1825:
511:
1813:
492:
1820:
1803:
1808:
1711:
1270:
470:
358:
1658:
461:
The classification of the languages of the South
American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки
485:
505:
373:
1219:
501:
169:
161:
1678:
1083:
478:
410:
1633:
1643:
541:
297:
257:
1830:
1698:
763:
353:
987:
1851:
1653:
1648:
1463:
1072:
274:
261:
78:
1752:
1376:
1683:
1663:
368:
1598:
220:
gender that not overtly marked on nouns, but is present in demonstratives, depending on the gender of the nouns modified
1638:
1122:
401:; Grondona, Verónica (2012). "Languages of the Chaco and Southern Cone". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.).
59:
1673:
1623:
1187:
782:
105:
1787:
1628:
1514:
1429:
1192:
972:
869:
1613:
63:
1588:
1583:
1138:
1618:
601:
363:
1772:
1732:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1578:
1116:
1044:
888:
824:
802:
767:
464:. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
173:
111:
48:
430:
1782:
1762:
1747:
1668:
1405:
1290:
1017:
947:
884:
251:
40:
1229:
703:
568:
310:
1757:
1737:
1539:
1473:
1334:
1278:
1127:
850:
710:
284:
138:
126:
88:
36:
1856:
1777:
1742:
1716:
1234:
1209:
1102:
1038:
994:
943:
933:
776:
628:
586:
329:
314:
32:
1530:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1468:
1410:
1322:
1295:
1197:
1180:
1051:
1027:
982:
965:
928:
923:
738:
621:
581:
530:
334:
290:
279:
199:
146:
142:
122:
100:
95:
83:
1348:
745:
724:
591:
74:
Campbell and
Grondona (2012) list the following languages as part of the Chaco linguistic area.
1767:
1688:
1415:
1388:
1355:
1301:
1250:
1166:
1132:
1106:
1078:
1063:
999:
905:
898:
689:
636:
614:
607:
550:
406:
324:
1519:
1486:
1442:
1423:
1369:
1328:
1308:
1224:
1173:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1089:
1005:
918:
912:
863:
795:
788:
731:
717:
696:
662:
657:
596:
557:
305:
205:
165:
115:
1545:
1479:
1315:
1259:
1033:
977:
830:
682:
675:
668:
157:
24:
955:
951:
576:
1573:
1552:
1435:
1398:
1362:
856:
842:
818:
811:
177:
134:
55:
405:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 625–668.
1845:
1341:
1284:
1244:
398:
185:
752:
216:
Linguistic features that are characteristic of the Chaco linguistic area include:
460:
181:
28:
27:
that includes various South
American language families and isolates of the
235:
demonstrative system with rich contrasts including visible vs. not visible
44:
192:
435:(Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
188:
during the 19th century (Villas Bôas & Villas Bôas 1970:27).
432:
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
125:
is sometimes also included. Jorge Suárez includes
Charruan with
474:
256:
Nikulin (2019) suggests a Macro-Chaco hypothesis linking
168:
language families. These apparent similarities with the
1796:
1725:
1697:
1566:
1528:
1452:
1386:
1269:
1208:
1101:
1061:
1015:
942:
882:
840:
762:
650:
567:
540:
520:
223:
genitive classifiers for possessed domestic animals
191:The following language families of the Argentinian
393:
391:
389:
424:
422:
486:
153:stock. Both proposals appear to be obsolete.
8:
429:Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016).
195:are also included in some classifications.
837:
564:
537:
493:
479:
471:
180:basin. The Trumai had only arrived in the
176:suggest that Trumai had originated in the
502:Indigenous language families and isolates
445:Villas Bôas, O.; Villas Bôas, C. (1970).
403:The Indigenous Languages of South America
385:
260:(including Karirian and Bororoan) with
232:large set of directional verbal affixes
374:Indigenous languages of South America
241:resistance to borrowing foreign words
31:region of South America, in southern
7:
54:Common Chaco areal features include
449:. São Paulo: Círculo do livro S.A.
238:some adjectives as polar negatives
170:Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru languages
160:has lexical similarities with the
14:
354:Linguistic areas of the Americas
16:Linguistic area of South America
264:(possibly including Zamucoan):
359:Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area
156:Jolkesky (2016) suggests that
1:
229:active-stative verb alignment
137:includes Charruan along with
447:Xingu: Os Índios, Seus Mitos
1873:
1220:Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan
249:
458:Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019.
369:Moseten–Chonan languages
162:Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru
364:Macro-Warpean languages
1821:Unclassified languages
246:Macro-Chaco hypothesis
174:Tupi-Guarani languages
1852:Chaco linguistic area
1391:, Bolivia, and Chile)
1212:(west-central Brazil)
252:Macro-Chaco languages
202:(Allentiac–Millcayac)
21:Chaco linguistic area
1814:Marañón River basin
1679:Tequiraca–Canichana
1659:Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
212:Linguistic features
1634:Esmeralda–Yaruroan
1567:Proposed groupings
521:Language families
129:in a hypothetical
1839:
1838:
1809:Extinct languages
1562:
1561:
878:
877:
646:
645:
515:
262:Mataco-Guaicuruan
1864:
1831:Linguistic areas
1699:Linguistic areas
1241:? Mura–Matanawí
988:Andoque–Urequena
838:
565:
538:
509:
495:
488:
481:
472:
465:
456:
450:
443:
437:
436:
426:
417:
416:
395:
116:Guarani dialects
1872:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1792:
1721:
1693:
1654:Mataco–Guaicuru
1649:Katembri–Taruma
1614:Macro-Puinavean
1599:Macro-Otomákoan
1558:
1524:
1464:Mataco–Guaicuru
1448:
1382:
1265:
1204:
1097:
1073:Sechura–Catacao
1062:Pacific coast (
1057:
1016:Pacific coast (
1011:
938:
874:
836:
758:
642:
563:
536:
522:
516:
514:classification)
508:
499:
469:
468:
457:
453:
444:
440:
428:
427:
420:
413:
397:
396:
387:
382:
350:
345:
298:Jê-Tupí-Cariban
258:Jê-Tupí-Cariban
254:
248:
214:
131:Waikuru-Charrúa
79:Mataco–Guaicuru
72:
35:, southeastern
25:linguistic area
17:
12:
11:
5:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1826:Classification
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1712:Mamoré–Guaporé
1709:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1684:Wamo–Chapakura
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:Moseten–Chonan
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:Macro-Chibchan
1586:
1584:Macro-Arawakan
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1271:Mamoré–Guaporé
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1215:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
990:
985:
980:
969:
961:
959:
940:
939:
937:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
909:
902:
894:
892:
880:
879:
876:
875:
873:
872:
867:
860:
853:
847:
845:
835:
834:
827:
822:
815:
808:
807:
806:
799:
792:
779:
773:
771:
760:
759:
757:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
679:
672:
665:
660:
654:
652:
651:Eastern Brazil
648:
647:
644:
643:
641:
640:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
573:
571:
562:
561:
554:
546:
544:
535:
534:
526:
524:
518:
517:
500:
498:
497:
490:
483:
475:
467:
466:
451:
438:
418:
411:
399:Campbell, Lyle
384:
383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
349:
346:
344:
343:
342:
341:
340:
339:
338:
337:
332:
327:
321:Macro-Cariban
319:
318:
317:
308:
295:
294:
293:
287:
282:
275:Macro-Guaicurú
266:
250:Main article:
247:
244:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:SVO word order
224:
221:
213:
210:
209:
208:
203:
184:basin via the
178:Paraguay River
135:Morris Swadesh
120:
119:
110:some southern
108:
103:
98:
93:
92:
91:
86:
71:
68:
60:active-stative
56:SVO word order
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1869:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1788:French Guiana
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Je–Tupi–Carib
1642:
1640:
1639:Hibito–Cholon
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:Macro-Warpean
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:Hibito–Cholon
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1084:Cañari–Puruhá
1082:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
974:
970:
968:
967:
963:
962:
960:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
914:
910:
908:
907:
903:
901:
900:
896:
895:
893:
890:
886:
881:
871:
868:
866:
865:
861:
859:
858:
854:
852:
849:
848:
846:
844:
839:
833:
832:
828:
826:
823:
821:
820:
816:
814:
813:
809:
805:
804:
800:
798:
797:
793:
791:
790:
786:
785:
784:
780:
778:
775:
774:
772:
769:
765:
761:
755:
754:
750:
748:
747:
743:
741:
740:
736:
734:
733:
729:
727:
726:
722:
720:
719:
715:
713:
712:
708:
706:
705:
701:
699:
698:
694:
692:
691:
687:
685:
684:
680:
678:
677:
673:
671:
670:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
653:
649:
639:
638:
633:
631:
630:
626:
624:
623:
619:
617:
616:
612:
610:
609:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
572:
570:
566:
560:
559:
555:
553:
552:
548:
547:
545:
543:
542:Je–Tupi–Carib
539:
533:
532:
528:
527:
525:
519:
513:
512:Campbell 2012
507:
506:South America
503:
496:
491:
489:
484:
482:
477:
476:
473:
463:
462:
455:
452:
448:
442:
439:
434:
433:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:9783110255133
408:
404:
400:
394:
392:
390:
386:
379:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
347:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
320:
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
302:Macro-Tupian
301:
300:
299:
296:
292:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
267:
265:
263:
259:
253:
245:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
217:
211:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
196:
194:
189:
187:
186:Culuene River
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
151:Macro-Mapuche
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
117:
113:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
75:
69:
67:
65:
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1706:
1674:Saparo–Yawan
1624:Arutani–Sape
1609:Macro-Panoan
1604:Macro-Paesan
1594:Macro-Jibaro
1579:Macro-Andean
1551:
1544:
1515:Lule–Vilelan
1485:
1478:
1453:
1441:
1434:
1422:
1397:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1283:
1258:
1249:
1188:Saparo–Yawan
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1117:Pano–Tacanan
1115:
1088:
1050:
1043:
1026:
1020:and Ecuador)
1004:
964:
911:
904:
897:
862:
855:
829:
817:
810:
801:
794:
787:
783:Arutani–Sape
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
667:
635:
627:
620:
613:
606:
556:
549:
529:
523:and isolates
459:
454:
446:
441:
431:
402:
269:
255:
215:
190:
155:
150:
130:
121:
112:Tupi-Guarani
106:Lule–Vilelan
73:
53:
20:
18:
1669:Quechumaran
1629:Bora–Witoto
1529:Far South (
1430:Uru–Chipaya
1406:Quechumaran
1291:Nambikwaran
973:Bora–Witoto
870:Ticuna–Yuri
270:Macro-Chaco
182:Upper Xingu
149:within his
114:languages (
1857:Sprachbund
1846:Categories
1540:Qawasqaran
1474:Guaicuruan
1443:Mapudungun
1279:Chapacuran
1193:Peba–Yagua
1128:Cahuapanan
1045:Yurumanguí
629:Chiquitano
602:Maxakalian
510:(based on
380:References
315:Chiquitano
139:Guaicuruan
127:Guaicuruan
89:Guaicuruan
1804:Languages
1773:Venezuela
1733:Argentina
1726:Countries
1717:Amazonian
1329:Mosetenan
1323:Canichana
1235:Katukinan
1230:Harákmbut
1181:Tequiraca
1052:Esmeralda
1039:Barbacoan
995:Guajiboan
934:Jirajaran
889:Venezuela
825:Otomacoan
777:Yanomaman
768:Venezuela
704:Pankararú
622:Rikbaktsá
70:Languages
64:alignment
49:Argentina
1783:Suriname
1763:Paraguay
1748:Colombia
1510:Huarpean
1505:Charruan
1500:Zamucoan
1495:Mascoyan
1469:Matacoan
1411:Quechuan
1335:Yuracaré
1302:Cayubaba
1296:Bororoan
1251:Matanawí
1198:Zaparoan
1167:Taushiro
1139:Candoshi
1133:Jivaroan
1028:Chibchan
1018:Colombia
983:Witotoan
966:Tucanoan
948:Colombia
929:Timotean
924:Tiniguan
885:Colombia
711:Tarairiú
690:Katembri
658:Karirian
597:Krenakan
582:Jabutian
569:Macro-Jê
531:Arawakan
348:See also
311:Macro-Jê
285:Guaicurú
280:Matacoan
200:Huarpean
147:Mascoyan
143:Matacoan
123:Charruan
101:Zamucoan
96:Mascoyan
84:Matacoan
41:Paraguay
1758:Ecuador
1738:Bolivia
1689:Amerind
1487:Payaguá
1456:–Pampas
1424:Puquina
1416:Aymaran
1387:Andes (
1370:Irantxe
1309:Itonama
1174:Urarina
1160:Waorani
1153:Munichi
1146:Omurano
1090:Mochica
1079:Chimuan
1034:Chocoan
1006:Puinave
1000:Nadahup
913:Andaquí
883:Andes (
851:Sáliban
789:Arutani
764:Orinoco
551:Cariban
325:Cariban
133:stock.
45:Uruguay
37:Bolivia
1778:Guyana
1743:Brazil
1546:Yaghan
1520:Chonan
1480:Guachí
1349:Aikanã
1316:Movima
1260:Trumai
1225:Arawan
1210:Amazon
1103:Amazon
956:Vaupés
952:Japurá
944:Amazon
919:Paezan
831:Yaruro
739:Xukurú
683:Baenan
676:Gamela
669:Taruma
663:Purían
592:Karajá
587:Kamakã
558:Tupian
409:
335:Boróro
330:Karirí
306:Tupian
291:Zamuco
206:Chonan
193:Pampas
166:Tupian
158:Trumai
145:, and
47:, and
33:Brazil
1797:Lists
1753:Chile
1707:Chaco
1553:Chono
1531:Chile
1454:Chaco
1436:Kunza
1399:Culle
1377:Arara
1363:Kwazá
1356:Kanoê
1245:Muran
978:Boran
958:area)
906:Camsá
899:Cofán
857:Betoi
819:Guamo
812:Warao
725:Wamoé
637:Guató
615:Ofayé
608:Jaikó
62:verb
29:Chaco
23:is a
1768:Peru
1574:Duho
1389:Peru
1342:Leco
1285:Mure
1107:Peru
1064:Peru
887:and
864:Hodï
843:Duho
803:Máku
796:Sapé
746:Yaté
732:Xokó
718:Tuxá
697:Natú
407:ISBN
289:(?)
172:and
164:and
58:and
19:The
753:Otí
504:of
1848::
1462:?
1404:?
1218:?
1186:?
1077:?
971:?
950:,
841:?
781:?
634:?
577:Jê
421:^
388:^
313:+
141:,
66:.
51:.
43:,
39:,
1533:)
1109:)
1105:(
1066:)
954:–
946:(
891:)
770:)
766:(
494:e
487:t
480:v
415:.
118:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.