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long spread of the towers along the horizon corresponds very closely to the rising and setting positions of the sun over the year, albeit they are not all visible. On the winter solstice, the sun would rise behind the leftmost tower of
Chankillo and rise behind each of the towers until it reached the rightmost tower six months later on the summer solstice, marking the passage of time. The Thirteen Towers of Chankillo could be the earliest known observatory in the Americas. Inhabitants of Chankillo would have been able to determine an accurate date, with an error of a day or two, by observing the sunrise or sunset from the correct tower. A contemporary site in Chincha Valley, Peru, of the late
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The regularly-spaced thirteen towers of
Chankillo were constructed atop the ridge of a low hill running near north to south, forming a "toothed" horizon with narrow gaps at regular intervals. To the east and west investigators designated two possible observation points. From these vantages, the 300m
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solar observatory, and residential and gathering areas. The
Thirteen Towers have been interpreted as an astronomical observatory built in the third century BC. The culture that produced Chankillo is called the
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The towers had been known to travellers for 200 years but were not determined to be an astronomical site until 2007 by Iván Ghezzi and Clive
Ruggles.
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Yale
University article: Peruvian Citadel is Site of Earliest Ancient Solar Observatory in the Americas and slide show
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The site covers about four square kilometres (1.5 square miles) and has been interpreted as a fortified temple.
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Ghezzi, Ivan (2006). "Religious
Warfare at Chankillo". In Isbell, William H.; Silverman, Helaine (eds.).
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BBC/Open
University documentary, Broadcast March 2011, Downloadable demonstration of Towers at sunrise.
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Ghezzi, Ivan; Ruggles, Clive (2007). "Chankillo: A 2300-Year-Old Solar
Observatory in Coastal Peru".
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basin in the Ancash
Department of Peru. The ruins include the hilltop Chankillo fort, the nearby
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This article is about the archaeological site. For the civilization it belonged to, see
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646:"'No parallels': 2,300-year-old solar observatory awarded UNESCO World Heritage status"
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707:"A 2,300-year-old architectural and astronomical complex in the Chincha Valley, Peru"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Pozorski, Shelia; Pozorski, Thomas; Pozorski, Thomas George (2006).
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Stanish, C.; Tantaleán, H.; Nigra, B. T. & Griffin, L. (2014).
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2005:
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The Past from Above: Aerial Photographs of Archaeological Sites
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https://www.archaeology.org/0801/topten/solar_observatory.html
317:, which also marked the solstice, has recently been examined.
420:
Early Settlement and Subsistence in the Casma Valley, Peru
771:
Atwood, Roger. " "Solar Observatory at Chankillo, Peru."
45:
Thirteen Towers of Chankillo, viewed from the fortress
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Buildings and structures completed in the 4th century
813:
Early Monumental Architecture on the Peruvian Coast
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833:Wonders of the Universe, Prof. Brian Cox, BBC
775:. Volume 61 Number 1, January/February 2008.
375:. IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional - Perú).
294:or the Sechin Complex. The site was awarded
8:
828:High-resolution image of the Thirteen Towers
353:List of archaeoastronomical sites by country
26:
798:Chankillo, Peru, Ancient Solar Observatory?
861:
847:
839:
39:
25:
740:
373:Peru 1:100 000, La Caleta Culebras (20-g)
823:View from the air on the Chankillo site
277:is an ancient monumental complex in the
808:Giant Solar Calendar Measures Time, BBC
364:
2577:Archaeological sites in Ancash Region
803:Towers point to ancient Sun cult, BBC
628:
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308:The Thirteen Towers solar observatory
249:
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223:Chankillo Archaeoastronomical Complex
218:
209:
7:
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413:
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2557:Astronomical observatories in Peru
63:
14:
835:(may be region locked to UK only)
325:
62:
55:
2572:Former populated places in Peru
483:"SITIO ARQUEOLOGICO CHANQUILLO"
160:4 km (1.5 sq mi)
1:
2086:Quriwayrachina, La Convención
793:3D reconstruction of the site
644:Collyns, Dan (28 July 2021).
281:coastal desert, found in the
2587:World Heritage Sites in Peru
2552:Archaeological sites in Peru
870:Archaeological sites in Peru
607:Space: A Visual Encyclopedia
2191:Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
194:Ministry of Culture of Peru
16:Archaeological site in Peru
2603:
1786:Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
1271:Huamanmarca, La Convención
652:. London, United Kingdom.
213:UNESCO World Heritage Site
202:Unidad Ejecutora Chankillo
18:
876:
264:
260:
50:
38:
31:
2386:Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
2081:Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
1941:Pumamarka, San Sebastián
1871:Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
609:. Penguin. p. 209.
424:University of Iowa Press
386:Jenkins, Dilwyn (2003).
1586:Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
1371:Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
725:10.1073/pnas.1406501111
582:10.1007/0-387-28940-2_4
528:10.1126/science.1136415
447:Gerster, Georg (2005).
388:The Rough Guide to Peru
2231:The Toads of Wiraqucha
1681:Mawk'allaqta, La Unión
1671:Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
1581:Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
1356:Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
564:Andean Archaeology III
485:(in Spanish). MINCETUR
336:Panorama of Chanquillo
231:Cultural: (i)(iv)
2346:Ventanillas de Otuzco
1931:Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
1676:Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
1576:Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
1491:Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
1401:Inti Watana, Urubamba
1391:Inti Watana, Ayacucho
1351:Inka Tampu, Huayopata
301:status in July 2021.
80:Alternative name
2521:Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
2076:Quriwayrachina, Anta
1796:Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas
1791:Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo
1696:Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
1691:Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
1686:Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
1591:Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
1536:Laguna de las Momias
1346:Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
1341:Inka Raqay, Apurímac
931:Awkimarka (Apurímac)
886:Ahuila Gencha Machay
292:Casma/Sechin culture
151:Casma/Sechin culture
123:9.55667°S 78.23583°W
21:Casma/Sechin culture
2171:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
2066:Qurimarka, Apurímac
1981:Purunllacta, Soloco
1946:Pumamarka, Urubamba
1366:Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
1286:Huaycán de Pariachi
1081:Choquequirao Puquio
1041:Chauchilla Cemetery
936:Awkimarka (Huánuco)
520:2007Sci...315.1239G
514:(5816): 1239–1243.
142:Fortified sanctuary
128:-9.55667; -78.23583
119: /
28:
2401:Wanakawri, Huánuco
1976:Purunllacta, Cheto
1836:Paracas Candelabra
1496:Kunturmarka, Pasco
1396:Inti Watana, Calca
678:"Archaeoastronomy"
455:Getty Publications
251:Reference no.
2539:
2538:
1916:Pukara, Coporaque
1876:Pirca Pirca, Lima
1236:Huaca Huallamarca
1046:Chavín de Huantar
605:DK (2010-06-21).
268:
267:
246:
71:Shown within Peru
2594:
2567:Archaeoastronomy
2396:Wanakawri, Cusco
2391:Wamanmarka, Lima
2226:Templo del Zorro
2071:Qurimarka, Cusco
1561:Llamachayuq Qaqa
1541:Lauricocha Caves
1521:K'allapayuq Urqu
1506:Kusichaka valley
1251:Huaca San Marcos
1226:Huaca del Dragón
1221:Huaca de la Luna
891:Amaru Marka Wasi
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2511:Wiraqucha Pirqa
2256:Toquepala Caves
2021:Qillqay Mach'ay
1921:Pukara, Fajardo
1646:Marcahuamachuco
1616:Machu Pitumarka
1441:Jisk'a Iru Muqu
1411:Intini Uyu Pata
1326:Incahuasi, Lima
1256:Huaca Santa Ana
1181:Guitarrero Cave
1006:Caves of Sumbay
906:Asiru Phat'jata
872:
867:
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766:
719:(20): 7218–23.
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394:. p. 295.
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315:Paracas culture
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287:Thirteen Towers
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2466:Wayna Tawqaray
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2456:Wat'a, Huánuco
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2366:Viracochapampa
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2341:Venado cautivo
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2316:Usnu, Ayacucho
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2301:Uchkus Inkañan
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2296:T'uqu T'uquyuq
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1516:Khuchi Mach'ay
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1246:Huaca Pucllana
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1191:Hatun Misapata
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1021:Cerro Trinidad
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787:External links
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426:. p. 95.
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299:World Heritage
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183:Archaeologists
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2562:Forts in Peru
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2531:Yuraq Mach'ay
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2321:Usnu, Huánuco
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2096:Qhapaq Kancha
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2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1996:Puyupatamarca
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1806:Ollantaytambo
1804:
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1801:Ñusta Hispana
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1531:La Otra Banda
1529:
1527:
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1461:Killa Mach'ay
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1361:Inka Tunuwiri
1359:
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1301:Huayna Picchu
1299:
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1291:Huánuco Pampa
1289:
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1231:Huaca del Sol
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1196:Hatun Rumiyoc
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1176:Guellayhuasin
1174:
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1146:El Cañoncillo
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981:Cajamarquilla
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961:Baths of Boza
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921:Auquilohuagra
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616:9780756666286
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591:9780387289397
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468:9780892368754
464:
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451:
443:
440:
435:
433:9781587294624
429:
425:
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401:9781843530749
397:
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263:
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222:
220:Official name
214:
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197:
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176:
172:
168:
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159:
155:
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149:
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137:
132:
104:
100:
97:
93:
92:Ancash Region
90:
86:
82:
78:
58:
49:
42:
37:
30:
22:
2461:Wayna Q'inti
2451:Wat'a, Cusco
2411:Waqra Pukara
2361:Vilcashuamán
2131:Sacsayhuamán
2061:Quri Winchus
1991:Pusuquy Pata
1966:Puqin Kancha
1926:Pukara, Puno
1621:Machu Q'inti
1606:Machu Picchu
1466:Killarumiyuq
1416:Intipa Ñawin
1336:Inka Mach'ay
1311:Huchuy Qosqo
1241:Huaca Prieta
1186:Hatun Machay
1166:Gran Pajatén
1076:Choquequirao
1071:Choquepuquio
1066:Chipaw Marka
1035:
1016:Cerro Pátapo
772:
767:
716:
710:
700:
686:
672:
661:. Retrieved
650:The Guardian
649:
639:
606:
600:
563:
511:
507:
487:. Retrieved
477:
449:
442:
419:
392:Rough Guides
387:
381:
372:
367:
319:
311:
303:
286:
283:Casma-Sechin
274:
270:
269:
147:Part of
2506:Wiñay Wayna
2501:Willkaraqay
2486:Wila Wilani
2441:Wari Willka
2431:Waraqu Urqu
2376:Waman Pirqa
2281:Tunay Q'asa
2261:Toro Muerto
2211:Taqrachullu
2201:Tanqa Tanqa
2196:Tampukancha
2186:Tambomachay
2181:Tambo Totem
2051:Qunchamarka
2041:Qullqapampa
1951:Pumaq Hirka
1901:Puka Pukara
1866:Pinkuylluna
1856:Pikimach'ay
1771:Nazca Lines
1766:Muyuq Marka
1751:Mullu Q'awa
1726:Mirq'imarka
1701:Mawk'ataray
1636:Maray Qalla
1626:Mallkuamaya
1611:Machu Pirqa
1601:Machu Colca
1556:Llamachayuq
1486:Kuntur Wasi
1381:Inkilltambo
1306:Huayrapongo
1266:Hualpayunca
1261:Huacramarca
1201:Hatun Uchku
1171:Gran Vilaya
971:Buena Vista
926:Awkin Punta
773:Archaeology
692:"Chankillo"
572:. pp.
570:Springer US
457:. pp.
186:Ivan Ghezzi
126: /
102:Coordinates
2546:Categories
2496:Wilcahuaín
2436:Warawtampu
2406:Waqlamarka
2356:Vilcabamba
2311:Uskallaqta
2276:Tunanmarca
2221:Tarmatambo
2156:Sillustani
2141:Sayacmarca
2126:Runkuraqay
2056:Qunchupata
2031:Quillarumi
2011:Qillqatani
1906:Puka Tampu
1881:Pirhuaylla
1851:Pikillaqta
1846:Patallaqta
1821:Pachatusan
1816:Pachacamac
1731:Miyu Pampa
1721:Miraflores
1661:Markapukyu
1656:Markansaya
1651:Markahirka
1641:Marayniyoq
1596:Llaqtapata
1526:K'ipakhara
1511:Khichuqaqa
1406:Intikancha
1386:Inti Punku
1376:Inkapintay
1216:Honcopampa
1211:Hatunmarka
1206:Hatun Usnu
1156:El Paraíso
1151:El Ingenio
1126:Coricancha
1116:Condorcaga
1106:Colcampata
1096:Cochabamba
1061:Chichakuri
1051:Chawaytiri
1036:Chanquillo
1026:Chacamarca
1011:Cerro Baúl
916:Auga Punta
663:2021-07-28
489:2017-06-01
359:References
275:Chanquillo
236:Designated
199:Management
178:Site notes
114:78°14′09″W
111:09°33′24″S
83:Chanquillo
2426:Waraqayuq
2421:Warahirka
2381:Wamanilla
2351:Ventarron
2326:Usnu Muqu
2286:Tupu Inka
2266:Trinchera
2216:Tarahuasi
2206:Tantarica
2176:Susupillu
2136:Sara Sara
2111:Rumicolca
2091:Qasa Pata
2046:Qulu Qulu
2001:Qaqapatan
1971:Puruchuco
1911:Puka Urqu
1831:Pañamarca
1811:Pacatnamu
1781:Ninamarca
1776:Nina Kiru
1761:Muyu Urqu
1756:Muyu Muyu
1746:Mulinuyuq
1446:Kanamarka
1426:Iskuqucha
1331:Ingatambo
1281:Huankarán
1131:Cumbemayo
1121:Cota Coca
1101:Cochapata
1031:Chan Chan
991:Carachupa
986:Cao Viejo
966:Bandurria
951:Ayawayq'u
946:Ayamachay
896:Arhuaturo
658:0261-3077
536:0036-8075
271:Chankillo
191:Ownership
33:Chankillo
27:Chankillo
2476:Wichqana
2251:Titiqaqa
2146:Sayhuite
2116:Rumiwasi
2036:Quishuar
1956:Pumawasi
1936:Pukarani
1891:Pirwayuq
1861:Pilluchu
1841:Paraccra
1566:Llamayuq
1501:Kuntuyuq
1436:Jinkiori
1321:Inca Uyo
1141:El Brujo
1086:Churajón
1056:Cheqollo
976:Cahuachi
956:Azángaro
941:Aya Muqu
759:21842863
751:24799703
733:23774157
544:17332405
342:See also
279:Peruvian
228:Criteria
88:Location
2481:Wich'un
2471:Wichama
2336:Uyu Uyu
2331:Usqunta
2121:Runayoc
2101:Raqch'i
1986:Pusharo
1961:Punkuri
1736:Molloko
1711:Miculla
1631:Mameria
1571:Llamuqa
1551:Llactan
1451:Kanichi
1276:Huamboy
1161:Garagay
1136:Cutimbo
996:Carajía
742:4034249
516:Bibcode
508:Science
243:session
170:Founded
165:History
2516:Yanaca
2416:Waqutu
2371:Vitcos
2306:Urpish
2291:T'akaq
2271:Túcume
2241:Tinyaq
2166:Sóndor
2151:Sechín
2106:Revash
2026:Quiaca
2016:Qillqa
1886:Piruro
1826:Paiján
1716:Millka
1546:Layzón
1481:Kukuli
1476:Kuelap
1471:Kotosh
1316:Huiñao
1111:Collor
911:Aspero
881:Acaray
757:
749:
739:
731:
656:
613:
588:
542:
534:
465:
430:
398:
348:Acaray
296:UNESCO
241:(44th
173:250 BC
2526:Yaynu
2491:Wilca
2446:Waruq
2246:Tipón
2236:Tikra
2161:Sipán
2006:Qenko
1896:Písac
1741:Moray
1706:Mazur
1666:Marpa
1456:Kenko
1296:Huari
1091:Chuya
1001:Caral
901:Asana
755:S2CID
729:JSTOR
576:–84.
239:2021
1431:Isog
747:PMID
654:ISSN
611:ISBN
586:ISBN
540:PMID
532:ISSN
463:ISBN
428:ISBN
396:ISBN
255:1624
157:Area
139:Type
96:Peru
737:PMC
721:doi
717:111
578:doi
524:doi
512:315
459:197
273:or
2548::
753:.
745:.
735:.
727:.
715:.
709:.
648:.
625:^
584:.
574:67
568:.
552:^
538:.
530:.
522:.
510:.
498:^
461:.
453:.
422:.
410:^
390:.
94:,
862:e
855:t
848:v
779:.
761:.
723::
694:.
680:.
666:.
619:.
594:.
580::
546:.
526::
518::
492:.
471:.
436:.
404:.
245:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
