2206:
1314:
27:
158:
The best evidence of this former sea is the vast clay plain deposited along the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers. This resulted in distinctive forest types, and large wetlands. Other modern evidence of the sea can be seen in the form of fossils of whales
2052:
133:
The sea lasted from about 13,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago and was continuously shrinking during that time, since the rebounding continent was slowly rising above sea level. At its peak, the sea extended inland as far south as
537:
McAllister, D.E., C.R. Harrington, S.L. Cumbaa, and C.B. Renaud. 1988. "Paleoenvironmental and biogeographic analyses of fossil fishes in peri-Champlain Sea deposits in
Eastern Canada". Pp 241–258 in Gadd, N.R. (ed.)
2100:
126:, were below sea level and flooded with rising worldwide sea levels, once the ice no longer prevented the ocean from flowing into the region. As the land gradually rose again, in the process known as
2022:
110:
The mass of ice from the continental ice sheets had depressed the rock beneath it over millennia. At the end of the last glacial period, while the rock was still depressed, the
2012:
2140:
654:
1100:
2155:
2042:
146:. At one time Glacial Lake Iroquois became an arm of the Champlain Sea called Gilbert Gulf. The remaining glaciers fed the sea during that time, making it more
2239:
1900:
1837:
2264:
1094:
150:
than typical seawater. It is estimated that the sea was as much as 150 metres (490 ft) above the level of today's Saint
Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers.
2062:
551:
522:
202:. This escarpment still has distinctive plants that may date back to the era when the sea existed. The Eardley Escarpment is known locally as the
1770:
275:
L.J. Chapman and D.F. Putnam. 1951. The
Physiography of Southern Ontario. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 284 p. plus map in four sections.
609:
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2110:
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1264:
568:
Brunton, D. and J.D. Lafontaine. 1974. An unusual escarpment flora in
Western Quebec. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 88(3):337–344.
2160:
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55:
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2150:
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973:
353:
Barnett, P. J. 1988. "History of the northwestern arm of the
Champlain Sea". pp. 25–36 in Gadd, N.R. (ed.)
2130:
2032:
1775:
1721:
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1010:
949:
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Le retrait des glaces wisconsiniennes, les Grands Lacs, la Mer de
Champlain, et le fleuve Saint-Laurent
598:
2249:
1991:
1966:
1726:
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730:
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447:
436:"First evidence of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus L.) in Late Pleistocene Champlain Sea sediments, Quebec"
252:
111:
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and other pinnipeds, and marine shells that have been found near the cities of Ottawa, Ontario, and
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1986:
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502:
773:
393:. Third edition. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume No.2. Government of Ontario, Toronto.
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2053:
Great Lakes–Saint
Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement
1780:
1638:
1602:
1374:
215:
194:
The northern shore of the lake was in southern Quebec where outcrops of the
188:
164:
59:
66:. The inlet once included lands in what are now the Canadian provinces of
632:
1142:
850:
284:
Anderson, T.W. 1989. Vegetation changes over 12,000 years. Geos 18:39–47.
176:
147:
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79:
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172:
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67:
459:
206:. It is part of the Mattawa fault at the southeastern edge of the
855:
758:
47:
865:
1332:
636:
130:, the sea coast gradually retreated to its current location.
434:
Bouchard, M. A.; Harington, C. R.; Guilbault, J. -P. (1993).
327:"Paleoceanography of the Champlain Sea, Hanover Park, Canada"
357:. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36. Map 5.
2023:
Great Lakes Basin Soil
Erosion and Sediment Control Program
581:
The Late
Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin
540:
The Late
Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin
355:
The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin
475:"Marine Mammals in the Champlain Sea and the Great Lakes"
406:. A report prepared for the Eastern Ontario Forest Group.
179:, Quebec. There are also fossils of oceanic fish such as
583:. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36.
368:"The Rochester Canyon - The Genesee River Base Levels"
542:. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36.
552:"Residents seek reassurance in wake of deadly slide"
2078:
2013:
Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers
2000:
1914:
1818:
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1585:
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1177:
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1120:
983:
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902:
843:
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751:
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668:
417:"Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database"
142:, Ontario, and farther up the Ottawa River past
1101:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
102:, as well as other lakes, islands and shores.
2043:Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory
1344:
648:
349:
347:
74:, as well as parts of the American states of
8:
610:"Un paysage en formation - la mer Champlain"
520:University of Calgary: Champlain Sea fossils
82:. Today, the remains of the sea include the
16:Post glacial seaway in eastern North America
1095:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
138:and somewhat farther west than the city of
1450:
1351:
1337:
1329:
915:
840:
748:
655:
641:
633:
479:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
295:"Lake Champlain Basin Atlas: Geology Page"
25:
268:
187:in the former coastal regions, and the
1029:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
993:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
604:Les Gardiens - A traverse les Ă©poques
389:Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam. 1984.
7:
391:The Physiography of Southern Ontario
191:deposits in areas of deeper water.
2240:Natural history of New York (state)
2091:Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac
1035:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
2265:Glacial lakes of the United States
499:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb33640.x
440:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
14:
1838:Isle Royale National Park Islands
1023:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
404:Forest History of Eastern Ontario
2204:
1313:
1312:
968:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
2058:International Joint Commission
2048:Great Lakes Fishery Commission
1031:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
1:
1275:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
234:For glacial Great Lakes, see
222:, more commonly known as the
2018:Great Lakes Areas of Concern
2008:Alliance for the Great Lakes
696:Glacial history of Minnesota
599:Charlotte, The Vermont Whale
593:History of the Champlain Sea
58:, created by the retreating
1884:Province of Ontario Islands
1059:Kettle Moraine State Forest
962:Lion's Head Provincial Park
612:(in French). Archived from
118:valleys, as well as modern
2301:
2255:Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
2245:Natural history of Vermont
2230:Natural history of Ontario
1205:Penultimate Glacial Period
932:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
525:February 13, 2005, at the
258:Saint Lawrence Rift System
236:Great Lakes § Geology
233:
62:during the closure of the
18:
2285:Seas of the United States
2235:Natural history of Quebec
2201:
2156:Museum and historic ships
1889:State of Michigan Islands
1308:
1270:Late Glacial Interstadial
1049:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
926:Arrowhead Provincial Park
701:List of prehistoric lakes
473:Harington, C. R. (1977).
185:ancient raised shorelines
1972:Midcontinent Rift System
1225:Holocene glacial retreat
1017:Glacial Lakes State Park
956:Foothills Erratics Train
208:Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben
56:North American continent
1793:Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal
1265:Bølling–Allerød warming
1005:Devil's Lake State Park
974:Ovayok Territorial Park
663:Continental glaciations
579:Gadd, N.R. (ed.) 1988.
2141:Marine protected areas
2131:Lake Michigan Triangle
2033:Great Lakes Commission
1776:Sault Ste. Marie Canal
1107:Yosemite National Park
1011:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
950:Eskers Provincial Park
938:Cypress Hills (Canada)
736:Timeline of glaciation
43:
31:
2280:Seas of North America
1982:Nipissing Great Lakes
1927:Glacial Lake Iroquois
1833:Detroit River Islands
1798:Trent–Severn Waterway
1250:Quaternary glaciation
1185:Quaternary glaciation
1083:Mill Bluff State Park
1047:Interstate State Park
861:Giant current ripples
676:Cordilleran ice sheet
92:Lake of Two Mountains
29:
1992:Wisconsin glaciation
1967:Last Glacial Maximum
1727:Great Lakes Waterway
1260:Wisconsin glaciation
1215:Last Glacial Maximum
731:Post-glacial rebound
686:Last Glacial Maximum
681:Laurentide ice sheet
253:Wisconsin glaciation
183:. The Sea also left
46:) was a prehistoric
2260:Last Glacial Period
2126:Lake Michigan–Huron
2038:Great Lakes Compact
2028:Great Lakes Charter
1987:Scotch Bonnet Ridge
1788:Straits of Mackinac
1764:St. Lawrence Seaway
1245:Pre-Illinoian Stage
1210:Last Glacial Period
999:Coteau des Prairies
910:Greenland ice sheet
491:1977NYASA.288..508H
452:1993CaJES..30.1715B
154:Geological evidence
84:St. Lawrence Seaway
64:last glacial period
1977:Niagara Escarpment
1906:Potawatomi Islands
1894:Lake Huron Islands
1759:St. Lawrence River
1545:Grand Traverse Bay
1524:St. Joseph Channel
1514:Potagannissing Bay
1290:4.2 kiloyear event
1285:8.2 kiloyear event
1220:Mousterian Pluvial
952:, British Columbia
556:The Globe and Mail
402:Keddy, C.J. 1993.
200:Eardley Escarpment
32:
19:For homonymy, see
2217:
2216:
2146:Marysburgh vortex
1855:Manitoulin Island
1850:Lake Erie Islands
1700:
1699:
1560:Little Bay de Noc
1326:
1325:
1295:Piora Oscillation
1255:Sangamonian Stage
1116:
1115:
898:
897:
894:
893:
301:on July 20, 2008.
128:isostatic rebound
30:The Champlain Sea
2292:
2211:Lakes portal
2209:
2208:
2207:
2116:Lake-effect snow
1915:Historic geology
1593:Hamilton Harbour
1466:Presque Isle Bay
1451:
1362:of North America
1353:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1316:
1315:
916:
841:
825:Terminal moraine
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446:(8): 1715–1719.
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329:. Archived from
323:
317:
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315:. 10 April 2022.
309:
303:
302:
297:. Archived from
291:
285:
282:
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273:
44:Mer de Champlain
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2213:
2205:
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2197:
2074:
1996:
1910:
1875:Treasure Island
1828:Apostle Islands
1814:
1771:St. Marys River
1754:St. Clair River
1696:
1680:
1634:Chequamegon Bay
1617:
1581:
1577:Manitou Passage
1565:Porte des Morts
1533:
1492:Nottawasaga Bay
1475:
1446:
1440:
1404:Secondary lakes
1399:
1363:
1357:
1327:
1322:
1304:
1190:Illinoian Stage
1173:
1164:Lambert Glacier
1147:
1133:Killary Harbour
1112:
1065:Lake Bonneville
985:
979:
914:
890:
839:
788:
784:U-shaped valley
774:Roche moutonnée
740:
706:Proglacial lake
691:Canadian Shield
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589:
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575:Further reading
572:
567:
563:
559:, May 12, 2010.
550:
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527:Wayback Machine
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460:10.1139/e93-150
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212:Eastern Ontario
196:Canadian Shield
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122:, at that time
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2079:Related topics
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1942:Lake Algonquin
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587:External links
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243:Lake Hitchcock
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204:Gatineau Hills
169:bowhead whales
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136:Lake Champlain
120:Lake Champlain
112:Saint Lawrence
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100:Saguenay River
88:Lake Champlain
52:Atlantic Ocean
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2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:Organizations
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Champlain Sea
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:Lake Kagawong
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:Welland Canal
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:Nipigon River
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:Niagara River
1735:
1733:
1732:Chicago River
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Detroit River
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:Whitefish Bay
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
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1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:North Channel
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Younger Dryas
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:Lake Missoula
1075:
1072:
1071:Lake Lahontan
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:Ice Age Trail
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
990:
988:
982:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:Eramosa River
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
923:
921:
917:
911:
908:
907:
905:
903:North America
901:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
846:
842:
836:
835:Veiki moraine
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
820:Rogen moraine
818:
816:
815:Pulju moraine
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:Erratic block
803:
801:
798:
797:
795:
791:
785:
782:
780:
779:Tunnel valley
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
754:
750:
747:
743:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
671:
667:
658:
653:
651:
646:
644:
639:
638:
635:
629:
626:
616:on 2007-09-30
615:
611:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
586:
584:
582:
574:
565:
562:
558:
557:
553:
548:
545:
541:
534:
531:
528:
524:
521:
516:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
469:
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
430:
427:
422:
418:
412:
409:
405:
399:
396:
392:
386:
383:
369:
363:
360:
356:
350:
348:
344:
333:on 2004-12-21
332:
328:
322:
319:
314:
308:
305:
300:
296:
290:
287:
281:
278:
272:
269:
263:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
229:
227:
225:
224:Ottawa Valley
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
105:
103:
101:
97:
94:on the lower
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:Champlain Sea
28:
22:
2136:Lake surfing
1962:Lake Stanley
1947:Lake Chicago
1937:Lake Agassiz
1921:
1865:Lake Manitou
1722:French River
1654:Superior Bay
1649:Pokegama Bay
1644:Keweenaw Bay
1629:Au Train Bay
1570:Sturgeon Bay
1487:Georgian Bay
1471:Sandusky Bay
1230:Oldest Dryas
1200:Interstadial
1195:Interglacial
1178:Time periods
1109:, California
1103:, Washington
844:Glacifluvial
793:Depositional
716:Lake Chicago
711:Lake Agassiz
618:. Retrieved
614:the original
580:
578:
564:
554:
547:
539:
533:
515:
482:
478:
468:
443:
439:
429:
420:
411:
403:
398:
390:
385:
374:. Retrieved
362:
354:
335:. Retrieved
331:the original
321:
307:
299:the original
289:
280:
271:
193:
157:
132:
124:Lake Vermont
116:Ottawa River
109:
98:, the lower
96:Ottawa River
35:
33:
2250:Pleistocene
2188:Third Coast
2151:Megalopolis
2111:Lake breeze
2096:Circle Tour
1957:Lake Maumee
1843:Isle Royale
1808:First canal
1674:Goulais Bay
1659:Thunder Bay
1613:Wellers Bay
1608:Toronto Bay
1529:Thunder Bay
1519:Saginaw Bay
1499:Lake George
1436:Couchiching
1360:Great Lakes
1240:Pleistocene
1235:Older Dryas
1097:, Wisconsin
1089:Oneida Lake
1085:, Wisconsin
1061:, Wisconsin
1043:, Wisconsin
1037:, Wisconsin
1025:, Wisconsin
1019:, Minnesota
1013:, Wisconsin
1007:, Wisconsin
995:, Wisconsin
881:Outwash fan
876:Kettle hole
769:Ribbon lake
726:Teays River
421:paleodb.org
248:Lake Albany
2224:Categories
2178:Shipwrecks
2106:Great Loop
1717:Erie Canal
1692:Anchor Bay
1598:Humber Bay
1461:Maumee Bay
1368:Main lakes
1159:Antarctica
1152:Antarctica
1138:Monte Rosa
1091:, New York
871:Kame delta
830:Till plain
721:Lake Tight
620:2023-08-20
376:2023-08-20
337:2005-02-04
264:References
218:region of
165:fin whales
60:ice sheets
2171:Laurentia
2101:Crossings
1901:Populated
1781:Soo Locks
1705:Waterways
1685:St. Clair
1639:Huron Bay
1603:Sodus Bay
1550:Green Bay
1431:Winnebago
1426:St. Clair
1416:Nipissing
1079:, Montana
976:, Nunavut
970:, Ontario
964:, Ontario
958:, Alberta
946:, Ontario
934:, Alberta
928:, Ontario
752:Erosional
745:Landforms
216:Outaouais
189:Leda clay
54:into the
21:Champlain
2193:Treaties
1622:Superior
1538:Michigan
1447:channels
1445:Bays and
1395:Superior
1385:Michigan
1318:Category
1143:Svalbard
1073:, Nevada
851:Diluvium
523:Archived
507:83704610
230:See also
214:and the
177:Montreal
173:walruses
148:brackish
144:Pembroke
76:New York
1820:Islands
1586:Ontario
1411:Nipigon
1390:Ontario
1121:Eurasia
810:Moraine
800:Drumlin
669:General
487:Bibcode
448:Bibcode
181:capelin
161:belugas
106:Origins
80:Vermont
72:Ontario
50:of the
2183:Storms
2166:Region
2068:Cities
1421:Simcoe
1067:, Utah
1055:, Ohio
986:States
984:United
919:Canada
886:Sandur
505:
220:Quebec
167:, and
140:Ottawa
68:Quebec
40:French
2161:Ports
2086:Basin
1742:Falls
1480:Huron
1380:Huron
856:Esker
759:Fjord
503:S2CID
371:(PDF)
210:, in
198:form
48:inlet
1454:Erie
1375:Erie
866:Kame
114:and
78:and
70:and
34:The
495:doi
483:288
456:doi
171:),
2226::
501:.
493:.
481:.
477:.
454:.
444:30
442:.
438:.
419:.
346:^
226:.
163:,
90:,
86:,
42::
1352:e
1345:t
1338:v
656:e
649:t
642:v
623:.
595:.
509:.
497::
489::
462:.
458::
450::
423:.
379:.
340:.
238:.
159:(
38:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
