346:
232:
1073:
47:
891:. The appearance of the Lichchhavis' name on the coins is probably symbolic of their contribution to the expansion of the Gupta power. After the marriage, Chandragupta probably became the ruler of the Lichchhavi territories. Alternatively, it is possible that the Gupta and the Lichchhavi states formed a union, with Chandragupta and Kumaradevi being regarded as the sovereign rulers of their respective states, until the reign of their son Samudragupta, who became the sole ruler of the united kingdom.
900:
851:
339:
273:
1096:
1090:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
626:
620:
284:
278:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
66:
60:
1109:
1103:
638:
632:
296:
290:
79:
73:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
345:
649:, who ruled in northern and central India. His title Mahārājadhirāja ("Great king of kings") suggests that he was the first suzerain ruler of the dynasty. It is not certain how he turned his small ancestral kingdom into an empire, although a widely accepted theory among modern historians is that his marriage to the
873:
theorized that
Chandragupta defeated a Lichchhavi kingdom headquartered at Vaishali, and that Kumaradevi's marriage to him happened as part of a peace treaty. He suggested that the Guptas considered this marriage a prestigious one simply because of the ancient lineage of the Lichchhavis. However, the
933:
region is not mentioned among the kings subjugated by
Samudragupta, these historians theorize that northern Bengal was a part of Chandragupta's kingdom. However, such conclusions cannot be made with certainty, as the identity of several of the kings subjugated by Samudragupta is a matter of debate.
928:
The
Allahabad Pillar inscription names several kings subjugated by Samudragupta. Based on the identity of these kings, several modern historians have tried to determine the extent of the territory that he must have inherited from Chandragupta. For example, since the king of the northern part of the
1263:
theorized that the coins depicted
Chandragupta taking leave of Kumaradevi while going on a military campaign, but this is doubtful given the lack of a phrase indicative of military prowess (unlike the coins of their son Samudragupta). The coins probably simply depict Chandragupta and Kumaradevi as
1336:
state that his father
Chandragupta selected him as the next king. The Allahabad Pillar inscription states that Chandragupta appointed him to "protect the earth", which suggests that Chandragupta renounced the throne in his old age, and appointed his son as the next king.
1267:
The identity of the female figure appearing on the reverse of these coins is uncertain. It is unlikely that she was a Gupta queen, as the depiction of a female figure seated on a lion is characteristic of a goddess in historical art of India. Some historians, such as
884:). Therefore, it is unlikely that the Guptas proudly mentioned Samudragupta's Lichchhavi ancestry to increase their social prestige. Also, it is unlikely that the Guptas allowed the name of the Lichchhavis to appear on the dynasty's coins after defeating them.
866:("Lichchhavi daughter's son") in the Gupta inscriptions. Except Kumaradevi, these inscriptions do not mention the paternal family of the dynasty's queens, which suggests that the Gupta family considered Kumaradevi's marriage to Chandragupta an important event.
740:
and P. L. Gupta, date
Chandragupta's ascension to 319–320 CE, which they believe to be the beginning of the Gupta era. However, this is merely an assumption, and the identity of the founder of the Gupta era is not certain. Some historians, such as
1344:
have led to some debate about
Chandragupta's successor. According to one theory, Kacha was another name for Samudragupta. Another theory is that Kacha was the elder brother of Samudragupta, and succeeded their father Chandragupta.
756:
Chandragupta I probably had a long reign, as the
Allahabad Pillar inscription suggests that he appointed his son as his successor, presumably after reaching an old age. However, the exact period of his reign is debated.
831:, that is, centuries before Chandragupta's period. Therefore, the claim made in this inscription, even if true, cannot be taken as concrete evidence of the Lichchhavi rule at Pataliputra during Chandragupta's time.
1315:
affiliation, but this cannot be said with certainty. The goddess may also have been a tutelary goddess of the
Lichchhavis, whose name appears below her image, but this cannot be said with certainty either.
1476:
1360:
princess. It describes Kacha as jointly ruling with his father, and states that
Samudragupta killed their father. However, these passages (and possibly the entire text) are a modern forgery.
1029:
passage cannot be a reference to the Gupta territories during the empire's period of decline, as it does not mention Bengal, which formed a part of the Gupta kingdom during this period.
231:
911:. The territorial extent of Chandragupta's kingdom is not known, but it must have been substantially larger than that of the earlier Gupta kings, as Chandragupta bore the title
1021:
either does not mention the word "Gupta", or uses it as a common noun meaning "protected" instead of using it as the name of a specific dynasty. Even somes manuscripts of the
1249:
to commemorate his parents, while others have attributed the issue of these coins to Chandragupta himself, or even suggested that these coins were issued by the Lichchhavis.
1015:
states that the Guptas and the Magadhas jointly ruled over Prayaga and Magadha, and does not mention Saketa at all. The corresponding passage in the various manuscripts of
1025:
use the words "Guhya", "Sapta" or "Manidhanyaka" instead of "Gupta". Supporters of the theory dismiss these as scribal mistakes. Historian Ashvini Agrawal argues that the
827:, the Lichchhavis ruled at Pataliputra during Samudragupta's time. However, this inscription states that Supushpa ruled 38 generations before the 5th-century king
1005:
does not mention the name of a specific ruler. Scholars critical of this theory argue that the passage describes the territories of either the dynasty's founder
815:
An 8th-century inscription of the Lichchhavi dynasty of Nepal claims that their legendary ancestor Supushpa was born in the royal family of Pushpapura, that is,
1001:. Based on this, multiple modern scholars have theorized that Chandragupta ruled over these territories. However, this conclusion is not certain, as the
842:
assumed that during Chandragupta's time, the Lichchhavis ruled at Vaishali, which is the only other base of the clan known from the historical records.
938:
In the west, Chandragupta's kingdom probably did not extend much beyond Prayaga (modern Prayagraja), as Samudragupta defeated the kings of present-day
728:
Chandragupta certainly reigned in the first quarter of the 4th century CE, but the exact period of his reign is uncertain. His assumption of the title
597:
2187:
2138:
2117:
2074:
2053:
749:, theorize that the Gupta era marks the coronation of his son Samudragupta. S. R. Goyal theorizes that the era was started by the later king
934:
Nevertheless, the information from the inscription can be used to determine the territories that were not a part of Chandragupta's kingdom:
2182:
907:
Little is known about Chandragupta other than his ancestry, his marriage, and his expansion of the Gupta power, as evident from his title
1072:
91:) appears vertically under the left arm of the emperor. This unique coin type of Chandragupta I was probably issued by his successor
1868:
1445:
1418:
1391:
887:
It is more likely that the marriage helped Chandragupta extend his political power and dominions, enabling him to adopt the title
838:
inscription mentions Nepala (that is, Nepal) as a distinct, subordinate kingdom. Given the lack of any other evidence, historian
46:
1009:
or its 6th century rulers who oversaw the kingdom's decline. Critics also point out that the corresponding passage in the
338:
949:
area of Central India, as Samudragupta defeated the kings of the forest region, which is identified with this area.
590:
566:
834:
The Lichchhavi kingdom of Kumaradevi is unlikely to have been located in present-day Nepal because Samudragupta's
725:"great king of kings") and issued gold coins, which suggests that he was the first imperial ruler of the dynasty.
1304:
1242:
870:
1311:. She may have been featured on the coins as a symbol of the Guptas' royal prosperity, or as a mark of their
736:, and that the epoch of this era marks his coronation. Based on this argument, several historians, including
2177:
915:. Modern historians have attempted to determine the extent of his kingdom based on the information from the
793:
1056:). Historian Ashvini Agarwal states that his kingdom included central and eastern Uttar Pradesh (including
1245:, have considered that the gold coins bearing the portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi were issued by
101:
1276:. However, although Durga is often represented as seated on a lion, this attribute is not unique to her:
1173:
939:
858:
The gold coins attributed to Chandragupta bear portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi, and the legend
583:
1204:. The obverse of these coins depicts portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi, with their names in the
812:
in the first millennium CE. However, the identity of Kumaradevi's Lichchhavi kingdom is not certain.
1307:, have identified the goddess on the coins as Lakshmi, who is the goddess of fortune and the wife of
1036:, Chandragupta's kingdom may have included the whole of present-day Bihar, and a part of present-day
961:
737:
22:
1048:
in the west to the Ganga river in Bengal in the east; the kingdom excluded south-eastern Bengal (
805:
666:
370:
213:
141:
1488:
899:
2155:
2134:
2113:
2107:
2094:
2070:
2049:
2043:
1864:
1441:
1414:
1387:
850:
170:
2149:
1858:
1461:
1435:
1408:
1381:
2064:
1357:
1325:
1017:
922:
835:
789:
680:
650:
312:
1843:
1259:(nuptial) pose, but there is no concrete evidence that the coins depict the royal wedding.
969:
750:
685:
549:
443:
37:
2084:
1033:
839:
801:
746:
503:
483:
1482:
1463:
Chapter 11 – The Gupta Empire and the Western Satraps: Chandragupta I to Kumaragupta I
1044:. Historian Dilip Kumar Ganguly believes that he ruled a large kingdom extending from
272:
2171:
1269:
1185:
1053:
1037:
1011:
965:
776:
764:
453:
1156:
Gold coins bearing portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi have been discovered at
1341:
1333:
1252:
1246:
1205:
1095:
1006:
742:
716:
711:
701:
696:
670:
654:
646:
625:
614:
414:
404:
353:
322:
308:
304:
283:
262:
257:
247:
242:
203:
191:
179:
175:
151:
92:
65:
1108:
1102:
637:
631:
295:
289:
78:
72:
2128:
2088:
1837:
1312:
1300:
1260:
1089:
985:
946:
876:
828:
824:
816:
721:
706:
691:
619:
532:
463:
277:
267:
252:
237:
59:
1219:
1129:
1052:), southern Bengal (Vanga), eastern Bengal, and western Bengal (the kingdom of
514:
493:
128:
52:
2098:
1293:
1229:
1224:
1214:
1193:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1045:
733:
473:
432:
2159:
1077:
Obverse and reverse of the commemorative Chandragupta and Kumaradevi type.
1181:
1177:
1049:
957:
675:
223:
1933:
1931:
1281:
1277:
1197:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1057:
998:
994:
990:
917:
820:
198:
186:
2130:
A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta
1308:
1289:
1189:
1041:
976:
953:
930:
653:
princess Kumaradevi helped him extend his political power. Their son
1948:
1946:
1732:
1730:
1273:
1201:
1071:
1061:
898:
849:
809:
797:
1208:. The reverse shows a goddess seated on a lion, with the legend "
2090:
A Comprehensive History of India; Volume 3, Part I: A.D. 300-985
1894:
1892:
1783:
1781:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1747:
1745:
1329:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1553:
1551:
1538:
1536:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
952:
In the east, Chandragupta's kingdom did not include southern
862:("the Lichchhavis"). Their son Samudragupta is described as
753:, but its beginning was dated to Samudragupta's ascension.
2151:
Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions
1340:
The discovery of the coins issued by a Gupta ruler named
1280:
has also been depicted as seated on a lion. For example,
1083:
Kumaradeva and Chandragupta standing, legend to the left
945:
In the south, Chandragupta's kingdom did not include the
792:
is the name of an ancient clan that was headquartered at
788:
Chandragupta married the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi.
975:
In the north, the Allahabad Pillar inscription mentions
903:
Possible extent of the Gupta Empire under Chandragupta I
2093:. Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
1356:
mentions that Kacha was a son of Chandragupta I from a
1255:
theorized that the coins show the royal couple in the
960:
in that region as a frontier kingdom. Moreover, the
956:, because the Allahabad Pillar inscription mentions
880:
regards the Lichchhavis as "unorthodox and impure" (
760:
Various estimates for Chandragupta's reign include:
2012:
2000:
1952:
1937:
1922:
1736:
219:
209:
197:
185:
169:
161:
157:
147:
137:
127:
107:
100:
30:
303:("Great King of Kings, Lord Chandragupta") in the
989:states that the Guptas ruled over Saketa (modern
1976:
1964:
1910:
1898:
1883:
1787:
1772:
1751:
1698:
1686:
1508:
968:in that region was conquered by the later king
2024:
1988:
1823:
1811:
1721:
1674:
1651:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1569:
1557:
1542:
1527:
1839:Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties
1799:
1634:
979:(in present-day Nepal) as a frontier kingdom.
645:, r. c. 319–335/350 CE) was a monarch of the
591:
8:
925:inscription issued by his son Samudragupta.
854:A coin depicting Chandragupta and Kumaradevi
683:inscription. Chandragupta assumed the title
1860:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations
1410:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations
732:has led to suggestions that he founded the
1440:. Asian Educational Services. p. 41.
669:, and a grandson of the dynasty's founder
598:
584:
318:
45:
27:
665:Chandragupta was a son of the Gupta king
1386:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 30.
1241:Various scholars, including numismatist
1122:Goddess seated on lion, with the legend
823:. According to some historians, such as
230:
1369:
321:
1484:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3
7:
2045:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
1375:
1373:
18:4th-century king of the Gupta Empire
2109:Political Violence in Ancient India
2066:The Imperial Guptas and Their Times
1863:. Infobase Publishing. p. 82.
1413:. Infobase Publishing. p. 82.
657:further expanded the Gupta empire.
51:A coin depicting Chandragupta and
14:
1272:, have identified the goddess as
301:Mahārājadhirāja Shrī Chandragupta
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1088:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
636:
630:
624:
618:
344:
337:
294:
288:
282:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
77:
71:
64:
58:
1481:Fleet, John Faithfull (1888).
1064:), and Bihar; but not Bengal.
1:
1380:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1997).
555:
538:
521:
420:
393:
376:
359:
118:
111:
2188:4th-century maharajadhirajas
2112:. Harvard University Press.
2063:Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1987).
1292:") Lakshmi, and images from
2183:4th-century Indian monarchs
808:existed in the present-day
2204:
964:inscription suggests that
773:Tej Ram Sharma: 319–353 CE
673:, both of whom are called
20:
1303:. Some scholars, such as
95:as a commemorative issue.
44:
35:
2042:Ashvini Agrawal (1989).
2013:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987
2001:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987
1953:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987
1938:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987
1923:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987
1857:Higham, Charles (2014).
1737:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987
1407:Higham, Charles (2014).
21:Not to be confused with
2148:Tej Ram Sharma (1978).
2127:Tej Ram Sharma (1989).
2048:. Motilal Banarsidass.
1032:According to historian
770:S. R. Goyal: 319–350 CE
380: late 3rd century
363: late 3rd century
2106:Upinder Singh (2017).
1350:Kaliyuga-raja-vrttanta
1238:, "the Lichchhavis").
1153:
904:
855:
784:Marriage to Kumaradevi
679:("great king") in the
316:
1434:Brown, C. J. (1987).
1354:Bhavishyottara Purana
1332:stone inscription of
1288:("having lion as her
1075:
940:western Uttar Pradesh
902:
853:
234:
1977:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1965:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1911:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1899:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1884:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1836:Allen, John (1914).
1788:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1773:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1752:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1699:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1687:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1509:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1328:inscription and the
779:: 319-335/336 CE CE
409:(early 4th century?)
2025:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1989:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
1824:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1812:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1722:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1675:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1652:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1623:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
1611:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
1599:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1587:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
1570:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
1558:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1543:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1528:R. C. Majumdar 1981
864:Lichchhavi-dauhitra
800:during the time of
438:(late 4th century?)
311:inscription on the
23:Chandragupta Maurya
1800:Upinder Singh 2017
1635:Upinder Singh 2017
1437:The Coins of India
1154:
905:
856:
846:Impact of marriage
806:Lichchhavi kingdom
734:Gupta calendar era
317:
2140:978-81-7022-251-4
2119:978-0-674-98128-7
2076:978-81-7017-222-2
2055:978-81-208-0592-7
2027:, pp. 14–15.
2003:, pp. 62–63.
1940:, pp. 48–49.
1913:, pp. 94–95.
1886:, pp. 91–92.
1814:, pp. 13–14.
1613:, pp. 50–52.
1601:, pp. 15–16.
1572:, pp. 50–51.
1284:'s works mention
983:A passage in the
962:Delhi Iron Pillar
895:Extent of kingdom
608:
607:
575:
574:
229:
228:
122: 319–350 CE
115: 319–335 CE
2195:
2163:
2144:
2123:
2102:
2080:
2059:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1755:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1655:
1649:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1512:
1506:
1493:
1492:
1477:Full inscription
1474:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1383:The Gupta Empire
1377:
1326:Allahabad Pillar
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1018:Bhagavata Purana
923:Allahabad Pillar
836:Allahabad Pillar
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
681:Allahabad Pillar
640:
634:
628:
622:
600:
593:
586:
560:
557:
543:
540:
526:
523:
425:
422:
398:
395:
381:
378:
364:
361:
348:
341:
334:
333:
328:
319:
313:Allahabad pillar
298:
292:
286:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
123:
120:
116:
113:
81:
75:
68:
62:
49:
28:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2147:
2141:
2126:
2120:
2105:
2083:
2077:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1758:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1658:
1650:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1515:
1507:
1496:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1352:section of the
1322:
1237:
1236:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1121:
1117:
1114:Cha-ndra/gu-pta
1112:
1099:
1087:, to the right
1082:
1078:
1070:
970:Chandragupta II
913:Maharajadhiraja
909:Maharajadhiraja
897:
889:Maharajadhiraja
848:
796:in present-day
786:
751:Chandragupta II
730:Maharajadhiraja
686:Maharajadhiraja
663:
661:Period of reign
643:Cha-ndra-gu-pta
641:
629:
604:
558:
550:Kumaragupta III
541:
524:
448:(380 – 413/415)
444:Chandragupta II
423:
396:
379:
362:
326:
325:
299:
287:
133:26 February 320
121:
114:
96:
82:
69:
56:
38:Maharajadhiraja
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2178:Gupta emperors
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2145:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2103:
2085:R. C. Majumdar
2081:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1979:, p. 103.
1969:
1957:
1942:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1888:
1876:
1869:
1849:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1802:, p. 343.
1792:
1777:
1756:
1741:
1726:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1656:
1639:
1637:, p. xvi.
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1574:
1562:
1547:
1532:
1513:
1494:
1469:
1453:
1446:
1426:
1419:
1399:
1392:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1321:
1318:
1264:joint rulers.
1234:
1233:
1210:Li-ccha-va-yah
1149:Li-ccha-va-yah
1144:
1143:
1106:
1093:
1085:Śrī Kumāradevā
1076:
1069:
1066:
1034:R. C. Majumdar
981:
980:
973:
950:
943:
896:
893:
847:
844:
840:R. C. Majumdar
802:Gautama Buddha
785:
782:
781:
780:
774:
771:
768:
747:R. C. Majumdar
662:
659:
635:
623:
611:Chandragupta I
606:
605:
603:
602:
595:
588:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
563:
562:
552:
546:
545:
535:
529:
528:
518:
510:
509:
508:(495 – ?)
506:
504:Narasimhagupta
500:
499:
496:
490:
489:
486:
484:Kumaragupta II
480:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
460:
459:
456:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
436:
428:
427:
424: 335/350
417:
411:
410:
407:
401:
400:
390:
388:Chandragupta I
384:
383:
373:
367:
366:
356:
350:
349:
342:
330:
329:
293:
281:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
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201:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
173:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
131:
125:
124:
109:
105:
104:
98:
97:
76:
63:
50:
42:
41:
33:
32:
31:Chandragupta I
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2200:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2015:, p. 65.
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1991:, p. 71.
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1967:, p. 93.
1966:
1961:
1958:
1955:, p. 49.
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1925:, p. 48.
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1901:, p. 94.
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1870:9781438109961
1866:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1829:
1826:, p. 14.
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1790:, p. 97.
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1775:, p. 96.
1774:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1754:, p. 95.
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1739:, p. 13.
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1724:, p. 13.
1723:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1701:, p. 92.
1700:
1695:
1692:
1689:, p. 91.
1688:
1683:
1680:
1677:, p. 11.
1676:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1654:, p. 12.
1653:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1625:, p. 55.
1624:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1589:, p. 50.
1588:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1560:, p. 15.
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:, p. 16.
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1530:, p. 10.
1529:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1511:, p. 90.
1510:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1447:9788120603455
1443:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1420:9781438109961
1416:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1393:9788120804401
1389:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:A. S. Altekar
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:Uttar Pradesh
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:Chandravarman
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:Uttar Pradesh
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1012:Vishnu Purana
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:
978:
974:
971:
967:
966:Vanga kingdom
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
936:
935:
932:
926:
924:
920:
919:
914:
910:
901:
894:
892:
890:
885:
883:
879:
878:
874:ancient text
872:
867:
865:
861:
860:Lichchhavayah
852:
845:
843:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
783:
778:
777:Upinder Singh
775:
772:
769:
766:
765:A. S. Altekar
763:
762:
761:
758:
754:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
726:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
687:
682:
678:
677:
672:
668:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
633:
627:
621:
616:
612:
601:
596:
594:
589:
587:
582:
581:
579:
578:
570:
568:
565:
564:
553:
551:
548:
547:
536:
534:
531:
530:
519:
516:
512:
511:
507:
505:
502:
501:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
485:
482:
481:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:Kumaragupta I
452:
451:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
434:
430:
429:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
406:
403:
402:
391:
389:
386:
385:
374:
372:
369:
368:
357:
355:
352:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
331:
327:320 CE–550 CE
324:
320:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
291:
285:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
233:
225:
222:
218:
215:
212:
208:
205:
202:
200:
196:
193:
190:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
132:
130:
126:
110:
106:
103:
102:Gupta emperor
99:
94:
90:
86:
80:
74:
67:
61:
54:
48:
43:
40:
39:
34:
29:
24:
16:
2150:
2129:
2108:
2089:
2065:
2044:
2035:Bibliography
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1918:
1906:
1879:
1859:
1852:
1838:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1694:
1682:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1565:
1483:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1436:
1429:
1409:
1402:
1382:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1334:Samudragupta
1323:
1298:Simha-vahini
1297:
1286:Simha-vahini
1285:
1266:
1256:
1253:V. S. Pathak
1251:
1247:Samudragupta
1240:
1209:
1206:Gupta script
1155:
1148:
1118:
1113:
1084:
1079:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1002:
984:
982:
927:
916:
912:
908:
906:
888:
886:
881:
875:
869:Numismatist
868:
863:
859:
857:
833:
814:
787:
767:: 305–325 CE
759:
755:
743:D. C. Sircar
729:
727:
684:
674:
664:
655:Samudragupta
647:Gupta Empire
642:
615:Gupta script
610:
609:
415:Samudragupta
387:
323:Gupta Empire
309:Samudragupta
305:Gupta script
300:
235:Inscription
192:Gupta empire
176:Samudragupta
152:Samudragupta
93:Samudragupta
88:
84:
36:
15:
2154:. Concept.
2133:. Concept.
2069:. Abhinav.
1487:. pp.
1313:Vaishnavite
1301:Gajalakshmi
1261:S.V. Sohoni
1116:vertically.
1027:Vayu Purana
1023:Vayu Purana
1003:Vayu Purana
986:Vayu Purana
947:Mahakoshala
877:Manusamhita
825:V. A. Smith
817:Pataliputra
738:V. A. Smith
667:Ghatotkacha
571:(540 – 550)
567:Vishnugupta
533:Vainyagupta
498:(476 – 495)
488:(473 - 476)
478:(467 – 473)
468:(455 - 467)
464:Skandagupta
458:(415 – 455)
371:Ghatotkacha
214:Ghatotkacha
178:, Possibly
142:Ghatotkacha
138:Predecessor
2172:Categories
1842:. p.
1364:References
1305:John Allan
1243:John Allan
871:John Allan
559: 530
542: 507
525: 510
515:Bhanugupta
494:Budhagupta
399:– 335/350)
397: 319
165:Kumaradevi
129:Coronation
53:Kumaradevi
1320:Successor
1294:Khajuraho
1257:vaivahika
1194:Rajasthan
1046:Allahabad
474:Purugupta
433:Ramagupta
307:, in the
148:Successor
57:The name
2099:34008529
2087:(1981).
1358:Licchavi
1182:Varanasi
1178:Ghazipur
1119:Reverse:
1080:Obverse:
1050:Samatata
958:Samatata
921:and the
829:Manadeva
794:Vaishali
790:Licchavi
676:Maharaja
651:Licchavi
224:Hinduism
220:Religion
2160:5413655
1296:depict
1282:Hemadri
1278:Lakshmi
1198:Hajipur
1170:Sitapur
1166:Lucknow
1162:Ayodhya
1158:Mathura
1068:Coinage
1058:Prayaga
999:Magadha
995:Prayaga
991:Ayodhya
918:Puranas
821:Magadha
199:Dynasty
162:Consort
85:Chandra
2158:
2137:
2116:
2097:
2073:
2052:
1867:
1444:
1417:
1390:
1309:Vishnu
1290:vahana
1196:; and
1190:Bayana
1180:, and
1042:Bengal
997:, and
977:Nepala
954:Bengal
931:Bengal
882:vratya
426:– 375)
382:- 319)
210:Father
89:-gupta
1342:Kacha
1274:Durga
1202:Bihar
1174:Tanda
1062:Awadh
1007:Gupta
810:Nepal
798:Bihar
671:Gupta
405:Kacha
354:Gupta
204:Gupta
187:House
180:Kacha
171:Issue
108:Reign
2156:OCLC
2135:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2095:OCLC
2071:ISBN
2050:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1491:-17.
1442:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1348:The
1330:Eran
1324:The
1060:and
1040:and
804:. A
745:and
1212:" (
1200:in
1192:in
1184:in
993:),
819:in
117:or
2174::
1945:^
1930:^
1891:^
1780:^
1759:^
1744:^
1729:^
1706:^
1659:^
1642:^
1577:^
1550:^
1535:^
1516:^
1497:^
1479:,
1372:^
1235:𑁊
1188:;
1176:,
1172:,
1168:,
1164:,
1160:,
1145:𑁊
617::
556:c.
539:c.
522:c.
421:c.
394:c.
377:c.
360:c.
119:c.
112:c.
83:)
2162:.
2143:.
2122:.
2101:.
2079:.
2058:.
1873:.
1846:.
1844:8
1489:1
1466:.
1450:.
1423:.
1396:.
1151:.
1100:/
972:.
942:.
689:(
613:(
599:e
592:t
585:v
561:)
554:(
544:)
537:(
527:)
520:(
517:)
513:(
435:)
431:(
419:(
392:(
375:(
365:)
358:(
315:.
87:(
70:(
55:.
25:.
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