Chang and Eng Bunker - Knowledge (XXG)

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birthday (in May 1832), as Abel had once promised. They also worried that, should he never return, they would remain in permanent limbo between contract and freedom. They began also to think that Mrs. Coffin was "deceitful and greedy" as they learned of the Coffins' management practices. For instance, Mrs. Coffin had encouraged them to perform when they were sick. During one trip, the Coffins had paid full fare for themselves but booked the twins into steerage, listing them as servants, and lied then to them when they were questioned. And the twins learned that Mrs. Coffin was willing to pay a higher wage only for a certain attendant, not the one whom the twins preferred. They jointly came to believe that Mrs. Coffin "had misled me".

1022: 377:". In small towns, their manager would send flyers ahead of their arrival, and they would remain at a lodge or inn for just one or two nights. Their first manager, James W. Hale, introduced them as the "Siamese Youths", a name they preferred to "boys". The usual admission price was 25 cents, equivalent to $ 7 in 2023, and pamphlets and drawings featuring the brothers were usually also for sale. In early performances, the twins performed physical feats, running and doing somersaults. An emphasis was placed on their exoticness: they wore pigtails, dressed in "Oriental" clothing, and were soon billed as the "Siamese twins". Their performances occasionally featured swimming, playing checkers, and doing parlor tricks. 256: 606: 484: 646: 355: 49: 832: 789:) and their slaves were emancipated, so they decided to resume touring. Northern audiences at this point were not so receptive to the twins—for they had been Confederate slaveholders—so during tours they sympathetically presented themselves as old men, with many children, who only reluctantly supported their state over country and who each had a son hurt in the war, one injured and one captured (serving in the 400:

image could be slandered. He resigned as their manager in September 1831 and was replaced by a friend, Charles Harris. Hale counseled Harris; for example, he could avoid paying a Virginia exhibition tax through careful marketing: he was to call the twins' tour a "business", not a "show". In the public eye, Abel Coffin, the man who first brought them to the United States, continued to serve as a

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Carolina farms, the Bunkers did not grow tobacco, which may suggest that their plantation was run primarily to feed the Bunker family and its slaves, not for commercial purposes. The press characterized the Bunkers' treatment of slaves as particularly harsh, though the twins decried accusations of cruelty and said that their wives supervised the slaves and raised money for their education.

686:; in 1868, they would briefly tour with Zip in the British Isles. Contrary to popular belief, Barnum did not create the Bunkers' careers; in fact, they were competitors in the entertainment business and the twins had already become world-famous from their own tours. The brothers and Barnum did not like each other, and the twins rejected Barnum's offer of a longer, countrywide tour. 959:(1951–2020). Eng was remembered as a caring supporter of his brother, especially during their final years, when Chang developed severe illnesses. After their deaths, their good friend Jesse Franklin Graves recalled, " kindness was received with the warmest appreciation by Chang, whose disposition was very different from the morose, ill nature so falsely ascribed to him ." 938: 351:, and by the time they returned to New York in March 1831, the twins had gained some skill in English reading, writing, and speaking. Newspapers reported that they had earned great profits, and their promotional materials began to describe their customers as dignified—though their act of exhibition could seem crude—to help bring more moneyed visitors. 224:". Newspapers and the public were initially sympathetic to them, and within three years they left the control of their managers, whom they thought were cheating them, and toured on their own. In early exhibitions, they were exoticized and displayed their athleticism; they later held conversations in English in a more dignified parlor setting. 389:. While hunting game, they thought they were being taunted and harassed by over a dozen local men who had approached them, going on to strike a man named Elbridge Gerry with the butt of their gun. Gerry retaliated, throwing a heavy stone at one twin's head, drawing blood. The twins then fired at Gerry, though the gun was 508:, in the northwest of the state, allowed them to "engage in chasing stag and catching trout ... to enjoy the recreation which they had desired to find far away from the hurrying crowds." In October 1839, they purchased 150 acres (61 ha) for $ 300, equivalent to $ 8,584 in 2023, near the rural community of 444:. Hale later said Coffin told him he had met the twins "whoring, gaming, and drinking" and "gave Chang Eng 'the damndest thrashing they ever had in their lives'". On the twins' desertion, Coffin simply wrote to his wife as follows: "We have had much talk; they seem to feel themselves quite free from me." 954:

Early in the morning of January 17, one of Eng's sons checked on the sleeping twins. "Uncle Chang is dead," the boy reportedly said to Eng, who responded, "Then I am going!" The family doctor was quickly sent for but Eng soon died, reportedly just over two hours after his brother's death. The Bunkers

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Chang's and Eng's first children were born within six days of each other: Sarah gave birth to Katherine Marcellus on February 10, 1844; Adelaide, to Josephine Virginia on February 16. One set of cousins was born eight days apart: Chang's son Christopher and Eng's daughter Julia. Altogether, Chang and

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They departed New York City on November 12, 1860, and took steamships and crossed Panama by train to arrive in San Francisco on December 6. Californians at the time were in the midst of figuring out how to deal with a recent influx of Chinese immigrants, and the arrival of the Bunkers (as well as two

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It is a phenomenon, not, perhaps, to be witnessed again in the Country, to see Asiatics transformed to good American citizens, not only in language but in feeling. They have lost every vestige of their native tongue. In fact, they speak English fluently, and almost without foreign accent. A few words

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wrote: "In driving a horse or chastising their negroes, both of them use the lash without mercy. A gentleman who purchased a black man, a short time ago, from them, informed the writer he was 'the worst whipped negro' he ever saw." Chang and Eng replied quickly: "That portion of said piece relating

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restrictions on other nonwhites, however. Most of their interaction with other nonwhites was when they were in the role of slaveholders. "These tensions on interconnectedness and partition, on multiple levels, constitute the numerous contradictions the Bunkers present to the complicated landscape of

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attributed it to shock—that is, Eng "died of fright" upon seeing his dead brother—based on the fact that Eng's bladder had distended with urine and his right testicle had retracted. Others who worked on the autopsy suggested alternate theories, most prominently that Eng had died of blood loss as his

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Partial retirement ended up not suiting the Bunkers, and they sought to resume touring for what they called financial reasons: they said they needed to earn more money to support their then-seven children. They traveled to New York City in 1849 with daughters Katherine and Josephine, both aged five,

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In 1850, ten of their 18 slaves were under the age of seven, some being owned only to be sold later for profit, and others growing up to work the fields. The Bunker plantations produced wheat, rye, corn, oats, and potatoes, and they raised cows, sheep, and pigs. Unlike families that owned many North

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for conjoined twins in colloquial use, even referring to those before the Bunkers' lifetime; however, modern researchers see the term as outmoded, preferring "conjoined twins". The phrase "like the Siamese twins" (or variations) was in use as early as October 1829 to describe other conjoined pairs,

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Chang and Eng made a trip to Britain in 1868–69, seeing physicians and chatting in exhibition; their last visit there had been over 30 years before. Chang's daughter Nannie, who had never before been far from home, and Eng's daughter Kate, both in their 20s, came on the trip, from North Carolina to

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For about a decade they split their time between Mount Airy and Traphill because their families had grown large; by 1847 Adelaide had given birth to four children; Sarah, to three. They would maintain the Traphill residence through 1853; later their time was divided solely between two homes located

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preacher Colby Sparks officiated the weddings between Eng and Sarah Yates, and between Chang and Adelaide Yates. Though national (mainly Northern) newspapers generally condemned the marriages, there was probably little local reaction except purported vandalism of Sarah and Adelaide's parents' house

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A home on Chang and Eng's Traphill land was constructed in 1840. The brothers would buy foodstuffs from Wilkes slaveholders and trade dry goods with their neighbors. They also bought slaves and hired several women as housekeepers; the twins' first slave was named "Aunt" Grace Gates. Prosperous from

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The twins themselves did not immediately announce that they were in business on their own, nor did they much alter their public persona. Nonetheless, they were now exclusively referred to by their stage name—the "Siamese twins"—and they did change some parts of their performance, such as by wearing

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He would later tell a story that the king of Siam had ordered the brothers' deaths and had originally forbidden him to transport them out of the country. Regardless of the story's veracity, it took five years for Hunter to bring them away. Hunter and American sea captain Abel Coffin departed to the

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in January 1874, and the family physician recommended that he stay indoors and warm. On January 15, the Bunkers traveled through cold weather to Eng's house. Chang seemed to have recovered somewhat by the next day but at night was unable to breathe comfortably. On Chang's urging the brothers slept

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Most physicians who met the twins recommended against surgery for separation, as with medical technology at the time it would have been a fatal procedure. Contemporary medical literature strongly suggests that the twins could have been easily separated today. Their autopsy was performed by surgeon

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Relations between the twins and the Coffins strained beginning in January 1831 when Abel's wife, Susan Coffin, upset the twins by refusing their requests. Chang and Eng then started asking Harris to send letters pleading their cases. In one instance, Mrs. Coffin refused the twins an additional $ 3

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The twins were soon involved in another conflict, during a performance in Alabama. A surgeon in attendance asked to conduct a close examination of the ligature connecting the twins. They refused, having not permitted close inspections for more than two years. Rising in anger, the doctor said, "You

267:). Their mother reportedly said their birth was no more difficult than that of their other several siblings. Their exact date of birth and details of their early lives are unclear. The earliest report on the twins assigns the birth month of May 1811. Their native village is called Meklong (today's 969:

Chang and Eng were two of the nineteenth century's most studied human beings. Almost from the moment they stepped off the boat in Boston they were probed, pinched, pictured, and pondered by physicians and other scientists representing the spectrum of learned associations. ... They were a favorite

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ran a colorful allegory that claimed to be an account of a dispute between the twins while they were at Barnum's American Museum. It says that Chang, the quarrelsome one, wants the ligament connecting them to be painted black (signifying the key issue of slavery) but that Eng does not. Chang says

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In October 1839 Harris wed Frances "Fannie" Baugus, daughter of Robert Baugus, who had helped the twins with living arrangements when they first arrived in Wilkes. In November 1840, Fanny's older brother Samuel married Letha Yates, daughter of David and Nancy Yates and older sister to the twins'

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Adelaide Yates Bunker, or "Mrs. Chang", was born on October 11, 1823. Taller and thinner than her older sister, she was said to have "excelled in personal beauty" and to have possessed a more refined taste. It was said that both Chang and Eng favored Sarah; according to a contemporary newspaper,

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Though the Bunkers were generally part of the region's aristocracy, some of their practices set them apart. They were occasionally seen performing manual labor; their method of chopping wood was particularly effective: they would wield an axe with all four hands, for more force, or would rapidly

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Abel Coffin left for Asia in late 1831 and planned to return to America by January 1832. After January passed, the twins' relations with Mrs. Coffin broke down completely, the twins regularly asking when Abel Coffin would return. They hoped to be free from commitment to the Coffins on their 21st

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portrayed the twins as the victims of the Lynnfield incident; other papers followed suit. Two weeks after the event, Gerry published a letter titled "To the Public", saying that the twins had provoked the violence. Hale was angered that the twins had gotten into a situation in which their public

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ran a front-page story about the Bunkers' deaths, which attracted public demand for an autopsy as well as the attention of William Pancoast, who successfully petitioned for the opportunity to study the twins. It was rumored that Pancoast and other physicians had offered money to Chang and Eng's

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At birth, Chang and Eng were healthy xiphopagus twins connected at the sternum by a flexible circular band of flesh and cartilage, about 5 inches (13 cm) long with a maximum circumference of 9 inches (23 cm). Their livers were connected through the band, and only at the middle of the

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and were not elaborate, as the twins and their children usually sat, spoke, and mingled with the audience. Chang and Eng wore American suits and spoke in English about their marriages and families, and they also showed off their wit and political knowledge. They appeared educated and polite,

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writes, "their conjoined history was a confusion of legend, sideshow hyperbole, and editorial invention even while they lived." Many works have fictionalized the Bunkers' lives, often to symbolize cooperation or discord, notably in representing the Union and Confederacy during the Civil War.

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per week to feed their horse, a refusal the twins compared to clipping a bird's wings and saying, "Now you may fly if you wish". Harris first maintained a distinction between his and the twins' point of view but eventually wrote using their voice and had them sign their names, "Chang Eng".

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Sarah Yates Bunker was born on December 18, 1822, the fourth child and second daughter of David and Nancy Yates. Sometimes called "Mrs. Eng", she was seen as the simpler sister and, uneducated, lived frugally and was a capable chef. She was also described as the "more portly, fair one".

625:. In 1850, it was estimated that they had invested $ 10,000 in property in North Carolina, equivalent to $ 366,240 in 2023. Meanwhile, they had a merchant in New York who managed another $ 60,000 for importing, equivalent to $ 2,197,440 in 2023, and they lived off the interest. 1516:

An 1829 description reads, "Deviations from the usual forms of nature are almost always universally offensive; but, in this case, neither the personal appearance of the boys, nor the explanation of the phenomenon by which they are united, is calculated to raise an unpleasant emotion."

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As of 2006, descendants of Chang and Eng's 21 children number about 1,500. Much of the extended family still lives in western North Carolina, and the family has hosted annual get-togethers since the 1980s, usually on the last Saturday of June. Chang's descendants include grandson

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touring, they displayed their wealth through elegant house decorations; by the early 1840s, their property was the third-most valuable in the county at $ 1,000, equivalent to $ 30,520 in 2023. Settled, they planned to stop exhibiting for good, content to live in Traphill. The

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widows to inspect the twins, but more likely the doctors pressured the sisters into giving up the bodies by framing this donation as their "duty to science and humanity". The bodies were preserved for two weeks by the cold weather, and then an express train delivered them to the

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of Eng's sons, Patrick and Montgomery) was put in the spotlight. As usual, Chang and Eng were favorably received by audiences with whom they spoke, though reports of their performances in California took various perspectives on their race and nationality. Newspapers called them "

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United States with the twins in summer 1829. A contract Hunter and Coffin signed with the brothers stipulated that their tour would last for five years, though a rumor later circulated that Chang and Eng's mother had sold them into slavery, a charge that greatly upset the twins.

816:. On the ship back home, Chang's right side (toward Eng) became paralyzed after he suffered a stroke, and they effectively retired, as Eng cared for Chang. The Bunker estate in 1870 was worth $ 30,000 in total, equivalent to $ 722,842 in 2023—two-thirds belonging to Chang. 661:

They conducted a successful year-long tour in 1853, again bringing two children (Christopher and Katherine). They again justified the tour by saying their motivation was to raise money to support their (by this point, 11) children's education. On this tour, viewings were like

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While Eng enjoyed good health toward the end of his life, most of Chang's right side became paralyzed in 1870 after his stroke, and eventually his right leg needed to be kept in a sling. From then on, Chang—becoming a heavy drinker—remained in poor health. Chang contracted

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The twins occasionally attended church with their wives. Their children were for some time formally educated, and generally they were seen favorably; a profile of Chang and Eng said the children represented "a credit to their parents and the community in which they live".

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pumped blood through the connecting band into his dead brother's body and received no blood in return. "In the end," wrote academic Cynthia Wu in 2012, "that Eng died of fright prevails not only in the medical record but also in the popular-cultural imagination."

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According to Orser, "The twins were applying in a county that had very few immigrants and no other Asians, in a region whose color line was drawn decisively between white and black, in a court where they had been neighbors with the man administering the oaths ."

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more American clothes, speaking English with the audience, and presenting themselves no longer as "boys" but men. They also answered audience questions sitting in a formal, parlor setting and hunted game in their free time. What had once essentially been their

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Before the Bunkers' bodies were returned to North Carolina for burial (in 1917 they were moved to the cemetery at White Plains Baptist Church outside Mount Airy), doctors took photographs of the connecting tissue and hired sculptor John Casani to make a

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are all a set of impostors and pickpockets", and disorder erupted as guests threw objects across the room. The twins fled and later, because they probably were the first ones to disturb the peace, paid a good-behavior bond as ordered by a magistrate.

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epidemic that ran through the area in 1819. Their mother, Nok, raised ducks with her children's help. Their mother's ethnic origin is unclear. Varying accounts suggest that she was Siamese, Chinese, part-Chinese and part-Siamese, or part-Chinese and

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referenced conjoined twins in several ways, such as by wearing a pink sash connecting him to another man onstage at a New Year's Eve party; in "Personal Habits of the Siamese Twins" (1869), republished as "The Siamese Twins" in his 1875 collection

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published August 17, 1829. Other reports give dates in late 1811 or early 1812. Records from Siamese royalty lead to the year 1812. An attempt to locate a specific date of birth is likely futile, as no birth records of the twins exist.

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by making the twins out to represent rival factions within the party, split on the extent to which slavery should be federally protected. The Bunker brothers were long-time supporters of the Whig Party, however, and a neighbor wrote to

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around Mount Airy. Then for the next decades, the twins would alternate which house they used, three days at a time; the twin who owned the current house could elect to do whatever he wanted while his brother complied and kept silent.

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Christian missionaries contacted their mother in 1845, four years before she died. She had believed that her conjoined sons were dead, having not seen them for fifteen years, but was informed that they were alive and recently married.

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in 1874 drew "The American Twins", in which a worker ("Labor") wears an apron next to a businessman ("Capital") with a sack of money who are joined at the chests with a band labeled "The Real Union". Before the United States entered

235:, married local sisters, and fathered 21 children, several of whom accompanied them when they resumed touring. Chang and Eng's respective families lived in separate houses, where the twins took alternating three-day stays. After the 580:

made clear the twins' intentions to marry. Many newspapers regularly joked about this, discouraging their marriage not just with objections over the twins' disability but also because of their race. Nevertheless, on April 13, 1843,

393:. The men ran off. The following day, one of the men pressed charges, alleging that the twins were at fault. A special court was convened, and the brothers were arrested for disturbing the peace and paid bond for good behavior. The 291:. Despite being joined at the sternum, they were lively youths, running and playing with other children. Their mother raised them like her other children, in a "matter-of-fact" way without special attention on them being conjoined. 212:

brothers whose fame propelled the expression "Siamese twins" to become synonymous for conjoined twins in general. They were widely exhibited as curiosities and were "two of the nineteenth century's most studied human beings".

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sitting upright on a chair, in front of a fireplace. Eng was healthy physically yet weary from spending the past week with a seriously ill Chang, so he asked to move to their bed after hours of drifting in and out of sleep.

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Many anonymous promotional pamphlets were printed depicting the Bunkers in artwork and literature, comprising early fiction pieces on the "Siamese twins"; the twins were used more metaphorically in later works.

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They soon became well acquainted with members of elite Wilkes society, including James Calloway and Robert C. Martin, both physicians; Abner Carmichael, the county sheriff; and James W. Gwyn Jr., the county's

769:] reasons that a separation surgery would be "dangerous for both parties"". According to Orser, "The united brothers had become symbols of the American union and the promise it offered to its citizens." 862:

Adelaide had ten children and Eng and Sarah had eleven; in total, there were twelve daughters and nine sons; two children were deaf, two died from burns before the age of three and none were born as twins.

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according to biographer Joseph Andrew Orser, and "might have appeared as a distinguished southern family on display except for the fact that no family of distinction would exhibit itself to the public."

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There are several narratives relating to Chang and Eng's siblings. Their mother had several other children, though stories attributing to her multiple sets of twins or triplets are probably misguided

793:). Newspapers disparagingly wrote that the twins had lost "a considerable number of slaves of about the same color of themselves" and claimed that the twins were taking advantage of their audience. 3672: 1332:. He speculates that these names derive from Cantonese, though other sources suggest that the twins were Teochew, due to the historical prevalence of Teochews among Thais with Chinese ancestry. 694:" but also the "greatest of living curiosities" who had "made much noise in the world, and are certainly worth seeing". They left California on February 11, 1861, by which time seven states had 658:

but the brief tour petered out because of poor management, and they returned to North Carolina. Advertisements had described them as "The Living Siamese Twins Chang-Eng and Their Children".

298:. Hunter was a trusted trade associate of the Siamese government who traveled with considerable freedom. In 1824, Hunter reportedly first met the twins while he was on a fishing boat in the 1397:

Their mother said that she had a "strong desire to see them again". Despite the missionaries' claim that they would return, evidence does not suggest that their mother was reached again.

239:, they lost part of their wealth and their slaves. Eng died hours after Chang at the age of 62. An autopsy revealed that their livers were fused in the ligament connecting their sterna. 524:

clerk. Charles Harris, their former manager, relocated with them, and he became the Traphill postmaster. The month they bought the land, the twins (as well as Irish-born Harris) became

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fictitiously (it included the caveat that it "does not vouch for its truth") wrote that disagreements between the Bunker brothers had escalated to their killing each other's children.

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By the late 1840s, the twins spoke English fluently, had voted, and had filed criminal charges against several white people. They had also adopted the English-language surname

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More prominently, many newspapers fictitiously wrote that Chang and Eng were at odds with each other on the issue of secession, personifying fears of sectional violence. The

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Orser notes that the narrative about protesters smashing the twins' windows because of their marriage was most likely introduced in Kay Hunter's 1964 popular biography

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but over the decades use of the standalone "Siamese twins" became widespread. "Siamese" is sometimes used separately to refer to any conjoined pairs, like 'Siamese

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and the twins were swimming at dusk. He mistook them for a "strange animal", but after meeting them he saw economic opportunity in bringing them to the West.

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confirmed Coffin and Hunter's ambitions: the twins "will probably be exhibited to the public". They were soon inspected by physicians, many of whom employed

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in the 1940s. The Bunker pedigree contains 11 sets of twins, none conjoined; the first set of twins, Eng's great-grandsons, were also named Chang and Eng.

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and other venues. When touring in cities, the twins stayed at a hotel for several days (sometimes more than a week) and charged audiences to attend their "

597:—they were considered nonwhite but were afforded many of the privileges of White people, being fairly wealthy Southern slaveholders with property rights. 752: 702:. The Bunkers likely returned to their Mount Airy homes by April—after gunfire had begun in South Carolina, but before North Carolina seceded on May 20. 326:

Chang and Eng were 17 years old when they traveled to the United States with Hunter, Coffin, a crew of 18 men, and a Siamese translator. They arrived in

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seem to be impracticable, but they are chatty and communicative, and hence their perfection in our language. They are altogether American in feeling.

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Martin, Holly E. (December 2011). "Chang and Eng Bunker, 'The Original Siamese Twins': Living, Dying, and Continuing under the Spectator's Gaze".

594: 471:. Positioning the twins as upper-class, saying that in Siam, Chinese were elites; it reported, among other particulars, that a representative of 3499:

Dreger, Alice Domurat (March 1998). "The limits of individuality: Ritual and sacrifice in the lives and medical treatment of conjoined twins".

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In 1870, Chang, Eng, and two sons went to Germany and Russia; they wanted to further explore Europe, but returned home to avoid the developing

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writes, "They were naked from the hips upwards, were very thin in their persons, and it being dusk, he mistook them for some strange animal".

1320:), which contrary to popular belief during their lifetime do not mean "left" and right", and they were known locally as the "Chinese twins". 1021: 3482: 3458: 3434: 3408: 3330: 3306: 3282: 2742: 993: 3340: 69: 1165:, Twain provides an account of the Bunkers' lives, including both true and outlandish anecdotes. This satirical work, with Twain's typical 3231: 1053:

of the twins. The Bunkers' fused livers are preserved in fluid and displayed in a clear jar along with the death cast in Philadelphia's

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Abel Coffin, upon returning to Massachusetts in July 1832, discovered that Chang and Eng were missing. Coffin accused Hale of "exciting

126: 755:, a candidate popular in northwestern North Carolina whose platform included both support of slavery and of preservation of the union. 743:

that they "are not now and never have been Democrats they say they never expect to be Democrats". This neighbor also said that in the

220:) and were brought to the United States in 1829. Physicians inspected them as they became known to American and European audiences in " 3738: 3655: 3400: 3198: 1227: 890: 1486:

to the inhuman manner in which we had chastized a negro man which we afterwards sold is a sheer fabrication and infamous falsehood."

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the night before the wedding. The Bunkers would prominently feature their marriages when they went back on tour later in life.

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had the longest known life-span (62 years) of any conjoined twins in history until 2012, when their record was surpassed by

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By the time the Civil War ended in 1865, the twins' finances had suffered (they had lent money that was repaid in worthless

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Both sisters outlived their husbands; Sarah died at age 69 on April 29, 1892. Adelaide died at age 93 on May 21, 1917.

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alternate turns swinging. They continued recreational hunting, and they took up fishing, drinking, and several sports.

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On race, Wu concludes Chapter 1, "Labor and Ownership in the American South", thusly (paraphrased): The Bunkers were

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humor, jokes about, among other things, the twins' different attitudes and their romantic pursuit of the same woman.

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restricting naturalization to "free white persons", citizenship was a matter generally governed by local attitudes.

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After the Civil War, Northerners received the "Wonderful & World Renowned" twins much more poorly than before.

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Schuknecht, Harold F. (December 1979). "The Siamese Twins, Eng and Chang: Their Lives and Their Hearing Losses".

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Hunter, Kay (1964). "Duet For a Lifetime – The Story of the Original Siamese Twins". Michael Joseph Ltd, London.

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however, "To any but an oriental taste, was much the prettiest, being, in fact, a handsome and showy brunette."

786: 739: 547: 501: 1226:, a "reimagining" of the twins' lives that departs somewhat from truthfulness, was workshopped and performed at 344:. Their arrival was excitedly reported in newspapers with varying degrees of racial stereotypes and falsehoods. 3743: 3555: 3298: 1039: 956: 906: 509: 386: 65: 3474: 3236: 3203: 1615:

https://www.theteochewstore.org/blogs/latest/132834115-were-these-two-brothers-the-first-teochews-in-america

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Chang and Eng did not perform on their sightseeing trip across Western Europe in 1835–36 visiting Paris,

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Mitchell, Sarah (December 2003). "Exhibiting monstrosity: Chang and Eng, the 'original' Siamese twins".

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A Few Particulars concerning Chang-Eng, the United Siamese Brothers, Published under Their Own Direction

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to rebellion" (Hale had done no such thing), and after a chase he finally tracked down the brothers in

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Throughout the Civil War, the twins' conjoined state served in several metaphors. In July 1860, the

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in 2011. Chang and Eng (played by Danial Son and Yusaku Komori) are featured in the musical biopic

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This cartoon objects to the 1864 Democratic ticket that combined two men with differing views:

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used a "Siamese Beard" in his 1941 cartoon "The Great U.S. Sideshow" to attach a man with an

3633:"'Inseparable' Finds Pride, Indignity and Irony in the Lives of Siamese Twins Chang and Eng" 3611: 3580: 3534: 3510: 1250: 1054: 760: 663: 650: 512:, in mountainous northeast Wilkes County. The tract runs along Little Sandy Creek, near the 3652: 617:. They had a home built—at first just for part-time use—about 5 miles (8 km) south of 3659: 2980: 1439: 1122: 987: 871: 679: 209: 3615: 1182:, has themes of open-mindedness and interdependence, and it opened in Singapore in 1997. 3502:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Biological and Biomedical Sciences

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In 1839, after a decade of financial success, the twins quit touring and settled near

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Chang and Eng are often referred to retrospectively as the "original Siamese twins".

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had changed to freedom; they were in command of their act and hired their own staff.

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Early reports on the twins described them as young boys, a label they tried to shake.

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Inseparable: The Original Siamese Twins and their Rendezvous with American History

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recipient. Eng's descendants include grandson George F. Ashby, president of the

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The Bunker brothers coined the term "Siamese twins", and their fame made it a

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future wives. Thus Chang and Eng would become related to Harris by marriage.

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The final setting for Chang and Eng's on-and-off 1829–1839 tour was held in

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that his "union" with Eng is to be "dissolved", while a "Dr. Lincoln" [

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The Bunkers, wives, 18 children, and the first of their slaves, Grace Gates

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Conjoined Twins: An Historical, Biological and Ethical Issues Encyclopedia

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The twins' final autopsy report said that Chang had most likely died of a

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On March 1, 1845, the Bunkers bought a plot of 650 acres (260 ha) in

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The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America

714:"The Political 'Siamese' Twins, the Offspring of Chicago Miscegenation": 48: 1166: 1109:

was published while they toured Britain. Mentioning them in his novels

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Conjoined Twins: Developmental Malformations and Clinical Implications

1329: 1325: 3668: 504:, on July 3 and 4, 1839. According to a family friend, their move to 327: 294:

The "discovery" of the brothers is credited to the Scottish merchant

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Exhibitions as curiosities, and known as the original "Siamese twins"

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Three works of political satire referencing "the Siamese Youths" by

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The brothers were born with Chinese ancestry in Siam (now known as

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The Siamese twins. A satirical tale of the times. With other poems

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For the Bunkers as a metaphor during the American Civil War, see

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After leaving the United States they toured major cities in the

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Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit

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descent. He died when the twins were young, possibly in a

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Lithograph of "The World Renowned United Siamese Twins",

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subject of medical journals and scientific speculation.

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Were These Two Brothers the First Teochews in America?

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In early October 1860 they signed with famed showman

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at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (

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In summer 1831, Hale took the twins on a retreat in

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Chang and Eng were born in 1811 in Siam (modern-day

30:"Chang and Eng" redirects here. For other uses, see 3294:

One of Us: Conjoined Twins and the Future of Normal

2276: 2274: 189: 173: 165: 157: 115: 99: 81: 58: 39: 1345:The earliest report of their birth date is in the 1057:as a permanent exhibition. A basement room of the 3199:"Philip Kan Gotanda's 'I Dream of Chang and Eng'" 1380:In his November 1829 account of the discovery, 967: 559: 2528:, pp. 158–161, 167 (for parenthetical); 8: 3664:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1071:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1065:houses life-size figures of the twins. The 53:Eng (left) and Chang (right) in later years 1131:. The anti-socialist political cartoonist 801:and New York, then across the Atlantic to 556:reported that they were "happy as lords". 365:The twins first appeared in London at the 47: 36: 3769:People from Wilkes County, North Carolina 3749:Naturalized citizens of the United States 2779:, p. 55 ("xiphopagic" is a synonym). 330:on August 16, 1829, and the next day the 274:Their father, Ti-eye, was a fisherman of 1347:Boston Patriot and Mercantile Advertiser 885:, an archaeologist; great-granddaughter 805:and into rural Scotland, later going to 3754:North Carolina Constitutional Unionists 3001: 2957: 2804: 2800: 2788: 2602: 2399: 1897: 1861: 1741: 1653: 1601: 1532: 1518: 1286: 1082: 901:in 2010; and great-great-granddaughter 576:In 1840, a profile of the twins in the 3759:People from Mount Airy, North Carolina 3556:"Who Were the Original Siamese Twins?" 2900: 2860: 2772: 2760: 2691:Medetti, Stefania (November 1, 2013). 2650: 2347: 2198: 1893: 1877: 1709: 1697: 1625: 1586: 1574: 1061:contains an exhibit on the twins. The 3692:(photographs with commentary) at the 3561:The New York Times Sunday Book Review 3134:"Books in Brief: Fiction and Poetry ( 2961: 2904: 2876: 2836: 2820: 2666: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2583: 2568: 2553: 2541: 2525: 2513: 2498: 2486: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2438: 2423: 2411: 2371: 2359: 2343: 2331: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2265: 2253: 2237: 2225: 2213: 2182: 2170: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2118: 2106: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1889: 1873: 1849: 1837: 1813: 1801: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1737: 1721: 1693: 1681: 1669: 1665: 1641: 1504: 1487: 1469: 1426: 1412: 1398: 1385: 1368: 1355: 1351: 1333: 1321: 1315: 1309: 994:College of Physicians of Philadelphia 698:from the United States, sparking the 550:called them "genuine Whigs", and the 27:Thai-American conjoined twin brothers 7: 3764:People from Samut Songkhram province 3616:10.1001/archotol.1979.00790240051012 1236:(2017) about the early years of the 1073:keeps the Bunkers' personal papers. 747:both twins supported the Tennessean 479:Settling and later years (1839–1874) 3779:Thai emigrants to the United States 3230:Vognar, Chris (December 15, 2017). 3032:. London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley 2730:Union Pacific: Volume II, 1894-1969 1880:, p. 12, 30–31 ("freak show"). 1541:"The Grave of Chang and Eng Bunker" 922:ligament did they share sensation. 3719:American people of Chinese descent 3631:Szalai, Jennifer (April 4, 2018). 3401:University of North Carolina Press 3244:from the original on July 19, 2018 3150:from the original on July 19, 2018 3113:from the original on April 8, 2018 3086: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3013: 2964:, p. 193 (for parenthetical). 2953: 2923:"Those Dastardly Standpipe Spikes" 2908: 2888: 2872: 2848: 2832: 2808: 2776: 2705:from the original on July 19, 2018 2693:"Caroline Shaw, the Pulitzer girl" 2678: 2662: 2529: 2387: 2375: 2280: 2241: 2186: 2029: 1825: 1725: 1629: 1553:from the original on July 19, 2018 1452: 891:Chief Financial Officer of Florida 259:Colored etching of the young twins 25: 3211:from the original on July 3, 2018 3099:Santella, Andrew (June 4, 2000). 231:. They became American citizens, 3653:The Chang and Eng Bunker Project 3554:Miller, Candice (June 1, 2018). 3539:10.1111/j.1542-734X.2011.00787.x 3371:, University Press of Kentucky, 1672:, p. 26 (names), 36 (help). 941:The Bunkers' grave in Mount Airy 3585:10.1016/j.endeavour.2003.10.001 3527:The Journal of American Culture 1876:, pp. 38 (travel custom); 1125:also alludes to the Bunkers in 824:For the Bunkers' ancestry, see 475:had visited the twins' mother. 287:. Chang and Eng were raised as 182: 3784:Thai people of Chinese descent 3683:Southern Historical Collection 3451:Johns Hopkins University Press 3291:Dreger, Alice Domurat (2005), 3026:Bulwer Lytton, Edward (1831). 2921:Williams, Keith (2018-01-25). 1067:Southern Historical Collection 314:Travel and touring (1829–1839) 32:Chang and Eng (disambiguation) 1: 3515:10.1016/S1369-8486(98)00002-8 3393:Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), 3197:Jones, Chad (March 3, 2011). 2735:University of Minnesota Press 1442:; they could circumvent many 841: 674:for a month and exhibited in 119:White Plains Baptist Church, 3132:Hall, Emily (May 26, 2002). 1924:, pp. 46–47, 50–51, 53. 1257:brothers (both portrayed by 1042:', a type of fire hydrant. 917:Medical condition and deaths 825: 724:did not support a ceasefire. 678:in New York City. Alongside 3694:City University of New York 3679:Chang and Eng Bunker Papers 3417:Quigley, Christine (2012), 3351:National Geographic Society 3339:Newman, Cathy (June 2006). 3275:University of Chicago Press 3169:Hoberman, J. (4 May 2010). 1892:, pp. 14, 42, 61, 73; 1188:(2000), the debut novel of 3805: 3669:Bunkers Digital Collection 3603:Archives of Otolaryngology 3323:W. W. Norton & Company 2733:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: 1744:, p. 2: new creature. 1696:, p. 108 (religion); 1238:Barnum & Bailey Circus 1080: 905:, a composer and the 2013 823: 753:Constitutional Union Party 745:1860 presidential election 229:Mount Airy, North Carolina 92:Mount Airy, North Carolina 29: 3739:Burials in North Carolina 3673:View digitized collection 3470:Chang and Eng Reconnected 2020:, pp. 61, 70–71, 73. 1780:, pp. 37, 39–40, 48. 1293:Their parents named them 1083:§ Civil War metaphor 932:Jefferson Medical College 740:The Fayetteville Observer 502:Jefferson, North Carolina 46: 3729:American identical twins 3443:Spencer, Rowena (2003), 3368:Secrets of the Sideshows 3299:Harvard University Press 2586:, pp. 112–113, 227. 1840:, pp. 20–21, 23–25. 1700:, p. 19 (activity). 1220:I Dream of Chang and Eng 957:Ronnie and Donnie Galyon 907:Pulitzer Prize for Music 732:chided divisions in the 676:Barnum's American Museum 387:Lynnfield, Massachusetts 3475:Temple University Press 3427:McFarland & Company 3419:"Bunker, Chang and Eng" 3267:Bogdan, Robert (1990), 3237:The Dallas Morning News 3204:San Francisco Chronicle 1740:, pp. 13–14, 246; 1271:List of conjoined twins 791:Confederate States Army 720:opposed the Civil War; 2125:, p. 239 (Gates). 1097: 1030: 1027:Memphis Evening Ledger 972: 942: 911:Union Pacific Railroad 847: 782: 725: 654: 610: 564: 492: 433: 362: 323: 260: 3724:American slave owners 3690:Chang and Eng Exhibit 3315:Huang, Yunte (2018), 2068:, pp. 76, 81–83. 1984:, pp. 55, 64–67. 1483:Greensborough Patriot 1415:, pp. 85–86, 88. 1091: 1024: 940: 834: 780: 713: 653:, New York City, 1860 648: 608: 530:federal law from 1790 486: 427: 357: 321: 258: 177:Chang: Adelaide Yates 3467:Wu, Cynthia (2012), 3179:. Village Voice, LLC 2390:, pp. 1, 16–17. 1632:, p. 3 (birth). 1501:St. Louis Republican 1277:Notes and references 1233:The Greatest Showman 1162:Sketches New and Old 1103:Edward Bulwer-Lytton 1059:Andy Griffith Museum 926:William Pancoast of 787:Confederate currency 526:naturalized citizens 450:indentured servitude 70:Rattanakosin Kingdom 41:Chang and Eng Bunker 3774:Sideshow performers 3346:National Geographic 3101:"The Siamese Twins" 2823:, pp. 171–174. 2617:, pp. 135–136. 2544:, pp. 162–165. 2477:, pp. 149–150. 2465:, pp. 147–148. 2453:, pp. 154–156. 2441:, pp. 145–146. 2426:, pp. 144–145. 2350:, pp. 115–116. 2319:, pp. 113–114. 2256:, pp. 110–112. 2216:, pp. 105–106. 2185:, pp. 94–101; 2149:, pp. 85, 221. 1466:Duet for a Lifetime 1451:American culture." 1382:John Collins Warren 1307:Thai pronunciation: 1180:Ekachai Uekrongtham 1063:Circus World Museum 1025:"Siamese Twins!!!" 1001:cerebral blood clot 899:Governor of Florida 835:Family portrait by 814:Franco-Prussian War 684:the Prince of Wales 289:Theravada Buddhists 251:In Siam (1811–1829) 142:36.4536°N 80.6288°W 138: / 105:Cerebral blood clot 100:Cause of death 3658:2019-03-01 at the 3638:The New York Times 3429:, pp. 22–40, 3341:"Together Forever" 3143:The New York Times 3106:The New York Times 2927:The New York Times 2879:, p. 185–186. 2875:, pp. 40–42; 1972:, pp. 64, 66. 1724:, pp. 9, 12; 1656:, pp. 22, 39. 1499:For instance, the 1481:For instance, the 1243:In the 1988 movie 1224:Philip Kan Gotanda 1112:The Confidence-Man 1105:'s satirical poem 1098: 1031: 1029:, October 29, 1857 1010:circulatory system 943: 848: 783: 730:Louisville Journal 726: 706:Civil War metaphor 700:American Civil War 655: 611: 595:perception of race 493: 434: 420:Independent travel 363: 324: 261: 3484:978-1-4399-0869-3 3460:978-0-8018-7070-5 3436:978-1-4766-0323-0 3410:978-1-4696-1830-2 3357:on March 6, 2012. 3332:978-0-87140-447-3 3308:978-0-674-01825-9 3284:978-0-226-06312-6 3176:The Village Voice 3089:, pp. 86–87. 3077:, pp. 96–97. 3065:, pp. 93–94. 3053:, pp. 85–86. 2891:, pp. 54–56. 2744:978-0-8166-4460-5 2173:, pp. 89–93. 2092:, pp. 81–82. 2080:, pp. 79–81. 2008:, pp. 68–69. 1960:, pp. 63–64. 1936:, pp. 54–55. 1852:, pp. 41–42. 1577:, p. 296, note 1. 1455:, pp. 34–35. 1336:, pp. 52–53. 1282:Explanatory notes 1107:The Siamese Twins 767:President Lincoln 641:Return to touring 623:plantation owners 553:Boston Transcript 543:Carolina Watchman 473:President Jackson 381:Conflicts on tour 199: 198: 158:Years active 147:36.4536; -80.6288 16:(Redirected from 3796: 3642: 3627: 3596: 3565: 3550: 3518: 3487: 3463: 3439: 3413: 3389: 3358: 3353:. Archived from 3335: 3311: 3287: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2971: 2965: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2918: 2912: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2587: 2581: 2572: 2566: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2044:, p. 73–74. 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1887: 1881: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1735: 1729: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1537: 1522: 1514: 1508: 1497: 1491: 1479: 1473: 1462: 1456: 1436: 1430: 1422: 1416: 1408: 1402: 1395: 1389: 1378: 1372: 1365: 1359: 1343: 1337: 1319: 1313: 1308: 1291: 1251:David Cronenberg 981: 845: 843: 761:New-York Tribune 734:Democratic Party 722:George McClellan 718:George Pendleton 651:Currier and Ives 578:Tennessee Mirror 572: 568:Raleigh Register 487:Portrait in the 428:Oil painting by 184: 179:Eng: Sarah Yates 153: 152: 150: 149: 148: 143: 139: 136: 135: 134: 131: 121:Mount Airy, N.C. 87: 86:January 17, 1874 51: 37: 21: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3744:Conjoined twins 3699: 3698: 3660:Wayback Machine 3649: 3630: 3610:(12): 737–740. 3599: 3568: 3553: 3524: 3498: 3495: 3493:Further reading 3490: 3485: 3466: 3461: 3442: 3437: 3416: 3411: 3392: 3379: 3361: 3338: 3333: 3314: 3309: 3290: 3285: 3266: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3182: 3180: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2981:The Yale Review 2976:"Mayberry, USA" 2973: 2972: 2968: 2952: 2948: 2939: 2937: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2752: 2745: 2737:. p. 437. 2723: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665:, p. 146; 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2590: 2582: 2575: 2567: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2532:, pp. 4–5. 2524: 2520: 2512: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2374:, p. 141; 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2346:, p. 140; 2342: 2338: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240:, p. 132; 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1896:, p. 115; 1888: 1884: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1736: 1732: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1525: 1515: 1511: 1498: 1494: 1480: 1476: 1463: 1459: 1440:Asian Americans 1437: 1433: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1362: 1344: 1340: 1317:[t͡ɕān] 1306: 1292: 1288: 1279: 1267: 1185:Chang & Eng 1175:Chang & Eng 1123:Herman Melville 1086: 1079: 1019: 988:New York Herald 983: 976: 974: 965: 919: 872:Caleb V. Haynes 840: 829: 822: 775: 715: 708: 680:Zip the Pinhead 643: 603: 574: 570: 566: 498: 481: 430:Édouard Pingret 422: 383: 316: 269:Samut Songkhram 253: 194: 180: 178: 146: 144: 140: 137: 132: 129: 127: 125: 124: 123: 107: 95: 89: 77: 66:Samut Songkhram 63: 54: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3676: 3648: 3647:External links 3645: 3644: 3643: 3628: 3597: 3579:(4): 150–154. 3566: 3551: 3533:(4): 372–390. 3522: 3519: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3464: 3459: 3440: 3435: 3414: 3409: 3390: 3377: 3359: 3336: 3331: 3312: 3307: 3288: 3283: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3255: 3222: 3189: 3161: 3124: 3091: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2974:Huang, Yunte. 2966: 2960:, p. 39; 2956:, p. 58; 2946: 2913: 2907:, p. 22; 2903:, p. 22; 2893: 2881: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2839:, p. 175. 2835:, p. 40; 2825: 2813: 2807:, p. 58; 2793: 2781: 2775:, p. 19; 2765: 2750: 2743: 2716: 2683: 2681:, p. 151. 2671: 2655: 2643: 2641:, p. 138. 2631: 2629:, p. 133. 2619: 2607: 2588: 2573: 2558: 2556:, p. 171. 2546: 2534: 2518: 2516:, p. 161. 2503: 2501:, p. 151. 2491: 2489:, p. 148. 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2428: 2416: 2414:, p. 141. 2404: 2402:, p. 124. 2392: 2380: 2364: 2362:, p. 118. 2352: 2336: 2334:, p. 137. 2321: 2309: 2307:, p. 127. 2297: 2295:, p. 126. 2285: 2270: 2268:, p. 110. 2258: 2246: 2230: 2228:, p. 112. 2218: 2203: 2201:, p. 204. 2191: 2175: 2163: 2161:, p. 105. 2151: 2139: 2127: 2121:, p. 84; 2111: 2109:, p. 109. 2094: 2082: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1882: 1866: 1864:, p. 122. 1854: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1806: 1794: 1792:, p. 108. 1782: 1770: 1758: 1746: 1730: 1714: 1702: 1686: 1674: 1668:, p. 11; 1658: 1646: 1634: 1628:, p. 19; 1618: 1606: 1591: 1579: 1564: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1509: 1507:, p. 149. 1492: 1490:, p. 127. 1474: 1457: 1431: 1417: 1403: 1401:, p. 108. 1390: 1373: 1360: 1358:, p. 194. 1338: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1266: 1263: 1255:identical twin 1249:, directed by 1222:by playwright 1216:Harmony Korine 1178:, directed by 1078: 1075: 1018: 1015: 1005:Harrison Allen 966: 964: 961: 918: 915: 881:, and his son 826:§ In Siam 821: 818: 774: 771: 707: 704: 642: 639: 602: 599: 571:April 13, 1853 558: 522:superior court 497: 494: 480: 477: 442:Bath, New York 421: 418: 404:to the twins. 382: 379: 333:Boston Patriot 315: 312: 252: 249: 210:conjoined twin 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 175: 171: 170: 167: 166:Known for 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 117: 113: 112: 101: 97: 96: 90: 88:(aged 62) 83: 79: 78: 64: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3801: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3223: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3128: 3125: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3031: 3030: 3022: 3019: 3016:, p. 85. 3015: 3010: 3007: 3004:, p. 40. 3003: 2998: 2995: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2863:, p. 22. 2862: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2811:, p. 53. 2810: 2806: 2803:, p. 5; 2802: 2797: 2794: 2791:, p. 23. 2790: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2605:, p. 39. 2604: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2571:, p. 88. 2570: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2381: 2378:, p. 16. 2377: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2283:, p. 40. 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2244:, p. 35. 2243: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2137:, p. 84. 2136: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2056:, p. 78. 2055: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1996:, p. 68. 1995: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1804:, p. 42. 1803: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1756:, p. 13. 1755: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1715: 1712:, p. 19. 1711: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1684:, p. 15. 1683: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1644:, p. 11. 1643: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1604:, p. 22. 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1589:, p. 12. 1588: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1546:Atlas Obscura 1542: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1521:, p. 23. 1520: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1472:, p. 95. 1471: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1429:, p. 82. 1428: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1388:, p. 13. 1387: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1371:, p. 11. 1370: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1211:Trash Humpers 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1190:Darin Strauss 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1146:America First 1143: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1095: 1094:William Heath 1090: 1084: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:Mütter Museum 1052: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1028: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 990: 989: 982: 979: 975:Robert Bogdan 971: 962: 960: 958: 952: 949: 939: 935: 933: 929: 923: 916: 914: 912: 908: 904: 903:Caroline Shaw 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879:major general 877: 873: 867: 863: 859: 856: 852: 838: 833: 827: 819: 817: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 794: 792: 788: 779: 772: 770: 768: 763: 762: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741: 735: 731: 723: 719: 712: 705: 703: 701: 697: 693: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 665: 659: 652: 647: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 624: 620: 616: 607: 600: 598: 596: 592: 587: 584: 579: 573: 569: 563: 557: 555: 554: 549: 545: 544: 539: 533: 531: 527: 523: 517: 515: 514:Roaring River 511: 507: 506:Wilkes County 503: 495: 490: 489:English style 485: 478: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 453: 451: 445: 443: 439: 431: 426: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 403: 402:father figure 398: 397: 396:Salem Mercury 392: 388: 380: 378: 376: 372: 368: 367:Egyptian Hall 361: 356: 352: 350: 349:British Isles 345: 343: 339: 335: 334: 329: 320: 313: 311: 307: 303: 301: 297: 296:Robert Hunter 292: 290: 286: 281: 277: 272: 270: 266: 257: 250: 248: 245: 244:Darin Strauss 242:The novelist 240: 238: 234: 233:bought slaves 230: 225: 223: 219: 214: 211: 207: 203: 192: 188: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 151: 122: 118: 116:Resting place 114: 111: 106: 102: 98: 93: 84: 80: 75: 71: 67: 61: 57: 50: 45: 38: 33: 19: 18:Chang and Eng 3734:Brother duos 3636: 3607: 3601: 3576: 3570: 3559: 3530: 3526: 3506: 3500: 3469: 3445: 3422: 3395: 3367: 3363:Nickell, Joe 3355:the original 3344: 3317: 3293: 3269: 3260:Bibliography 3246:. Retrieved 3235: 3225: 3213:. Retrieved 3202: 3192: 3181:. Retrieved 3174: 3164: 3152:. Retrieved 3141: 3135: 3127: 3115:. Retrieved 3104: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3034:. Retrieved 3028: 3021: 3009: 3002:Quigley 2012 2997: 2987:November 21, 2985:. Retrieved 2979: 2969: 2958:Quigley 2012 2949: 2938:. Retrieved 2926: 2916: 2911:, p. 1. 2896: 2884: 2868: 2856: 2851:, p. 5. 2844: 2828: 2816: 2805:Spencer 2003 2801:Quigley 2012 2796: 2789:Quigley 2012 2784: 2768: 2763:, p. 2. 2729: 2725:Klein, Maury 2719: 2707:. Retrieved 2698:Vogue Italia 2696: 2686: 2674: 2658: 2653:, p. 1. 2646: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2603:Quigley 2012 2549: 2537: 2521: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2419: 2407: 2400:Nickell 2005 2395: 2383: 2367: 2355: 2339: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2261: 2249: 2233: 2221: 2194: 2189:, p. 4. 2178: 2166: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2114: 2085: 2073: 2061: 2049: 2037: 2032:, p. 4. 2025: 2013: 2001: 1989: 1977: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1917: 1905: 1898:Nickell 2005 1885: 1869: 1862:Nickell 2005 1857: 1845: 1833: 1828:, p. 1. 1821: 1816:, p. 9. 1809: 1797: 1785: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1742:Spencer 2003 1733: 1728:, p. 4. 1717: 1705: 1689: 1677: 1661: 1654:Quigley 2012 1649: 1637: 1621: 1609: 1602:Quigley 2012 1582: 1555:. 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