33:
170:
630:
422:
principles regarding the breach and remedy. Associated with new remedies, this jurisdiction empowers an applicant to pursue equitable relief where it can be established that the appropriate relief under common law is insufficient to do justice. There is no rivalry between the two jurisdictions; given that they can freely undertake proceedings as though the other didn't exist, and no grievances or restraints are made between them regarding the validity of their operations. The objective of this jurisdiction is to provide "a more perfect remedy or to apply a more perfect procedure than the other court could give or apply".
248:
389:
605:
656:
two jurisdictions became indistinguishable, "what in effect was a rule in equity became in practice considered as common law". Scottish lawyers have raised concern that this system would create unjust decisions where cases are approached in terms of combining equity and common law reasoning. Others followed Lord Kames's view of a dual approach, whereby equity in the court existed for the purpose of creating "new equitable rules which gradually hardened into common law by virtue of their usage across time".
304:
473:
240:, the Chancellors becoming proficient in law, and a more systematized role in resolving petitions. As it developed into a substantive judicial court with increased power, other common law courts became wary and defensive towards their jurisdiction. The court was one of specific jurisdiction with distinct procedures compared to common law courts, such as the Court of Chancery issuing a common injunction rather than common law
4509:
4523:
201:. Under the Chancellor's authority, the "King's law" prevailed in local courts. The division did not handle actual cases but performed functions associated with the King's secretarial department. Although the Chancery Division did not function as a court, judicial activity was still present. Limited discretionary power was provided, determining the validity of writs issued in courts and permitting only those in
530:
injustice". Given that equitable principles are not absolute in nature, it is acceptable for the courts to depart from any rules when they conflict with justice. Unlike legal justice, equitable justice develops on an individualised and case-by-case basis within the courts for the purpose of enhancing just outcomes and to adequately judge the requirements of specific circumstances.
211:. As the administrative operations of the division expanded through its implicit control of the King's residual influence, the Chancellor became responsible for addressing "prayers" and "petitions", including letters of remedy, relief, and grants on behalf of the King. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the Chancery developed into an independent and extensive
140:, reflecting the values that have developed the equitable jurisdiction. The transformation of these courts demonstrates the evolution of equity's doctrines and remedies, changes in its dominant nature and traits, and the influence of social and political environments on its operation and underlying issues in
440:. The court is required to maintain the present state of affairs, without any direct relief, until the parties’ rights are dictated at common law. It also has the authority after settlement to aid in relief by deliberating a more effective remedy on the litigant, who previously attained common law relief.
501:, honesty and integrity, while also evaluating the relative fairness between the parties. Provided the latitude of the Chancellor's discretion and scope of equitable remedies, it has allowed the courts to consider the interests of the public at large when providing or refusing relief to the plaintiff.
157:, today's courts can exercise equitable jurisdiction while maintaining their inherent discretionary abilities to address new forms of injustice. Equity is not an independent body of law; rather, it is synonymous with corrective justice and complements common law to counterbalance its inflexible rules.
655:
controls both jurisdictions, by differentiating between common law and equity throughout cases brought before it. This provides greater certainty to parties, given that the court has the power to provide relief in either equity or common law where the party is not entitled to one or the other. As the
529:
highlighted, equitable conduct can be said to be just as it promotes the improvement of the deficiencies of the universal concept. He concludes that equity's role within the courts "is to prevent the law from adhering too rigidly to its own rules and principles when those rules and principles produce
271:
in 1873. He rationalized the rules and principles found in modern equity today, to provide enhanced consistency and certainty. As a result, equity existed in conjunction with the common law. Prior to this, the Courts of
Chancery experienced shortcomings and a "period of decline and stagnation" during
430:
Associated with new procedure, auxiliary jurisdiction recognises situations of equity assisting in proceedings through the enforcement of legal rights where it did not have concurrent jurisdiction over the matter. The Court of
Chancery did not arbitrate where adequate relief was accessible at common
421:
recognises situations where the facts in a pleading brought by a party produces both common law and equity actions, with the same relief issued at either. The requirement post-Judicature system allowed a claimant to attend only one court, rather than two, to enforce both the common law and equitable
384:
provided relief against breaches of legal privileges which were not preserved by equity within the concurrent jurisdiction. Such intervention was sanctioned as it ensured irreversible injury was effectively compensated by damages, and it prevented the multiplicity of claims regarding the same issue.
435:
of the litigant's claim was left to the responsibility of common law courts. This meant that the common law was binding on equity. Auxiliary jurisdiction merely acted "as ancillary to the administration of justice in other courts". Related to pre-trial, the court of equity has the power to produce
165:
The historical emergence of equity occurred during three significant periods: the medieval period (13th–15th centuries), the formative period (16th–17th centuries), and the period of systematization (17th–19th centuries). Throughout these periods, equity developed progressively from the
Chancellor
615:
Unlike most countries, the equity jurisdiction always operated and was administered in conjunction with the law in India, through the courts, and not in resistance to it. Following the
British codification of the law in India, equitable principles were embedded in the judicial frameworks of the
543:
highly concerns personal rights, post-Judicature Act has allowed a court of equity to exercise its jurisdiction to prevent the publication of false declarations determined to cause harm to an individual's trade. A limitation to a court of equity's jurisdiction in this area is its inability to
363:
Prior to the enactments of the
Judicature Acts, equity courts occupied a discrete jurisdiction to the common law. It was prohibited to transfer an action, and if proceedings were initiated in the incorrect court, the entire case must be brought again from the beginning. The administrative
684:
came into effect in 1938 to unite common law with equitable claims. Other states maintained their courts of equity, although many have more recently merged them with their courts of law. Only
Delaware, Mississippi and Tennessee still have separate equity courts, such as the
235:
In the 16th century, the modern system of equity and the
Chancellor evolved into a body with recognized judicial features. Consequently, the jurisdiction within the courts experienced greater autonomy. This involved the Court of Chancery issuing decrees independently of the
288:
antagonism to the rigidity of the common law; ideas about the function of conscience in determining equitable rules; and a procedure, distinct from that of common law, that allowed the chancellor to decide the most equitable course to take in each individual
408:
The claim of the plaintiff was one which before the
Judicature Act would have given him no right whatever against the defendant in any court but the Court of Chancery, and the court of Chancery, in granting relief was said to exercise its exclusive
152:
Equity is currently recognized as a distinct body of law, administered by various modern courts. The evolution of procedures within courts of equity has guided the application of equitable principles. Originating from the diverse rules of the early
538:
As the jurisdiction of the equity courts evolved, it was no longer limited to the protection of prescribed rights and eventually took cognizance of cases not generally conforming with its jurisdiction – such as criminal cases. Given that
71:. Over time, most equity courts merged with courts of law, and the adoption of various Acts granted courts combined jurisdiction to administer common law and equity concurrently. Courts of equity are now recognized for complementing the
504:
In contrast to the rulings in the King's or Common Bench where the judgements are binding upon the rights of a party, equitable decrees only bind the person to obedience. Although the
Chancellor has the authority to compel a person to
371:(1615) allowing an overlapping of claims brought before the merged modern courts, equity would prevail over the common law (common injunctions will be upheld) in situations of conflict or discrepancy between the opposing principles.
385:
The body of law/court acts without right where it interferes with the other who has exclusive jurisdiction; allowing for the relevant sovereign to be curtailed. The nature of the exclusive jurisdiction was defined by
Ashburner as:
544:
prohibit the publication of false or derogatory statements detrimental to a plaintiff's profession or title to property – whereby such assertions are not attendant to threats, coercion, intimidation, or any direct attack.
379:
Prior to the introduction of the Judicature systems, the enforcement of equitable claims could only occur in a Court of Chancery who held the power to grant relief, and not by the common law. Equating to new rights,
2161:
118:, continue to preserve the distinctions between law and equity as well as between courts of law and courts of equity. In New Jersey, this distinction is upheld between the civil and general equity divisions of the
492:
Given that equity does not pertain definitive or formal rules, the courts are required to assess explicit conduct through its flexible nature and discretionary powers. The courts address fundamental principles of
350:
stated, the main purpose of this Act was to provide parties to a litigation "all remedies to which they are entitled". This prevents the need to recourse to another court and reduces the unnecessary profusion of
620:
recognised this fusion of the law by further expanding the application of its equitable and remedial powers in the areas of environmental degradation, tort law, strict liability doctrines and human rights.
708:
4959:
346:. Subsequently, changes in the court's administration included the ability for separate divisions to obtain coexisting jurisdiction in relation to common law and equitable principles. As
4575:
713:
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courts. The courts have relied on equity "as a source of law to devise a new principle in a situation where the statute or codified law had no answer to a given situation". The
1584:
1156:
676:. This was the result of equity being disfavoured and rejected, until late in the 19th century federal judges revived the equitable injunction. The early amendments of the
2102:
2014:
1761:
1673:
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believed that the principles of equity were developed by and through the Chancery, and recognised three factors that influenced the evolution of such jurisdiction:
2580:
2106:
2018:
1765:
1677:
32:
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with complete jurisdiction within both common law and equity prior to the adoption of the Judicature Act in NSW, they remained being treated as separate courts.
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to future cases (regarding the same claim) in the Court of Chancery to provide a satisfactory reason why the Chancellor should not consider it again.
4686:
4490:
4863:
4743:
4615:
4561:
2943:
Kansal, Vishrut (2015). "Supreme Court of India Social Justice Bench: Maiden dichotomy between equity and law in Indian jurisprudential history".
272:
the early 18th century. Such defects included jurisdictional delays, administrative complications, costly proceedings and burdensome processes.
4858:
136:
The unique nature of courts of equity is a result of their historical evolution. This history has been crucial in shaping their application in
91:
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inefficiency created by the operation of separate courts became excessively onerous, that it demanded a comprehensive overhaul of the system.
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3149:
3048:
2891:
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2393:
2136:
2043:
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1793:
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1644:. Goodhard, Arthur Lehman, Sir, 1891–, Hanbury, Harold Greville, 1898–1993., Burke, John McDonald. (7th ed., rev ed.). London: Methuen.
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1361:
1221:
1054:
981:
919:
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serve as an example of a US federal court that operates as a court of equity. A few common law jurisdictions, such as the U.S. states of
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1016:
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of a person or a number of persons, rather than a claim against an item of property. Yet, there are several exceptions to this.
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335:
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providing equitable relief based on personal conscience to an established and organized body of law governed by courts.
4826:
4806:
4661:
4147:
3138:
Goldberg, John; Smith, Henry; Turner, Peter (2019). "Are Equity and Law in Scotland Fused, Separate or Intertwined?".
3037:
Goldberg, John; Smith, Henry; Turner, Peter (2019). "Are Equity and Law in Scotland Fused, Separate or Intertwined?".
3008:
Thomson, Stephen (2014). "Mixed jurisdiction and the Scottish legal tradition: reconsidering the concept of mixture".
703:
198:
86:
of maintaining separate courts for law and equity. Others combined both types of jurisdiction in their courts, as the
207:. These were enforced temporarily and could be overridden by the courts of law if deemed to conflict with the actual
4122:
3621:
743:
738:
728:
686:
3101:"Stephen Thomson, The Nobile Officium: The Extraordinary Equitable Jurisdiction of the Supreme Courts of Scotland"
2835:"South Australia's Judicature Act Reforms of 1853: The First Attempt to Fuse Law and Equity in the British Empire"
4909:
4785:
4205:
723:
281:
178:
119:
680:
explicitly acknowledged common law and equity as being clear divisions of jurisprudence. However, Rule 2 of the
4701:
4000:
3982:
633:
604:
3651:
1078:
Bathurst, Hon T.F.; Schwartz, Sarah (2016). "The history of equity from ancient Rome to the Judicature Acts".
400:
368:
1385:
Bathurst, Hon T.F; Schwartz, Sarah (2016). "The history of equity from ancient Rome to the Judicature Acts".
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3636:
3290:
792:
558:
418:
307:
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4778:
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which exclusively operates an equity jurisdiction, the country's legal system is classified as mixed. The
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381:
87:
280:
By the early 1500s, a vast proportion of the court's workload was attributed to cases concerning equity.
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4127:
3805:
3616:
327:
315:
190:
59:
rather than principles of law to cases brought before it. These courts originated from petitions to the
4645:
1447:
Burns, Fiona (2001). "The Court of Chancery in the 19th century: a paradox of decline and expansion".
4255:
3601:
2334:"Jurisdiction as an Evolutionary Process: The Development of Quasi in Rem and in Personam Principles"
668:
saw the abolition of chancery courts (or their merger with courts of law) in American states such as
578:
64:
4914:
4748:
4630:
4410:
3550:
3467:
943:
Mason, Anthony (1998). "The impact of equitable doctrine on the law of contract (United Kingdom)".
665:
462:
311:
813:
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4225:
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2008:
1961:
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1620:
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As equity is perceived in an ethical context, the courts often encapsulate this as fair, moral,
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3214:
3174:
3155:
3145:
3120:
3081:
3054:
3044:
3019:
2970:
Upadhyaya, M.L (1996). "Review of T.R. Desai's Equity, Trusts and Specific Relief (9th ed.)".
2952:
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68:
36:
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4117:
4112:
4015:
3975:
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3611:
3535:
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3440:
3100:
1545:
586:
562:
510:
437:
396:
268:
220:
208:
60:
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4541:
4349:
4267:
3856:
3822:
3773:
3758:
3530:
3435:
3415:
3405:
506:
465:. This means that the court of equity's jurisdiction constitutes acts only against the
202:
111:
4903:
4395:
4354:
4240:
4220:
4192:
4142:
4107:
4081:
4076:
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4020:
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3800:
3790:
3748:
3671:
3666:
3596:
3555:
3479:
2989:
Mate, Manoj (2015). "The Rise of Judicial Governance in the Supreme Court of India".
2866:
1624:
1336:
1196:
669:
141:
2659:
2612:
4716:
4527:
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3763:
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3676:
3570:
3510:
3500:
3452:
3410:
3388:
3331:
3207:
Goldberg, John; Smith, Henry; Turner, Peter (2019). "The Union of Law and Equity".
56:
219:
or property transfers, which served as the justice's authorization for initiating
4553:
1297:"Chancery and the Emergence of Standard Written English in the Fifteenth Century"
836:
4635:
4508:
4449:
4390:
4380:
4177:
4172:
4010:
3911:
3827:
3786:
3753:
3718:
3641:
3565:
3515:
3430:
3291:"What Is Delaware's Court of Chancery and Its Role in Elon Musk's Twitter Deal?"
458:
454:
237:
216:
212:
103:
83:
2162:"Inadequacy in equity of common law relief: The relevance of contractual terms"
1985:. Browne, Denis, 1903–1965. (2nd ed.). Sydney: Legal Books. pp. 3–4.
569:(UK) include Supreme Court Act 1935 (SA) ss 17-28, Civil Proceedings Act 2011 (
17:
4513:
4442:
4322:
4260:
4005:
3926:
3921:
3879:
3861:
3849:
3810:
3656:
3646:
3606:
3591:
3575:
3525:
3462:
3457:
3228:
3159:
3058:
2886:(2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. pp. 5–6.
2850:
2643:
2596:
2216:
2177:
1907:
1561:
789:"History of the Federal Judiciary – Equity Jurisdiction in the Federal Courts"
570:
540:
494:
466:
241:
107:
72:
3267:
3124:
3085:
3023:
2956:
2915:
Goldberg, John; Smith, Henry; Turner, Peter (2019). "Fusion–Fission–Fusion".
2901:
2858:
2772:
2725:
2686:
2651:
2604:
2565:
2441:
2403:
2357:
2310:
2263:
2224:
2185:
2146:
2088:
2053:
2000:
1957:
1915:
1873:
1838:
1803:
1747:
1732:. Browne, Denis, 1903–1965. (2nd ed.). Sydney: Legal Books. p. 17.
1712:
1608:
1569:
1530:
1495:
1460:
1433:
1398:
1371:
1320:
1270:
1231:
1180:
1133:
1091:
1064:
1026:
991:
956:
929:
883:
488:
330 BC. Aristotle discussed the nature of equity and its relation to justice.
4420:
4385:
4327:
4302:
4167:
4064:
4052:
4037:
4025:
3953:
3871:
3844:
3728:
2834:
2073:. Browne, Denis, 1903–1965. (2nd ed.). Sydney: Legal Books. p. 4.
1891:
641:
526:
477:
115:
3208:
3139:
3038:
2673:
Shanske, Darien (2005). "Four theses: Preliminary to an appeal to equity".
1659:
1011:(2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
976:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. pp. 21–27.
765:
The people's law dictionary : taking the mystery out of legal language
3190:
3116:
2881:
2545:
2383:
2126:
2068:
2033:
1980:
1853:
1818:
1783:
1727:
1692:
1510:
1475:
1413:
1351:
1211:
1044:
1006:
971:
909:
4469:
4454:
4157:
4042:
3839:
3383:
3244:"Equitable and Legal Rights and Remedies under the New Federal Procedure"
2504:"The Powers of Courts of Equity. III. Legal Effects of Equitable Decrees"
2388:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. pp. 6–7.
673:
648:
582:
498:
481:
432:
137:
99:
1639:
4666:
4359:
4307:
4287:
4235:
4047:
3965:
3781:
3743:
3691:
3275:
3243:
3072:
Straka, W.W (1985). "The Law of Combination in Scotland Reconsidered".
2527:
2503:
2488:
2464:
2449:
2417:
2365:
2333:
2318:
2286:
2271:
2239:
2131:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 31.
2038:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 30.
1965:
1933:
1858:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 29.
1823:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 28.
1697:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 34.
1515:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 27.
1418:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 26.
1356:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 25.
1328:
1278:
1246:
1216:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 22.
1141:
1049:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 21.
891:
859:
76:
2819:
2795:
2780:
2748:
2733:
2701:
2550:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 3.
1616:
1188:
914:(Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 5.
4459:
4312:
4057:
3948:
3943:
3889:
3560:
522:
3259:
2519:
2480:
2433:
2349:
2302:
2255:
1949:
1312:
1262:
1125:
875:
2811:
2764:
2717:
1600:
1172:
4400:
4344:
4250:
4091:
3894:
3393:
1109:
471:
387:
168:
82:
In the early years of the United States, some states followed the
63:
and primarily heard claims for relief other than damages, such as
1546:"The Early History of the Court of Chancery: A Comparative Study"
4282:
4230:
4086:
3484:
3400:
4557:
3327:
2880:
Brien, Christopher (2016). "The nature and history of equity".
2465:"The Powers of Courts of Equity. I. "In Rem" and "In Personam""
2287:"The Powers of Courts of Equity. I. "In Rem" and "In Personam""
1782:
Brien, Christopher (2016). "The nature and history of equity".
1005:
Brien, Christopher (2016). "The nature and history of equity".
709:
Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge
565:
being the first to enact it in 1853. Corresponding Acts to the
3354:
403:; which held that equity takes precedence over the common law.
1788:. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. p. 5.
3319:
Brief History of Equity Courts in the U.S. state of Delaware
589:) ss 57–62 and Law Reform (Law and Equity) Act 1972 (NSW).
436:
documents which common law courts could not as a tool for
3144:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 183.
3043:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 184.
3213:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
640:(collectively known as the Supreme Courts of Scotland),
215:. Its formalized role involved issuing writs regarding
27:
Court authorized to apply principles of equity to cases
3323:
714:
Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster
1638:
Holdsworth, William Searle, Sir, 1871-1944. (1965).
4872:
4851:
4844:
4794:
4736:
4729:
4654:
4598:
4591:
4478:
4368:
4191:
4100:
3991:
3870:
3772:
3493:
3361:
2796:"Equitable Jurisdiction to Protect Personal Rights"
2749:"Equitable Jurisdiction to Protect Personal Rights"
2702:"Equitable Jurisdiction to Protect Personal Rights"
2945:Law, Social Justice and Global Development Journal
557:The judicature system has been implemented across
4960:Former courts and tribunals in the United Kingdom
2240:"Answer to Bill of Discovery: Effect as Evidence"
263:The systemisation of equity is often credited to
581:) s 29, Supreme Court Civil Procedure Act 1932 (
509:until they obey, the decree can also serve as a
367:As a result of the post-judicature systems and
55:, is a court authorized to apply principles of
4569:
3339:
1480:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 392–393.
75:by addressing its shortcomings and promoting
8:
2101:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2013:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1760:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1672:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2991:Boston University International Law Journal
2919:. Cambridge University Press. p. 118.
1934:"A Brief Survey of Equity Jurisdiction. II"
837:"Historical Nature of Equity Jurisprudence"
193:was established in the 13th century by the
39:(old) hall, chapel and chancery court, 1830
4848:
4733:
4595:
4576:
4562:
4554:
3346:
3332:
3324:
2105:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2017:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1764:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1676:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
359:Relationship between common law and equity
2418:"Discretionary Power of Courts of Equity"
334:division to substitute the old Chancery,
4687:Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes
4491:History of the American legal profession
3210:Equity and law : fusion and fission
3040:Equity and law : fusion and fission
1585:"The Medieval English Court of Chancery"
1477:The rise and fall of freedom of contract
1449:The University of Queensland Law Journal
1157:"The Medieval English Court of Chancery"
1110:"The King's Council and the Chancery, I"
763:Hill, Gerald N.; Hill, Kathleen (2002).
628:
603:
302:
246:
31:
2628:"Aristotle on equity, law, and justice"
2581:"Aristotle on equity, law, and justice"
755:
254:, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
3202:
3200:
2938:
2936:
2539:
2537:
2377:
2375:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2094:
2067:Ashburner, Walter, 1864–1936. (1983).
2006:
1979:Ashburner, Walter, 1864–1936. (1983).
1777:
1775:
1753:
1726:Ashburner, Walter, 1864–1936. (1983).
1665:
1038:
1036:
1927:
1925:
1885:
1883:
1290:
1288:
1103:
1101:
393:Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley
7:
903:
901:
585:) ss 10–11, Supreme Court Act 1970 (
577:) ss 24–25, Supreme Court Act 1986 (
567:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873
2972:Journal of the Indian Law Institute
4975:Legal history of the United States
3141:Equity and law: fusion and fission
2917:Equity and law: fusion and fission
548:Comparison of the courts of equity
461:, while the common law courts act
25:
4812:Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
3475:Restitution and unjust enrichment
647:As there is no separate court in
161:Origin of the equity jurisdiction
4697:Court of Great Sessions in Wales
4522:
4521:
4507:
3175:"Daniel J Carr, Ideas of Equity"
2070:Ashburner's Principles of equity
1982:Ashburner's Principles of equity
1729:Ashburner's Principles of equity
682:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
594:Supreme Court of New South Wales
431:law and the adjudication of the
4486:History of the legal profession
2547:Principles of equity and trusts
2385:Principles of equity and trusts
2128:Principles of equity and trusts
2035:Principles of equity and trusts
1855:Principles of equity and trusts
1820:Principles of equity and trusts
1694:Principles of equity and trusts
1512:Principles of equity and trusts
1415:Principles of equity and trusts
1353:Principles of equity and trusts
1213:Principles of equity and trusts
1046:Principles of equity and trusts
973:Principles of equity and trusts
911:Principles of equity and trusts
573:) s 7, Supreme Court Act 1935 (
96:United States bankruptcy courts
4672:Court for Crown Cases Reserved
4585:Judiciary of England and Wales
3289:Huang, Kalley (12 July 2022).
3074:The Scottish Historical Review
1247:"The Origin of English Equity"
1114:The American Historical Review
860:"The Origin of English Equity"
1:
3173:Wilson, Adelyn L. M. (2018).
2502:Cook, Walter Wheeler (1915).
2463:Cook, Walter Wheeler (1915).
2285:Cook, Walter Wheeler (1915).
1550:The English Historical Review
1245:Adams, George Burton (1916).
858:Adams, George Burton (1916).
592:Despite there being a single
534:Protection of personal rights
485:
457:are recognised for operating
252:John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon
4817:Chief Baron of the Exchequer
3242:Holtzoff, Alexander (1943).
3011:Journal of Civil Law Studies
2839:The Journal of Legal History
2205:The Journal of Legal History
1896:The Journal of Legal History
1583:Haskett, Timothy S. (1996).
1155:Haskett, Timothy S. (1996).
267:and the introduction of the
197:after the separation of the
132:History of equity and trusts
4827:Justice of the Common Pleas
4822:Justice of the King's Bench
4807:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
4662:Court of Appeal in Chancery
2883:Equity and trusts guidebook
1785:Equity and trusts guidebook
1008:Equity and trusts guidebook
767:. New York, NY: MJF Books.
704:Court of Chancery (Ireland)
324:English Judicature Act 1873
199:Supreme Court of Judicature
4991:
4970:Legal history of Australia
4153:International legal theory
3632:International slavery laws
3627:International human rights
3622:International criminal law
2544:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
2382:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
2125:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
2032:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
1852:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
1817:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
1691:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
1509:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
1412:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
1350:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
1210:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
1108:Baldwin, James F. (1910).
1043:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
970:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
908:Hepburn, Samantha (2016).
744:New York Court of Chancery
739:Michigan Court of Chancery
729:Delaware Court of Chancery
687:Delaware Court of Chancery
678:United States Constitution
449:Powers of courts of equity
276:The High Court of Chancery
129:
61:Lord Chancellor of England
4955:Legal history of Scotland
4920:English legal terminology
4786:Common Serjeant of London
4501:
4206:Administration of justice
2851:10.1080/01440362208539625
2644:10.1017/S1352325204000163
2597:10.1017/S1352325204000163
2244:The Virginia Law Register
2217:10.1080/01440368508530837
2178:10.1017/S0008197314000968
2166:The Cambridge Law Journal
1908:10.1080/01440368508530837
945:Anglo-American Law Review
816:. New Jersey Courts. 2018
724:Court of the Star Chamber
517:Administration of justice
399:who gave judgment in the
120:New Jersey Superior Court
4940:Legal history of England
4702:Court of High Commission
3983:Basic structure doctrine
3833:Natural and legal rights
3714:Public international law
2794:Long, Joseph R. (1923).
2747:Long, Joseph R. (1923).
2700:Long, Joseph R. (1923).
2201:"A trichotomy of equity"
1932:Langdell, C. C. (1887).
1892:"A trichotomy of equity"
1641:A history of English law
1295:Fisher, John H. (1977).
634:High Court of Justiciary
476:Roman copy in marble of
453:The courts of equity in
4163:Principle of typicality
3637:International trade law
2238:Lamb, James C. (1901).
1562:10.1093/ehr/115.463.791
814:"Mercer Civil Division"
793:Federal Judicial Center
419:Concurrent jurisdiction
414:Concurrent jurisdiction
308:Royal Courts of Justice
299:A merged administration
259:Period of systemisation
148:Equity as a body of law
4965:Legal history of India
4779:Recorder of Manchester
4641:High Court of Chivalry
2626:Beever, Allan (2004).
2579:Beever, Allan (2004).
2160:Turner, P. G. (2014).
1589:Law and History Review
1474:Atiyah, P. S. (1979).
1161:Law and History Review
835:Oleck, Howard (1951).
644:
618:Supreme Court of India
612:
609:Supreme Court of India
489:
426:Auxiliary jurisdiction
411:
404:
382:exclusive jurisdiction
375:Exclusive jurisdiction
319:
291:
255:
181:
40:
4774:Recorder of Liverpool
4754:Court of Appeal judge
4707:Court of King's Bench
4677:Court of Common Pleas
4158:Principle of legality
3917:Delegated legislation
3617:Intellectual property
3248:California Law Review
3191:10.3366/elr.2018.0492
3117:10.3366/elr.2016.0352
2833:Taylor, Greg (2001).
2332:Kalo, Joseph (1978).
1387:Australian Bar Review
1080:Australian Bar Review
664:The period after the
632:
607:
525:and just conduct. As
475:
406:
401:Earl of Oxford's case
391:
369:Earl of Oxford's case
328:High Court of Justice
316:High Court of Justice
306:
294:Equity and Common Law
286:
250:
172:
35:
4950:Medieval English law
4376:Barristers' chambers
4318:Legal representation
4256:Justice of the peace
3602:Financial regulation
3179:Edinburgh Law Review
3105:Edinburgh Law Review
2800:The Yale Law Journal
2753:The Yale Law Journal
2706:The Yale Law Journal
2428:(6): 444–445. 1903.
2199:Yale, David (1985).
1890:Yale, David (1985).
438:discovery procedures
326:established the new
65:specific performance
4749:Master of the Rolls
4631:Court of Protection
4411:Election commission
4123:Expressive function
3652:Landlord–tenant law
3551:Consumer protection
2675:Stanford Law Review
2508:Columbia Law Review
2469:Columbia Law Review
2291:Columbia Law Review
1544:Tucker, P. (2000).
1251:Columbia Law Review
864:Columbia Law Review
666:American Revolution
322:The passing of the
312:City of Westminster
69:extraordinary writs
47:, also known as an
4885:Admiralty Advocate
4832:Justice of Chester
4769:Recorder of London
4744:Lord Chief Justice
4692:Court of Exchequer
4646:Magistrates' Court
4369:Legal institutions
4236:Lawsuit/Litigation
4226:Dispute resolution
4031:Catholic canon law
3739:State of emergency
3702:Will and testament
3426:Law of obligations
3379:Constitutional law
3369:Administrative law
3295:The New York Times
3099:Ford, J D (2016).
2422:Harvard Law Review
1938:Harvard Law Review
841:Fordham Law Review
734:Exchequer of Pleas
645:
613:
490:
405:
320:
256:
182:
155:Courts of Chancery
41:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4864:Solicitor General
4840:
4839:
4725:
4724:
4682:Court of Chancery
4551:
4550:
4211:Constitutionalism
4133:Law and economics
3971:Act of parliament
3709:Product liability
3662:Legal archaeology
3587:Environmental law
3581:Entertainment law
3421:International law
3220:978-1-108-36782-0
3151:978-1-108-36782-0
3050:978-1-108-36782-0
2893:978-0-19-559402-7
2557:978-1-76002-053-8
2395:978-1-76002-053-8
2138:978-1-76002-053-8
2045:978-1-76002-053-8
1865:978-1-76002-053-8
1830:978-1-76002-053-8
1795:978-0-19-559402-7
1704:978-1-76002-053-8
1522:978-1-76002-053-8
1487:978-0-19-168157-8
1425:978-1-76002-053-8
1363:978-1-76002-053-8
1223:978-1-76002-053-8
1056:978-1-76002-053-8
983:978-1-76002-053-8
921:978-1-76002-053-8
719:Court of Requests
699:Court of Chancery
353:legal proceedings
242:injunctive relief
191:Chancery Division
175:Court of Chancery
84:English tradition
16:(Redirected from
4982:
4910:Courts of equity
4859:Attorney General
4849:
4759:High Court judge
4734:
4712:Court of Probate
4596:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4555:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4512:
4511:
4335:Question of fact
4216:Criminal justice
3546:Construction law
3541:Conflict of laws
3506:Agricultural law
3348:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2681:(6): 2057–2058.
2670:
2664:
2663:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2338:Duke Law Journal
2329:
2323:
2322:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2122:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2092:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2004:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1751:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1663:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1002:
996:
995:
967:
961:
960:
940:
934:
933:
905:
896:
895:
855:
849:
848:
832:
826:
825:
823:
821:
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
785:
779:
778:
760:
672:, New York, and
653:Court of Session
638:Court of Session
487:
344:Exchequer Courts
231:Formative period
177:in the reign of
21:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4889:
4880:King's Advocate
4868:
4836:
4802:Lord Chancellor
4790:
4721:
4650:
4621:Court of Appeal
4606:Court of equity
4587:
4582:
4552:
4547:
4520:
4506:
4497:
4474:
4465:Political party
4438:Legal education
4426:Law enforcement
4406:Court of equity
4364:
4340:Question of law
4293:Practice of law
4273:Judicial review
4187:
4138:Legal formalism
4118:Comparative law
4113:Contract theory
4096:
4016:Legal pluralism
3987:
3976:Act of Congress
3900:Executive order
3866:
3768:
3687:Nationality law
3612:Immigration law
3536:Competition law
3489:
3357:
3352:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3260:10.2307/3476972
3241:
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3221:
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3198:
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3152:
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2625:
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2620:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2558:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2520:10.2307/1110499
2501:
2500:
2496:
2481:10.2307/1110531
2462:
2461:
2457:
2434:10.2307/1323674
2416:
2415:
2411:
2396:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2350:10.2307/1372112
2331:
2330:
2326:
2303:10.2307/1110531
2284:
2283:
2279:
2256:10.2307/1100981
2237:
2236:
2232:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2139:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2093:
2081:
2066:
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2046:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2005:
1993:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1950:10.2307/1321408
1931:
1930:
1923:
1889:
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1384:
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1379:
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1349:
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1344:
1313:10.2307/2855378
1294:
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1263:10.2307/1110828
1244:
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1224:
1209:
1208:
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1154:
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1126:10.2307/1835187
1107:
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899:
876:10.2307/1110828
857:
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829:
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797:
795:
787:
786:
782:
775:
762:
761:
757:
752:
695:
662:
627:
602:
563:South Australia
555:
550:
536:
519:
451:
446:
428:
416:
397:Lord Chancellor
377:
361:
332:Court of Appeal
301:
296:
282:W.S. Holdsworth
278:
269:Judicature Acts
261:
233:
209:law of the land
187:
185:Medieval period
163:
150:
134:
128:
45:court of equity
28:
23:
22:
18:Chancery courts
15:
12:
11:
5:
4988:
4986:
4978:
4977:
4972:
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4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4930:Courts by type
4927:
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4901:
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4888:
4887:
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4855:
4853:
4846:
4842:
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4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
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4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
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4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
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4664:
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4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
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4638:
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4613:
4608:
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4600:
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4581:
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4566:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4517:
4514:Law portal
4502:
4499:
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4352:
4350:Trial advocacy
4347:
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4337:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4325:
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4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4285:
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4270:
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4264:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3880:Ballot measure
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3857:Legal treatise
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3823:Letters patent
3820:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3774:Sources of law
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3759:Unenforced law
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:Commercial law
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3313:External links
3311:
3308:
3307:
3281:
3254:(2): 127–144.
3234:
3219:
3196:
3185:(2): 314–315.
3165:
3150:
3130:
3111:(2): 245–246.
3091:
3064:
3049:
3029:
3000:
2981:
2962:
2932:
2925:
2907:
2892:
2872:
2825:
2812:10.2307/789415
2786:
2765:10.2307/789415
2739:
2718:10.2307/789415
2692:
2665:
2618:
2571:
2556:
2533:
2514:(3): 228–252.
2494:
2455:
2409:
2394:
2371:
2324:
2277:
2250:(2): 107–117.
2230:
2191:
2152:
2137:
2112:
2079:
2059:
2044:
2024:
1991:
1971:
1921:
1879:
1864:
1844:
1829:
1809:
1794:
1771:
1738:
1718:
1703:
1683:
1650:
1630:
1601:10.2307/743785
1575:
1536:
1521:
1501:
1486:
1466:
1439:
1424:
1404:
1377:
1362:
1342:
1284:
1237:
1222:
1202:
1173:10.2307/743785
1147:
1097:
1070:
1055:
1032:
1017:
997:
982:
962:
935:
920:
897:
850:
827:
805:
780:
773:
754:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
694:
691:
661:
658:
626:
623:
601:
598:
554:
551:
549:
546:
535:
532:
518:
515:
497:, generosity,
450:
447:
445:
442:
427:
424:
415:
412:
376:
373:
360:
357:
300:
297:
295:
292:
277:
274:
260:
257:
238:King's Council
232:
229:
204:consimili casu
186:
183:
162:
159:
149:
146:
130:Main article:
127:
124:
112:South Carolina
92:federal courts
53:chancery court
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4987:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Jurisprudence
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4764:Circuit judge
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4616:Privy Council
4614:
4612:
4611:Supreme Court
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:Civil society
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:Trier of fact
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4241:Legal opinion
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:Court-martial
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4193:Jurisprudence
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4082:Statutory law
4080:
4078:
4077:Socialist law
4075:
4071:
4070:Byzantine law
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4021:Religious law
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3993:Legal systems
3990:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:Statutory law
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Statutory law
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:Transport law
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Legal fiction
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Financial law
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:Corporate law
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Statutory law
3478:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:Core subjects
3360:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3001:
2997:(1): 180–185.
2996:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2926:9781108421317
2922:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2451:
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2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2386:
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2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
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2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2080:0-949553-07-7
2076:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:0-949553-07-7
1988:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1739:0-949553-07-7
1735:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1651:0-421-05160-4
1647:
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1622:
1618:
1614:
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1606:
1602:
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1571:
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1528:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1502:
1497:
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1470:
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1462:
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1450:
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1417:
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1400:
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1369:
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1359:
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1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
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1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:9780195596441
1014:
1010:
1009:
1001:
998:
993:
989:
985:
979:
975:
974:
966:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
936:
931:
927:
923:
917:
913:
912:
904:
902:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
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3453:Property law
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3298:. Retrieved
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3521:Banking law
3516:Amnesty law
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3431:Private law
2344:(5): 1148.
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3229:1111379622
3160:1111379622
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3018:(10): 52.
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820:25 October
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3729:Space law
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3436:Procedure
3374:Civil law
3268:0008-1221
3125:1364-9809
3086:0036-9241
3024:1944-3749
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2867:145762063
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2726:0044-0094
2687:0038-9765
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2442:0017-811X
2404:933756917
2358:0012-7086
2311:0010-1958
2297:(1): 38.
2264:1547-1357
2225:0144-0365
2186:0008-1973
2147:933756917
2097:cite book
2089:150743804
2054:933756917
2009:cite book
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1399:0814-8589
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1027:899445855
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870:(2): 89.
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892:1110828
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