5069:
783:
4338:
5075:
1685:
1828:
713:
4349:
133:
115:
4355:
5063:
3828:
576:
4344:
3822:
3834:
774:. While the phalanges start out polygonal, they become increasingly small and rounded towards the tip of the flipper, where the digits are less tightly packed. The phalanges are also very thick and boxy. In addition to the four primary digits, there is also an accessory digit behind them, a digit which terminates before reaching the wrist.
620:(lower jaw bones) is 99 centimeters (3 ft 3 in) long. The skull bears a narrow snout which, characteristically, is heavily elongated, making up 80% of the skull's length, gradually sloping to a point at its front. Uniquely among ichthyosaurs, the snout bears elongate, rounded ridges that run longitudinally along the
704:, the knob on the back of the skull for the articulation of the spinal column, is clearly demarcated from the rest of the basioccipital. The occipital condyle is not especially large, taking up relatively little of the rear face of the basioccipital, with additional bone surface extending outwards and beneath it.
846:, though she noted that this classification was still provisional as the relationships of Jurassic ichthyosaurs were poorly understood. A study by Motani, published in 1999, sought to better understand ichthyosaur relationships through a phylogenetic analysis. While he did not include
969:
as the closest relative of this grouping, with another analysis in a 2012 study, also led by
Fischer, finding a similar placement. However, Erin Maxwell and colleagues criticized this placement in 2012, noting that the traits Fischer and colleagues had used in these studies to link
1660:. As these ichthyosaurs would have been fast swimmers, they could chase down their prey instead of lying in wait for it, finding it mainly by sight using their massive eyes. Unlike modern reptiles, ichthyosaurs had high metabolisms and would have been able to
1794:
lived shortly after a faunal turnover in the preceding
Aalenian stage, affecting both plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs. Among the ichthyosaurs, ophthalmosaurids became the dominant group while the non-ophthalmosaurid neoichthyosaurs, the group to which
730:, bears a triangular site for articulation with the skull, and has a prominent keel running along the middle of its underside. The cervical centra (vertebral bodies) bear deep depressions where they articulated with the neural arches, with the
769:
contains four primary digits, the longest of which contains at least 14 elements. The foremost of these digits arises from the front upper carpal, the radiale, the second from the intermedium, and the rear two from the rear upper carpal, the
1815:
were also present. All of these groups were abundant and diverse at the time, but while the bivalves and brachiopods were at their highest species counts in the Middle
Jurassic of the region, the other groups were in decline.
673:(the ring of bony plates supporting the eyeball) to have had a diameter of around 13 centimeters (5.1 in). She considered this to also be a reasonable rough approximation of the width of the orbit, thus concluding that
550:
was the first valid ichthyosaur from this time interval to be named, with all previously named species based on remains to poor to be distinctive. Further ichthyosaurs of this time have since been found, including
677:
had especially small orbits. While
Ryosuke Motani also stated that the orbits were small in 1999, Michael Maisch and Andreas Matzke in 2000 instead considered the orbits to be especially large.
1676:, the strong incisions on the leading edge of the forelimb and the rounded upper end of its humerus, indicate maturity, so Fernández considered the skeleton to have belonged to an adult.
734:(upper pairs of processes articulating with the ribs) positioned at the same height as these facets. The transverse processes (sideways projections on the vertebrae) are extensive. The
2814:
Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle
Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Italy/Switzerland: taxonomic and palaeobiological implications"
2504:(Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauridae): Reappraisal of the 'inaccessible' holotype resolves a taxonomic tangle and reveals an obscure ophthalmosaurid lineage with a wide distribution".
2586:
3133:
2642:
5228:
1006:. However, not all analyses have found such a placement. A study by Benjamin Moon in 2017 did not find it to be a member of Thunnosauria, though still recovered it within
3222:"Metriorhynchidae (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia) from Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous of Neuquén Basin (Argentina), with comments on the natural casts of the brain"
3134:"Depositional environments and hydrocarbon potential of the Middle Jurassic Los Molles Formation, Neuquén Basin, Argentina: Palynofacies and organic geochemical data"
1703:
was found, is a member of the Cuyo Group. While this formation, reaching up to 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) thick in some places, consists of rock laid down from the
5177:
2656:
Ji, C.; Jiang, D. Y.; Motani, R.; Rieppel, O.; Hao, W. C.; Sun, Z. Y. (2016). "Phylogeny of the
Ichthyopterygia incorporating recent discoveries from South China".
765:. While the boundary between the lower arm bones is short, they are in contact across its entire length, with no gap between them. Distinctively, each forelimb of
2204:
1644:
Ichthyosaurs were well-adapted to life in the water, though still needed to breath air. While some of the earlier ichthyosaurs would have swum by undulating like
2531:
Cortés, D.; Maxwell, E. E.; Larsson, H. C. E. (2021). "Re-appearance of hypercarnivore ichthyosaurs in the
Cretaceous with differentiated dentition: Revision of
998:. Further reiterations of this analysis continued to find such a placement, and another analysis conducted by Dirley Cortés and colleagues in 2021 also found
3366:
757:(front lower arm bone) bears an incision on its front edge, as do the seven uppermost bones in the digit beneath it. The radius is comparable in size to the
5068:
2329:"New ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous demonstrate extensive ichthyosaur survival across the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary"
5164:
3107:
2699:
Jiang, D.-Y.; Motani, R.; Huang, J.-D.; Tintori, A.; Hu, Y.-C.; Rieppel, O.; Fraser, N. C.; Ji, C.; Kelley, N. P.; Fu, W.-L.; Zhang, Rong (2016).
5248:
692:
lacks a peg-like projection on its front end. The surfaces on the basioccipital for articulation with two pairs of other braincase bones, the
5218:
1752:
found in the formation indicates that the climate at the time was warm, with both damp and dry conditions present on the nearby landmass.
2701:"A large aberrant stem ichthyosauriform indicating early rise and demise of ichthyosauromorphs in the wake of the end-Permian extinction"
2327:
Fischer, V.; Maisch, M. W.; Naish, D.; Kosma, R.; Liston, J.; Joger, U.; KrĂĽger, F. J.; PĂ©rez, J. P.; Tainsh, J.; Appleby, R. M. (2012).
2146:
916:, but considered the evidence insufficient to combine the two genera. However, in 2007, Fernández considered the differences between
864:). A year later, Maisch and Matzke also conducted a phylogenetic analysis of ichthyosaur relationships, though again did not include
5253:
4337:
982:
as a synonym of that genus. Nevertheless, when
Fischer and colleagues constructed and ran a new analysis in 2016, they still found
3359:
2758:"Pre- versus post-mass extinction divergence of Mesozoic marine reptiles dictated by time-scale dependence of evolutionary rates"
2444:
1846:
1744:, formed by sediment deposited by currents deep underwater, are present. These strata are thought to have been laid down in an
359:
stage. It is a medium-sized ichthyosaur with a very long snout, which bears a ridge running along each side. The forelimbs of
3314:
Riccardi, A. C.; Damborenea, S. E.; Manceñido, M. O.; Ballent, S. C. (1994). "Middle
Jurassic biostratigraphy of Argentina".
518:
and is the only known specimen of the genus. The name of the genus is derived from the name of the
Chacaico Sur locality and
5074:
5238:
2388:"Extinction of fish-shaped marine reptiles associated with reduced evolutionary rates and global environmental volatility"
1880:"First diagnostic marine reptile remains from the Aalenian (Middle Jurassic): A new ichthyosaur from southwestern Germany"
132:
1790:, these three marine reptiles also lived during the early Bajocian, and all of them were well-adapted to offshore life.
1129:
2219:
1988:
Fernández, M. S. (1999). "A new ichthyosaur from the Los Molles Formation (Early Bajocian), Neuquen Basin, Argentina".
5233:
4348:
3352:
1963:
5111:
1153:
592:. The long-snouted skulls of ichthyosaurs housed enlarged eyes. The limbs of ichthyosaurs were modified into rigid
563:
4354:
2863:
Gutarra, S.; Moon, B. C.; Rahman, I. A.; Palmer, C.; Lautenschlager, S.; Brimacombe, A. J.; Benton, M. J. (2019).
953:
In 2011, Valentin Fischer and colleagues conducted a cladistic analysis of thunnosaurian relationships, including
782:
5243:
5106:
5062:
1418:
669:
are very poorly preserved, so their size is unclear. In the description of the genus, Fernández estimated the
3038:"A coarse-grained basin floor turbidite system – the Jurassic Los Molles Formation, Neuquen Basin, Argentina"
2865:"Effects of body plan evolution on the hydrodynamic drag and energy requirements of swimming in ichthyosaurs"
2095:"A review of ichthyosaur (Reptilia, Ichthyopterygia) soft tissues with implications for life reconstructions"
909:
5223:
5132:
3827:
3821:
472:. This specimen, given the number MOZ (standing for Museo Olsacher) 5803, includes a complete but damaged
1656:
swimming, where the animal was propelled forward by side to side movement of the tail, similar to modern
588:
is a medium-sized ichthyosaur based on the size of its skull; it appears to be significantly larger than
5190:
5101:
2636:
1444:
1105:
815:
553:
247:
2244:
1401:
4175:
4097:
4045:
3323:
3178:
2952:
2712:
2665:
2613:
2551:
2463:
2399:
2340:
2282:
2161:
2106:
2059:
1997:
1891:
1841:
1692:
1014:
ichthyosaurs. Additionally, analyses based on the 2016 dataset of Cheng Ji and colleagues also found
661:
each measure about 10 centimeters (3.9 in) long, and are not positioned especially close to the
511:
461:
322:
224:
3833:
437:
330:
4461:
4304:
3451:
1833:
1684:
904:
within Thunnosauria. They also considered it possible that rather than belonging to its own genus,
469:
326:
4318:
4574:
3993:
3878:
3628:
3513:
3500:
3463:
3375:
3202:
3057:
3015:
2970:
2681:
2617:
2567:
2479:
2306:
2124:
2075:
2021:
2013:
1648:, Jurassic ichthyosaurs were less elongate and more streamlined, and instead would have employed
925:
272:
127:
5195:
3076:
693:
4343:
712:
5182:
4892:
4767:
4732:
4688:
4213:
3593:
3296:
3194:
2894:
2845:
2787:
2738:
2425:
2368:
2177:
1919:
1672:
underwater. As ichthyosaurs grew, their bone anatomy changed. Two features of the holotype of
1571:
1187:
962:
723:
701:
593:
465:
441:
5012:
4961:
4929:
4812:
4617:
4473:
4418:
3972:
3909:
3331:
3286:
3276:
3243:
3233:
3186:
3049:
3005:
2960:
2941:"The skull and endocranium of a Lower Jurassic ichthyosaur based on digital reconstructions"
2884:
2876:
2835:
2825:
2777:
2769:
2728:
2720:
2673:
2609:
2601:
2559:
2513:
2471:
2415:
2407:
2358:
2348:
2298:
2290:
2169:
2114:
2067:
2005:
1909:
1899:
1724:, dating to the early part of the Bajocian, a stage which lasted from around 170.3 to 168.3
1280:
1054:
1007:
901:
860:
811:
806:
to compare favorably to any other Jurassic ichthyosaur, therefore refraining from assigning
445:
307:
203:
742:) is very wide at its center, from where the sideways and backwards projections originate.
4855:
4847:
4839:
4797:
4701:
4649:
4550:
4311:
4290:
4283:
4161:
4140:
4000:
3710:
3671:
3637:
3609:
3558:
1783:
1760:
1193:
838:
827:
662:
539:
481:
433:
417:
375:
314:
30:
349:
elements. The genus was named by Marta Fernández in 1994, and contains a single species,
3327:
3182:
2956:
2716:
2669:
2555:
2467:
2403:
2344:
2286:
2165:
2110:
2063:
2001:
1895:
616:
The skull of the holotype measures 98 centimeters (3 ft 3 in) long, while its
5005:
4998:
4970:
4739:
4677:
4670:
4633:
4626:
4500:
4446:
4203:
4183:
4153:
4105:
4089:
4072:
4025:
3933:
3925:
3918:
3684:
3291:
3264:
3159:
2889:
2864:
2840:
2809:
2782:
2757:
2733:
2700:
2420:
2387:
2363:
2328:
1914:
1879:
1780:
1768:
1554:
1363:
1304:
670:
654:
597:
543:
523:
386:
282:
114:
3335:
2808:
Bindellini, G.; Wolniewicz, A. S.; Miedema, F.; Scheyer, T. M.; Dal Sasso, C. (2021).
5212:
4991:
4869:
4776:
4755:
4559:
4492:
4482:
4439:
4399:
3941:
3893:
3864:
3851:
3781:
3653:
3646:
3569:
3551:
3221:
3061:
3037:
2974:
2940:
2913:
2571:
2128:
2047:
2025:
1704:
1530:
1468:
1321:
1081:
946:
832:
754:
735:
716:
681:
634:
380:
187:
65:
3206:
3019:
2685:
2621:
2483:
2310:
2119:
2094:
2079:
1964:"A new long-snouted ichthyosaur from the Early Bajocian of Neuquén Basin, Argentina"
394:, a placement originally suggested by Fernández in 2007. The only known specimen of
4950:
4943:
4922:
4907:
4862:
4832:
4717:
4663:
4536:
4273:
4221:
4121:
4113:
4081:
4038:
3984:
3958:
3739:
3732:
3692:
3660:
3602:
2173:
1516:
1067:
958:
851:
700:, are both angled towards the top of the skull, with the latter pair reclined. The
421:
2677:
2605:
2563:
2475:
2386:
Fischer, V.; Bardet, N.; Benson, R. B.; Arkhangelsky, M. S.; Friedman, M. (2016).
3238:
2517:
2353:
2294:
1904:
1799:
belongs, went into a steep decline. Invertebrates of the time include ammonites,
4825:
4790:
4709:
4515:
4508:
4385:
4372:
4297:
4232:
4191:
4128:
4052:
3582:
3538:
3527:
3420:
2245:"Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria – the state of the art"
1812:
1649:
1024:
762:
761:(rear lower arm bone), in addition to the middle upper carpal (wrist bone), the
731:
575:
457:
408:
346:
310:
40:
5155:
1759:, three other marine reptiles have been found in the Los Molles Formation: the
5019:
4977:
4884:
4877:
4783:
4724:
4591:
4432:
4406:
4168:
4014:
4007:
3759:
3750:
3699:
3436:
3405:
3265:"Refining the marine reptile turnover at the Early–Middle Jurassic transition"
3190:
2009:
1823:
1804:
1775:
1771:
1725:
1669:
1661:
1653:
727:
625:
621:
605:
601:
413:
371:
85:
50:
4914:
4899:
4747:
4566:
3719:
1741:
1737:
1708:
685:
600:, with very short necks. A downward bend in the tail supported a crescentic
535:
493:
477:
453:
449:
342:
318:
144:
90:
3300:
3198:
2898:
2880:
2849:
2791:
2773:
2742:
2429:
2372:
2270:
1923:
1018:
to be outside Thunnosauria. It was instead found to be the sister taxon of
3010:
2989:
2918:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Jurassic Sundance Formation of Wyoming"
5149:
4936:
4060:
3885:
3399:
1808:
1800:
1716:
1011:
739:
643:
617:
579:
531:
515:
356:
338:
164:
80:
75:
60:
55:
45:
3281:
2830:
2411:
5169:
4984:
3766:
3411:
3248:
2965:
2912:
Massare, J. A.; Buchholtz, E. A.; Kenney, J. M.; Chomat, A.-M. (2006).
2071:
2017:
1745:
1720:
1688:
527:
504:
485:
403:
174:
95:
70:
3053:
2724:
2302:
749:
are rather small compared to its skull, and closely resemble those of
3393:
3344:
3132:
MartĂnez, M. A.; Prámparo, M. B.; Quattrocchio, M. E.; Zavala, C. A.
1749:
896:
was an intermediate between the two genera. Due to its similarity to
771:
697:
154:
5126:
2756:
Motani, R.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Tintori, A.; Ji, C.; Huang, J.-D. (2017).
2271:"A new Barremian (Early Cretaceous) ichthyosaur from western Russia"
2269:
Fischer, V.; Masure, E.; Arkhangelsky, M. S.; Godefroit, P. (2011).
3108:"A new pliosaur from the Bajocian of the Neuquen Basin, Argentina"
1733:
1683:
854:, citing similarities between its snout and forelimb and those of
781:
711:
574:
500:
489:
473:
334:
303:
3226:
PublicaciĂłn ElectrĂłnica de la AsociaciĂłn PaleontolĂłgica Argentina
2093:
Eriksson, M. E.; De La Garza, R.; Horn, E.; Lindgren, J. (2022).
632:
are similar to those of other long-snouted ichthyosaurs, such as
321:. The single known specimen of this genus was excavated from the
3075:
Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan; J.-X. (2020).
1729:
1657:
940:
as a separate genus, assigning it to Stenopterygiidae alongside
758:
650:
appear to have either had very reduced teeth or been toothless.
333:
under the specimen number MOZ 5803. This specimen consists of a
5130:
5090:
4370:
3849:
3498:
3386:
3348:
2990:"Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile
2939:
Marek, R. D.; Moon, B. C.; Williams, M.; Benton, M. J. (2015).
596:, and the bodies of Jurassic ichthyosaurs were streamlined and
1665:
1645:
994:
was sometimes found to be closer to the ophthalmosaurids than
488:(upper arm bone), an articulated forelimb, the upper end of a
378:, others instead place it outside of Thunnosauria, often near
122:
Illustration of the partial forelimb articulated as preserved
2542:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria, Ophthalmosauridae) from Colombia".
2449:, a mysterious Late Jurassic ichthyosaur of the Boreal Realm"
2048:"Ichthyosauria: Their diversity, distribution, and phylogeny"
398:
appears to be an adult based on the shape of its limb bones.
355:, making it the first named distinctive ichthyosaur from the
1031:
390:, some researchers instead classify it within that genus as
826:. These two genera were tentatively placed by Fernández in
628:, with one ridge on each side. The cranial proportions of
802:
In the original 1994 description, Fernández did not find
1878:
Maxwell, E. E.; Fernández, M. S.; Schoch, R. R. (2012).
3036:
Giacomone, G.; Olariu, C.; Stell, R.; Shin, M. (2020).
2762:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
530:
sea god Cay. Very few fossils of ichthyosaurs from the
2587:"A new phylogeny of ichthyosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida)"
1748:
environment, with the sea level lowering at the time.
526:
for "lizard", while that of the species refers to the
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
986:
to be more closely related to Ophthalmosauridae than
406:
which it shared with the ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur
608:
constructed of soft tissue was present on the back.
5139:
4960:
4811:
4766:
4687:
4647:
4616:
4589:
4549:
4534:
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3592:
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3537:
3511:
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3435:
2500:Zverkov, N. G.; Jacobs, M. L. (2021). "Revision of
1668:, as they could not crawl onto land; instead, they
3077:"The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
2803:
2801:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1699:The Los Molles Formation, the rock unit in which
3101:
3099:
3097:
3031:
3029:
2641:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
876:but its forelimbs to be much more like those of
814:. In 1999, Fernández published the results of a
1255:Topology from Bindellini and colleagues, 2021.
546:ichthyosaur material that has been discovered.
2495:
2493:
2322:
2320:
892:, the researchers considered it possible that
868:in the analysis. They considered the skull of
850:in this analysis, he assigned it to the group
794:is often considered to be a close relative of
3360:
2994:: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology"
2988:Nakajima, Y.; Houssaye, A.; Endo, H. (2014).
1983:
1981:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
8:
3164:: Implications for plesiosaur phylogenetics"
2140:
2138:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
900:, Maisch and Matzke placed it in the family
3160:"The skull of the giant predatory pliosaur
1715:is only known from the zone containing the
957:in their analysis. They found it to be the
5127:
5087:
4817:
4693:
4655:
4644:
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3432:
3383:
3367:
3353:
3345:
3082:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
2624:. Archived from the original on 2020-03-18
456:. They recovered a partial skeleton of an
113:
20:
5229:Middle Jurassic reptiles of South America
3290:
3280:
3247:
3237:
3009:
2964:
2888:
2839:
2829:
2781:
2732:
2614:1983/463e9f78-10b7-4262-9643-0454b4aa7763
2506:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2419:
2362:
2352:
2118:
1913:
1903:
514:to contain MOZ 5803, which serves as its
3263:Fischer, V.; Weis, R.; Thuy, B. (2021).
2214:. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie).
1036:Topology from Zverkov and Jacobs, 2021.
738:(a shoulder bone positioned between the
363:are small and contain four main digits.
1857:
974:to Ophthalmosauridae were also seen in
2634:
2443:Zverkov, N. G.; Efimov, V. M. (2019).
1728:. The rocks in this region are mostly
936:as a result. In 2010, Maisch retained
460:from the Chacaico Sur locality of the
370:in different ways; some consider it a
2203:Maisch, M. W.; Matzke, A. T. (2000).
7:
1022:, with the next-closest genus being
1002:to be closer to ophthalmosaurs than
818:which found the closest relative of
384:. However, as it is very similar to
2594:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2544:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2456:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2212:Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde
1546:
1522:
1460:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1355:
1296:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1145:
1121:
1097:
1073:
1046:
1039:
1010:, the group that includes all post-
542:are known, compared to the glut of
3158:Smith, A. S.; Dyke, G. J. (2008).
2869:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2658:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2275:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2154:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2147:"Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia"
366:Different authors have classified
14:
499:Marta S. Fernández named the new
492:(thighbone), and some additional
5073:
5067:
5061:
4353:
4347:
4342:
4336:
3832:
3826:
3820:
1847:Timeline of ichthyosaur research
1826:
1662:regulate their body temperatures
798:, if not a species of that genus
557:from the same time and place as
436:led an excavation team from the
131:
2120:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103965
858:(a species since reassigned to
657:(openings for the nostrils) of
2174:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011160
1711:stage of the Middle Jurassic,
665:(eye openings). The orbits of
1:
5249:Fossil taxa described in 1994
3336:10.1016/S0016-6995(94)80163-0
2998:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2678:10.1080/02724634.2015.1025956
2606:10.1080/14772019.2017.1394922
2564:10.1080/14772019.2021.1989507
2476:10.1080/14772019.2018.1515793
1695:in the region of Chacaico Sur
5219:Middle Jurassic ichthyosaurs
3239:10.5710/PEAPA.09.06.2015.104
2354:10.1371/journal.pone.0029234
2295:10.1080/02724634.2011.595464
2052:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
1905:10.1371/journal.pone.0041692
1736:, though there is also some
1130:Stenopterygius quadriscissus
988:Stenopterygius quadriscissus
788:Stenopterygius quadriscissus
1664:. Ichthyosaurs did not lay
856:Stenopterygius acutirostris
638:, though unlike that genus
5270:
3141:Revista GeolĂłgica de Chile
2812:Besanosaurus leptorhynchus
2518:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa028
1707:stage of the Early to the
1154:Stenopterygius aaleniensis
564:Stenopterygius aaleniensis
5097:
5086:
5059:
4820:
4696:
4658:
4643:
4600:
4545:
4470:
4456:
4427:
4394:
4379:
4366:
4334:
4267:
4148:
4033:
3967:
3904:
3873:
3858:
3845:
3818:
3727:
3679:
3577:
3546:
3522:
3507:
3494:
3444:
3431:
3382:
3191:10.1007/s00114-008-0402-z
2914:"Vertebral morphology of
2010:10.1017/S0022336000032492
1962:Fernández, M. S. (1994).
1568:
1551:
1544:
1527:
1520:
1482:
1465:
1458:
1441:
1415:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1360:
1353:
1318:
1301:
1294:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1184:
1167:
1150:
1143:
1126:
1119:
1102:
1095:
1078:
1071:
1051:
1044:
278:
271:
253:
246:
128:Scientific classification
126:
121:
112:
23:
16:Extinct genus of reptiles
5254:Ichthyosauromorph genera
3162:Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni
1670:gave birth to live young
1419:Leptonectes tenuirostris
924:to be insufficient, and
790:preserving soft tissue.
745:The narrow forelimbs of
724:cervical (neck) vertebra
561:and the Aalenian German
3220:Herrera, L. Y. (2015).
2218:: 1–159. Archived from
1990:Journal of Paleontology
374:closely related to the
329:, and is housed at the
3106:Gasparini, Z. (1997).
2916:Ophthalmosaurus natans
2881:10.1098/rspb.2018.2786
2774:10.1098/rspb.2017.0241
2243:Maisch, M. W. (2010).
2046:Sander, P. M. (2000).
1811:, and the microscopic
1696:
1691:of the Los Molles and
961:(closest relative) of
799:
719:
582:
345:, and some additional
5191:Paleobiology Database
3011:10.4202/app.2012.0045
2392:Nature Communications
2099:Earth-Science Reviews
1687:
1106:Hauffiopteryx typicus
816:phylogenetic analysis
785:
715:
578:
554:Mollesaurus periallus
484:, the upper end of a
444:that operated in the
5239:Fossils of Argentina
4176:Guizhouichthyosaurus
4098:Guizhouichthyosaurus
4046:Guizhouichthyosaurus
2810:"Cranial anatomy of
2585:Moon, B. C. (2017).
1842:List of ichthyosaurs
872:to resemble that of
708:Postcranial skeleton
480:, one bone from the
462:Los Molles Formation
428:History of discovery
323:Los Molles Formation
4462:Temnodontosauroidea
3328:1994Geobi..27..423R
3282:10.7717/peerj.10647
3183:2008NW.....95..975S
3171:Naturwissenschaften
2992:Utatsusaurus hataii
2957:2015Palgy..58..723M
2831:10.7717/peerj.11179
2717:2016NatSR...626232J
2670:2016JVPal..36E5956J
2556:2021JSPal..19..969C
2468:2019JSPal..17.1183Z
2412:10.1038/ncomms10825
2404:2016NatCo...710825F
2345:2012PLoSO...729234F
2287:2011JVPal..31.1010F
2205:"The Ichthyosauria"
2166:1999JVPal..19..473M
2145:Motani, R. (1999).
2111:2022ESRv..22603965E
2064:2000PalZ...74....1S
2002:1999JPal...73..677F
1896:2012PLoSO...741692M
1834:Paleontology portal
1171:Chacaicosaurus cayi
934:Stenopterygius cayi
646:. Unusually, adult
508:Chacaicosaurus cayi
352:Chacaicosaurus cayi
260:Chacaicosaurus cayi
5234:Jurassic Argentina
5092:Related categories
4575:Protoichthyosaurus
3994:Barracudasauroides
3879:Quasianosteosaurus
3629:Ichthyosauriformes
3514:Ichthyosauromorpha
3501:Ichthyosauromorpha
3464:Ichthyosauromorpha
3376:Ichthyosauromorpha
2966:10.1111/pala.12174
2875:(1898): 20182786.
2768:(1854): 20170241.
2705:Scientific Reports
2072:10.1007/BF02987949
1697:
1445:Leptonectes moorei
800:
720:
583:
404:open marine waters
5206:
5205:
5133:Taxon identifiers
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5112:Triassic reptiles
5082:
5081:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5028:
4893:Kazakhstanosaurus
4807:
4806:
4768:Ophthalmosaurinae
4733:Myobradypterygius
4689:Ophthalmosauridae
4585:
4584:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4362:
4361:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4214:Qianichthyosaurus
3952:
3951:
3841:
3840:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3776:
3775:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3594:Parahupehsuchinae
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3054:10.1111/sed.12771
2725:10.1038/srep26232
1726:million years ago
1636:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1572:Ophthalmosauridae
1506:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1430:
1429:
1402:Leptonectes solei
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1188:Ophthalmosauridae
978:, and maintained
963:Ophthalmosauridae
702:occipital condyle
642:does not have an
466:Zapala Department
442:Museo de La Plata
308:neoichthyosaurian
295:
294:
289:
288:(Fernández, 1994)
227:
5261:
5199:
5198:
5186:
5185:
5173:
5172:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5128:
5088:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5013:Simbirskiasaurus
4962:Platypterygiinae
4930:Pervushovisaurus
4818:
4813:Platypterygiidae
4694:
4656:
4645:
4618:Stenopterygiidae
4598:
4547:
4543:
4474:Temnodontosaurus
4468:
4458:
4425:
4419:Neoichthyosauria
4392:
4381:
4368:
4357:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4269:
4146:
4031:
3973:Cymbospondylidae
3965:
3910:Cymbospondylidae
3906:
3871:
3860:
3847:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3725:
3716:
3677:
3634:
3575:
3544:
3520:
3509:
3496:
3442:
3433:
3426:
3425:
3384:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3284:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3241:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3168:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3112:
3103:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3048:(7): 3809–3843.
3033:
3024:
3023:
3013:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2833:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2591:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2550:(14): 969–1002.
2539:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2453:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2281:(5): 1010–1025.
2266:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2209:
2200:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2176:. Archived from
2151:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2043:
2030:
2029:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1959:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1875:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1693:Lajas Formations
1680:Paleoenvironment
1547:
1523:
1461:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1356:
1297:
1281:Temnodontosaurus
1273:
1266:
1259:
1146:
1122:
1098:
1074:
1055:Temnodontosaurus
1047:
1040:
1032:
1008:Neoichthyosauria
1004:S. quadriscissus
902:Stenopterygiidae
861:Temnodontosaurus
470:Neuquén Province
376:ophthalmosaurids
327:Neuquén Province
287:
262:
258:
222:
215:
204:Neoichthyosauria
202:
186:
136:
135:
117:
107:
37:
29:Temporal range:
21:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5194:
5189:
5181:
5176:
5168:
5163:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5135:
5125:
5116:
5107:Marine reptiles
5093:
5078:
5025:
4956:
4856:Brachypterygius
4848:Athabascasaurus
4840:Arthropterygius
4803:
4798:Ophthalmosaurus
4762:
4702:Arthropterygius
4683:
4652:
4650:Ophthalmosauria
4639:
4612:
4594:
4581:
4551:Ichthyosauridae
4539:
4522:
4477:
4452:
4421:
4412:
4388:
4375:
4358:
4324:
4312:Svalbardosaurus
4291:Pachygonosaurus
4284:Barracudasaurus
4247:
4227:
4198:
4162:Californosaurus
4141:Euichthyosauria
4135:
4067:
4020:
4001:Contectopalatus
3979:
3961:
3948:
3900:
3867:
3854:
3837:
3796:
3772:
3745:
3711:Eoichthyosauria
3705:
3672:Ichthyopterygia
3666:
3638:Omphalosauridae
3615:
3610:Parahupehsuchus
3588:
3564:
3559:Nanchangosaurus
3533:
3516:
3503:
3478:
3458:
3427:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3373:
3343:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3177:(10): 975–980.
3166:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3035:
3034:
3027:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2664:(1): e1025956.
2655:
2654:
2650:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2462:(14): 963–993.
2451:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2252:Palaeodiversity
2247:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2188:
2180:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2045:
2044:
2033:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1961:
1960:
1931:
1877:
1876:
1859:
1855:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1784:thalattosuchian
1761:ophthalmosaurid
1755:In addition to
1721:Emileia giebeli
1682:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1507:
1498:
1431:
1343:
1334:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1194:Ophthalmosauria
890:Ophthalmosaurus
874:Ophthalmosaurus
839:Ophthalmosaurus
828:Ichthyosauridae
780:
710:
614:
573:
540:Middle Jurassic
496:(digit bones).
482:shoulder girdle
434:Zulma Gasparini
430:
418:thalattosuchian
315:Middle Jurassic
313:known from the
267:
266:Fernández, 1994
264:
256:
255:
242:
221:
213:
200:
184:
130:
108:
106:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
35:
34:
31:Middle Jurassic
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5267:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5211:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5187:
5174:
5161:
5145:
5143:
5141:Chacaicosaurus
5137:
5136:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5006:Plutoniosaurus
5002:
4999:Platypterygius
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4971:Caypullisaurus
4966:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4874:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4829:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4752:
4744:
4740:Nannopterygius
4736:
4729:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4678:Macropterygius
4674:
4671:Delphinosaurus
4667:
4659:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4634:Stenopterygius
4630:
4627:Magnipterygius
4622:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:Chacaicosaurus
4601:
4595:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4553:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4505:
4501:Excalibosaurus
4497:
4488:
4486:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4465:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4447:Suevoleviathan
4443:
4436:
4428:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4395:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4277:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4209:
4207:
4204:Toretocnemidae
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4188:
4184:Mikadocephalus
4180:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4154:Auroroborealia
4149:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4106:Himalayasaurus
4102:
4094:
4090:Guanlingsaurus
4086:
4077:
4075:
4073:Shastasauridae
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4028:
4026:Merriamosauria
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3968:
3962:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3938:
3934:Thalattoarchon
3930:
3926:Phantomosaurus
3922:
3919:Cymbospondylus
3914:
3912:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3868:
3863:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3728:
3722:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3685:Isfjordosaurus
3680:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3642:
3640:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3517:
3512:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3445:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3306:
3255:
3232:(1): 159–171.
3212:
3150:
3124:
3093:
3067:
3025:
3004:(2): 343–352.
2980:
2931:
2904:
2855:
2797:
2748:
2691:
2648:
2577:
2536:Platypterygius
2523:
2512:(1): 228–275.
2502:Nannopterygius
2489:
2435:
2378:
2316:
2261:
2235:
2186:
2183:on 2012-04-15.
2160:(3): 473–496.
2134:
2085:
2031:
1996:(4): 677–681.
1977:
1929:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1821:
1818:
1797:Chacaicosaurus
1792:Chacaicosaurus
1788:Chacaicosaurus
1781:metriorhynchid
1769:rhomaleosaurid
1757:Chacaicosaurus
1713:Chacaicosaurus
1701:Chacaicosaurus
1681:
1678:
1674:Chacaicosaurus
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:Stenopterygius
1550:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:Chacaicosaurus
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:Suevoleviathan
1359:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:Excalibosaurus
1300:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1016:Chacaicosaurus
1000:Chacaicosaurus
996:Chacaicosaurus
992:S. aaleniensis
984:Chacaicosaurus
980:Chacaicosaurus
976:Stenopterygius
972:Chacaicosaurus
967:Stenopterygius
955:Chacaicosaurus
942:Stenopterygius
938:Chacaicosaurus
922:Stenopterygius
918:Chacaicosaurus
914:Stenopterygius
898:Stenopterygius
894:Chacaicosaurus
886:Stenopterygius
882:Chacaicosaurus
880:. Noting that
878:Stenopterygius
870:Chacaicosaurus
866:Chacaicosaurus
848:Chacaicosaurus
824:Stenopterygius
820:Chacaicosaurus
808:Chacaicosaurus
804:Chacaicosaurus
796:Stenopterygius
792:Chacaicosaurus
779:
778:Classification
776:
767:Chacaicosaurus
751:Stenopterygius
747:Chacaicosaurus
709:
706:
690:Chacaicosaurus
675:Chacaicosaurus
671:sclerotic ring
667:Chacaicosaurus
659:Chacaicosaurus
655:external nares
648:Chacaicosaurus
640:Chacaicosaurus
630:Chacaicosaurus
613:
610:
598:spindle-shaped
590:Stenopterygius
586:Chacaicosaurus
572:
569:
559:Chacaicosaurus
544:Early Jurassic
538:stages of the
438:Museo Olsacher
429:
426:
420:, and various
400:Chacaicosaurus
396:Chacaicosaurus
387:Stenopterygius
368:Chacaicosaurus
361:Chacaicosaurus
331:Museo Olsacher
299:Chacaicosaurus
293:
292:
291:
290:
283:Stenopterygius
276:
275:
269:
268:
265:
251:
250:
244:
243:
235:
233:
229:
228:
218:Chacaicosaurus
211:
207:
206:
198:
191:
190:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
124:
123:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
38:
28:
25:Chacaicosaurus
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5266:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5244:Neuquén Basin
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Bajocian life
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5089:
5085:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4992:Maiaspondylus
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:Cryopterygius
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4777:Acamptonectes
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4757:
4756:Thalassodraco
4753:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4588:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4560:Ichthyosaurus
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4493:Eurhinosaurus
4490:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:Leptonectidae
4480:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4440:Hauffiopteryx
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4400:Hudsonelpidia
4397:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4305:Sphaerodontes
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3944:
3943:
3942:Xinminosaurus
3939:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3894:Xinminosaurus
3891:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3865:Ichthyosauria
3861:
3857:
3853:
3852:Ichthyosauria
3848:
3844:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3782:Ichthyosauria
3779:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3654:Omphalosaurus
3651:
3649:
3648:
3647:Cartorhynchus
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Hupehsuchidae
3567:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3552:Eohupehsuchus
3549:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3151:
3147:(2): 279–305.
3146:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3115:Palaeontology
3109:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:Sedimentology
3039:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:Palaeontology
2942:
2935:
2932:
2928:(4): 242–254.
2927:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2445:"Revision of
2439:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:(1): e29234.
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2225:on 2014-11-05
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:(3): 291–297.
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:(8): e41692.
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:Pliensbachian
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:Ichthyosaurus
1525:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:Hauffiopteryx
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1409:
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1405:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:Eurhinosaurus
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:Ichthyosaurus
1076:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:Hauffiopteryx
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
948:
947:Hauffiopteryx
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
835:
834:
833:Ichthyosaurus
830:, along with
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
797:
793:
789:
784:
777:
775:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
736:interclavicle
733:
729:
725:
718:
717:Interclavicle
714:
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:basioccipital
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
653:The enlarged
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:
635:Eurhinosaurus
631:
627:
623:
619:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
581:
577:
570:
568:
566:
565:
560:
556:
555:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:Neuquén Basin
443:
439:
435:
427:
425:
423:
422:invertebrates
419:
415:
412:as well as a
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:
383:
382:
381:Hauffiopteryx
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
305:
301:
300:
286:
284:
280:
279:
277:
274:
270:
263:
261:
252:
249:
248:Binomial name
245:
241:
240:
234:
231:
230:
226:
220:
219:
212:
209:
208:
205:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:Ichthyosauria
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
134:
129:
125:
120:
116:
111:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
32:
26:
22:
19:
5140:
5102:Ichthyosaurs
5066:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4951:Undorosaurus
4949:
4944:Sveltonectes
4942:
4935:
4928:
4923:Parrassaurus
4921:
4913:
4908:Muiscasaurus
4906:
4898:
4891:
4883:
4876:
4868:
4863:Catutosaurus
4861:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4833:Aegirosaurus
4831:
4824:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4731:
4723:
4718:Jabalisaurus
4716:
4708:
4700:
4676:
4669:
4664:Argovisaurus
4662:
4632:
4625:
4605:
4604:
4573:
4565:
4558:
4537:Thunnosauria
4514:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4472:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4405:
4398:
4341:
4319:Tibetosaurus
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4274:Nomina dubia
4272:
4222:Toretocnemus
4220:
4212:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4152:
4127:
4122:Shastasaurus
4120:
4114:Ichthyotitan
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4082:Besanosaurus
4080:
4059:
4051:
4044:
4039:Besanosaurus
4037:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:Mixosauridae
3971:
3959:Hueneosauria
3940:
3932:
3924:
3917:
3892:
3884:
3877:
3825:
3765:
3758:
3740:Utatsusaurus
3738:
3733:Parvinatator
3731:
3698:
3693:Chaohusaurus
3691:
3683:
3661:Sclerocormus
3659:
3652:
3645:
3608:
3603:Eretmorhipis
3601:
3581:
3557:
3550:
3526:
3416:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3153:
3144:
3140:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3084:. Retrieved
3070:
3045:
3041:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2983:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2907:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2637:cite journal
2626:. Retrieved
2597:
2593:
2580:
2547:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2459:
2455:
2447:Undorosaurus
2446:
2438:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2336:
2332:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2220:the original
2215:
2211:
2178:the original
2157:
2153:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2055:
2051:
1993:
1989:
1971:
1967:
1887:
1883:
1813:foraminifers
1796:
1791:
1787:
1774:
1764:
1763:ichthyosaur
1756:
1754:
1719:
1712:
1700:
1698:
1673:
1643:
1640:Paleobiology
1630:
1570:
1569:
1553:
1552:
1529:
1528:
1517:Thunnosauria
1485:
1484:
1483:
1467:
1466:
1443:
1442:
1417:
1416:
1400:
1399:
1362:
1361:
1320:
1319:
1303:
1302:
1279:
1278:
1254:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1152:
1151:
1128:
1127:
1104:
1103:
1080:
1079:
1068:Thunnosauria
1053:
1052:
1035:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
959:sister taxon
954:
952:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
921:
917:
913:
905:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:lived after
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
859:
855:
852:Thunnosauria
847:
843:
837:
831:
823:
819:
807:
803:
801:
795:
791:
787:
766:
750:
746:
744:
721:
689:
684:(rear lower
679:
674:
666:
658:
652:
647:
639:
633:
629:
615:
589:
585:
584:
562:
558:
552:
547:
519:
507:
498:
431:
407:
399:
395:
391:
385:
379:
367:
365:
360:
351:
350:
298:
297:
296:
281:
259:
254:
239:C. cayi
238:
237:
217:
216:
194:
24:
18:
4826:Acuetzpalin
4791:Mollesaurus
4710:Gengasaurus
4516:Wahlisaurus
4509:Leptonectes
4386:Parvipelvia
4373:Parvipelvia
4298:Pessosaurus
4233:Parvipelvia
4192:Shonisaurus
4129:Shonisaurus
4053:Pessopteryx
3583:Hupehsuchus
3539:Hupehsuchia
3528:Baisesaurus
3421:Neodiapsida
3322:: 423–430.
3249:11336/54082
2951:(4): 1–20.
2600:(2): 1–27.
2398:(1): 1–11.
2058:(1): 1–35.
1968:Ameghiniana
1805:brachiopods
1765:Mollesaurus
1650:carangiform
1025:Leptonectes
928:them, with
926:synonymized
908:could be a
888:but before
844:Mollesaurus
763:intermedium
740:collarbones
732:diapophyses
694:opisthotics
622:premaxillae
580:Restoration
571:Description
458:ichthyosaur
409:Mollesaurus
347:postcranial
311:ichthyosaur
223:Fernández,
5213:Categories
5020:Sisteronia
4978:Kyhytysuka
4885:Janusaurus
4878:Grendelius
4784:Baptanodon
4725:Janusaurus
4592:Baracromia
4433:Dearcmhara
4407:Macgowania
4242:see below↓
4169:Callawayia
4015:Phalarodon
4008:Mixosaurus
3791:see below↓
3760:Gulosaurus
3751:Grippiidae
3700:Thaisaurus
3473:see below↓
3452:Sauropsida
3437:Sauropsida
3410:Subclass:
3406:Sauropsida
3275:: e10647.
3121:: 135–147.
2922:Paludicola
2824:: e11179.
2628:2022-07-09
2540:sachicarum
2303:2268/92828
2258:: 151–214.
2229:2017-10-08
2105:: 103965.
1853:References
1776:Maresaurus
1772:plesiosaur
1746:open ocean
1742:Turbidites
1654:thunniform
912:member of
786:Fossil of
722:The first
606:dorsal fin
414:plesiosaur
402:inhabited
372:thunnosaur
4915:Palvennia
4900:Keilhauia
4748:Palvennia
4567:Malawania
3720:Grippidia
3392:Kingdom:
3062:225716083
2975:131581009
2711:: 26232.
2572:244512087
2129:246846785
2026:130751356
1809:ostracods
1738:sandstone
1732:and dark
1709:Callovian
990:, though
932:becoming
688:bone) of
686:braincase
680:The wide
536:Bathonian
494:phalanges
478:vertebrae
454:Patagonia
450:Argentina
432:In 1990,
343:vertebrae
319:Argentina
232:Species:
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
5156:Q5066048
5150:Wikidata
4937:Sumpalla
4061:Wimanius
3886:Tholodus
3412:Diapsida
3400:Chordata
3398:Phylum:
3394:Animalia
3301:33665003
3207:12528732
3199:18523747
3020:54932051
2899:30836867
2850:33996277
2792:28515201
2743:27211319
2686:85621052
2622:90912678
2484:91912834
2430:26953824
2373:22235274
2333:PLOS ONE
2311:86036325
2080:85352593
1924:22870244
1884:PLOS ONE
1820:See also
1801:bivalves
1779:, and a
1717:ammonite
1012:Triassic
698:stapedes
644:overbite
618:mandible
604:, and a
602:tail fin
594:flippers
532:Aalenian
516:holotype
440:and the
357:Bajocian
339:forelimb
273:Synonyms
175:Reptilia
165:Chordata
161:Phylum:
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
36:Bajocian
33:, Early
5183:1156576
5170:4818060
4985:Leninia
3767:Grippia
3404:Class:
3324:Bibcode
3316:Geobios
3292:7906043
3179:Bibcode
2953:Bibcode
2890:6458325
2841:8106916
2783:5443947
2734:4876504
2713:Bibcode
2666:Bibcode
2552:Bibcode
2464:Bibcode
2421:4786747
2400:Bibcode
2364:3250416
2341:Bibcode
2283:Bibcode
2162:Bibcode
2107:Bibcode
2060:Bibcode
2018:1306766
1998:Bibcode
1915:3411580
1892:Bibcode
1786:. Like
1689:Outcrop
965:, with
930:C. cayi
910:derived
906:C. cayi
548:C. cayi
528:Mapuche
505:species
486:humerus
392:S. cayi
341:, some
257:†
236:†
210:Genus:
181:Order:
171:Class:
102:↓
5196:170895
3299:
3289:
3205:
3197:
3086:7 July
3060:
3018:
2973:
2897:
2887:
2848:
2838:
2790:
2780:
2741:
2731:
2684:
2620:
2570:
2482:
2428:
2418:
2371:
2361:
2309:
2127:
2078:
2024:
2016:
1922:
1912:
1807:, and
1767:, the
1750:Pollen
1631:
842:, and
822:to be
812:family
772:ulnare
755:radius
753:. The
726:, the
663:orbits
626:nasals
520:sauros
476:, six
5178:IRMNG
3417:Clade
3269:PeerJ
3203:S2CID
3167:(PDF)
3137:(PDF)
3111:(PDF)
3080:(PDF)
3058:S2CID
3016:S2CID
2971:S2CID
2818:PeerJ
2682:S2CID
2618:S2CID
2590:(PDF)
2568:S2CID
2538:'
2534:'
2480:S2CID
2452:(PDF)
2307:S2CID
2248:(PDF)
2223:(PDF)
2208:(PDF)
2181:(PDF)
2150:(PDF)
2125:S2CID
2076:S2CID
2022:S2CID
2014:JSTOR
1734:shale
810:to a
728:atlas
612:Skull
524:Greek
501:genus
490:femur
474:skull
464:, in
335:skull
304:genus
302:is a
5165:GBIF
3450:see
3297:PMID
3195:PMID
3088:2022
2895:PMID
2846:PMID
2788:PMID
2739:PMID
2643:link
2426:PMID
2369:PMID
1920:PMID
1730:marl
1666:eggs
1658:tuna
1646:eels
944:and
920:and
759:ulna
696:and
624:and
512:1994
503:and
416:, a
285:cayi
225:1994
195:Node
41:Preęž’
3332:doi
3287:PMC
3277:doi
3244:hdl
3234:doi
3187:doi
3050:doi
3006:doi
2961:doi
2885:PMC
2877:doi
2873:286
2836:PMC
2826:doi
2778:PMC
2770:doi
2766:284
2729:PMC
2721:doi
2674:doi
2610:hdl
2602:doi
2560:doi
2514:doi
2510:191
2472:doi
2416:PMC
2408:doi
2359:PMC
2349:doi
2299:hdl
2291:doi
2216:298
2170:doi
2115:doi
2103:226
2068:doi
2006:doi
1910:PMC
1900:doi
1652:or
534:to
510:in
452:in
448:of
325:in
317:of
306:of
5215::
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5180::
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3419::
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3175:95
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3169:.
3145:35
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3139:.
3119:40
3117:.
3113:.
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3056:.
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3028:^
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3000:.
2996:.
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