390:"Now that domestic politicians, through negligence and leniency, and under slogan of rule of law, support the masked poisonous vipers of the aliens, and brand the decisive approaches of the Islamic system, judiciary and responsible press and advocates of the revolution as monopolistic and extremist spread of violence and threats to the freedom, the brave and zealous children of the Iranian Muslim nation took action and by revolutionary execution of dirty and sold-out elements who were behind nationalistic movements and other poisonous moves in universities, took the second practical step in defending the great achievements of the Islamic Revolution … The revolutionary execution of Dariush Forouhar, Parvaneh Eskandari, Mohammad Mokhtari and Mohammad Jafar Pouyandeh is a warning to all mercenary writers and their counter-value supporters who are cherishing the idea of spreading corruption and promiscuity in the country and bringing back foreign domination over Iran..."
410:"The despicable and abhorring recent murders in Tehran are a sign of chronic conspiracy and a threat to the national security. The Information Ministry based on their legal obligations and following clear directives issued by the Supreme Leader and the President, made the discovery and uprooting of this sinister and threatening event the priority action for the Ministry. With the cooperation of the specially appointed Investigatory committee of the President, the Ministry has succeeded to identify the group responsible for the killings, has arrested them and processed their cases through the judicial system. Unfortunately a small number of irresponsible, misguided, headstrong and obstinate staff within the Ministry of Information who are no doubt under the influence of undercover rogue agents and act towards the objectives of foreign and estranged sources committed these criminal activities".
347:. At two in the morning, while most of his passengers were sleeping, the driver of the bus attempted to steer the bus off a cliff near the Heyran Pass. "When the driver tried to jump out to save himself, a passenger grabbed the wheel and steered the bus back onto the road." The driver tried it a second time, "diving out of the vehicle just as it careened toward the edge of the 1,000-foot free fall." The bus hit a boulder and stopped, saving the lives of 21 writers. The driver ran away. The passengers were taken to a nearby Caspian town by authorities, interrogated, and warned "to discuss the event with no one."
506:
299:, an author and "one of the most active translators of the country," whose body was discovered four days after leaving his office on 8 December. Pooyandeh and Mokhtari's bodies were both found around Shahriar, a "mini-city" in the south of Tehran, and both had apparently been strangled. On the day Pooyandeh's body was found, 12 December 1998, fifty writers called on President Khatami to find the persons behind the crimes.
150:
166:
118:
879:
497:, was arrested for "publicizing the case", for which her bail was set at the equivalent of $ 50,000 as opposed to $ 12,500 for some of the accused murderers. At least one of the victims' relatives, Sima Sahebi, the wife of Pouyandeh, was also arrested "for publishing a letter criticizing them for not allowing us to hold a memorial of the second anniversary of their death."
134:
398:, the highest ranking political and religious authority in Iran, speculated as to the perpetrators. Khamenei blamed foreign powers, stating "the enemy was creating insecurity to try to block the progress of Iran's Islamic system." Foreign correspondents believed the main suspects were likely to be conservatives opposed to Iran's more moderate President
440:
wife found dead at home from multiple stab wounds. They too said they had received orders from Kazemi and
Alikhani. Another man said he had assisted in the murder. Kazemi was reported telling the court on Saturday he had been the mastermind behind the killings, while Alikhani said the decision was taken "collectively."
1143:"103 is the estimated number of the victims in the 'serial murders'. the scene of murder and the time of death of 57 victims are known, the other 46 disappeared, and later their brutalized &/or mutilated bodies were discovered in the outskirts of . The actual number of murders is unknown and may be higher."
468:
prison, being the prime suspect of a serial political murder case that aroused the whole country; hair-removal cream available in Iran is unlikely to be lethal when ingested; that Emami's confession was not considered evidence and made public by the presiding judge who deemed it "unrelated to the case;" that
199:
The victims included more than 80 writers, translators, poets, political activists, and ordinary citizens, and were killed by a variety of means such as car crashes, stabbings, shootings in staged robberies, and injections with potassium to simulate a heart attack. The pattern of murders did not come
603:
and its effort to create "cultural and political openness." Shirin Ebadi speculates that the murders were done by a variety of means and surreptitiously to avoid any connection between them and to avoid the attention of the international community. Previous mass killings by the regime "had blackened
581:
in Berlin. Upon return he was arrested and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, to be followed by five years in exile (later reduced to six years imprisonment and no exile) for "retaining classified documents from the
Culture and Islamic Guidance Ministry, insulting the former Leader of the Islamic
439:
Defendant Ali
Rowshani admitted murdering Mokhtari and Pouyandeh. But he said he had done so under orders from Mostafa Kazemi, a former head of internal security at the intelligence ministry and another man, Merhdad Alikhani. Another pair of defendants admitted killing the Forouhars, a husband and
467:
Saeed Emami's arrest was not revealed, however, until 3 June 1999, six months after his reported suicide. Several facts added to skepticism over whether the true culprits of the murders had been found and justice done, namely: Emami was believed to have had "round-the-clock" surveillance while in
227:
in the killings, but that Emami was now dead, having committed suicide in prison. In a trial that was "dismissed as a sham by the victims' families and international human rights organisations," three
Intelligence Ministry agents were sentenced in 2001 to death and 12 others to prison terms for
564:
On 12 March 2000, Saeed
Hajjarian was shot in the head by an assailant but narrowly escaped death, ending up paralyzed for life. He is "believed to have played a key role in bringing about… damaging disclosures" against the sponsors of the chain killings, not only as editor of
743:, disappeared after leaving for his home from a Quran recitation session. He was found dead the next day on 3 January 1995 far from his home. Initially, the reason for his death was said to be cardiac arrest, but later his family realized that the real reason was suffocation.
793:
under suspicious circumstances on 24 October 1995. He left home for an appointment at 7:45AM. Police called his family to report the discovery of a body at 11PM. Cardiac arrest was said to be the official reason for his death; a potassium injection is reportedly the actual
472:
no photos of the agents of the
Ministry of Intelligence tried in Dec 2000 – Jan 2001 were published, their identity remained a "state secret". Most Iranians are convinced their "confessions" are part of a deal to allow them freedom after the trials, irrespective of the
405:
On 4 January 1999, the public relations office of the
Ministry of Information "unexpectedly" issued a short press release claiming "staff within" its own Ministry "committed these criminal activities … under the influence of undercover rogue agents":
218:
denied the government was responsible, and blamed "Iran's enemies". In mid-1999, after great public outcry and journalistic investigation in Iran and publicity abroad, Iranian prosecutors announced they had found the perpetrator. One
385:
On 20 December 1998, a statement was issued in Tehran by a group calling itself "pure
Mohammadan Islam devotees of Mostafa Navvab" taking credit for at least some of the killings. The statement attacked reformists and said in part:
481:
There are conflicting reports on the manner of suicide. His body or its photograph have never been publicly seen and even in the 'Behesht Zahra' graveyard, where he is said to have been buried, no grave has been registered in his
539:. He "also denounced by name some senior clerics, including Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi for having encouraged or issued fatwas, or religious orders for the assassinations." A number of government officials, including
569:
daily, but as a former deputy minister of intelligence turned reformist. Consequently, "some believe that remnants" of the chain murder "intelligence killer group may have been" behind his attempted assassination.
1952:
700:– a writer that supported freedom of speech and freedom of the press, left his home for a jog and never returned. A day later the body was found, and the coroner reported it was death by cardiac arrest.
336:) was found on the side of a Tehran road on 18 November 1998, three days before the discovery of the bodies of Dariush Forouhar and Parvaneh Eskandari. His official cause of death was "heart failure."
196:
system. The murders and disappearances were carried out by
Iranian government internal operatives, and they were referred to as "chain murders" because they appeared to be linked to each other.
249:
The murders are said to be "still shrouded in secrecy", and an indication that the authorities may not have uncovered all perpetrators of the chain murders was the attempted assassination of
1439:
239:
and his supporters, and that those convicted of the killings were actually "scapegoats acting on orders from higher up," with the ultimate perpetrators including "a few well known clerics."
242:
In turn, Iran's hardliners—the group most closely associated with vigilante attacks on dissidents in general, and with the accused killers in particular—claimed foreign powers (including
632:
340:
1192:
402:
reform agenda. In Iran, conservative daily newspapers also blamed "foreign sources intend on creating an environment of insecurity and instability in the country," for the killings.
777:– a Christian convert from Shi'ism who had been tried and convicted of apostasy, but then released in June 1994. He was abducted shortly thereafter and his body found on 5 July 1994.
419:
582:
Republic of Iran, Ayatollah
Khomeini, and disseminating propaganda against the Islamic system." His time in prison included hunger strikes and courtroom displays of torture marks.
487:
682:– a politically active couple that did not agree with Shiite theocracy; they were found assassinated by stabbing in their home. Parvaneh Eskandari Forouhar was stabbed 25 times.
444:
The Iranian press reported that Emami was not only responsible for the deaths of Forouhar, Mokhtari, Pooyandeh and Sharif, but also earlier killings in the 1980s and 1990s of
253:, a newspaper editor who is thought to have played a "key role" in uncovering the killings. On March 12, 2000, Hajjarian was shot in the head and left paralyzed for life.
800:– Iran's first Health Minister after the 1979 Islamic revolution, was stabbed to death November 1988 by an assailant posing as a patient at a clinic. No one was arrested.
284:
home on 22 November 1998. Forouhar received 11 knife wounds and Eskandari 24. Their home, which was later ransacked, was thought to be under 24-hour surveillance by the
1932:
1866:
1735:
1256:
435:
UK, "the agent named as the mastermind behind the assassinations, Saeed Emami, was reported to have killed himself in prison by drinking a bottle of hair remover."
927:
892:
860:
and the director of the publishing house Ebtekar, aged 49, went missing after leaving his office for home. His corpse was found on 29 March 1997 stabbed to death.
464:
claims Emami's "friends reported that he belonged to a notorious gang of hard-core religious extremists who believed that the enemies of Islam should be killed."
1379:
688:– a writer that supported freedom of speech and freedom of the press, went missing and was found dead by suffocation, with suspicious bruising found on his neck.
866:- well known singer, actor, poet, TV and radio host, writer, humanitarian, and political opposition figure who was murdered in Bonn. His case remains unsolved.
917:
783:– a teacher and poet from Kerman, along with his 9-year-old son, were found stabbed to death in their beds on the rooftop of their home on 22 September 1998.
1364:
604:
the reputation" of the Islamic Republic and hindered Iran's efforts to provide jobs and resources for its growing population and "rebuild itself" after the
897:
295:, an Iranian writer, left his residence and did not return home. A week later his body was identified at the coroner's office. The next to disappear was
771:
activist, last seen in late August 1998 while leaving his residence in Tehran. His mother allegedly suffered a fatal heart attack upon hearing the news.
1587:
1443:
532:
daily, Akbar Ganji referred to perpetrators with code names such as "Excellency Red Garmented" and their "Excellencies Gray" and the "Master Key".
1972:
1196:
1962:
1937:
722:
366:
1675:
302:
In the meantime, other suspicious and unsolved murders of dissidents over the previous decade were put forward by reformers as connected:
1957:
578:
1068:
840:– Iranian writer, poet and journalist who was imprisoned in 1994 and died shortly after while in prison from a potassium suppository.
486:
According to Iranterror.com, "it was widely assumed that he was murdered in order to prevent the leak of sensitive information about
1967:
1853:
991:
825:
617:
449:
358:
1886:
1708:
1084:
694:– a writer that supported freedom of speech and freedom of the press, went missing for three days and was found strangled to death.
1307:
266:
The term "chain murders" was first used to describe the murder of six people in late 1998. The first two killed were 70-year-old
224:
1942:
552:
285:
192:) were a series of 1988–98 murders and disappearances of certain Iranian dissident intellectuals who had been critical of the
1927:
1922:
1110:
953:
535:
In December 2000, Akbar Ganji announced the "Master Key" to the chain murders was former Intelligence Minister Hojjatoleslam
350:
The person thought to be the first victim was Kazem Sami Kermani, an "Islamic nationalist and physician" who had opposed the
1524:
1260:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1812:
452:, the unsuccessful 1995 attempt to stage a bus accident in the mountains and kill 21 writers, and the unexpected death of
1871:
1653:
1035:
547:"Among the prominent Islamic Republic figures accused by human rights advocates of masterminding the chain murders were
231:
Many Iranians and foreigners believe the killings were partly an attempt to resist "cultural and political openness" by
922:
679:
205:
1085:"Victims of serial killings by the information ministry (Abbridged from Enghelabe Eslami NO. 477) (from 1988–1999)"
726:
685:
374:
292:
493:
There was an antagonism between the authorities and the victims' relatives. The lawyer for the victims relatives,
1361:
641:
505:
691:
296:
1947:
1559:
837:
803:
600:
232:
1583:
807:
746:
902:
718:
548:
1008:
820:, Fattah Abdoli, Homayoun Ardalan, and Nouri Dehkordi – All four opposition leaders were assassinated in
1788:"United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - - Iran (Islamic Republic of)"
1761:
754:
736:
351:
319:
315:
423:
863:
786:
714:
311:
155:
831:
555:, now serving as President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's Interior and Intelligence ministers, respectively."
303:
932:
817:
750:
457:
355:
277:
215:
605:
370:
1876:
1849:
1683:
1126:
1064:
987:
636:
165:
139:
1058:
1226:
853:
710:
675:
646:
540:
494:
399:
307:
267:
236:
201:
193:
185:
171:
123:
1882:
Human Rights Watch Deplores Pattern of Harassment and Killing of Opposition Figures in Iran
377:. He was murdered on 23 November 1988 in his clinic in Tehran by an ax-wielding assailant.
1591:
1528:
1368:
1135:
843:
780:
654:
525:
517:
323:
250:
490:
operations, which would have compromised the entire leadership of the Islamic Republic."
1712:
1088:
1603:
1584:
Iran: Further information on torture/ill-treatment/prisoner of conscience – Akbar Ganji
907:
453:
362:
212:
1881:
1848:
By A. M. ANSARI (London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs). 2000, 256 pp.
1896:
1494:
1290:
1273:
764:
621:
536:
509:
445:
1465:
1336:
149:
740:
697:
461:
395:
332:
327:
1118:
1036:"letter about Pirooz Davani from the Port Hedland immigration detention centre WA"
957:
729:. Stabbed to death in 1991 by three Islamic republic agents along with Katibeh in
543:, the political deputy of the Ministry of State, emphatically rejected this view.
524:
both wrote investigative news articles on the murders. In a series of articles in
117:
850:
and master of ancient Iranian literature and culture, found dead in January 1997.
288:, thus casting suspicion on that ministry for at least complicity in the murder.
1521:
884:
774:
586:
574:
521:
415:
272:
220:
133:
1820:
1787:
1043:
874:
797:
1687:
1604:"FarsiNet News - News related to Iran, Iranians and Persians - November 2000"
1420:, by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House New York, 2006, p. 128–29
1178:"Killing of three rebel writers turns hope into fear in Iran", Douglas Jehl,
1164:, by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House New York, 2006, p. 131-2
431:
591:
Baghi was sentenced to three years in prison in 2000 and served two years.
1546:, by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House New York, 2006, p. 138
739:– a 52-year-old engineer in Mashhad who was one of the close aides of Dr.
1560:"Iran: Prisoners' Rights Activist Arrested and Detained - Worldpress.org"
616:
The events surrounding one of the more infamous assassinations, the 1992
1628:
912:
847:
821:
790:
768:
344:
330:(a translator and journalist who contributed to the banned publication
208:, and three dissident writers were murdered over a span of two months.
811:
758:
730:
281:
243:
91:
1736:"The Chain Murders: Killing Dissidents and Intellectuals, 1988–1998"
599:
The killings have been blamed on forces trying to put a stop to the
1060:
The Lonely War: One Woman's Account of the Struggle for Modern Iran
504:
1257:"Ganji named Fallahian as the "master key" for the chain murders"
32:
1867:
GANJI IDENTIFIED FALLAHIAN AS THE "MASTER KEY" IN CHAIN MURDERS
369:
where he criticized the government for its continuation of the
1538:
1536:
1953:
People killed in Ministry of Intelligence (Iran) operations
1676:"An Iranian Health Authority Is Reported Slain at a Clinic"
1517:
1515:
1846:
Iran, Islam and Democracy: The Politics of Managing Change
1251:
1249:
1247:
757:. Stabbed to death in 1991 by Islamic Republic agents in
1709:"Victims of serial killings by the information ministry"
16:
1988–98 murders and disappearances of Iranian dissidents
341:
an unsuccessful attempt to kill a busload of 21 writers
1887:
Victims of serial killings by the information ministry
635:
and the murder of writers in 1998 formed the basis of
286:
Ministry of Intelligence and National Security of Iran
1495:"Who killed five journalists in Iran? - UK Indymedia"
954:"Patriotism Fails Iran, Sets to Breed Islamic Terror"
512:
was intelligence minister at the start of the murders
1489:
1487:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1259:. Iran Press Service. December 2000. Archived from
354:
and served as Minister of Health in the brief post-
280:, whose mutilated bodies were found in their south
97:
87:
79:
69:
61:
38:
28:
23:
1554:
1552:
1380:Alarming pattern of killings and "disappearances"
1286:
1284:
1282:
1877:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2000
270:(secretary general of the opposition party, the
65:Opposition figures, leaders, intellectuals, etc.
1301:
1299:
956:. Think and Ask Non-Profit News. Archived from
834:– killed on his wedding night in November 1996.
418:or Islami, the deputy security official of the
1466:"Middle East Arrests made in Iran murder case"
928:List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
893:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
1331:
1329:
394:Iran's conservative Supreme Leader Ayatollah
8:
1174:
1172:
1170:
918:Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran
789:– a writer, translator and thinker, died in
422:, and his colleagues and subordinate staff:
898:Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists
101:To block opposition and reformist movements
986:. New York: Free Press. pp. 233–239.
814:during negotiation with Iran's government.
20:
984:Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran
1933:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1629:"Human Rights & Democracy for Iran"
1156:
1154:
1152:
944:
725:. He was the last Prime Minister under
620:and subsequent trial, were examined by
414:Arrested for the dissident murders was
1337:"Analysis: Who wanted Hajjarian dead?"
1291:"Iranian killers spared death penalty"
1124:
339:In the summer of 1996, there had been
1766:Human Rights & Democracy for Iran
1633:Human Rights & Democracy for Iran
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1007:Samii, A. William (5 February 2001).
365:. He was later a member of the first
7:
1306:Sahim, Muhammad (14 December 2009).
1274:Iranian killers spared death penalty
1193:"مقام معظم رهبری در نماز جمعه تهران"
977:
975:
723:National Resistance Movement of Iran
426:, Mostafa Kazemi and Khosro Basati.
650:
579:Iran After the Elections conference
343:en route to a poetry conference in
223:had led "rogue elements" in Iran's
211:After the murders were publicized,
189:
1768:. Abdorrahman Boroumand Foundation
1440:"Review of serial murders in Iran"
633:event of the 21 writers in the bus
14:
1442:. 19 January 2008. Archived from
1225:Sahebi, Sima (12 December 2002).
1015:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
856:– editor of the monthly magazine
826:Mykonos restaurant assassinations
810:were murdered on 13 July 1989 in
626:Assassins of the Turquoise Palace
618:Mykonos restaurant assassinations
560:Retaliation against investigation
450:Mykonos restaurant assassinations
877:
164:
148:
132:
116:
1872:Iran: Pioneers Of Human Rights?
587:Akbar Ganji § Imprisonment
460:'s son). Human rights activist
228:murdering two of the victims.
200:to light until late 1998 when
1:
1973:Persecution of intellectuals
1586:Amnesty International, 2001
1394:, Touchstone, (2000), p. 239
1034:Gholipoor, Ardeshir (2003).
753:supporter and member of the
659:Dast-Neveshtehaa Nemisoozand
553:Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
246:) had committed the crimes.
1963:Unidentified serial killers
1938:Human rights abuses in Iran
923:Islamic Principlism in Iran
680:Parvaneh Eskandari Forouhar
206:Parvaneh Eskandari Forouhar
1989:
1958:Political scandals in Iran
1227:"You will answer, one day"
727:Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
717:– Bakhtiar was the former
584:
516:Investigative journalists
375:Liberation of Khorramshahr
225:MOIS Intelligence Ministry
1762:"Aliakbar Sa'idi Sirjani"
1527:11 September 2012 at the
1407:, Norton, (2005), p. 1333
1293:BBC News, 29 January 2003
1134:Cite uses generic title (
982:Sciolino, Elaine (2000).
952:Imani, Amil (July 2004).
1968:Unsolved murders in Iran
1590:15 November 2007 at the
1522:A Man Called Saeed Emani
1276:BBC News 29 January 2003
1182:, 14 December 1998 p. A6
692:Mohammad Jafar Pouyandeh
573:At about the same time,
297:Mohammad Jafar Pouyandeh
257:History of chain murders
110:Victims of chain murders
1674:Ap (29 November 1988).
1367:26 October 2006 at the
838:Ali Akbar Saidi Sirjani
804:Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou
601:Iranian reform movement
420:Ministry of Information
190:قتلهای زنجیرهای ایران
75:Extra-judicial killings
1943:Iranian serial killers
1087:. 2000. Archived from
1057:Fathi, Nazila (2014).
903:Death of Farshid Hakki
755:National Front of Iran
719:Prime Minister of Iran
670:November–December 1998
651:دستنوشتهها نمیسوزند
642:Manuscripts Don't Burn
549:Mostafa Pour Mohammadi
513:
484:
475:
442:
412:
392:
359:provisional government
1928:1990s murders in Iran
1923:1980s murders in Iran
808:Abdullah Ghaderi Azar
747:Abdorrahman Boroumand
585:Further information:
508:
479:
470:
437:
408:
388:
182:chain murders of Iran
24:Chain murders of Iran
1918:2000 murders in Iran
1913:1990 murders in Iran
1908:1998 murders in Iran
1903:1988 murders in Iran
1813:"Dialogue of Murder"
1715:on 24 September 2015
1499:www.indymedia.org.uk
1121:on 24 November 2007.
1091:on 24 September 2015
864:Fereydoun Farrokhzad
381:Alleged perpetrators
291:On 2 December 1998,
273:Nation of Iran Party
156:Fereydoun Farrokhzad
1654:"IRAN WATCH CANADA"
1308:"The Chain Murders"
1199:on 26 February 2021
933:Ruhollah Hosseinian
1734:Sahimi, Muhammad.
1680:The New York Times
1564:www.worldpress.org
1472:. 14 December 1998
1446:on 19 January 2008
1390:Sciolino, Elaine,
1180:The New York Times
1013:GlobalSecurity.org
818:Sadegh Sharafkandi
806:and his assistant
751:Mohammad Mosaddegh
737:Hussein Barazandeh
721:and leader of the
514:
458:Ayatollah Khomeini
361:of Prime Minister
320:Firoozeh Kalantari
278:Parvaneh Eskandari
235:Iranian president
216:Ayatollah Khamenei
1040:Green Left weekly
960:on 19 August 2004
686:Mohammad Mokhtari
637:Mohammad Rasoulof
316:Manouchehr Saneie
293:Mohammad Mokhtari
140:Parvaneh Forouhar
105:
104:
1980:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1819:. Archived from
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1711:. Archived from
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1608:www.farsinet.com
1600:
1594:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1556:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1436:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1405:The Soul of Iran
1401:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1253:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1195:. Archived from
1189:
1183:
1176:
1165:
1158:
1147:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1117:. Archived from
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1046:on 22 June 2009.
1042:. Archived from
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1004:
998:
997:
979:
970:
969:
967:
965:
949:
887:
882:
881:
880:
854:Ebrahim Zalzadeh
711:Shapour Bakhtiar
676:Dariush Forouhar
652:
541:Mostafa Tajzadeh
495:Nasser Zarafshan
424:Mehrdad Alikhani
400:Mohammad Khatami
308:Ebrahim Zalzadeh
276:), and his wife
268:Dariush Forouhar
237:Mohammad Khatami
202:Dariush Forouhar
194:Islamic Republic
191:
172:Shapour Bakhtiar
168:
152:
136:
124:Dariush Forouhar
120:
57:
55:
49:
47:
21:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1893:
1892:
1863:
1842:
1840:Further reading
1837:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1817:www.payvand.com
1811:
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1601:
1597:
1592:Wayback Machine
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1542:Ebadi, Shirin,
1541:
1534:
1529:Wayback Machine
1520:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1424:
1416:Ebadi, Shirin,
1415:
1411:
1403:Molavi, Afshin
1402:
1398:
1392:Persian Mirrors
1389:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1369:Wayback Machine
1362:Iran Terror.com
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1343:. 12 March 2000
1335:
1334:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1263:on 10 May 2013.
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1160:Ebadi, Shirin,
1159:
1150:
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1123:
1115:Marze Por Gohar
1109:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1092:
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1082:
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1063:. Basic Books.
1056:
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946:
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883:
878:
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873:
844:Ahmad Tafazzoli
787:Ahmad Mir Alaei
781:Hamid Hajizadeh
715:Soroush Katibeh
707:
672:
667:
665:Notable victims
614:
597:
589:
562:
526:Saeed Hajjarian
518:Emadeddin Baghi
503:
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324:Ahmad Tafazzoli
312:Ghafar Hosseini
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251:Saeed Hajjarian
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1948:Murder in Iran
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1861:External links
1859:
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1823:on 4 June 2011
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908:Haghani Circle
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454:Ahmad Khomeini
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363:Mehdi Bazargan
326:. The body of
304:Ahmad Miralaee
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766:
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690:
687:
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678:and his wife
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664:
662:
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648:
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639:'s 2013 film
638:
634:
629:
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623:
622:Roya Hakakian
619:
611:
609:
607:
606:Iran–Iraq War
602:
594:
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588:
583:
580:
577:attended the
576:
571:
568:
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546:
545:
544:
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537:Ali Fallahian
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510:Ali Fallahian
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483:
478:
474:
469:
465:
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446:Saidi Sirjani
441:
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433:
429:According to
427:
425:
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411:
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371:Iran–Iraq War
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41:
37:
34:
31:
27:
22:
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1845:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:the original
1816:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1792:www.iran.org
1791:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1765:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1739:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1713:the original
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1679:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1632:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:
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1469:
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1444:the original
1417:
1412:
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1375:
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1340:
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1311:
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1230:
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1012:
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958:the original
947:
857:
741:Ali Shariati
698:Majid Sharif
658:
640:
630:
625:
624:in her book
615:
612:In the media
598:
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466:
462:Shirin Ebadi
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301:
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181:
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88:Perpetrators
18:
1889:(1988–1999)
1772:27 November
1746:27 November
1742:. FRONTLINE
1347:29 December
1318:29 December
1236:28 December
1231:The Iranian
1095:29 December
1019:29 December
964:29 December
885:Iran portal
824:during the
775:Mehdi Dibaj
595:Explanation
575:Akbar Ganji
567:Sobh Emrouz
530:Sobh Emrouz
522:Akbar Ganji
416:Saeed Emami
221:Saeed Emami
204:, his wife
71:Attack type
1897:Categories
1719:7 December
1476:21 January
1203:18 January
939:References
798:Kazem Sami
373:after the
1827:9 January
1688:0362-4331
1111:"unknown"
749:– former
705:1988–1998
655:translit.
432:Indymedia
233:reformist
1588:Archived
1525:Archived
1470:BBC News
1365:Archived
1341:BBC News
1127:cite web
871:See also
473:verdict.
262:Killings
29:Location
1740:pbs.org
913:Hovyiat
848:Iranist
822:Germany
794:reason.
791:Isfahan
769:leftist
647:Persian
345:Armenia
186:Persian
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1797:18 May
1693:18 May
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1638:18 May
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812:Vienna
759:France
731:France
657:
448:, the
367:Majles
322:, and
282:Tehran
244:Israel
98:Motive
92:SAVAMA
80:Deaths
62:Target
1314:. PBS
482:name.
50:-1998
1850:ISBN
1829:2023
1799:2019
1774:2016
1748:2016
1721:2007
1695:2019
1684:ISSN
1661:2019
1640:2019
1615:2019
1571:2019
1506:2019
1478:2020
1452:2019
1349:2014
1320:2014
1238:2014
1205:2016
1136:help
1097:2014
1065:ISBN
1021:2014
988:ISBN
966:2014
631:The
551:and
520:and
488:MOIS
477:and
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180:The
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
