611:
607:
606:
587:
570:
561:leopard gene
558:
551:
545:Amber silver
544:
534:
528:
524:
518:
511:
501:
483:
476:
465:
455:
444:
430:
426:
405:
397:
384:
380:pinto horses
373:
356:
331:
313:
312:
291:
290:
284:) allele at
281:
269:
268:
254:
253:
250:
238:heterozygous
231:
219:
211:heterozygous
192:
134:
71:
32:
30:
2742:Color breed
2597:Tricoloured
2574:(primarily
2434:Smoky cream
2411:Smoky black
1058:homozygotes
1005:melanocytes
993:melanocytes
957:called the
941:63 (T63R).
525:Classic dun
456:Sable cream
445:Amber cream
226:red pigment
155:Coat colors
82:frame overo
47:coat colors
2576:UK English
2457:(see also
2404:Isabelline
2340:Seal brown
2086:2009-06-04
2023:2009-06-04
1998:2010-10-24
1973:2010-12-25
1948:2010-12-25
1938:"No. 1-50"
1923:2009-06-03
1895:2009-06-09
1866:2009-06-09
1838:2009-06-09
1809:2009-06-06
1788:2009-06-06
1767:2009-06-06
1739:2009-06-06
1710:2009-06-04
1682:2009-06-06
1653:2010-12-25
1631:2009-06-04
1601:2009-06-06
1525:2010-10-25
1470:2009-06-03
1407:2009-06-08
1378:2009-06-08
1353:2009-06-08
1328:2009-06-08
1299:2009-06-08
1271:2009-06-08
1242:2009-06-08
1183:PLOS Genet
1163:2009-06-04
1134:References
1123:Pearl gene
1098:Cream gene
1056:recessive
1049:mutation.
1021:melanosome
939:amino acid
919:chromosome
788:Prevalence
773:Pearl gene
724:Cream gene
598:Pearl gene
594:Cream gene
590:DNA tested
565:Appaloosas
460:seal brown
439:cream gene
427:Gold cream
408:cream gene
274:seal brown
246:cream gene
234:homozygous
207:homozygous
187:See also:
114:Pearl gene
106:Cream gene
59:seal brown
2721:Tiger eye
2625:Appaloosa
2623:See also
2449:Champagne
2338:included
2264:The Horse
2049:cite book
2018:The Horse
1520:The Horse
1007:from the
931:threonine
913:2 of the
892:Champagne
830:Appaloosa
769:Champagne
750:Appaloosa
742:Champagne
720:Champagne
620:chestnuts
519:Sable dun
512:Amber dun
401:epistasis
327:palominos
308:buckskins
306:and some
215:phenotype
126:buckskins
122:palominos
90:Appaloosa
2816:Category
2767:KIT gene
2752:Wildtype
2716:Mushroom
2651:Rabicano
2592:Skewbald
2424:Cremello
2399:Palomino
2394:Buckskin
2323:Chestnut
2184:18802473
1215:18802473
1108:Dun gene
1092:See also
1082:DNA test
1068:wildtype
1028:tyrosine
935:arginine
850:Palomino
846:mutation
836:breeds.
651:palomino
635:Buckskin
625:buckskin
612:Chestnut
608:Palomino
577:vitiligo
506:dun gene
502:Gold dun
494:wildtype
486:dun gene
435:chestnut
416:buckskin
412:palomino
371:sheath.
318:chestnut
304:bay duns
278:DNA test
195:dominant
181:palomino
110:Dun gene
102:dilution
98:albinism
67:DNA test
51:chestnut
2757:Melanin
2691:Pangaré
2681:Cropout
2676:Brindle
2587:Piebald
2556:Tobiano
2429:Perlino
2175:2535566
2132:2708306
1558:Bibcode
1206:2535566
1086:SLC36A1
1047:SLC36A1
1017:SLC36A1
1001:Sabino1
971:SLC24A5
963:SLC45A2
947:SLC36A1
943:SLC36A1
915:SLC36A1
884:Bowling
840:History
776:muted.
738:Leopard
702:Red dun
639:Bay dun
323:red dun
199:SLC36A1
130:grullos
74:tobiano
2762:Agouti
2711:Flaxen
2561:Tovero
2549:Sabino
2461:Grullo
2328:Sorrel
2182:
2172:
2129:
1913:"Home"
1499:et al.
1485:et al.
1429:
1372:Colors
1347:Colors
1293:Colors
1236:Colors
1213:
1203:
1041:. The
975:Golden
909:is on
758:sclera
744:: The
674:Grullo
600:, and
368:pearls
300:points
286:Agouti
264:grullo
40:allele
2706:Sooty
2686:Liver
2664:Other
2544:Frame
2534:Overo
2483:White
2469:Pearl
2381:Cream
2318:Black
2241:et al
2239:Cook
2228:et al
2226:Cook
2214:et al
2212:Cook
1497:Cook
1483:Cook
1074:CH/CH
1064:CH/ch
1054:ch/ch
997:Frame
989:cream
967:cream
933:with
907:locus
895:locus
765:Pearl
687:black
637:and
515:well.
470:black
468:is a
458:is a
259:black
203:genes
128:, or
63:black
44:horse
35:is a
2782:PAX3
2777:MITF
2646:Roan
2627:and
2364:Gray
2359:Gray
2180:PMID
2062:help
1427:ISBN
1211:PMID
1080:The
999:and
979:mice
953:and
911:exon
832:and
767:vs.
740:vs.
718:vs.
704:vs.
677:vs.
641:vs.
614:vs.
573:gray
555:not.
535:The
473:hue.
376:foal
236:and
147:and
116:and
31:The
2454:Dun
2335:Bay
2170:PMC
2160:doi
2127:PMC
2117:doi
1566:doi
1201:PMC
1191:doi
937:at
696:dun
681:or
610:or
563:or
527:or
449:bay
429:or
329:."
296:bay
288:.
143:,
55:bay
2818::
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1035:ch
1024:pH
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