1149:
2241:
911:
56:
2390:
1286:, the state is believed to have consisted of the three commanderies of Changsha, Wuling, and Guiyang and to have claimed further commanderies under Nanyue's control. The three actual commanderies were divided into over 40 counties. Under the cadet branch of the Liu family, the Changsha Kingdom eliminated the needless commandery level as its territory had been much reduced. In
608:
first grew to prominence as heads of independent factions in the chaos following Qin's fall, and the emperor viewed them as great threats to his authority. Changsha, located on the empire's southern fringe, was one of the weakest among the kingdoms; however, it was the only one to survive beyond 190s BC. In
2302:
is one of the finest examples of art in early China. In the painting, Lady Dai was depicted in the center, accompanied by servants and surrounded by deities, mythological beasts, and symbols. Several types of musical instruments were discovered in the
Changsha tombs. They include the earliest known
607:
The kings of
Changsha were staunch supporters of the Han, and their loyalty and competence was praised by successive emperors. In the first years after the founding of the Han Empire, the Emperor Gaozu embarked on a campaign to eliminate kings that were not members of the imperial family. The kings
2187:
tombs, the early 2nd century BC burial complex of chancellor Li Cang and his family, are a particularly rich source of knowledge on the kingdom. They have remnants of domesticated animals including pigs, cattle, sheep, dogs and chickens, as well as game animals and fowl. Bamboo tablets recorded an
1134:
wrote that there were only 25,000 households in the kingdom, although it is likely that the figure was an underestimate. (Jia, an advocate for further limits on the kingdoms' autonomy, saw
Changsha's weakness as a reason of its loyalty.) However, the population increased rapidly, partly due to the
2604:
and also elaborated on some astrological beliefs such as an astral-terrestrial correspondence, a mapping of astronomical features to those on the land. The latter, likely a work by a Chu author of the
Warring States period, included a collection of illustrations of astronomical and atmospheric
1139:
when the Han dynasty conducted an empire-wide population census, the population of
Changsha was recorded as 235,825 living in 43,470 households. The commanderies that constituted the larger Changsha of the early Han dynasty together had a population of 717,433 living in 126,858 households, a
1227:). Compared to the central government, where the crown princes' tutors had little real authority, the grand tutor played a much more extensive role in a kingdom, as he supervised the king on behalf of the imperial government. Meanwhile, the duties of the court clerk are reminiscent of the
2377:, with explanatory texts on military fortunes associated with these deities. A wide range of natural phenomena were connected with spirit powers, and instructions and devices on dealing with them have been found. These were among the religious elements that would later give rise to the
1419:). Of particular importance was the abolition of the steward, as this move deprived the kings of their fiscal control over the fief. Many remaining offices were demoted in rank, and lesser officials were reduced in number. The titles of the chancellor and tutor were shortened to simply
719:. Later, during Empress Lü's reign, the imperial court decided to launch a military campaign against Nanyue. However, in the hot and humid summer, a plague broke out in the Han army, hindering its advance. The campaign was eventually abandoned with the death of Empress Lü. In
996:). However, Yuzhang Commandery had already been conferred to Ying Bu, the King of Huainan, while Xiang, Guilin, and Nanhai Commanderies were all held by Zhao Tuo, the effectively independent King of Nanyue. This state of the Changsha–Nanyue border was confirmed in a
445:
Changsha was one of the largest and longest-lasting kingdoms in Han China. Despite being established on the empire's frontier, technology and art flourished in
Changsha. Numerous archaeological sites of the kingdom have been discovered and excavated, most notably
1231:, where the post was second only to the chancellor in status, rather than the Han central government—the same post in the imperial government was merely in charge of finance and affairs in the capital region. The responsibilities of the royal secretary
409:
in 203 or 202 BC, around the same time as the establishment of the Han dynasty. Wu Rui and his descendants held the kingdom for five generations until Wu Zhu died without an heir in 157 BC. In 155 BC, the kingdom was reestablished for a member of the
1359:, which covered everyone from ministers in the royal court to county magistrates. Furthermore, changes were made to the government hierarchy of kingdoms. A number of offices were abolished, including the royal secretary, minister of justice
2215:
was manufactured a wide range of purposes, including dishes, furniture, and storage boxes. Iron was widely applied for agricultural and military use, and ironwares found in
Changsha tombs include spades, pickaxes, daggers,
1042:
was simply a mistake for "Wuling", which would have been part of the original grant of the kingdom. Guiyang was likely created by the kings of
Changsha at some point for defense against invasions from Nanyue.
1093:
When
Emperor Jing granted Changsha to his son Liu Fa, the kingdom's territory was reduced to Changsha Commandery alone. Consequently, the kingdom's southwestern border was in the vicinity of modern Chaling,
1212:, thereafter) was the highest civil office and the leader of the government. However, the chancellor was not directly involved in the kingdom's everyday affairs, which were overseen by the court clerk
1271:). It was designation for an eminent official originating from the Chu state, but was not seen elsewhere in the Han dynasty; the post may have merged into or been replaced by that of the chancellor.
1447:
the court clerk was abolished and the chancellor took over his duties. By then, the kingdom's government structure had become almost indistinguishable from that of a commandery in all but name.
55:
508:
of the Qin. After hearing news of the uprising, Wu Rui organized a mostly Baiyue army in support of the rebels. His forces soon grew to become a major faction in the civil war that ensued. In
935:”, although it is unlikely that Changsha actually reached so far. Similarly, it reports that, when Emperor Gaozu created the Kingdom of Changsha, he granted Wu Rui authority over the five
2211:
in total. The intact embroidered silk from
Mawangdui shows intricate patterns of swirling clouds, with more than 20 dyes used in the making of the diverse colors. Glossily decorated
898:
In 33 the Emperor rescinded the decision and demoted Xing to the rank of a marquis, citing the distance of kinship between Xing and himself. Changsha was administered as an imperial
834:) and had given birth to Fa after the intoxicated emperor had mistaken her for his favorite concubine. Consequently, Fa had the lowest status among the Emperor's 14 sons and was
3711:
2338:
As seen in excavated manuscripts and artifacts, the Changsha elite practiced complicated incantations and ritual acts for their interaction with the spirit world. The
2280:) and long robes with elaborately woven patterns. Men typically wore hats, while a number of hairstyles can be seen in contemporary paintings and sculptures of women.
1148:
1004:
tombs. On the other hand, other preserved and unearthed texts have shown that there were two other commanderies actually controlled by the Changsha Kingdom: Wuling
2199:
Artifacts from Changsha noble tombs reveal advanced levels of artisanship. A plain-colored gauze gown discovered in the Mawangdui tomb, for example, measures
1249:) were similar to the imperial equivalent, i.e. supervision over the bureaucrats, although his status was likely lower than the court clerk. The imperial
2350:
deity, was the central celestial deity. An animistic pantheon was worshipped. In an iconographic image of Taiyi from Mawangdui, it was depicted with the
566:, Emperor Gaozu moved Wu Rui's fief and established the Kingdom of Changsha. The capital was Linxiang and located within the present-day city of
1106:
were created from Changsha. These marquisates were administered as parts of neighboring commanderies, further reducing the kingdom's territory.
3953:
3927:
3858:
3839:
3816:
3797:
3770:
3730:
3695:
3676:
3653:
3609:
3972:
2596:), were found in the Mawangdui tombs. The former provided accurate observation data on the positions of planets over a 70-year period from
2311:. Archaeologists also found the first surviving examples of two previously lost ancient Chinese musical instruments, a woodwind known as a
1294:
1179:), who were selected by the imperial court, all officials were appointed by the king. As in the imperial government, the chancellor
715:
to Nanyue, which angered Zhao Tuo, who then proclaimed himself Emperor of Nanyue and then twice invaded Changsha, occupying a few
3636:
Harper, Donald (1999). "Warring States Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.).
1275:
936:
2240:
1114:
Changsha was sparsely populated compared to other parts of the Han Empire. The population primarily consisted of descendants of
3890:
3869:
3741:
411:
203:
2405:
1353:
1345:
1161:
1103:
846:. Changsha Kingdom was held by the Liu family until early 1st century AD, when the Han dynasty was interrupted by usurper
415:
390:
222:
69:
3982:
2401:
2502:
2283:
The earliest known paintings on fabric in China were unearthed from the Mawangdui tombs. Among them, a two-meter-long
2183:
provided non-staple food for the population; livestock such as horses, cattle and sheep were also exported to Nanyue.
1135:
favorable agricultural policies and partly because of immigration both from within the Han empire and from Nanyue. In
1253:
also had their equivalents in the kingdom. In addition, early Changsha had a unique office, the "pillar of state"
3977:
2189:
997:
899:
463:
439:
406:
2255:
1067:
422:, and Changsha under the imperial family saw its autonomy greatly diminished. The kingdom was dissolved during
101:
2225:
559:
2335:). Musical and dancing troupes consisting of dozens of performers were recorded in unearthed manuscripts.
1090:
counties. Changsha's southern frontier with Nanyue was approximately the modern southern border of Hunan.
873:
245:
623:, the King of Changsha pretended to assist him in his escape to Nanyue but instead killed him in Cixiang
454:
Li Cang and his family, providing valuable insights into life in the kingdom and Han dynasty in general.
2505:
in its infancy. In addition, there are also texts on the philosophy and techniques of "nurturing life"
3744:[Three Analyses of Historical Materials Related to the Changsha Kingdom of the Han Dynasty].
402:
619:
and son-in-law of Wu Rui, rebelled against the Han and was defeated. As Ying retreated south of the
570:. The new kingdom helped the Han dynasty consolidate control over the Chu heartland and served as a
2343:
2308:
785:
478:(221 – 207 BC). He enjoyed high prestige among the local people and was known as "Lord of the Po" (
431:
419:
910:
362:
3705:
2534:
2517:
696:
501:
451:
3807:
Loewe, Michael (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty". In Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K. (eds.).
2389:
1160:
In the early Han dynasty, the government structure of the kingdoms closely followed that of the
3645:
2192:, made from wheat, millet, and rice, were also discovered, indicating the development of local
586:. Rui died shortly after moving to his new territory, and the title passed to his son, Wu Chen
3949:
3923:
3854:
3835:
3812:
3793:
3766:
3726:
3691:
3672:
3649:
3628:
3605:
2545:
2541:
2435:), which includes detailed treatments for specific illnesses. Two "cauterisation canons", the
1352:
the vassal kingdoms were stripped of the right to appoint officials with salaries higher than
1322:
1059:
928:
537:
298:
2188:
assortment of dishes, with descriptions of multiple preparation techniques. Various types of
1122:, and the native Baiyue tribes. Zhao Tuo, King of Nanyue, claimed that "half of Changsha are
1034:). The first may have been granted by the imperial Han government; the historical geographer
3637:
3624:
2523:
2339:
2193:
2180:
1326:
1153:
1051:
869:
263:
2254:
Changsha nobility dressed similarly to contemporary nobles in the Han Empire. The forms of
60:
Kingdoms of the Han dynasty in 195 BC, with Changsha shown in light green, at bottom centre
1461:
1348:
and the subsequent drastic measures to limit the autonomy of kingdoms by Emperor Jing. In
1123:
1099:
1079:
1071:
1063:
932:
521:
505:
284:
3809:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume I: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
777:) are alternatively used in some records. Wu Zhu reigned for twenty-one years, dying in
2221:
2164:
1279:
1250:
1228:
1087:
1083:
716:
872:
and then stripped of his titles altogether. After the restoration of Han dynasty, the
704:
3966:
3638:
2374:
2217:
2160:
1344:
The reestablishment of the Changsha Kingdom under Liu Fa coincided with the abortive
1095:
700:
620:
525:
520:(the future Emperor Gaozu, at the time one of the rebel generals) and marched to the
471:
312:
17:
3893:[Establishment of the Bureaucracy in Western Han Dynasty Changsha Kingdom].
3619:
Fu Juyou (1984). "Changsha Guo Shulüe" [Overview of the Changsha Kingdom].
2370:
914:
Silk map unearthed from Mawangdui, showing Changsha and the neighboring kingdom of
571:
352:
270:
1341:) in the same manner as in centrally administered territories of the Han dynasty.
1118:
colonizers, members of the Qin military garrison and their offspring, assimilated
2580:
2577:
2556:
2510:
2482:
2449:
2416:
2408:
tombs, most of which were previously unknown. The largest of these finds is the
2359:
2291:
2270:
2212:
2176:
2148:
2031:
1985:
1939:
1890:
1841:
1795:
1750:
1697:
1651:
1605:
1559:
1514:
1409:
1394:
1379:
1364:
1239:
1236:
1217:
1202:
1184:
1169:
1115:
1047:
1035:
1024:
1009:
986:
971:
944:
923:
839:
628:
545:
529:
513:
475:
427:
229:
210:
73:
27:
Kingdom within the Han Empire located in present-day Hunan and surrounding areas
2571:
Diverse Prognostications on Heavenly Patterns and Formations of Materia Vitalis
2526:
2347:
2229:
1321:)—are noted on the map unearthed at Mawangdui. Counties were each headed by a
1274:
Under the Wu family, the Changsha Kingdom was administered at two levels, the
921:
The exact extent of the first Changsha Kingdom is still unclear. The official
394:
3763:
At Home in Her Tomb: Lady Dai and the Ancient Chinese Treasures of Mawangdui
2530:
2184:
1001:
847:
843:
835:
712:
707:
school of philosophy. Changsha was able to develop under relative peace. In
583:
447:
423:
331:
155:
3669:
Archaeological Discoveries and Research on the Han Dynasty Changsha Kingdom
2143:
Agriculture in Changsha included a wide range of crops and animal species.
1075:
876:, himself a descendant of Liu Fa, gave Changsha to Liu Shun's son Liu Xing
2299:
2248:
1140:
five-fold increase from Jia Yi's estimation during the early Han period.
579:
567:
533:
517:
338:
88:
2351:
616:
612:
359:
2586:
2583:
2559:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2330:
2318:
2116:
2113:
2086:
2083:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2037:
2034:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1988:
1961:
1958:
1945:
1942:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1896:
1893:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1847:
1844:
1817:
1814:
1801:
1798:
1772:
1769:
1756:
1753:
1719:
1716:
1703:
1700:
1673:
1670:
1657:
1654:
1627:
1624:
1611:
1608:
1581:
1578:
1565:
1562:
1536:
1533:
1520:
1517:
1438:
1426:
1332:
1312:
1300:
1261:
1258:
1164:, but differences remained. Except for the chancellor and grand tutor
957:
884:
881:
858:
855:
825:
813:
796:
793:
767:
764:
749:
746:
731:
728:
685:
682:
667:
664:
649:
646:
594:
591:
548:
484:
481:
232:
213:
2378:
2156:
2151:
in Changsha, was cultivated with a diverse range of varieties, while
1488:
1127:
1119:
1055:
915:
575:
467:
3872:[Study on the Bureaucracy of Western Han Dynasty Kingdoms].
659:). Hui reigned for seven years, and was succeeded by his son Wu You
3688:
The Land of the Five Flavors: A Cultural History of Chinese Cuisine
850:. Along with other kings of the Liu family in the empire, Liu Shun
3851:
Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven
2388:
2304:
2262:
2152:
1147:
909:
414:. However, the creation of this second kingdom coincided with the
398:
1443:) to distinguish them from their imperial equivalents. Later, in
2259:
2172:
2168:
2144:
562:
and established itself as the preeminent power in China. In 203/
3430:
3428:
868:), the last King of Changsha, was first demoted to the rank of
2605:
features such as clouds, mirages, rainbows, stars and comets.
1293:
In regions inhabited by the Baiyue, larger but less populated
3874:
Journal of Peking University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
2175:
were also grown, as evidenced by seeds unearthed from tombs.
367:
3811:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–222.
2792:
2790:
322:
3792:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–92.
401:
and some surrounding areas. The kingdom was founded when
343:
3481:
3479:
3008:
3006:
2258:
usually found in the tombs of Changsha aristocrats were
430:(AD 9 – 23), briefly restored after the founding of the
2897:
2895:
2470:
Cauterisation Canon of the Eleven Yin and Yang Channels
2437:
Cauterisation Canon of the Eleven Foot and Arm Channels
3520:
3518:
2939:
2937:
927:
reports Changsha's border “reaching the north bank of
703:, who favored lenient laws and political views of the
536:, then the most prominent leader in the rebellion, in
303:
289:
275:
3834:] (in Chinese). Changsha: Hunan People's Press.
3415:
3413:
3411:
3290:
3288:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3203:
3201:
3188:
3186:
3149:
3147:
3122:
3120:
3095:
3093:
2981:
2979:
2966:
2964:
2924:
2922:
2858:
2856:
2831:
2829:
2753:
2751:
1050:
is that Changsha's northern border ran along modern
3920:
Administrative Geography of the Western Han Dynasty
2678:
2676:
2501:), provide important evidence about the concept of
822:), was a servant of the Emperor's concubine Cheng (
358:
351:
337:
330:
318:
311:
297:
283:
269:
262:
257:
240:
221:
202:
193:
175:
165:
152:
142:
132:
119:
107:
97:
79:
65:
34:
3644:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
2298:possibly meaning "flying garment") in the tomb of
3946:A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China
2663:
2661:
2636:
2634:
1297:were used in place of counties. Two circuits—He (
1290:the kingdom only administered thirteen counties.
504:triggered a wave of rebellions that resulted in
3788:in the Western Han". In Hsu, Elizabeth (ed.).
1074:counties; and the eastern border along modern
558:). The Han eventually emerged victorious from
3922:] (in Chinese). Beijing: People's Press.
2575:
2554:
2508:
2474:
2441:
2414:
2357:
2328:
2316:
2289:
2268:
1436:
1424:
1407:
1392:
1377:
1362:
1330:
1310:
1298:
1256:
1234:
1215:
1200:
1182:
1167:
1102:counties. From Emperor Wu's reign onward, 20
1022:
1007:
984:
969:
955:
942:
879:
853:
823:
811:
791:
762:
744:
726:
680:
662:
644:
626:
589:
543:
528:, the last ruler of Qin. One year later, the
479:
227:
208:
8:
3710:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3671:] (in Chinese). Changsha: Yuelu Shushe.
144:• Reestablishment under the Liu family
3434:
3354:
3342:
3238:
3165:
540:, recognized Rui as the "King of Hengshan"
3742:"Handai Changsha Guo Shiliao Tanxi San Ze"
3723:Early China: A Social And Cultural History
3665:Handai Changsha Guo Kaogu Faxian yu Yanjiu
2323:) and a five-string instrument known as a
1062:counties; the western border along modern
1038:argues that the "Yuzhang" recorded in the
723:the kingdom passed to Wu You's son Wu Zhu
695:). At the time, the Han dynasty was under
254:
54:
31:
3853:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3725:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3604:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3584:
3560:
3536:
1156:of the chancellor of the Changsha Kingdom
711:however, Empress Lü banned the export of
677:), whose name is also recorded as Wu Ruo
3318:
3306:
2342:was incorporated into the religion, and
2239:
1454:
641:Wu Chen was succeeded by his son Wu Hui
134:• Extinction of the Wu family line
3948:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
3891:"Xihan Changsha Guo de Zhiguan Jianzhi"
3765:. Watertown: Charlesbridge Publishing.
3690:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3629:10.16059/j.cnki.cn43-1008/c.1984.03.023
2618:
1046:The reconstruction offered by Zhou and
838:in Changsha, far away from the capital
524:, where they received the surrender of
3895:Journal of Hunan Educational Institute
3703:
3640:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
3497:
3485:
1130:, grand tutor of the king from 176 to
470:leader who had been the magistrate of
405:granted the territory to his follower
190:
3219:
2874:
2796:
2404:were discovered in the Mawangdui and
174:
164:
151:
141:
131:
118:
114:
7:
3024:
2997:
2625:
2550:Prognostications on the Five Planets
784:After the extinction of this house,
604:). Wu Chen reigned for eight years.
512:, Rui's army joined forces with the
3572:
3548:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3402:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3330:
3279:
3267:
3084:
3072:
3048:
3036:
2970:
2955:
2928:
2913:
2901:
2862:
2847:
2820:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2718:
2682:
2652:
788:granted Changsha to his son Liu Fa
3746:Journal of Hunan Provincial Museum
3524:
3509:
3419:
3294:
3255:
3207:
3192:
3177:
3153:
3138:
3126:
3111:
3099:
3060:
3012:
2985:
2943:
2886:
2835:
2808:
2742:
2730:
2706:
2694:
2667:
2640:
25:
574:against the independent realm of
538:an attempt to redivide the empire
418:and the subsequent reforms under
397:of China, located in present-day
3832:Research on the Changsha Kingdom
3761:Liu-Perkins, Christine (2014).
2410:Recipes for Fifty-two Illnesses
442:under the imperial government.
368:
344:
323:
3870:"Xihan Wangguo Guanzhi Kaoshi"
3790:Innovation in Chinese Medicine
2400:Some of the earliest texts on
1374:), minister of the royal clan
1283:
741:), for whom the names Wu Chai
304:
290:
276:
228:
209:
1:
3686:Höllmann, Thomas, O. (2013).
2228:. There were also records of
1346:Rebellion of the Seven States
416:Rebellion of the Seven States
3849:Pankenier, David W. (2013).
3602:The Bureaucracy of Han Times
2402:traditional Chinese medicine
2205:190 centimetres (75 in)
2201:128 centimetres (50 in)
462:The first king of Changsha,
3973:Kingdoms of the Han dynasty
3944:Hucker, Charles O. (1985).
3623:(in Chinese) (3): 106–113.
2522:), covering practices from
2393:Depiction of comets in the
578:founded by the Qin general
434:, and finally abolished in
3999:
3748:(in Chinese) (11): 330–334
3600:Bielenstein, Hans (1980).
3876:(in Chinese) (3): 109–122
2576:
2555:
2509:
2499:Yīnyáng Shíyī Mài Jiǔjīng
2475:
2442:
2415:
2358:
2329:
2317:
2290:
2269:
2106:
2076:
1739:
1503:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1437:
1425:
1408:
1393:
1378:
1363:
1331:
1325:and were subdivided into
1311:
1299:
1257:
1235:
1216:
1201:
1183:
1168:
1023:
1008:
985:
970:
956:
943:
880:
854:
824:
812:
792:
763:
745:
727:
681:
663:
645:
627:
590:
544:
480:
450:, the tomb of Changsha's
379:
253:
198:
185:
154:• Dissolution under
115:
53:
44:
2256:ancient Chinese clothing
204:Traditional Chinese
2594:Tiānwén Qìxiàng Zá Zhàn
2395:Tianwen Qixiang Za Zhan
1556:King Cheng of Changsha
223:Simplified Chinese
3780:Lo, Vivienne (2011). "
2466:Zúbì Shíyī Mài Jiǔjīng
2397:
2385:Science and technology
2251:
2209:49 grams (1.7 oz)
2207:wide but weights only
1982:King Xiao of Changsha
1936:King Yang of Changsha
1838:King Qing of Changsha
1747:King Ding of Changsha
1694:King Jing of Changsha
1648:King Gong of Changsha
1162:Han central government
1157:
1152:A clay imprint of the
918:
324:/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³ kuɤ̞²⁴/
177:• Disestablished
3826:Luo Qingkang (1998).
2392:
2247:found in the tomb of
2243:
2028:King Miu of Changsha
1792:King Dai of Changsha
1511:King Wen of Changsha
1404:), and court scholar
1151:
939:of Changsha, Yuzhang
913:
305:/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵ kwɔ³⁵/
18:Changsha Principality
3914:Zhou Zhenhe (1987).
3868:Wu Rongzeng (1990).
3740:Li Shisheng (2014).
1887:King La of Changsha
1602:King Ai of Changsha
781:without male issue.
3983:History of Changsha
3889:Yi Yuqiang (1995).
3828:Changsha Guo Yanjiu
3500:, pp. 870–871.
3473:, pp. 170–171.
3461:, pp. 168–170.
3449:, pp. 169–170.
3405:, pp. 188–191.
3393:, pp. 185–187.
3381:, pp. 112–113.
3369:, pp. 122–123.
3282:, pp. 199–202.
3270:, pp. 193–199.
3114:, pp. 110–111.
3027:, pp. 122–125.
3015:, pp. 221–240.
2799:, pp. 124–125.
2745:, pp. 331–332.
2709:, pp. 260–266.
2309:stringed instrument
2190:alcoholic beverages
1571:Chángshā Chéng Wáng
1457:
1000:unearthed from the
810:Fa's mother, Tang (
438:and converted to a
167:• Restoration
121:• Established
3916:Xihan Zhengqu Dili
3663:He Xuhong (2013).
2535:sexual cultivation
2398:
2354:, the Rain Master
2340:calendrical system
2252:
1997:Chángshā Xiào Wáng
1951:Chángshā Yáng Wáng
1853:Chángshā Qīng Wáng
1762:Chángshā Dìng Wáng
1709:Chángshā Jìng Wáng
1663:Chángshā Gòng Wáng
1456:Kings of Changsha
1455:
1158:
931:and stretching to
919:
560:post-Qin conflicts
502:a peasant uprising
3955:978-0-8047-1193-7
3929:978-7-100-12898-8
3860:978-1-107-00672-0
3841:978-7-5438-1947-4
3818:978-0-521-24327-8
3799:978-0-521-18259-1
3772:978-1-60734-615-9
3732:978-0-521-71981-0
3697:978-0-231-16186-2
3678:978-7-5538-0161-2
3655:978-0-521-47030-8
3611:978-0-511-75972-7
3527:, pp. 20–21.
3437:, pp. 48–49.
3357:, pp. 38–39.
3345:, pp. 50–51.
3321:, pp. 71–72.
3309:, pp. 72–73.
3075:, pp. 52–53.
2946:, pp. 65–68.
2916:, pp. 35–36.
2904:, pp. 32–35.
2823:, pp. 25–26.
2628:, pp. 11–15.
2540:Two new texts on
2503:meridian channels
2433:Wǔshí'èr Bìngfāng
2136:
2135:
2043:Chángshā Miù Wáng
1807:Chángshā Dài Wáng
1526:Chángshā Wén Wáng
1477:with predecessor
383:
382:
375:
374:
345:coeng4 saa1 gwok3
264:Standard Mandarin
189:
188:
92:
16:(Redirected from
3990:
3978:History of Hunan
3959:
3933:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3864:
3845:
3822:
3803:
3776:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3736:
3721:Li Feng (2013).
3715:
3709:
3701:
3682:
3659:
3643:
3632:
3615:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3435:Liu-Perkins 2014
3432:
3423:
3417:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3355:Liu-Perkins 2014
3352:
3346:
3343:Liu-Perkins 2014
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3242:
3239:Bielenstein 1980
3236:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3196:
3190:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3166:Bielenstein 1980
3163:
3157:
3151:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2665:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2334:
2333:
2322:
2321:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2194:alcohol industry
2181:animal husbandry
1902:Chángshā Là Wáng
1617:Chángshā Āi Wáng
1458:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1429:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1351:
1336:
1335:
1316:
1315:
1304:
1303:
1289:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1138:
1133:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1015:
1013:
1012:
992:
990:
989:
977:
975:
974:
961:
960:
950:
948:
947:
897:
890:
888:
887:
864:
862:
861:
829:
828:
817:
816:
809:
802:
800:
799:
780:
773:
771:
770:
755:
753:
752:
737:
735:
734:
722:
710:
691:
689:
688:
673:
671:
670:
655:
653:
652:
634:
632:
631:
611:
600:
598:
597:
565:
554:
552:
551:
511:
499:
488:
487:
437:
387:Changsha Kingdom
371:
370:
347:
346:
326:
325:
307:
306:
293:
292:
279:
278:
255:
249:
236:
235:
217:
216:
194:Changsha Kingdom
191:
128:
93:
86:
58:
48:
36:Changsha Kingdom
32:
21:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3963:
3962:
3956:
3943:
3940:
3938:Further reading
3930:
3913:
3904:
3902:
3888:
3879:
3877:
3867:
3861:
3848:
3842:
3825:
3819:
3806:
3800:
3779:
3773:
3760:
3751:
3749:
3739:
3733:
3720:
3702:
3698:
3685:
3679:
3662:
3656:
3635:
3618:
3612:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3245:
3237:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2733:, pp. 3–5.
2729:
2725:
2721:, pp. 2–3.
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2597:
2573:
2552:
2506:
2472:
2439:
2412:
2387:
2379:Taoist religion
2355:
2287:
2266:
2238:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2141:
1476:
1462:Posthumous name
1453:
1444:
1405:
1390:
1375:
1360:
1349:
1287:
1284:described above
1254:
1232:
1213:
1199:
1195:
1180:
1165:
1146:
1136:
1131:
1112:
1020:
1005:
982:
967:
940:
933:Jiuyi Mountains
908:
895:
877:
874:Guangwu Emperor
851:
807:
789:
778:
760:
742:
724:
720:
708:
678:
660:
642:
638:) near Poyang.
624:
609:
587:
582:in present-day
563:
541:
522:Guanzhong Plain
509:
497:
460:
435:
412:imperial family
244:
241:Literal meaning
178:
168:
158:
145:
135:
126:
122:
85:
84:
61:
46:
40:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3996:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3911:
3897:(in Chinese).
3886:
3865:
3859:
3846:
3840:
3823:
3817:
3804:
3798:
3777:
3771:
3758:
3737:
3731:
3717:
3716:
3696:
3683:
3677:
3660:
3654:
3633:
3616:
3610:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3587:, p. 497.
3585:Pankenier 2013
3577:
3575:, p. 173.
3565:
3563:, p. 285.
3561:Pankenier 2013
3553:
3551:, p. 171.
3541:
3539:, p. 445.
3537:Pankenier 2013
3529:
3514:
3502:
3490:
3488:, p. 869.
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3424:
3422:, p. 319.
3407:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3333:, p. 119.
3323:
3311:
3299:
3297:, p. 112.
3284:
3272:
3260:
3258:, p. 253.
3243:
3241:, p. 106.
3224:
3222:, p. 151.
3212:
3210:, p. 175.
3197:
3195:, p. 111.
3182:
3180:, p. 254.
3170:
3168:, p. 105.
3158:
3156:, p. 122.
3143:
3141:, p. 111.
3131:
3129:, p. 112.
3116:
3104:
3102:, p. 250.
3089:
3077:
3065:
3063:, p. 110.
3053:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3002:
3000:, p. 119.
2990:
2988:, p. 231.
2975:
2960:
2948:
2933:
2918:
2906:
2891:
2889:, p. 113.
2879:
2877:, p. 136.
2867:
2852:
2840:
2838:, p. 107.
2825:
2813:
2811:, p. 106.
2801:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2697:, p. 330.
2687:
2672:
2657:
2645:
2630:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2386:
2383:
2375:Yellow Dragons
2265:undergarments
2237:
2234:
2165:foxtail millet
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1452:
1449:
1329:and villages (
1251:Nine Ministers
1229:Warring States
1145:
1142:
1111:
1108:
1019:) and Guiyang
907:
904:
759:) and Wu Chan
459:
456:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
365:
356:
355:
349:
348:
341:
335:
334:
332:Yue: Cantonese
328:
327:
320:
316:
315:
309:
308:
301:
295:
294:
291:Ch‘ang-sha Kuo
287:
281:
280:
273:
267:
266:
260:
259:
258:Transcriptions
251:
250:
242:
238:
237:
225:
219:
218:
206:
200:
199:
196:
195:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
81:
77:
76:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3995:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3512:, p. 19.
3511:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3319:Höllmann 2013
3315:
3312:
3308:
3307:Höllmann 2013
3303:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:, p. 52.
3086:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3051:, p. 50.
3050:
3045:
3042:
3039:, p. 78.
3038:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:, p. 41.
2972:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2958:, p. 42.
2957:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:, p. 40.
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2865:, p. 32.
2864:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2850:, p. 31.
2849:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2784:, p. 28.
2783:
2778:
2775:
2772:, p. 22.
2771:
2766:
2763:
2760:, p. 30.
2759:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2685:, p. 14.
2684:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2655:, p. 13.
2654:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2303:example of a
2301:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2232:in Changsha.
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1475:Relationship
1466:Personal name
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1204:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1011:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
981:) and Nanhai
980:
973:
965:
959:
953:
946:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:
917:
912:
905:
903:
901:
893:
886:
883:
875:
871:
867:
860:
857:
849:
845:
844:Central Plain
841:
837:
833:
827:
821:
815:
805:
798:
795:
787:
782:
776:
769:
766:
758:
751:
748:
740:
733:
730:
718:
714:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
684:
676:
669:
666:
658:
651:
648:
639:
637:
630:
622:
621:Yangtze River
618:
614:
605:
603:
596:
593:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
561:
557:
556:Héngshān Wáng
550:
547:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
503:
494:
492:
486:
483:
477:
473:
472:Poyang County
469:
465:
457:
455:
453:
449:
443:
441:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
404:
403:Emperor Gaozu
400:
396:
392:
388:
378:
366:
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
342:
340:
336:
333:
329:
321:
317:
314:
310:
302:
300:
296:
288:
286:
282:
274:
272:
268:
265:
261:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
234:
231:
226:
224:
220:
215:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
192:
184:
180:
170:
160:
157:
147:
137:
124:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
90:
87:(present-day
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
57:
52:
43:
33:
30:
19:
3945:
3919:
3915:
3903:. Retrieved
3898:
3894:
3878:. Retrieved
3873:
3850:
3831:
3827:
3808:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3745:
3722:
3687:
3668:
3664:
3639:
3620:
3601:
3594:Bibliography
3580:
3568:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3505:
3493:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3275:
3263:
3215:
3173:
3161:
3134:
3107:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3020:
2993:
2951:
2909:
2882:
2870:
2843:
2816:
2804:
2777:
2765:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2670:, p. 6.
2648:
2643:, p. 1.
2621:
2593:
2570:
2567:Wǔ Xīng Zhàn
2566:
2549:
2539:
2518:
2498:
2469:
2465:
2436:
2432:
2409:
2406:Zhangjiashan
2399:
2394:
2366:
2352:Thunder Lord
2337:
2324:
2312:
2307:, a form of
2284:
2282:
2277:
2253:
2244:
2224:, axes, and
2198:
2177:Fish farming
2142:
2121:
2091:
2061:
2042:
2012:
1996:
1966:
1950:
1920:
1901:
1871:
1852:
1822:
1806:
1777:
1761:
1740:
1724:
1708:
1678:
1662:
1632:
1616:
1586:
1570:
1541:
1525:
1504:
1469:Reigned from
1432:
1420:
1416:
1401:
1386:
1371:
1355:
1343:
1338:
1318:
1309:) and Ling (
1306:
1292:
1273:
1268:
1246:
1224:
1209:
1191:
1176:
1159:
1113:
1110:Demographics
1092:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1016:
993:
978:
963:
951:
937:commanderies
922:
920:
902:thereafter.
891:
865:
831:
819:
803:
786:Emperor Jing
783:
774:
756:
738:
692:
674:
656:
640:
635:
606:
601:
572:buffer state
555:
506:the collapse
495:
490:
461:
444:
420:Emperor Jing
386:
384:
369:Tiông-sa Kok
353:Southern Min
277:Chángshā Guó
271:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
3498:Harper 1999
3486:Harper 1999
2524:therapeutic
2369:), and the
2213:lacquerware
2149:staple food
1906:Liu Jiande
1496:In Chinese
1485:In Chinese
1389:), steward
1104:marquisates
1048:Tan Qixiang
1040:Book of Han
1036:Zhou Zhenhe
924:Book of Han
697:Emperor Hui
476:Qin dynasty
432:Eastern Han
393:within the
248:of Changsha
74:Han dynasty
3967:Categories
3901:(3): 65–68
3220:Loewe 1986
2875:Loewe 1986
2797:Loewe 1986
2609:References
2569:) and the
2527:gymnastics
2468:) and the
2230:tin mining
2047:Liu Luren
1921:Liú Jiàndé
1741:Liu family
1472:Reigned to
1323:magistrate
1276:commandery
1247:yùshǐ dàfū
1210:chéngxiàng
1144:Government
1124:Man and Yi
966:), Guilin
954:), Xiang (
900:commandery
701:Empress Lü
615:, King of
474:under the
452:chancellor
440:commandery
428:usurpation
395:Han Empire
285:Wade–Giles
98:Government
3706:cite book
3025:Zhou 1987
2998:Zhou 1987
2626:Zhou 1987
2614:Citations
2546:astrology
2542:astronomy
2531:dietetics
2519:yǎngshēng
2185:Mawangdui
2110:Liu Xing
2080:Liu Shun
2062:Liú Lǔrén
2001:Liu Zong
1857:Liu Fuqu
1811:Liu Yong
1505:Wu family
1387:zōngzhèng
1327:townships
1194:, before
1052:Tongcheng
1002:Mawangdui
929:Han River
906:Territory
848:Wang Mang
836:enfeoffed
713:iron ware
705:Huang–Lao
584:Guangdong
448:Mawangdui
424:Wang Mang
156:Wang Mang
3905:16 April
3880:16 April
3752:16 April
3573:Luo 1998
3549:Luo 1998
3471:Luo 1998
3459:Luo 1998
3447:Luo 1998
3403:Luo 1998
3391:Luo 1998
3379:Luo 1998
3367:Luo 1998
3331:Luo 1998
3280:Luo 1998
3268:Luo 1998
3085:Luo 1998
3073:Luo 1998
3049:Luo 1998
3037:Luo 1998
2971:Luo 1998
2956:Luo 1998
2929:Luo 1998
2914:Luo 1998
2902:Luo 1998
2863:Luo 1998
2848:Luo 1998
2821:Luo 1998
2782:Luo 1998
2770:Luo 1998
2758:Luo 1998
2719:Luo 1998
2683:Luo 1998
2653:Luo 1998
2300:Lady Dai
2249:Lady Dai
2203:long by
2122:Liú Xīng
2092:Liú Shùn
2023:Brother
2013:Liú Zōng
1955:Liu Dan
1872:Liú Fùqú
1823:Liú Yōng
1575:Wu Chen
1295:circuits
1278:and the
1192:xiàngguó
1100:Quanzhou
1072:Jingzhou
1068:Zhenyuan
1064:Longshan
892:Liú Xīng
866:Liú Shùn
842:and the
840:Chang'an
717:counties
580:Zhao Tuo
568:Changsha
534:Xiang Yu
518:Liu Bang
466:, was a
339:Jyutping
102:Monarchy
89:Changsha
83:Linxiang
3525:Lo 2011
3510:Lo 2011
3420:Li 2013
3295:Fu 1984
3256:He 2013
3208:He 2013
3193:Fu 1984
3178:He 2013
3154:Wu 1990
3139:Wu 1990
3127:Wu 1990
3112:Wu 1990
3100:He 2013
3061:Fu 1984
3013:He 2013
2986:He 2013
2944:Yi 1995
2887:Fu 1984
2836:Fu 1984
2809:Fu 1984
2743:Li 2014
2731:He 2013
2707:He 2013
2695:Li 2014
2668:He 2013
2641:He 2013
2602:177 BC,
2236:Culture
2139:Economy
1967:Liú Dàn
1876:101 BC
1830:101 BC
1827:128 BC
1785:128 BC
1782:155 BC
1766:Liu Fa
1732:157 BC
1729:179 BC
1713:Wu Zhu
1686:179 BC
1683:187 BC
1667:Wu You
1640:187 BC
1637:194 BC
1621:Wu Hui
1594:194 BC
1591:202 BC
1587:Wú Chén
1549:202 BC
1546:203 BC
1530:Wu Rui
1499:Pinyin
1372:tíngwèi
1350:145 BC,
1132:172 BC,
1088:Chaling
1084:Lianhua
1080:Yichuan
1060:Gong'an
1032:Guìyáng
952:Yùzhāng
808:155 BC.
775:Wú Chǎn
757:Wú Chāi
721:178 BC,
709:183 BC,
636:Cíxiāng
617:Huainan
613:Ying Bu
610:195 BC,
602:Wú Chén
516:leader
458:History
391:kingdom
360:Hokkien
108:History
80:Capital
72:of the
70:Kingdom
3952:
3926:
3857:
3838:
3815:
3796:
3769:
3729:
3694:
3675:
3652:
3648:–884.
3621:Qiusuo
3608:
2598:246 BC
2548:, the
2346:, the
2222:swords
2218:spears
2161:common
2157:barley
2147:, the
2129:AD 33
2126:AD 26
2066:42 BC
2020:43 BC
2017:45 BC
1974:48 BC
1971:50 BC
1928:50 BC
1925:83 BC
1879:83 BC
1778:Liú Fā
1725:Wú Zhù
1679:Wú Yòu
1633:Wú Huí
1542:Wú Ruì
1489:Pinyin
1431:) and
1402:shǎofǔ
1280:county
1269:zhùguó
1225:nèishǐ
1196:194 BC
1128:Jia Yi
1120:Nanman
1096:Wugang
1086:, and
1076:Gao'an
1070:, and
1058:, and
1056:Songzi
1017:Wǔlíng
994:Nánhǎi
979:Guìlín
916:Nanyue
896:AD 26.
804:Liú Fā
779:157 BC
739:Wú Zhù
693:Wú Ruò
675:Wú Yòu
657:Wú Huí
576:Nanyue
564:202 BC
526:Ziying
510:207 BC
498:209 BC
468:Baiyue
464:Wu Rui
407:Wu Rui
389:was a
148:155 BC
138:157 BC
127:202 BC
111:
66:Status
49:–AD 33
47:202 BC
3918:[
3830:[
3667:[
2371:Azure
2367:Yǔshī
2348:polar
2344:Taiyi
2305:guqin
2285:fēiyī
2278:dānyī
2263:gauze
2245:Feiyi
2226:coins
2169:beans
2153:wheat
2099:AD 9
2096:AD 6
2069:AD 6
1493:Name
1482:Name
1451:Kings
1445:8 BC,
1421:xiàng
1417:bóshì
1288:AD 2,
1282:. As
1177:tàifù
1137:AD 2,
964:Xiàng
894:) in
832:Chéng
806:) in
532:King
491:Pójūn
436:AD 33
399:Hunan
313:Xiang
246:State
181:AD 33
171:AD 26
3950:ISBN
3924:ISBN
3907:2020
3882:2020
3855:ISBN
3836:ISBN
3813:ISBN
3794:ISBN
3784:and
3767:ISBN
3754:2020
3727:ISBN
3712:link
3692:ISBN
3673:ISBN
3650:ISBN
3606:ISBN
2544:and
2529:and
2373:and
2260:silk
2179:and
2173:hemp
2171:and
2163:and
2145:Rice
2132:Son
2102:Son
2072:Son
1977:Son
1931:Son
1882:Son
1833:Son
1735:Son
1689:Son
1643:Son
1597:Son
1354:400
1319:Líng
1198:and
1154:seal
1098:and
870:duke
820:Táng
699:and
493:).
385:The
161:AD 9
125:203/
45:203/
3782:Mai
3646:813
3625:doi
2600:to
2533:to
2325:zhù
2196:.
1356:dan
1126:".
1116:Chu
998:map
530:Chu
514:Han
496:In
426:'s
363:POJ
319:IPA
299:IPA
39:長沙國
3969::
3899:13
3786:Qi
3708:}}
3704:{{
3517:^
3478:^
3427:^
3410:^
3287:^
3246:^
3227:^
3200:^
3185:^
3146:^
3119:^
3092:^
3005:^
2978:^
2963:^
2936:^
2921:^
2894:^
2855:^
2828:^
2789:^
2750:^
2675:^
2660:^
2633:^
2581:氣象
2578:天文
2557:五星
2537:.
2511:養生
2483:十一
2450:十一
2417:五十
2381:.
2360:雨師
2313:yú
2292:非衣
2271:襌衣
2220:,
2167:,
2159:,
2155:,
2107:–
2077:–
2032:長沙
1986:長沙
1940:長沙
1891:長沙
1842:長沙
1796:長沙
1751:長沙
1698:長沙
1652:長沙
1606:長沙
1560:長沙
1515:長沙
1433:fù
1410:博士
1395:少府
1380:宗正
1365:廷尉
1339:lǐ
1337:,
1317:,
1307:Hé
1305:,
1240:大夫
1237:御史
1218:內史
1203:丞相
1185:相國
1170:太傅
1082:,
1078:,
1066:,
1054:,
1025:桂陽
1010:武陵
987:南海
972:桂林
962:,
945:豫章
830:,
818:,
629:茲鄉
546:衡山
500:,
489:,
230:长沙
211:長沙
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2587:占
2584:雜
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2564:,
2560:占
2553:(
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2496:,
2492:經
2489:灸
2486:脈
2480:陽
2477:陰
2473:(
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2459:經
2456:灸
2453:脈
2447:臂
2444:足
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2430:,
2426:方
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2420:二
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2327:(
2319:竽
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2117:興
2114:劉
2087:舜
2084:劉
2057:人
2054:魯
2051:劉
2038:王
2035:繆
2008:宗
2005:劉
1992:王
1989:孝
1962:旦
1959:劉
1946:王
1943:炀
1916:德
1913:建
1910:劉
1897:王
1894:剌
1867:朐
1864:附
1861:劉
1848:王
1845:頃
1818:庸
1815:劉
1802:王
1799:戴
1773:發
1770:劉
1757:王
1754:定
1720:著
1717:吳
1704:王
1701:靖
1674:右
1671:吳
1658:王
1655:共
1628:回
1625:吳
1612:王
1609:哀
1582:臣
1579:吳
1566:王
1563:成
1537:芮
1534:吳
1521:王
1518:文
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1427:相
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650:回
647:吳
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633:,
625:(
599:,
595:臣
592:吳
588:(
553:,
549:王
542:(
485:君
482:番
233:国
214:國
91:)
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