549:, he engaged in a strong Socialist Revolutionary propaganda. He called a congress of socialist factions which leaned more closely to the Socialist Revolutionary ideology. This congress adopted several of his resolutions which increased the influence of the Sejmists (Parliamentarians). The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Sejmists sent him as their delegate to the International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart that year. Here he fought for the rights of these two parties in the International Socialist Bureau.
360:, under the pseudonym of I. Khisin. In his first socialist pamphlet on a Jewish theme, he demanded national as well as civil equality for Jews, articulating his ideas on Judaism in Europe. He was also active in an organization which combated the "Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals," which caused controversy and was deemed anti-Semitic for calling Shechita (kosher slaughter of animals) animal cruelty.
462:
330:, and moved to Zurich. He immediately became active, founding the non-partisan "Verein für Wissenschaft und Leben des Jüdischen Volkes," (Association for Science and Life of the Jewish People) for the purpose of inculcating nationalism and socialism among the Jewish masses. He engaged in debates between the orthodox and the adherents of the Narodnaya Volya. The latter evolved into the
413:
which published the booklet thought that
Zhitlowsky's introduction was not sufficiently revolutionary and too nationalistic, because the author expressed the belief that the rebirth of the Yiddish language and literature would lead to the national and social awakening of the Jewish people. {{Citation
707:
in New York. Similar celebrations were held in other
American and European cities visited by Zhitlowsky. A Zhitlowsky memorial volume was published in Berlin containing articles and reminiscences of his intimate friends and disciples. At Zhitlowsky's suggestion, the proceeds from the book were given
727:
Through his and S. Ellsberg's initiative, the
Yiddish Culture Society was founded in September 1929. The purpose of the organization was to unite all adherents of Yiddish to enable them to work in common for the development of Yiddish, the Yiddish school, and Yiddish culture in general. He was also
429:
in 1897. He was against founding a
Zionist party, and believed in the necessity for a League for Jewish Colonization, a league that would appeal to all those opposed to Herzel's political Zionism. A day after the Congress, Zhitlowsky addressed the delegates and guests on Yiddish and the purposes of
307:
in 1887 when he was twenty-two. (Shortly before that he had been banished by the police from St. Petersburg). The liberal
Russian press enthusiastically greeted and responded warmly to his ideas, but was met with scant favour among Jewish critics, because it contained no solution to the problems it
295:
party, but those in the central committee of the
Narodnya Volya who believed in cosmopolitanism and assimilation defeated the Zhitlowsky project. This was a severe blow for the young Jewish revolutionary. His grandfather consoled him, pointing out the revolutionary character of the prophets, and of
278:
in 1881, and there was engaged in spreading
Socialist Revolutionary propaganda. Shocked by the view of some members of that party who believed that pogroms were a step toward the liberation of the Russian people, he left the party. He turned, instead, to advocating for Jewish equality, and aligned
287:
movement. He was inspired by the vision of the Jewish colonies and a Jewish peasantry, but the religious character of that
Zionism did not appeal to him. He sought to publish a magazine to propagandize "his idea"—a synthesis of Jewish nationalism and socialism. At first, his father was willing to
533:
With the Party's permission, he gave lectures on various Jewish matters during his stay in
America. At that time the Jewish radical intelligentsia in America was under the influence of socialist cosmopolitanism, which did not engage sympathetically with Jewish national problems, or the Yiddish
534:
language and culture. When
Zhitlowsky in a series of lectures pointed out that there was no contradiction between progressive nationalism and the socialist ideal, he encountered strong opposition. Very soon, however, many of his erstwhile opponents turned into his most ardent partisans.
552:
In 1908 he was sent to America by the Socialist Revolutionaries and the Sejmists, settling in New York. With the help of the following he had attracted among the radical Jewish intellectuals during his previous visit, Zhitlowsky founded a publishing house that issued a new monthly,
876:
This is a short summary of over a half of century of scientific, literary, journalistic work, and activity as a lecturer and publisher, all in the spirit of socialism and progressive nationalism among the Jewish masses in America and abroad.
557:(The New Life). Under his editorship, the journal exercised great influence on Yiddish culture, including the development of free socialist thought, and became an organ of modern Yiddish literature; for the six years it existed (until 1914),
269:
On entering the third grade of the Russian Gymnasium in 1879, Zhitlowsky came into contact with revolutionary circles, and, for a time, was estranged from Yiddish and other matters of Jewish interest, advocating for assimilation into
448:
He toured important European centres, making connections with revolutionary leaders of England, France, and Germany. The Deutscher Academischer Varlag existed several years. It was often attacked by orthodox Marxists because of the
229:
Joseph Zhitlowsky's business prospered. He moved to a richer, more exclusive section of the city and kept an open house. A tutor of the Russian language was engaged for Chaim, but he continued his elementary religious studies at a
379:, written under the pen name Gregorovich. In this work, he tried to synthesize the three principal currents of the Russian revolutionary movement. From time to time, he contributed to several well-known Russian magazines, such as
576:, the Conference for the first time declared Yiddish to be "a national language of the Jewish people." He returned to the United States after the conference to continue his activities in organizing secular Yiddish education.
624:
In 1912, thousands of Zhitlowsky's followers celebrated the 25th anniversary of his literary activity. Four volumes of his collected works, shortly followed by two others, were published in connection with this anniversary.
541:
elections of 1906. The government refused to allow him to take his seat when elected. The reversal of this decision by the Senate came too late, for the Tsar had dissolved the Duma after only 73 days of session.
234:. Soon Chaim became friendly with high school students of his neighbourhood and began to read Russian literature. During this period he made his first foray into literature: translating the Yiddish version of
1561:
595:
Party in Montreal, Canada, that matter was placed by him on the order of the day, and there and then the inauguration of this type of school was proclaimed. The first Folkshul (people's school) in
1434:, Intl. Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism, 1995., pp. 90–95 (excerpts from his essays "Death and Rebirth of Gods and Religion," "The National Poetic Rebirth of the Jewish People").
207:. On his mother's side, he was descended from artisans and merchants, and on his father's, came from an aristocratic and well-educated family. His father, Joseph, studied to be a rabbi in the
410:
1566:
1083:
1029:
530:
In 1904 Zhitlowsky and "Babushka" (Granny) Breshkovskaya were sent by the Socialist Revolutionary Party to America to collect funds for the party and carry on a propaganda of its ideas.
296:
the great Jewish intellects of the later times. This quickened Zhitlowsky's interest in Jewish history. He soon established contact with a St. Petersburg group of the Narodnaya Volya.
755:
675:
party, a party that Zhitlowsky had joined a few years before, and he became one of its major contributors. When the publication ceased in 1921, Zhitlowsky became a contributor of
632:
ceased, and Zhitlowsky made a lecture tour of Jewish student colonies of the important academic centers in France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. He also visited
1556:
739:
decided to resume activity on a democratic basis, Zhitlowsky at once engaged in its labours. He was one of the leaders of the Worker's Bloc, and supported the calling of a
1541:
430:
the Yiddish publishing house Zeit Geist, which had been founded by a group of Jewish intellectuals and revolutionaries. In this speech were first laid the foundations of
257:. A warm, lifelong friendship developed between Zhitlowsky and Ansky, who had writing in common. For a short time they issued a handwritten (holographic) magazine called
654:
and when it was convened he played an important part in its deliberations. At the same time, he continued his tracts on philosophy and sociology in the Yiddish magazine
537:
After a two-year sojourn in America, he returned to Europe. He spent some time in Galicia and then went to Russia, where his native province, Vitebsk, nominated him for
1085:От депортации в Вавилон к Первой русской революции: Версия национального развития российской ветви еврейского народа в духовно-политическом контексте Ветхого Завета
441:
In 1900, Zhitlowsky and John Edelheim founded the Deutscher Academischer Soziale Wissenschafte (German Academy of Social Science). They also took over the magazine
375:, appearing under Zhitlowsky's and Rappaport's editorship, spread propaganda among the masses. In 1898 the Verband published Zhitlowsky's theoretical work,
399:
In 1896, he organized the Group of Jewish Socialists Abroad, the purpose of which was to prepare revolutionary propaganda literature in Yiddish, with the
274:. He rethought his positions, however, by the pogroms of the early 1880s, which dissipated his cosmopolitan interests. He left the gymnasium, and went to
1483:
Jüdische Nationalität aus verweigerter Assimilation. Biographische Parallelen bei Moses Hess und Chajm Zhitlowsky und ihre ideologische Verarbeitung.
367:, M. Rosenbaum and several other Russian radicals, founded the Federation of Russian Socialist Revolutionaries Abroad from which later developed the
1526:
315:, where it was much easier to preach Socialist doctrines among the Jewish masses. He became acquainted with a group of Jewish revolutionists from
434:, which subsequently became deeply rooted in Eastern Europe and America. He came into close relations with the Bund which published his pamphlet
1521:
1093:
1066:
1039:
1005:
1468:, A. S. Barnes & Co., 1969. pp. 76–98, Zhitlovski essays: "Job-A Poem of Jewish Free Thought," "What Is Secular Jewish Culture?"
356:) published his translation of two revolutionary poems. In 1892, The London Fund for Revolutionary Publication printed his Russian tract
31:
647:. He advocated for America's neutrality, and battled against the pro-German feelings of the man in the street and of the Yiddish press.
489:
159:
1308:
226:(enlightenment) literature and reportedly often recited satiric Haskalah tales and poems in Yiddish and Hebrew at family gatherings.
345:
founded a non-partisan organization to help the afflicted. The work was unsuccessful due to political differences between members.
696:. Its point of view remained unaltered. In 1923, when the magazine was discontinued, Zhitlowsky returned to Europe to complete
513:
497:
368:
147:
1274:
Tuvia Schalit's 'Di spetsyele relativitets-teorye' of 1927 and other introductions to the Theory of Relativity in Yiddish
1551:
1476:
Die Überführung der religiösen jüdischen Tradition in Poesie und säkulare jüdische Nationalkultur bei Chaim Zhitlowsky.
1056:
747:
146:
He was a founding member of the Union of Russian Socialist Revolutionaries; a founding member and theoretician of the
834:
Strove to unite all elements of labor, factory workers, peasants, intellectual workers—in the struggle for socialism.
599:
was opened on 10 December 1910 at 143 Madison St., and Zhitlowsky took an active part in the growth of the school.
385:
331:
831:
Fought against dogmatism in philosophy in general, and in the philosophy of Dialectic Materialism, in particular.
746:
From 1936 until his death in 1943, he aligned with radical, pro-Soviet areas of the Jewish community such as the
602:
His influence was also very considerable in the creation, some years later, of the Jewish secular schools of the
1424:/ Hayim Zshitlovski. Yubileum Oysgabe, V 1–4 Edition. New York: c1912-1919. 10 v, 21 cm. / 1641 (v. 1–10).
326:
in 1888 and resumed his study of Jewish history, Marxism and philosophy. He was expelled from Germany under the
1531:
751:
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312:
700:. He visited Palestine and toured the Jewish centers in Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia between 1924 and 1925.
1485:
In: Trumah, Journal of the Hochschule for Jewish Studies Heidelberg, Vol 17, 2007 p. 91–116 (in German).
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to study, earning his doctorate in 1892. Here, too, he founded an organization similar to the one in Zurich.
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777:
422:
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704:
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175:
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He returned to America at the outbreak of the World War I. Until then he had been a contributor to the
523:, was founded, Zhitlowsky, under the pen name N. Gaydaroff, contributed a series of articles entitled
1516:
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961:"The Future of Our Youth In This Country and Assimilation" (English Translation) By Chaim Zhitlovsky.
785:
505:
236:
772:
663:
603:
466:
450:
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244:
196:
124:
52:
1458:, Beacon Press, 1967, pp. 411–422, "The Jewish Factor in My Socialism" (essay by Zhitlovsky).
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633:
327:
768:(published in 1910), the first Yiddish book to deal with the development of philosophic thought;
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1171:
87:
Founding Union of Russian Socialist Revolutionaries and Socialist Revolutionary Party in Russia
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342:
280:
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155:
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Enriched Yiddish language and oratory. Propagated the idea of the new secular Yiddish school.
1350:
Formulation of the programme of the Social Revolutionary Party, issued under the Pseudonym
1183:
837:
Fought for the principles of autonomy and federalism as against centralization in the State.
805:
546:
383:; articles on Marxism and philosophy in the Jewish—Russian Voskhod; and contributed also to
167:
132:
101:
1031:История еврейского народа в России. Том 2: От разделов Польши до падения Российской империи
512:, and his fight that the Socialist Revolutionary Party should have a representative in the
496:(parliament). At his initiative a group of radical nationalists and Zionists organized the
1478:
In: Randfiguren, Festschrift für Manfred Walther. Hannover 2005, Seite 65–101 (in German).
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804:, Canada, on May 6, 1943 while visiting on a lecture circuit. His funeral was held at the
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as a beginning. For this revolutionary library, Zhitlowsky wrote an introduction entitled
219:
171:
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136:
128:
56:
1210:"Collection: Papers of Chaim Zhitlowsky | The Center for Jewish History ArchivesSpace"
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Fought for progressive national culture, against assimilation and narrow nationalism.
809:
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607:
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48:
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From Pintele Yid to Racenjude: Chaim Zhitlovsky and racial conceptions of Jewishness
689:
478:
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275:
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Synthesis of nationalism arid socialism, of Galuth-nationalism and territorialism.
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178:
of 1908, which declared Yiddish to be "a national language of the Jewish people."
895:
872:
Pioneer work in the field of scientific and philosophical literature in Yiddish.
569:
203:. When he was five years old, his parents moved to the capital of the province,
116:
1272:
288:
finance this enterprise, but was talked out of it by an ardent Zionist friend.
30:
1332:
997:
Prophecy And Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, And The Russian Jews, 1862–1917
672:
592:
431:
151:
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in order to study the possibilities of widespread Jewish colonization there.
616:
who advocated assimilation of Jewish workers into the general working class.
509:
283:
movement. When he returned to Vitebsk he became involved in the then rising
253:
247:) Chaim made the acquaintance of Shloyme Rappaport, who was later to become
112:
1187:
1146:
964:"Kant's Critical Philosophy" excerpt from "Philosophy" By Chaim Zhitlovsky.
863:
Interested radical Jewish intelligentsia in Yiddish cultural life and work.
1277:, Science in Context, 20 (2007), 317–338 (pp. 323–324, 332–333, 334, 335).
866:
Helped to clarify and crystallize the Yiddish radical movement in America.
848:
Fought for the secularization and separation of nationality from religion.
724:, as well as Zhitlowsky, were members of its Honorary Board of Directors.
643:, edited by L. A. Miller. He now joined the staff of the newly organized
364:
248:
223:
216:
212:
824:, Shmuel Niger made the following summary of Zhitlowsky's achievements:
801:
677:
501:
311:
Zhitlowsky returned to Vitebsk for a short time, from there he went to
284:
208:
204:
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97:
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On 28 November 1925, Zhitlowsky's 60th birthday was celebrated at the
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two lectures on Science, Philosophy and Religion (published in 1931).
323:
316:
304:
231:
109:
1448:, Inc. 1996, "Zhitlovsky: Philosopher of Jewish Secularism (essay)."
840:
Theoretic and practical propaganda of Socialist Revolutionary ideas.
564:
Zhitlowsky returned to Europe in 1908, where he participated in the
970:"Plato and Aristotle" excerpt from "Philosophy" by Chiam Zhitlovsky
319:, who were engaged in disseminating radical literature in Yiddish.
291:
In 1885, Zhitlowsky tried to found a Jewish section of the illegal
119:, social and political thinker, writer and literary critic born in
713:
460:
426:
363:
Toward the latter part of 1893, Zhitlowsky, now a Ph.D., aided by
967:"Hobbes and Locke" excerpt from "Philosophy" by Chaim Zhitlovsky.
709:
538:
493:
335:
308:
treated. Several suspected him of being a Christian missionary.
1309:"Zhitlovsky: Philosopher of Jewish Secularism by Max Rosenfeld"
588:) the question of founding Yiddish secular schools in America.
561:
was a spiritual home of many Jewish publicists and scientists.
943:
Die Philosophie, was sie ist und wie sie sich entwickelt hat
754:(Yidisher Kultur Farband -Yiddish Culture Society), and the
1498:; RG 208; YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, NY.
519:
When the first Yiddish daily in Russia, the St. Petersburg
860:
Influenced the programs of the Jewish nationalist parties.
1262:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 147-148.
1172:"A Community on Trial: The Aberdeen Shechita Case, 1893"
191:
Chaim Zhitlowsky was born in 1865, in the small town of
758:(Association for Jewish Colonization in Soviet Union).
698:
The Spiritual Struggle of the Jewish People for Freedom
568:. Under the leadership of its originators, Zhitlowsky,
1562:
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
1259:
A Fire in Their Hearts: Yiddish Socialists in New York
1234:"Duma | Definition, Facts, & History | Britannica"
913:
Gedanken über die geschichtlichen Schicksale der Juden
504:
party). In 1904, Zhitlowsky served as delegate at the
1122:שלאָפֿלאָזאיקייט: זשיטלאָװסקי ביאָגראַפֿיע אין ענגליש
893:, 1924), he sought to define the secular essence of
371:. The group opposed dogmatic Marxism. The newspaper
301:
Thought of the Historical Fate of the Jewish People
215:, but chose to become a merchant. Though an ardent
83:
75:
63:
37:
21:
945:, 2 vols. New York 1910, in Yiddish, 2. Aufl. 1920
545:Zhitlowsky spent 1907 in Finland. With the aid of
1567:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Switzerland
1413:Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1965.
341:When famine broke out in Russia in 1891, he and
299:His first work, a treatise in Russian entitled
925:Sozialismus und Kämpfe für politische Freiheit
443:Sozialistische Monatshefte (Socialist Monthly)
1000:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 277–.
377:Socialism and the Fight for Political Freedom
8:
1028:Барталь, Исраэль; Лурье, Илья (2022-05-15).
899:, this time by calling forth the notions of
492:movement. He conceived the idea of a Jewish
465:Czernowitz Conference, 1908. Right to left:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
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958:"Our Language Question" By Chaim Zhitlovsky
955:"Zionism or Socialism" By Chaim Zhitlovsky.
584:In 1909 Zhitlowsky raised (in his magazine
1557:Jewish Socialist Workers Party politicians
1393:Zhitlowsky Anniversary Committee in 1935.
931:Das jüdische Volk und die jüdische Sprache
650:Zhitlowsky also joined the movement for a
525:The Jewish People and the Yiddish Language
29:
18:
1542:Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians
973:"A Short Biography of His Life and Works"
732:, issued by the Yiddish Culture Society.
1313:Cultural and Secular Jewish Organization
986:
937:Der Sozialismus und die nationale Frage
761:Other writings of Zhitlowsky include:
416:lack of citations for last 2 paragraphs
108:) (April 19, 1865 – May 6, 1943) was a
1395:Theyouthwillsleepnolonger.blogspot.com
1289:"Chaim Zhitlowsky - profilpelajar.com"
1176:Journal of Scottish Historical Studies
976:"The Assimilation" By Chaim Zhitlovsky
854:Theoretic proof of Galuth-nationalism.
566:Czernowitz Yiddish Language Conference
176:Czernowitz Yiddish Language Conference
1055:Bridger, David; Wolk, Samuel (1976).
994:Frankel, Jonathan (8 November 1984).
488:of 1903 Zhitlowsky turned toward the
7:
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1061:. Behrman House, Inc. p. 536.
1034:(in Russian). Litres. p. 356.
750:(International Workers Order), the
661:In 1920, publication commenced of
381:Russkoye Bogastvo (Russian Wealth)
14:
1430:Kogel, Renee and Katz, Zev, eds.
827:In the world of universal ideas:
728:one of the editors of the weekly
591:In 1910 at the Convention of the
166:movements. He was an advocate of
150:in Russia, and a key promoter of
16:Russian socialist and philosopher
506:International Socialist Congress
174:and was a vice-president of the
1527:People from Vitebsk Governorate
1170:Collins, Kenneth (2010-11-01).
1082:Шустрова, Тамара (2020-10-13).
788:(published in Warsaw in 1930);
514:International Socialist Bureau
498:Jewish Socialist Workers Party
358:A Jew to Jews (Еврей к евреям)
158:, which influenced the Jewish
1:
1341:, Vol. 19, n°1 / January 2005
822:Zhitlowsky; His Life and Work
394:Deutsche Worte (German Words)
369:Socialist Revolutionary Party
148:Socialist Revolutionary Party
1522:People from Ushachy District
901:racial contemporary theories
710:Yiddish Scientific Institute
606:, despite the opposition of
1496:Papers of Chaim Zhitlowsky.
1058:The New Jewish Encyclopedia
692:renewed the publication of
1583:
919:Der Traum fun a Lediggeher
453:" works published by him.
386:Sozialistische Monatshefte
332:Social Revolutionary Party
243:On his 13th birthday (his
771:a Yiddish translation of
105:
28:
1432:Judaism in a Secular Age
737:Jewish-American Congress
688:In 1922, Zhitlowsky and
613:The Jewish Daily Forward
421:Zhitlowsky attended the
418:date=November 14 2022}}
106:Хаим Осипович Житловский
1481:Kay Schweigmann-Greve,
784:an essay on Einstein's
778:Also Sprach Zarathustra
628:In 1913 publication of
251:, the famous author of
1442:Jewish Currents Reader
1366:, under the Pseudonym
1362:Series of articles in
1256:Michels, Tony (2005).
1188:10.3366/jshs.2010.0103
1147:"Dr. Chaim Zhitlovsky"
1088:(in Russian). epubli.
481:
423:First Zionist Congress
222:he was well versed in
79:Philosopher and writer
1472:Kay Schweigmann-Greve
907:Selected publications
844:In the Jewish world:
741:Jewish World Congress
705:Manhattan Opera House
500:(commonly called the
464:
436:Zionism or Socialism?
348:The London newspaper
195:, in the province of
1456:The Golden Tradition
786:Theory of Relativity
516:ended victoriously.
469:, Chaim Zhitlovsky,
281:Diaspora Nationalist
279:with beliefs in the
156:Diaspora nationalism
67:6 May 1943 (aged 78)
1552:Jewish philosophers
1416:Zhitlowsky, Chaim,
1411:Profiles of Eleven.
1287:profilpelajar.com.
939:, 1907 (in Yiddish)
915:, 1887 (in Russian)
891:Jews and Jewishness
887:Yidn un Yiddishkayt
800:Zhitlowsky died in
773:Friedrich Nietzsche
467:Hersh Dovid Nomberg
402:Communist Manifesto
390:(Socialist Monthly)
197:Vitebsk Governorate
125:Vitebsk Governorate
100:: חײם זשיטלאָװסקי;
53:Vitebsk Governorate
1464:comp. and trans.,
1452:Lucy S. Dawidowicz
1422:Gezamelte Shriften
1238:www.britannica.com
820:In his monograph,
808:on 34th Street in
671:), a daily of the
482:
373:The Russian Worker
328:anti-Socialist law
1331:Matthew Hoffman,
1271:Roland Gruschka,
1095:978-3-7531-0874-2
1068:978-0-87441-120-1
1041:978-5-457-51755-4
1007:978-0-521-26919-3
881:Other information
580:Yiddish education
475:Isaac Leib Peretz
365:Shloyme Rappaport
343:Charles Rappaport
303:was published in
237:Uncle Tom's Cabin
91:
90:
1574:
1466:The Way We Think
1427:
1409:Melech Epstein,
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816:Key achievements
806:Manhattan Center
656:Zukunft (Future)
604:Workmen's Circle
547:Gregory Gershuni
490:territorialistic
168:Yiddish language
107:
94:Chaim Zhitlowsky
42:Chaim Zhitlowsky
33:
23:Chaim Zhitlowsky
19:
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1532:Belarusian Jews
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1462:Joseph Leftwich
1446:Jewish Currents
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1418:Collected Works
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1316:. Retrieved
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1151:Yiddishkayt
896:Yiddishkeit
620:Later years
570:J. L. Perez
451:revisionist
425:meeting at
322:He went to
245:bar-mitzvah
187:Early years
164:nationalist
154:and Jewish
117:philosopher
1506:Categories
1318:2022-12-12
1294:2022-12-12
1243:2022-05-06
1219:2022-12-12
1156:2022-05-06
981:References
766:Philosophy
712:(YIVO) of
673:Poale Zion
593:Poale Zion
484:After the
432:Yiddishism
354:Free World
350:Freie Welt
152:Yiddishism
1537:Narodniks
1196:1748-538X
735:When the
669:The Times
634:Palestine
608:Abe Cahan
510:Amsterdam
438:in 1898.
254:The Dybuk
182:Biography
113:socialist
1547:Bundists
1013:30 April
716:, which
664:Die Zeit
249:S. Ansky
224:Haskalah
217:Lubavich
213:Volozhin
1420:. 1912
950:Sources
802:Calgary
730:Yiddish
708:to the
683:The Day
678:Der Tog
502:Sejmist
313:Galicia
285:Zionist
232:kheyder
220:Chassid
209:Yeshiva
205:Vitebsk
193:Ushachy
172:culture
141:Belarus
121:Ushachy
102:Russian
98:Yiddish
49:Ushachy
1454:, ed.
1364:Fraind
1194:
1092:
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1038:
1004:
933:, 1903
927:, 1898
521:Frajnd
409:. The
324:Berlin
317:Zurich
305:Moscow
199:, the
110:Jewish
796:Death
714:Vilno
427:Basel
1192:ISSN
1090:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1036:ISBN
1015:2012
1002:ISBN
756:ICOR
752:IKUF
572:and
539:Duma
494:Sejm
411:Bund
392:and
336:Bern
276:Tula
162:and
64:Died
38:Born
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1335:in
1184:doi
885:In
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748:IWO
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645:Day
508:in
211:of
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