Equity (law) - Knowledge (XXG)

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Often, this form of relief is in practical terms more valuable to a litigant; for example, a plaintiff whose neighbor will not return his only milk cow, which had wandered onto the neighbor's property, may want that particular cow back, not just its monetary value. However, in general, a litigant cannot obtain equitable relief unless there is "no adequate remedy at law"; that is, a court will not grant an injunction unless monetary damages are an insufficient remedy for the injury in question. Law courts can also enter certain types of immediately enforceable orders, called "

387:". During the 15th century, Chancery pleadings began to expressly invoke "conscience", to the point that English lawyers in the late 15th century thought of Chancery as a court of "conscience", not a court of "equity". However, the "reasoning of the medieval chancellors has not been preserved" as to what they actually meant by the word "conscience", and modern scholars can only indirectly guess at what the word probably meant. The publication of the treatise 999:: "If the legislature means to enact an injustice, however palpable, the court of Chancery is not the body with whom a correcting power is lodged. That it shall not interpose in any case which does not come within a general description and admit of redress by a general and practicable rule." The US Supreme Court, however, has concluded that courts have wide discretion to fashion relief in cases of equity. The first major statement of this power came in 977:, cases that traditionally would have been handled by the law courts. The question of whether a case should be determined by a jury depends largely on the type of relief the plaintiff requests. If a plaintiff requests damages in the form of money or certain other forms of relief, such as the return of a specific item of property, the remedy is considered legal, and a jury is available as the fact-finder. On the other hand, if the plaintiff requests an 4220: 1155: 4234: 581: 239:

organized into a Chancery Division and a Law Division. There is a difference of opinion in Commonwealth countries as to whether equity and common law have been fused or are merely administered by the same court, with the orthodox view that they have not (expressed as rejecting the "fusion fallacy") prevailing in Australia, while support for fusion has been expressed by the

915:

longer discretionary upon the courts or as the English law has it, "Chancellor's foot" but instead are enforceable rights subject to the conditions under the 1963 Act being satisfied. Nonetheless, in the event of situations not covered under the 1963 Act, the courts in India continue to exercise their inherent powers in terms of Section 151 of the

523:'s response to Selden in an 1818 chancery case: "I cannot agree that the doctrines of this court are to be changed with every succeeding judge. Nothing would inflict on me greater pain, in quitting this place, than the recollection that I had done anything to justify the reproach that the equity of this court varies like the Chancellor's foot." 1017:

successful handling of certain law cases is difficult or impossible unless a temporary restraining order (TRO) or preliminary injunction is issued at the outset, to restrain someone from fleeing the jurisdiction taking the only property available to satisfy a judgment, for instance. Furthermore, certain statutes like the

554:

In order to avoid paying land taxes and other feudal dues, lawyers developed a primitive form of trust called 'the use' that enabled one person (who was not required to pay tax) to hold the legal title of the land for the use of another person. The effect of this trust was that the first person owned

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The early chancellors were influenced by their training in theology and canon law, but the law of equity they applied was not canon law, but a new kind of law purportedly driven by conscience. Whatever it meant in the medieval era, the word "conscience" clearly carried a subjective connotation (as it

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Because the writ system was limited to enumerated writs for enumerated rights and wrongs, it sometimes produced unjust results. Thus, even though the King's Bench might have jurisdiction over a case and might have the power to issue the perfect writ, the plaintiff might still not have a case if there

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is particularly well known for the strength of its Equity jurisprudence. However, it was only in 1972 with the introduction of reform to the Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) that empowered both the Equity and Common Law Division of the Supreme Court of NSW to grant relief in either equity or common law.

510:

Equity is a roguish thing: for law we have a measure, know what to trust to; equity is according to the conscience of him that is Chancellor, and as that is larger or narrower, so is equity. 'Tis all one as if they should make the standard for the measure we call a foot, a Chancellor's foot; what an

351:

argued that the delegation was initially driven by practical concerns and the moral justification came later. The moral justification went as follows: as Keeper of the King's Conscience, the Chancellor "would act in particular cases to admit 'merciful exceptions' to the King's general laws to ensure

515:

After 1660, Chancery cases were regularly reported, several equitable doctrines developed, and equity started to evolve into a system of precedents like its common law cousin. Over time, equity jurisprudence would gradually become a "body of equitable law, as complex, doctrinal, and rule-haunted as

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A common criticism of Chancery practice as it developed in the early medieval period was that it lacked fixed rules, varied greatly from Chancellor to Chancellor, and the Chancellor was exercising an unbounded discretion. The counterargument was that equity mitigated the rigour of the common law by

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In modern practice, perhaps the most important distinction between law and equity is the set of remedies each offers. The most common civil remedy a court of law can award is monetary damages. Equity, however, enters injunctions or decrees directing someone either to act or to forbear from acting.

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into Chancery. This was a "wild exaggeration", but as a result, the Crown began to transition away from clergy and nonlawyers and instead appointed only lawyers trained in the common law tradition to the position of Lord Chancellor (although there were six more nonlawyer chancellors in the decades

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With this codification, the nature and tenure of the equitable reliefs available earlier have been modified to make them statutory rights and are also required to be pleaded specifically to be enforced. Further to the extent that these equitable reliefs have been codified into rights, they are no

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In the United States, the federal courts and most state courts have merged law and equity into courts of general jurisdiction, such as county courts. However, the substantive distinction between law and equity has retained its old vitality. This difference is not a mere technicality, because the

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Litigants began to seek relief against unfair judgments of the common law courts by petitioning the King. Such petitions were initially processed by the King's Council, which itself was quite overworked, and the Council began to delegate the hearing of such petitions to the Lord Chancellor. This

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influenced the development of the distinctly different but related English concept of equity: "The equity administered by the early English chancellors ... confessedly borrowed from the aequitas and the judicial powers of the Roman magistrates." By the 15th century the judicial power of

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Jurisdictions which have inherited the common law system differ in their treatment of equity. Over the course of the twentieth century some common law systems began to place less emphasis on the historical or institutional origin of substantive legal rules. In England and Wales, Australia, New

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of the 1870s effected a procedural fusion of the two bodies of law, ending their institutional separation. The reforms did not fuse the actual bodies of law however. As an example, this lack of fusion meant it was still not possible to receive an equitable remedy for a purely common law wrong.

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of property. This split propagated to many of the colonies, including the United States. The states of Delaware, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Tennessee continue to have divided Courts of Law and Courts of Chancery. In New Jersey, the appellate courts are unified, but the trial courts are

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By the 14th century it appears that Chancery was operating as a court, affording remedies for which the strict procedures of the common law worked injustice or provided no remedy to a deserving plaintiff. Chancellors often had theological and clerical training and were well versed in

487:(1615) where a judgment of Chief Justice Coke was allegedly obtained by fraud. Chancellor Ellesmere issued an injunction from the Chancery prohibiting the enforcement of the common law order. The two courts became locked in a stalemate, and the matter was eventually referred to the 356:

was right before God". This concern for the King's conscience was then extended to the conscience of the defendant in Chancery, in that the Chancellor would intervene to prevent "unconscionable" conduct on the part of the defendant, in order to protect the conscience of the King.

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and repealing the earlier "Specific Relief Act" of 1877. Under the 1963 Act, most equitable concepts were codified and made statutory rights, thereby ending the discretionary role of the courts to grant equitable reliefs. The rights codified under the 1963 Act were as under:

1005:, 75 U.S. 557 (1869). The Court concluded that "relief is not a matter of absolute right to either party; it is a matter resting in the discretion of the court, to be exercised upon a consideration of all the circumstances of each particular case." 526:

Equity's primacy over common law in England was later enshrined in the Judicature Acts of the 1870s, which also served to fuse the courts of equity and the common law (although emphatically not the systems themselves) into one unified court system.

292:, and whose jurisdiction over disputes between the King's subjects was based upon the King's writ. Initially, a writ was probably a vague order to do right by the plaintiff, and it was usually a writ of grace, issued at the pleasure of the King. 1462:

There is currently a divergence of opinion between the High Court of Australia and the Supreme Court of England on this point. In Australia, the continuing existence of the equitable jurisdiction to relieve against penalties has been confirmed:

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After US courts merged law and equity, American law courts adopted many of the procedures of equity courts. The procedures in a court of equity were much more flexible than the courts at common law. In American practice, certain devices such as

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rather than the letter" of the law. What was new was the application of the word "equity" to "the extraordinary form of justice administered by the chancellor", as a convenient way to distinguish Chancery jurisprudence from the common law.

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The latter part of the twentieth century saw increased debate over the utility of treating equity as a separate body of law. These debates were labelled the "fusion wars". A particular flashpoint in this debate centred on the concept of

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In 1972 NSW also adopted one of the essential sections of the Judicature reforms, which emphasised that where there was a conflict between the common law and equity, equity would always prevail. Nevertheless, in 1975 three alumni of

50:, with the general purpose of providing legal remedies for cases wherein the common law is inflexible and cannot fairly resolve the disputed legal matter. Conceptually, equity was part of the historical origins of the system of 566:

The response of the lawyers to this Statute was to create the 'use upon a use'. The Statute recognized only the first use, and so land owners were again able to separate the legal and beneficial interests in their land.

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in 1535 (which became effective in 1536) in an attempt to outlaw this practice and recover lost revenue. The Act effectively made the beneficial owner of the land the legal owner and therefore liable for feudal dues.

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Equity courts were widely distrusted in the northeastern United States following the American Revolution. A serious movement for merger of law and equity began in the states in the mid-19th century, when

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As the title implies, this source is a 314-page treatment of the history of the concept of conscience in the Court of Chancery, to the extent that such history can be inferred from surviving sources.

327:(as a matter of right). Each of these writs was associated with particular circumstances and led to a particular kind of judgment. Procedure in the common law courts became tightly focused on the 1025:

equitable relief, which forces American courts to analyze in lengthy detail whether the relief demanded in particular cases brought under those statutes would have been available in equity.

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The development of a court of equity as a remedy for the rigid procedure of the common law courts meant it was inevitable that the two systems would come into conflict. Litigants would go '

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prohibiting the enforcement of a common law court order. The penalty for disobeying an equitable injunction and enforcing an unconscionable common law judgment was imprisonment.

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During the 12th and 13th centuries, writ procedure gradually evolved into something much more rigid. All writs to commence actions had to be purchased by litigants from the

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uncertain measure would this be? One Chancellor has a long foot, another a short foot, a third an indifferent foot: 'tis the same thing in a Chancellor's conscience.

2709: 1068:) have separate divisions for legal and equitable matters in a single court. Virginia had separate law and equity dockets (in the same court) until 2006. Besides 436: 30: 646:

re-affirm the continuing vitality of traditional equitable doctrines. In 2009 the High Court affirmed the importance of equity and dismissed the suggestion that

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argue that in many cases the inclusion of the label "legal" or "equitable" before a substantive rule is often unnecessary. Many English universities, such as

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still does today). Complaints about equity as an arbitrary exercise of conscience by nonlawyer Chancellors became quite frequent under the chancellorship of

2561: 427: 331:(the particular procedure authorized by a particular writ to enforce a particular substantive right), rather than what modern lawyers would now call the 1563: at – (Spigelman CJ), – (Mason P, dissenting), (Heydon JA), (2003) 56 NSWLR 298, 306 (Spigelman CJ), 325–9 (Mason P, dissenting), 391–2 (Heydon JA) 1116:

in 1978, bankruptcy courts are still officially considered "courts of equity" and exercise equitable powers under Section 105 of the Bankruptcy Code.

499:, upheld the use of the equitable injunction and concluded that in the event of any conflict between the common law and equity, equity would prevail. 938:

which confers wide powers on the Supreme Court to pass orders "as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause of matter pending before it".

4201: 753: 4284: 1018: 2624: 488: 3029: 2691: 1892: 1610: 466: 91:). Later, in civil law systems, equity was integrated in the legal rules, while in common law systems it became an independent body of law. 54:

of England, yet is a field of law separate from common law, because equity has its own unique rules and principles, and was administered by

680:. It remains one of the most highly regarded practitioner texts in Australia and England. The work is now in its 5th edition and edited by 1349:'Common law' here is used in its narrow sense, referring to that body of law principally developed in the superior courts of common law: 846:, but can deal with situations where the law is silent, or where there is an omission in statute. Such an omission is sometimes termed a 2985: 2918: 2518: 1350: 470: 344: 277: 159: 122: 3014: 2779:

Funk, Kellen (2015). "Equity without Chancery: The Fusion of Law and Equity in the Field Code of Civil Procedure, New York 1846–76".

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was not a single form of action combining them. Lacking a legal remedy, the plaintiff's only option would be to petition the King.

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This article is about the area of law. For remedies offered by this area of law, such as injunctions and specific performance, see

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The 1615 conflict between common law and equity came about because of a "clash of strong personalities" between Lord Chancellor

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and whether areas of law traditionally regarded as equitable could be rationalised as part of a single body of law known as the

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in the early 16th century marked the beginning of Chancery's transformation from a court of conscience to a court of equity.

3703: 3337: 2961: 2937: 2763: 2718: (2006). (Roberts CJ for a unanimous court) (reviewing the scope of equitable relief as authorized by the ERISA statute). 2290: 1951: 676: 444: 121:

For much of its history, the English common law was principally developed and administered in the central royal courts: the

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A Law Dictionary, containing definitions of the terms and phrases of American and English jurisprudence, ancient and modern

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was appointed as Lord Chancellor in 2016, but this was after the position had been stripped of its judicial powers by the

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that required the release of people imprisoned for contempt of chancery orders. This tension reached a climax in the

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2 AC 694, 700), where the notion that the court's jurisdiction to grant relief was "unlimited and unfettered" (per

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after Wriothesley). The last person without training in the common law before 2016 to serve as Lord Chancellor was

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doctrine of equity had traditionally been followed even after it became independent in 1947. However, in 1963 the

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that the Chancellor could no longer create new writs without permission from the King and the King's Council (the

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in terms of Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. Further, such inherent powers are vested in the

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Chancery continued to be the subject of extensive criticism, the most famous of which was 17th-century jurist

484: 114:. In common law jurisdictions, the word "equity" "is not a synonym for 'general fairness' or 'natural justice 4086: 3873: 3347: 1515: 877: 765: 734: 693: 643: 193: 24: 4141: 4126: 2450: 1538:

and equitable courts, procedure, rights, and remedies, etc., are frequently contrasted, and in this sense

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the land under the common law, but the second person had a right to use the land under the law of equity.

389: 2435: 989:, modification of contract, or some other non-monetary relief, the claim would usually be one in equity. 4274: 4245: 3838: 3516: 3327: 1057: 1037:

of 1848. The federal courts did not abandon the old law/equity separation until the promulgation of the

1030: 935: 801: 455: 379:

Early Chancery pleadings vaguely invoked some sort of higher justice, such as with the formula "for the

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Zealand, and Canada, equity remains a distinct body of law. Modern equity includes, among other things:

3966: 3312: 1230: 1053: 986: 982: 927: 730: 540: 308: 142:

Judicial or academic reasoning which assumes the contrary has been described as a "fusion fallacy".

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Before that point in time, the word "equity" was used in the common law to refer to a principle of

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of England in the 11th century, royal justice came to be administered in three central courts: the

2585: 3936: 3595: 3449: 3434: 3412: 3156: 3136: 3089: 3079: 2879:"Another Conflict in the Circuits Brewing Over Bankruptcy Court's Equitable Powers Under §105(a)" 2822: 2796: 2664: 2366: 1818: 1673: 1193: 781: 548: 496: 407: 285: 223: 130: 1519: 1064:. However, merger in some states is less than complete; some other states (such as Illinois and 2535:"Nobile officium used to recognise English High Court orders due to statutory casus improvisus" 2511:

The Nobile Officium: The Extraordinary Equitable Jurisdiction of the Supreme Courts of Scotland

642:

Equity remains a cornerstone of Australian private law. A string of cases in the 1980s saw the

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to a party to do something, give something to someone, or stop doing something) and recognized

3921: 3843: 3681: 3424: 3419: 3372: 3297: 3291: 3131: 3049: 3025: 2981: 2957: 2933: 2914: 2808: 2804: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2687: 2600: 2514: 2318: 2312: 2286: 2256: 2206: 2200: 2162: 2156: 2120: 2114: 2080: 2045: 2011: 1977: 1947: 1922: 1888: 1849: 1843: 1798: 1746: 1721: 1696: 1631: 1606: 1523: 1443: 1418: 1381: 1375: 1287: 1255: 1215: 1183: 1001: 714: 663: 647: 251: 215: 134: 107: 70: 47: 35: 2481: 2074: 2039: 2005: 1971: 1882: 1600: 1560: 288:. The common law developed in these royal courts, which were created by the authority of the 118:", but refers to "a particular body of rules that originated in a special system of courts". 3926: 3893: 3392: 3256: 3251: 3216: 2788: 2656: 2358: 2250: 1916: 1810: 1778: 1665: 1313: 1220: 1209: 1203: 992: 789: 348: 219: 55: 20: 2465: 2419: 2403: 1468: 4175: 4148: 4136: 4116: 4050: 4045: 4028: 4008: 4003: 3983: 3848: 3828: 3823: 3726: 3686: 3397: 3322: 3246: 3231: 3151: 3008: 2385: 1250: 1198: 1168: 996: 843: 842:

or the common law already specify the relevant remedy. Thus, the Court cannot set aside a

807: 658: 559: 332: 303:. After writs began to become more specific and creative (in terms of the relief sought), 300: 289: 273: 138: 4252: 4060: 3978: 3567: 3533: 3484: 3469: 3241: 3146: 3126: 3116: 1508: 1225: 737:, continue to teach Equity as a standalone subject. Leading practitioner texts include 726: 671: 328: 246:

For most purposes, the U.S. federal system and most states have merged the two courts.

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delegation is often justified by the fact that the Lord Chancellor was literally the

315:). Pursuant to this authorization, litigants could purchase certain enumerated writs 200: 1476: 1056:(which includes a disproportionate number of multi-state corporations) are decided; 535:

One area in which the Court of Chancery assumed a vital role was the enforcement of

4238: 3988: 3956: 3911: 3649: 3644: 3615: 3528: 3506: 3474: 3407: 3387: 3281: 3221: 3211: 3163: 3099: 3042: 2831: 2494: 1133: 1125: 1089: 926:

There is no such inherent powers with the criminal courts in India except with the

819: 685: 681: 423:(1515–1529), who "had no legal training, and delighted in putting down lawyers". 2971:

For a brief outline of the maxims, doctrines and remedies developed under equity:

2792: 1848:(2001 reprint of 5th ed.). Boston: Little, Brown & Company. p. 180. 1494:

4. The body of law derived from law courts as opposed to those sitting in equity.

4219: 4160: 4101: 4091: 3888: 3883: 3721: 3622: 3538: 3497: 3464: 3429: 3352: 3276: 3226: 3141: 1946:. Clarendon Law Series (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 10–11. 1235: 1154: 1129: 962:

Another distinction is the unavailability of a jury in equity: the judge is the

722: 710: 651: 536: 503: 474: 380: 312: 235: 231: 189: 100: 1656:

Burrows, Andrew (1 March 2002), "We Do This At Common Law But That in Equity",

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are silent, and prevent mistakes in procedure or practice that would lead to

717:. The main challenge to it has come from academic writers working within the 650:

has explanatory power in relation to traditional equitable doctrines such as

4131: 4096: 4038: 4013: 3878: 3775: 3763: 3748: 3736: 3664: 3582: 3555: 3439: 1245: 1073: 835: 831: 543:

could not accommodate. This role gave rise to the basic distinction between

440: 366: 362: 218:

had two complementary court systems: courts of "law" which could only award

210:, 10th ed., definition 4, differentiates "common law" (or just "law") from " 165: 82: 74: 1780:

An Historical Sketch of the Equitable Jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery

2647:"Events Subsequent to the Contract As a Defence to Specific Performance". 1669: 1534:

Second, with the development of equity and equitable rights and remedies,

995:

explained in 1785 that there are three main limitations on the power of a

4180: 4165: 3868: 3753: 3550: 3094: 1173: 1093: 1085: 1045: 1010: 889: 797: 222:

and recognized only the legal owner of property, and courts of "equity" (

171: 87: 2904:

For a history of equity in England, including the Statute of Uses 1535:

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Sources that mention four states (e.g., Laycock 2002) generally include

4070: 4018: 3998: 3946: 3758: 3676: 3492: 3454: 3402: 2668: 2370: 2347:"'Cardozo's Foot': The Chancellor's Conscience and Constructive Trusts" 2346: 1822: 1677: 1121: 1097: 1081: 823: 2825:, which abolished its separate chancery courts as of January 1, 2002. 16:

Set of legal principles supplementing but distinct from the Common Law

4170: 4023: 3768: 3659: 3654: 3600: 3271: 133:. Equity was the name given to the law which was administered in the 2660: 2362: 2076:

Conscience, Equity and the Court of Chancery in Early Modern England

2041:

Conscience, Equity and the Court of Chancery in Early Modern England

2007:

Conscience, Equity and the Court of Chancery in Early Modern England

1973:

Conscience, Equity and the Court of Chancery in Early Modern England

1814: 609:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 519:

One indicator of equity's evolution into a coherent body of law was

2947:

For a general treatise on Equity, including a historical analysis:

752:

Limits on the power of equity in English law were clarified by the

73:. The tradition of equity begins in antiquity with the writings of 4111: 4055: 3961: 3802: 3605: 3104: 2239:, I Ch Rep I, 21 ER 485 (Court of Chancery 1615). 861: 762:

Scandinavian Trading Tanker Co. A.B. v Flota Petrolera Ecuatoriana

29: 3024:

Hudson, Alastair, 5th edition, Routledge-Cavendish, London, 2007

3993: 3941: 3797: 3195: 3111: 2956:. Clarendon Law Series (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1695:. Clarendon Law Series (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1417:. Trusts, Wills and Probate Library (5th ed.). LexisNexis. 948: 3038: 1104:

was also historically considered an equitable matter; although

955:), but they are less flexible and less easily obtained than an 106:, equity is the body of law which was developed in the English 3065: 2625:"Judicial Revision of Frustrated Contracts: The United States" 2317:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 119. 2205:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 117. 2161:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 115. 2119:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 114. 1654:

For an example of the pro-fusionist view, see Andrew Burrows,

1380:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 105. 574: 451:

as the highest judge sitting in equity in England and Wales.)

2496:

Union Eagle Limited v. Golden Achievement Limited (Hong Kong)

2462:

Cukurova Finance International Ltd v Alfa Telecom Turkey Ltd

2255:(9th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 6. 1921:(9th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 5. 1884:

The Principles of Roman Law and Their Relation to Modern Law

1415:

Meagher, Gummow & Lehane's Equity: Doctrine and Remedies

1307: 1305: 1303: 1044:

Three states still have separate courts for law and equity:

477:. Chief Justice Coke began the practice of issuing writs of 2852:

Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia, Rule 3:1. See also

1887:(2002 reprint ed.). The Lawbook Exchange. p. 79. 1108:

is today a purely federal matter, reserved entirely to the

1033:

convinced New York State to adopt what became known as the

970:

in civil cases tried in federal court is guaranteed by the

885:

Recovery of possession of immovable property (ss. 5–8)

2978:

Todd & Watt's Cases and Materials on Equity and Trusts

2856:"The Merger of Common-Law and Equity Pleading in Virginia" 1076:, areas traditionally handled by chancery courts included 321:(as a matter of course) which later became known as writs 1465:

Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited

1013:

law regarding intent and enforcement. as well as equity.

2928:

Cockburn, Tina; Harris, Wendy; Shirley, Melinda (2005).

2499:

UKPC 5, delivered 3 February 1997, accessed 13 July 2023

1377:

An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States

834:. The exercise of this power is limited by adherence to 46:

is the particular body of law, developed in the English

1626:

Degeling, Simone; Edelman, James, eds. (October 2005).

598: 571:

Comparison of equity traditions in common law countries

3034: 1471:, 247 CLR 205. In England, this view was not adopted: 406:: the idea that written laws ought to be interpreted " 2909:

Cockburn, Tina; Shirley, Melinda (14 November 2011).

1834: 1832: 1413:

Heydon, J. D.; Leeming, M. J.; Turner, P. G. (2014).

1318:(second ed.). West Publishing Co. pp. 432–3 1143: 772:

A.C. 691, 726) was rejected as a "beguiling heresy".

784:

have never recognised a division between the normal

110:

and which is now administered concurrently with the

4189: 4079: 3902: 3811: 3702: 3581: 3483: 3204: 3072: 3002:

Christopher St. Germain's Doctor and Student (1518)

2283:

Sources of English Legal and Constitutional History

1783:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 747:

Hayton & Underhill's Law of Trusts and Trustees

430:, a nonlawyer, was accused of trying to inject the 335:(the underlying substantive right to be enforced). 2747: 2623: 2562:"A Brief Excursion into the Scottish Legal System" 2560: 1575:"Fallacy or Furphy?: Fusion in a Judicature World" 1507: 2729:Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Knudson 2303: 2301: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2105: 2103: 1965: 1963: 174:(including promissory and proprietary estoppel); 2710:Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc. 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1473:Cavendish Square Holding BV v Talal El Makdessi 1286:. Oxford University Press 2021. pp. 11ff. 508: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1605:(3rd ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. 437:Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury 3050: 2750:Modern American Remedies: Cases and materials 966:. In the American legal system, the right of 262:History of equity in common law jurisdictions 8: 2877:Hawes, Lesley Anne (January–February 2013). 901:Cancellation of instruments (ss. 31–33) 684:, former Justice of the High Court, Justice 95:Equity in common law jurisdictions (general) 2617: 2615: 2079:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 44. 2044:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 17. 2010:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 15. 1976:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 13. 1284:The Function of Equity in International Law 847: 813: 805: 401: 370: 322: 316: 3057: 3043: 3035: 2684:Inflation and the Enforcement of Contracts 2285:, Sydney: Butterworths, pp. 223–224, 2281:Evans, Michael; Jack, R Ian, eds. (1984), 1792: 1790: 1650: 1648: 1340:(Peter Muckley tr, Martinus Nijhoff 2008) 415:looking to substance rather than to form. 3015:Delaware Court of Chancery: Official site 2980:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press. 1745:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1720:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 895:Rectification of instruments (s. 26) 625:Learn how and when to remove this message 439:, who served briefly from 1672 to 1673. ( 4202:History of the American legal profession 3011:, the classic common law text on equity. 2314:An Introduction to English Legal History 2202:An Introduction to English Legal History 2158:An Introduction to English Legal History 2116:An Introduction to English Legal History 1743:The Principles of the Law of Restitution 369:. During this era, the Roman concept of 2573:(2). University of Birmingham: 155–161. 1267: 1150: 1019:Employee Retirement Income Security Act 1009:was for many years the leading case in 898:Recession of contracts (ss. 27–30) 61:Equity exists in domestic law, both in 2952:Worthington, Sarah (12 October 2006). 1942:Worthington, Sarah (12 October 2006). 1442:(33rd ed.). Sweet & Maxwell. 1438:McGhee, John, ed. (13 December 2017). 709:Equity remains a distinct part of the 307:responded in 1258 by providing in the 2754:(3rd ed.). Aspen Press. p. 1408: 1406: 1404: 666:and judges of the NSW Supreme Court, 539:, a role that the rigid framework of 7: 2830:. Arkansas Judiciary. Archived from 2447:Law Reform (Law and Equity) Act 1972 2345:Powell, H. Jefferson (Summer 1993). 1492:(10th ed.). 2014. p. 334. 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1136:originated in the courts of equity. 904:Declaratory decrees (ss. 34–35) 876:following the recommendation of the 458:' and often would seek an equitable 2932:. Sydney: LexisNexis Butterworths. 2584:Jefferson, Thomas (November 1785). 1845:A Concise History of the Common Law 1716:Burrows, Andrew (2 December 2010). 1514:(2nd, revised ed.). New York: 1490:Black's Law Dictionary – Common law 1510:A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 376:Chancery was clearly recognised. 14: 3186:Restitution and unjust enrichment 2860:University of Richmond Law Review 1881:Burdick, William Livesey (1938). 800:) has exercised an equitable and 4233: 4232: 4218: 2622:Dawson, John P. (January 1984). 1840:Plucknett, Theodore Frank Thomas 1777:Kerly, Duncan Mackenzie (1890). 1741:Virgo, Graham (13 August 2015). 1691:Birks, Peter (13 January 2005). 1599:Friedman, Lawrence Meir (2005). 1153: 1039:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 677:Equity: Doctrines & Remedies 579: 4197:History of the legal profession 1658:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 1110:United States Bankruptcy Courts 1106:bankruptcy in the United States 934:in terms of Article 142 of the 818:enables the Court to provide a 690:New South Wales Court of Appeal 495:. Sir Francis, by authority of 345:Keeper of the King's Conscience 99:In jurisdictions following the 42:In the field of jurisprudence, 38:, in early 19th-century London. 4285:Legal doctrines and principles 2478:Harris v Digital Pulse Pty Ltd 1557:Harris v Digital Pulse Pty Ltd 1312:Black, Henry Campbell (1891). 1052:is where most cases involving 770:Shiloh Spinners Ltd v. Harding 445:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 181:and relief against forfeiture; 1: 2793:10.1080/01440365.2015.1047560 2351:Law and Contemporary Problems 1114:United States Bankruptcy Code 1072:, which developed out of the 917:Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 469:and the Chief Justice of the 2976:Watt, Gary (29 March 2007). 2630:Boston University Law Review 788:and equity, and as such the 449:Chancellor of the High Court 299:, the head of which was the 268:History of equity and trusts 2588:. Letter to Phillip Mazzei. 1803:Political Science Quarterly 1336:María José Falcón y Tella, 605:the claims made and adding 241:New Zealand Court of Appeal 4303: 3864:International legal theory 3343:International slavery laws 3338:International human rights 3333:International criminal law 2073:Klinck, Dennis R. (2010). 2038:Klinck, Dennis R. (2010). 2004:Klinck, Dennis R. (2010). 1970:Klinck, Dennis R. (2010). 1797:Goodnow, Frank J. (1891). 1189:Delaware Court of Chancery 516:the common law ever was". 408:according to the intention 265: 18: 4212: 3917:Administration of justice 2746:Laycock, Douglas (2002). 2509:Thomson, Stephen (2015). 1602:A History of American Law 1573:Tilbury, Michael (2003). 1561:[2003] NSWCA 10 1506:Garner, Bryan A. (2001). 692:, and Dr Peter Turner of 674:and John Lehane produced 3694:Basic structure doctrine 3544:Natural and legal rights 3425:Public international law 2781:Journal of Legal History 2682:Renner, Shirley (1999). 2559:White, J. R. C. (1981). 2513:. Edinburgh: Avizandum. 1799:"The Writ of Certiorari" 1628:Equity in Commercial Law 1282:Titi, Catharine (2021). 1112:by the enactment of the 888:Specific performance of 719:law of unjust enrichment 398:statutory interpretation 256:law of unjust enrichment 3874:Principle of typicality 3348:International trade law 2482:[2003] NSWCA 10 2389:(1818) 2 Swan 402, 414. 1516:Oxford University Press 1021:specifically authorize 919:, which applies to all 878:Law Commission of India 766:Lord Simon of Glaisdale 644:High Court of Australia 558:Henry VIII enacted the 2913:. Sydney: Lawbook Co. 2854:Bryson, W. H. (2006). 2466:[2013] UKPC 20 2432:Supreme Court Act 1970 1718:The Law of Restitution 1630:. Sydney: Lawbook Co. 1542:is distinguished from 1477:[2015] UKSC 67 975:in Suits at common law 932:Supreme Court of India 848: 814: 806: 513: 402: 390:The Doctor and Student 371: 323: 317: 208:Black's Law Dictionary 39: 23:. For other uses, see 3869:Principle of legality 3628:Delegated legislation 3328:Intellectual property 2567:Holdsworth Law Review 2420:[2009] HCA 44 2404:[1985] HCA 78 2235:Earl of Oxford's Case 1469:[2012] HCA 30 1054:Delaware corporations 1031:David Dudley Field II 951:" (such as a writ of 936:Constitution of India 802:inherent jurisdiction 485:Earl of Oxford's case 456:jurisdiction shopping 282:Court of Common Pleas 278:Court of King's Bench 127:Court of Common Pleas 123:Court of King's Bench 33: 4087:Barristers' chambers 4029:Legal representation 3967:Justice of the peace 3313:Financial regulation 2911:Equity in a Nutshell 2655:(5): 411. May 1916. 1368:Farnsworth, E. Allan 1231:Politics (Aristotle) 987:specific performance 983:declaratory judgment 694:Cambridge University 531:Statute of Uses 1535 426:In 1546, Chancellor 309:Provisions of Oxford 150:the law relating to 4122:Election commission 3834:Expressive function 3363:Landlord–tenant law 3262:Consumer protection 2930:Equity & Trusts 2649:Columbia Law Review 2539:The Nobile Officium 2416:Bofinger v Kingsway 2249:Watt, Gary (2020). 1915:Watt, Gary (2020). 1670:10.1093/ojls/22.1.1 874:Parliament of India 870:Specific Relief Act 721:. Scholars such as 549:equitable interests 324:ex debito justitiae 226:) that could issue 160:constructive trusts 4080:Legal institutions 3947:Lawsuit/Litigation 3937:Dispute resolution 3742:Catholic canon law 3450:State of emergency 3413:Will and testament 3137:Law of obligations 3090:Constitutional law 3080:Administrative law 3007:2014-04-07 at the 2586:"To Philip Mazzei" 2400:Muschinski v Dodds 872:was passed by the 782:courts of Scotland 590:possibly contains 428:Thomas Wriothesley 224:courts of chancery 172:equitable estoppel 40: 34:Legal equity: The 4262: 4261: 3922:Constitutionalism 3844:Law and economics 3682:Act of parliament 3420:Product liability 3373:Legal archaeology 3298:Environmental law 3292:Entertainment law 3132:International law 3030:978-0-415-41847-8 3021:Equity and Trusts 2834:on August 4, 2011 2693:978-1-84064-062-5 2601:Willard v. Tayloe 2493:Lord Hoffman, in 2252:Trusts and Equity 1918:Trusts and Equity 1894:978-1-58477-253-8 1693:Unjust Enrichment 1612:978-0-7432-8258-1 1256:Unjust enrichment 1216:Inequity aversion 1184:Court of Chancery 1050:Court of Chancery 1007:Willard v. Tayloe 1002:Willard v. Tayloe 972:Seventh Amendment 715:England and Wales 705:England and Wales 664:Sydney Law School 648:unjust enrichment 635: 634: 627: 592:original research 252:unjust enrichment 228:injunctive relief 184:the doctrines of 135:Court of Chancery 108:Court of Chancery 104:common law system 71:international law 48:Court of Chancery 36:Court of Chancery 4292: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4223: 4222: 4046:Question of fact 3927:Criminal justice 3257:Construction law 3252:Conflict of laws 3217:Agricultural law 3059: 3052: 3045: 3036: 2991: 2967: 2943: 2924: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2753: 2743: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2627: 2619: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2506: 2500: 2491: 2485: 2475: 2469: 2468: at para. 20 2459: 2453: 2444: 2438: 2429: 2423: 2413: 2407: 2396: 2390: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2305: 2296: 2295: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2193: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2149: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2107: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1967: 1958: 1957: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1912: 1899: 1898: 1878: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1836: 1827: 1826: 1794: 1785: 1784: 1774: 1757: 1756: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1582:UNSW Law Journal 1579: 1570: 1564: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1513: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1486: 1480: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1410: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1364: 1358: 1347: 1341: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1309: 1298: 1297: 1279: 1221:Maxims of equity 1210:Ex aequo et bono 1204:Equitable remedy 1158: 1157: 1149: 993:Thomas Jefferson 910:(ss. 36–42) 851: 849:casus improvisus 817: 811: 790:Court of Session 630: 623: 619: 616: 610: 607:inline citations 583: 582: 575: 489:Attorney General 405: 374: 352:that the King's 349:Francis Palgrave 326: 320: 214:". Before 1873, 117: 69:systems, and in 56:courts of equity 21:equitable remedy 4302: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4231: 4217: 4208: 4185: 4176:Political party 4149:Legal education 4137:Law enforcement 4117:Court of equity 4075: 4051:Question of law 4004:Practice of law 3984:Judicial review 3898: 3849:Legal formalism 3829:Comparative law 3824:Contract theory 3807: 3727:Legal pluralism 3698: 3687:Act of Congress 3611:Executive order 3577: 3479: 3398:Nationality law 3323:Immigration law 3247:Competition law 3200: 3068: 3063: 3009:Wayback Machine 2998: 2988: 2975: 2964: 2951: 2940: 2927: 2921: 2908: 2902: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2828:"Circuit Court" 2826: 2820: 2816: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2661:10.2307/1110409 2646: 2645: 2641: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2606: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2492: 2488: 2476: 2472: 2460: 2456: 2445: 2441: 2430: 2426: 2414: 2410: 2397: 2393: 2386:Gee v Pritchard 2383: 2379: 2363:10.2307/1192175 2344: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2293: 2280: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2195: 2194: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2151: 2150: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1954: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1914: 1913: 1902: 1895: 1880: 1879: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1815:10.2307/2139490 1796: 1795: 1788: 1776: 1775: 1760: 1753: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1655: 1653: 1646: 1638: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1555: 1551: 1530: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1461: 1457: 1450: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1425: 1412: 1411: 1402: 1392: 1390: 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1787: 1782: 1781: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752:9780198726388 1748: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1727:9780199296521 1723: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1704: 1702:9780199276981 1698: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1637:0-455-22208-8 1633: 1629: 1622: 1619: 1614: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1529:9780195077698 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1449:9780414051607 1445: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1424:9780409332254 1420: 1416: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1389: 1387:9780199733101 1383: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1317: 1316: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293:9780198868002 1289: 1285: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1241:Statutory law 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 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653: 649: 645: 637: 629: 626: 618: 615:November 2007 608: 604: 600: 594: 593: 588:This article 586: 577: 576: 570: 568: 564: 561: 556: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 530: 528: 524: 522: 517: 512: 507: 506:'s aphorism: 505: 500: 498: 494: 493:Francis Bacon 490: 486: 482: 481: 480:habeas corpus 476: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 429: 424: 422: 421:Thomas Wolsey 416: 412: 409: 404: 400:derived from 399: 394: 392: 391: 386: 382: 377: 373: 368: 364: 358: 355: 350: 346: 340: 336: 334: 330: 325: 319: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 269: 261: 259: 257: 253: 247: 244: 242: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 220:money damages 217: 213: 209: 202: 198: 195: 191: 187: 183: 180: 176: 173: 170: 167: 166:fiduciary law 164: 161: 157: 153: 149: 148: 147: 143: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 113: 109: 105: 102: 94: 92: 90: 89: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 59: 57: 53: 49: 45: 37: 32: 26: 22: 4275:Equity (law) 4251: 4244: 4230: 4216: 3989:Jurisdiction 3957:Legal remedy 3912:Adjudication 3812:Legal theory 3650:Ratification 3645:Promulgation 3616:Proclamation 3596:Codification 3529:Human rights 3517:Divine right 3507:Constitution 3475:Women in law 3393:Military law 3388:Marriage law 3383:Maritime law 3282:Election law 3222:Aviation law 3212:Abortion law 3164:Property law 3121: 3100:Criminal law 3020: 2977: 2970: 2953: 2946: 2929: 2910: 2903: 2886:. Retrieved 2882: 2872: 2863: 2859: 2848: 2836:. Retrieved 2832:the original 2817: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2749: 2741: 2736: (2002). 2728: 2723: 2708: 2702: 2683: 2677: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2633: 2629: 2609: (1869). 2599: 2594: 2579: 2570: 2566: 2554: 2542:. Retrieved 2538: 2529: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2489: 2477: 2473: 2461: 2457: 2446: 2442: 2431: 2427: 2415: 2411: 2399: 2394: 2384: 2380: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2328:. Retrieved 2313: 2282: 2279:; quoted in 2276: 2271: 2251: 2244: 2233: 2228: 2216:. Retrieved 2201: 2172:. Retrieved 2157: 2130:. Retrieved 2115: 2092:November 11, 2090:. Retrieved 2075: 2068: 2057:November 11, 2055:. Retrieved 2040: 2033: 2023:November 11, 2021:. Retrieved 2006: 1999: 1989:November 11, 1987:. Retrieved 1972: 1943: 1937: 1917: 1883: 1859:. 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Selden, 2197:Baker, John 2153:Baker, John 2111:Baker, John 1861:27 February 1664:(1): 1–16, 1236:Restitution 1130:cross-claim 1058:Mississippi 928:High Courts 923:in India. 908:Injunctions 840:legislation 838:, and when 794:civil court 723:Peter Birks 652:subrogation 504:John Selden 475:Edward Coke 381:love of God 347:, although 313:curia regis 232:court order 194:marshalling 190:subrogation 81:) and with 4280:Common law 4269:Categories 4154:Law school 4034:Prosecutor 3972:Magistrate 3759:Jewish law 3717:Common law 3638:Rulemaking 3633:Regulation 3583:Law making 3522:Divine law 3498:Legal code 3445:Sports law 3368:Law of war 3318:Health law 3303:Family law 3287:Energy law 3237:Bankruptcy 3174:Punishment 3169:Public law 2963:0199290504 2939:0409321346 2900:References 2765:0735524696 2734:534 US 204 2716:547 US 356 2330:August 26, 2292:0409493821 2277:Table Talk 2218:August 26, 2174:August 26, 2132:August 26, 1953:0199290504 1540:common law 1536:common law 1518:. p. 1179:Common law 1102:Bankruptcy 1066:New Jersey 1035:Field Code 979:injunction 968:jury trial 957:injunction 866:common law 828:common law 786:common law 599:improve it 521:Lord Eldon 460:injunction 354:conscience 305:Parliament 284:, and the 272:After the 199:equitable 129:, and the 112:common law 67:common law 52:common law 4132:Judiciary 4127:Executive 4102:The bench 4039:Solicitor 4014:Barrister 3894:Sociology 3879:Pseudolaw 3819:Anarchist 3776:Roman law 3764:Parsi law 3749:Hindu law 3737:Canon law 3712:Civil law 3665:Concordat 3556:Precedent 3465:Trust law 3440:Space law 3277:Drugs law 3147:Procedure 3085:Civil law 2801:142977209 2436:s 44 1246:Trust Law 1086:adoptions 1062:Tennessee 1041:in 1938. 890:contracts 836:precedent 832:injustice 735:Cambridge 638:Australia 603:verifying 467:Ellesmere 441:Liz Truss 432:civil law 367:canon law 363:Roman law 286:Exchequer 179:penalties 156:resulting 131:Exchequer 83:Roman law 79:epieikeia 75:Aristotle 63:civil law 4239:Category 4181:Tribunal 4166:Military 4009:Attorney 3979:Judgment 3839:Feminist 3754:Jain law 3551:Case law 3272:Cyberlaw 3179:Corporal 3157:Criminal 3127:Evidence 3117:Doctrine 3095:Contract 3005:Archived 2866:: 77–82. 2823:Arkansas 2636:(1): 32. 2451:s 5 2311:(2019). 2199:(2019). 2155:(2019). 2113:(2019). 1842:(1956). 1370:(2010). 1174:Case law 1140:See also 1094:marriage 1048:, whose 1046:Delaware 1011:contract 798:Scotland 776:Scotland 541:land law 403:aequitas 372:aequitas 318:de cursu 297:Chancery 88:aequitas 4253:Outline 4190:History 4097:The bar 4071:Verdict 4019:Counsel 3999:Justice 3854:History 3677:Statute 3493:Charter 3455:Tax law 3403:Probate 2888:18 June 2838:July 3, 2809:2600201 2669:1110409 2371:1192175 1823:2139490 1678:3600632 1544:equity. 1374:(ed.). 1122:joinder 1098:divorce 1082:probate 826:or the 824:statute 688:of the 597:Please 385:charity 216:England 201:set-off 152:express 101:English 65:and in 4171:Police 4142:Agency 4024:Lawyer 3769:Sharia 3660:Treaty 3655:Repeal 3601:Decree 3512:Custom 3408:Estate 3358:Labour 3122:Equity 3028: 2984: 2960: 2954:Equity 2936: 2917: 2807: 2799: 2762: 2690: 2667: 2544:11 May 2517: 2449:(NSW) 2434:(NSW) 2369: 2321: 2289: 2259: 2209: 2165: 2123: 2083: 2048: 2014: 1980: 1950: 1944:Equity 1925: 1891: 1852: 1821: 1749: 1724: 1699: 1676: 1634: 1609: 1526: 1446: 1421: 1384: 1322:14 May 1290: 1146:Portal 1092:, and 1060:; and 822:where 812:. 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