3002:
3027:
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2788:, when British India was given independence, making Islam its raison d'ĂȘtre. It was the first country to adopt the adjective Islamic to modify its republican status under its otherwise secular constitution in 1956. Despite this definition, the country did not have a state religion until 1973, when a new constitution, more democratic and less secular, was adopted. Pakistan only uses the Islamic name on its passports, visas and coins. Although Islamic Republic is specifically mentioned in the constitution of 1973, all government documents are prepared under the name of the
2924:
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915:
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2655:(Khomeini mentioned none of these except for the legislature, which his government would not have because "no one has the right to legislate ... except ... the Divine Legislator"). Some, however, have argued that the legislature (and president, etc.) has been kept in a subordinate position in keeping with Khomeini's idea of government being a guardianship by jurists.
2644:; Khomeini called for Iranians to vote for the name Islamic Republic, "not a word more and not a word less". When an Iranian journalist asked Khomeini what exactly Islamic Republic meant, Khomeini stated that the term republic has the same sense as other uses and Islamic republic has considered both Islamic ideology and the choice of people.
2650:
Unlike
Khomeini's original vision, the Islamic Republic is a "republic" with elections (Khomeini had originally described his "Islamic government" as "not ... based on the approval of laws in accordance with the opinion of the majority"); it has many of the trappings of a modern stateâa president,
3293:
to be an
Islamic republic. Jammeh said that the move was designed to distance the West African state from its colonial past, that no dress code would be imposed and that citizens of other faiths would be allowed to practice freely. However, he later ordered all female government employees to wear
2796:, Part IX, Article 227 states: "All existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the Injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah, in this Part referred to as the Injunctions of Islam, and no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to such Injunctions".
2761:. Mauritania was declared an independent state as the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, on November 28, 1960. Its legal system is "a mix of French civil law and Sharia Law", and its Penal Code punishes crimes against religion and âgood moralsâ with "harsh sentences". "
3872:
2629:). All the Muslim world should be united in such a state. With it, the entire non-Muslim world will evidentially "capitulate" to its courage and vigor; without it, Islam would fall victim to heresy, "obsolescence and decay".
3294:
headscarves before rescinding the decision shortly after. The announcement of an
Islamic republic has been criticized as unconstitutional by at least one opposition group. After the removal of Jammeh in 2017, his successor
2707:
the exalted dignity and value of man, and his freedom coupled with responsibility before God; in which equity, justice, political, economic, social and cultural independence, and national solidarity are secured by recourse
2597:, written before Khomeini came to power, and known by Khomeini's followers but not by the general public. It argued that rather than elections and legislators, Islam required traditional Islamic law (
2586:. "Islamic" in the country's title was not a symbol of cultural identity, but indicated specific governmental system based on rule by Islamic jurists enforcing Islamic law. The system was based on
399:
138:
3804:
We have, by contrast, chosen to include the predominantly Arabic-speaking countries of western North Africa (the
Maghreb), including Mauritania (which is a member of the Arab Maghreb Union) .
4079:
3864:
4022:
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394:
133:
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2412: 'public affair') indicating that the "supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives", with no mention of obedience to Allah or sharia law.
506:
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took power. While some political groups had suggested various names for the ideology of the
Iranian revolution such as the Republic (without specifying Islam) or the
4125:
4325:
4162:
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518:
3266:
810:
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to effectively end the
Islamic republic and ultimately, re-establish the Islamic Emirate in August 2021. The Islamic Republic continued to be recognized by the
458:
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4109:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press.
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and that are (at least partly) ruled by
Islamic laws, but carry only "republic" in their official names, not "Islamic republic" â examples include
4235:
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1892:
805:
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2735:
negation of all forms of oppression, both the infliction of and the submission to it, and of dominance, both its imposition and its acceptance.
1036:
4014:
2352:
has been used in different ways. Some Muslim religious leaders have used it as the name for a form of
Islamic theocratic government enforcing
5015:
2928:
2458:
2431:. Pakistan first adopted the title under the constitution of 1956. Mauritania adopted it on 28 November 1958. Iran adopted it after the 1979
2043:
1983:
4534:
2116:
2033:
4689:
4318:
4277:
2328:
2186:
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2013:
650:
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History of
Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the Contemporary Period: From the Mid-Nineteenth to the End of the Twentieth Century
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states. Pakistan adopted the name in 1956 before Islam was yet to be declared the state religion, this happened at the adoption of
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3243:. The Islamic prefix to Republic was considered symbolic as it was a name supported by pro-Mujahideen delegates during the
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The day after the vote was complete, it was announced that 98.2% of the
Iranian voters had voted to approve the new name.
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2068:
1458:
660:
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The Magrebian countries or the Arab countries of western North Africa (Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia) .
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4695:
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2469:. Also, unlike the other countries, Iran uses the IRI acronym (Islamic Republic of Iran) as part of official acronyms.
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sciences and arts and the most advanced results of human experience, together with the effort to advance them further;
2018:
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227:
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for public approval to change Iran from a monarchy to an Islamic republic in March 1979, two months after the
2574:
The creation of the Islamic Republic of Iran was a dramatic, historical event, following the overthrow of the
2447:
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2151:
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were common throughout Islamic history and "republic" has a Western origin â coming from the Roman (from
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3742:"Unofficial English translation of the constitution of Iran hosted at University of Bern, Switzerland"
2679:"), His exclusive sovereignty and right to legislate, and the necessity of submission to His commands;
5259:
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328:
181:
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3250:
From 1996 to the re-establishment of the Islamic republic in 2001, Afghanistan was ruled by the
4194:
3372:"Republic | Definition of Republic by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Republic"
2453:
Iran officially uses the full title in all governance names referring to the country (e.g. the
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declared the destruction of the rebel forces and the return of the area to the control of the
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2583:
2439:. Despite having similar names, the countries differ greatly in their governments and laws.
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1978:
1958:
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83:
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2704:, and its fundamental role in ensuring the uninterrupted process of the revolution of Islam;
2569:
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1948:
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as the legitimate government of Afghanistan both from 1996 to 2001 and from 2021 onwards.
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2003:
1988:
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3227:. It consisted of three branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The
3109:
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2466:
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1968:
1934:
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384:
359:
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3586:"The first election held after the revolution / day when the government took the poor"
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2691:, and the constructive role of this belief in the course of man's ascent towards God;
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908:
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Map showing Islamic republic countries that use the title in their official names
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612:
536:
17:
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The Constitution of Iran : politics and the state in the Islamic Republic
3290:
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1718:
1683:
1608:
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1528:
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1300:
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822:
602:
374:
121:
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3155:
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1738:
1418:
1114:
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389:
186:
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3332:
3255:
2858:
2777:
2605:
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Currently, (as of 2024), the name is used in the official title of three
2391:
2372:
1583:
1340:
1104:
1041:
369:
245:
111:
53:
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4303:
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3251:
3183:
3112:
3097:
3093:
2883:
2781:
2754:
2718:
2603:), and proper enforcement of sharia required a leading Islamic jurist (
2399:
2395:
1016:
354:
116:
3786:
The Islamic Republic of Mauritania, situated in western North Africa .
5009:
4127:
Islam and Revolution : Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini
3895:"ĐĐŸĐœŃŃĐžŃŃŃĐžŃ Đ§Đ”ŃĐ”ĐœŃĐșĐŸĐč Đ Đ”ŃĐżŃблОĐșĐž » Zhaina â ĐĐ°Ń
ŃĐșĐ°Ń Đ±ĐžĐ±Đ»ĐžĐŸŃĐ”ĐșĐ°"
2762:
2726:
2721:, possessing necessary qualifications, exercised on the basis of the
2676:
2599:
2356:, or laws compatible with sharia. The term has also been used for a
2353:
1260:
275:
173:
3505:"What Happens When Islamists Take Power? The Case of Iran - Clerics"
2841:
Unitary presidential Islamic Republic under a military dictatorship
4015:"Female government workers in the Gambia told to wear headscarves"
2722:
2461:); as opposed to its equivalents in Pakistan which are called the
2387:
294:
282:
234:
68:
4213:
5374:
2663:
2507:
2420:
2383:
5497:
5406:
5276:
5127:
4951:
4622:
4345:
4307:
4217:
3166:
in 1934, followed by the executions of the Turkic Muslim Emirs
3084:
used an Islamic republic government system from 1996 to 2000.
3924:
Chahryar Adle; Madhavan K. Palat; Anara Tabyshalieva (2005).
3989:"Gambia declared Islamic republic by President Yahya Jammeh"
3142:
defeated their armies and destroyed the republic during the
3123:
was declared in 1933 as an independent Islamic republic by
3818:
Managing Across Cultures: Concepts, Policies and Practices
4130:. Translated by Algar, Hamid. Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press.
3772:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
3298:
said the Gambia would no longer be an Islamic republic.
3216:
The constitution formed in 2004 was very similar to the
3800:
A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East
3186:
and lectured the Turkic Muslims on being loyal to the
2360:
taking a compromise position between a purely Islamic
1940:
2609:) (such as Khomeini himself, who served as the first
2394:. Other supporters of strict sharia law (such as the
2378:
There are also a number of states where Islam is the
4076:"The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms"
4892:
Relations between the Catholic Church and the state
4107:
Global communication without universal civilization
2685:
and its fundamental role in setting forth the laws;
3433:From Islamic Republic to Islamic State in Pakistan
4199:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
2769:(including in print) are "punishable by death".
4206:as an unofficial English translation hosted at
4124:Khomeini, Ruhollah (1981). Algar, Hamid (ed.).
4046:"Gambia's president declares Islamic statehood"
2668:
3269:. In 2021, the Taliban initiated a month-long
2593:, a work of the revolution's leader Ayatollah
4319:
4229:
3469:Iranian Government Constitution, English Text
2329:
937:
8:
2666:is a system based on the following beliefs:
507:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
3647:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
3580:
3578:
3209:. The 1990 constitution was imposed by the
3098:Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros
3019:Islamic republic (Transitional government)
2994:Islamic republic (Transitional government)
5494:
5403:
5273:
5124:
4948:
4619:
4342:
4326:
4312:
4304:
4236:
4222:
4214:
3121:Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
2803:
2484:
2398:), prefer the title "Islamic emirate", as
2336:
2322:
955:
944:
930:
38:
3959:"Opinion: Clear Sailing for Afghanistan?"
3774:. Facts On File, Inc. 2009. p. 448.
3007:Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
2904:Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
801:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
2941:Unitary dominant-party Islamic republic
2476:
3363:
2879:Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros
2617:) to provide political "guardianship" (
1893:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
966:
41:
3845:from the original on 22 September 2017
3069:Unitary presidential Islamic republic
3044:Unitary presidential Islamic republic
4082:from the original on 19 February 2020
3285:In December 2015, the then-president
2459:Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
2044:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1984:Spanish American wars of independence
7:
4535:Religious views on same-sex marriage
4165:from the original on 19 January 2023
4151:. New York, NY: Thomas Dunne Books.
4025:from the original on 8 November 2020
3995:from the original on 8 November 2020
3661:from the original on 19 January 2023
3412:from the original on 31 October 2022
3245:assembly of forming the constitution
4278:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists
3752:from the original on 21 August 2018
3644:A Critical Introduction to Khomeini
2536:Unitary semi-presidential republic
1813:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
3969:from the original on 9 August 2020
3687:from the original on 31 March 2019
3616:Islamic Revolution Document Center
3588:. Fars News Agency. 1 April 2014.
3318:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist
2780:was created as a homeland for the
2689:the return to God in the Hereafter
2442:Iran and Mauritania are religious
519:Principles of State and Government
495:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
25:
5600:Political terminology in Pakistan
4056:from the original on 12 July 2016
3683:. The free dictionary by Farlex.
3435:. University of California Press.
3258:, who governed Afghanistan as an
3220:, created when Afghanistan was a
2702:leadership and perpetual guidance
2473:List of current Islamic republics
2467:Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation
444:List of Islamic political parties
32:Islamic republic (disambiguation)
4400:Constitutional references to God
4363:Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry
4044:Rifai, Ryan (12 December 2015).
3875:from the original on 1 July 2022
3865:"ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF MAURITANIA"
3592:from the original on 6 July 2017
3308:Application of sharia by country
3218:1964 Constitution of Afghanistan
3050:
3025:
3000:
2975:
2947:
2922:
2897:
2872:
2847:
2822:
2677:There is no other god except God
2542:
2521:
2500:
2305:
1833:Discourses Concerning Government
913:
902:
4515:Religious rejection of politics
4208:University of Bern, Switzerland
4148:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
4078:. Al Jazeera. 27 January 2017.
3641:Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin (2014).
3533:
3487:
3032:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
2557:Federal parliamentary republic
2099:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
5458:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
4578:Separation of church and state
3267:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
3235:body having two chambers, the
3211:Mohammad Najibullah government
3154:. The Chinese Muslim Generals
3057:Islamic Republic of The Gambia
2829:Islamic Republic of Bangladesh
2751:Islamic Republic of Mauritania
2719:leadership of the holy persons
2625:) over the people and nation (
2529:Islamic Republic of Mauritania
2034:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
2014:German Revolution of 1918â1919
1:
3459:. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
3376:Lexico Dictionaries | English
3201:was an Islamic republic from
3174:. The Chinese Muslim General
2982:Afghan Interim Administration
2909:First East Turkestan Republic
2891:Federal and Islamic republic
2455:Islamic Republic of Iran Army
661:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
27:Republic based on Islamic law
4710:German Christians (movement)
4696:Evangelical environmentalism
4182:. New York, NY: I.B. Tauris.
3705:
3565:
3549:
3490:Iran between two revolutions
3254:, a militant group based in
3082:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
3076:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
2954:Islamic State of Afghanistan
2854:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
2729:, upon all of whom be peace;
2697:in creation and legislation;
2550:Islamic Republic of Pakistan
2515:Unitary theocratic republic
2284:Republic without republicans
2029:11 September 1922 Revolution
2024:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
5548:Religious aspects of Nazism
4801:Christian reconstructionism
3681:"Iran Islamic Republic Day"
3140:National Revolutionary Army
3092:Between 1978 and 2001, the
2588:The Jurist's Guardianship:
2419:â the Islamic Republics of
2019:Turkish War of Independence
1941:
455:Militant Islamism based in
5621:
5214:Jewish political movements
4690:Christian environmentalism
4502:Religion and peacebuilding
3402:"Theocracy Countries 2022"
3343:Political aspects of Islam
3213:and eliminated communism.
2675:(as stated in the phrase "
2632:The new government held a
2567:
2074:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
1823:The Commonwealth of Oceana
771:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
439:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
29:
5504:
5493:
5413:
5402:
5285:
5272:
5136:
5123:
4960:
4947:
4631:
4625:Christianity and politics
4618:
4352:
4341:
4251:
4178:Schirazi, Asghar (1997).
3991:. BBC. 12 December 2015.
3816:Branine, Mohamed (2011).
3509:gemsofislamism.tripod.com
2247:The Emperor's New Clothes
1999:5 October 1910 revolution
1994:French Revolution of 1848
1017:Liberty as non-domination
885:Islam and other religions
395:International propagation
134:International propagation
5514:Disestablishmentarianism
4777:Christian libertarianism
4685:Christian egalitarianism
4646:Christian anti-communism
3431:Lawrence Ziring (1984).
3338:Islamic religious police
3265:officially known as the
2794:Constitution of Pakistan
2664:Islamic Republic of Iran
2508:Islamic Republic of Iran
2089:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
2049:1952 Egyptian revolution
1027:Political representation
547:Governance of the Jurist
5509:American civil religion
5418:Buddhist anti-communism
4731:Protestant Reich Church
4261:Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)
3930:. UNESCO. p. 395.
3835:"History of Mauritania"
3457:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3446:"Iran Islamic Republic"
3406:World Population Review
3231:was the legislature, a
3125:Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki
2968:provisional government
2929:Republic of Afghanistan
2069:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
1853:Discourse on Inequality
1002:Consent of the governed
651:JamÄl al-DÄ«n al-AfghÄnÄ«
5605:Islamic states by type
5360:Hindu environmentalism
5186:Revisionist Maximalism
4665:Christian anti-Zionism
4651:Christian anti-Masonry
4471:Religious anti-Zionism
4466:Religious anti-Masonry
3798:Seddon, David (2004).
3612:"Islamic Republic Day"
3188:Nationalist Government
2790:Government of Pakistan
2742:
2615:Supreme Leader of Iran
2491:Date of name adoption
2482:
716:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
152:Islamic fundamentalism
5553:Creativity (religion)
5408:Buddhism and politics
5279:Hinduism and politics
4970:Human Rights in Islam
4887:Political Catholicism
4793:Christian peacemaking
4782:Christian nationalism
4724:Positive Christianity
4675:Christian corporatism
4520:Religious segregation
4491:Religious nationalism
4210:(with good summaries)
3451:16 March 2006 at the
2480:
2463:Pakistan Armed Forces
2448:the 1973 constitution
2237:Criticism of monarchy
2059:North Yemen civil war
1873:The Federalist Papers
1168:Federal parliamentary
789:Criticism of Islamism
783:Criticism of Islamism
701:Necip Fazıl KısakĂŒrek
628:Hibatullah Akhundzada
5543:Neopaganist feminism
5438:Buddhist nationalism
5260:World Agudath Israel
5130:Judaism and politics
4990:Islamic anti-Zionism
4985:Islamic anti-Masonry
4717:National Catholicism
4525:Religious separatism
4451:Organized secularism
4410:Engaged Spirituality
4335:Religion in politics
4204:Constitution of Iran
4145:Moin, Baqer (1999).
4105:Ankerl, Guy (2000).
3731:(1997), p. 295.
3728:Constitution of Iran
3172:Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra
3129:Muhammad Amin Bughra
2753:is a country in the
2222:Classical radicalism
1964:Republic of Florence
1903:Democracy in America
1062:Separation of powers
1037:Public participation
588:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄan
545:Islamic Government:
30:For other uses, see
5476:Humanistic Buddhism
5151:Jewish anti-Zionism
4965:Hui pan-nationalism
4860:Liberation theology
4816:Christian socialism
4680:Christian democracy
4670:Christian communism
4641:Christian anarchism
4530:Religious socialism
4476:Religious communism
4461:Religious anarchism
4436:Freedom of religion
3746:www.servat.unibe.ch
3348:Islam and democracy
3237:House of the People
2642:Democratic Republic
2435:that overthrew the
2312:Politics portal
2117:Antigua and Barbuda
2064:Zanzibar Revolution
1974:American Revolution
1863:The Social Contract
1032:Popular sovereignty
920:Politics portal
873:Islam and modernity
549:("Velayat-e faqih")
531:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
5595:1956 introductions
5538:Khalistan movement
5466:Buddhist socialism
5433:Buddhist modernism
5390:Uniform civil code
5092:Political quietism
4954:Islam and politics
4932:Neo-ultramontanism
4906:Sphere sovereignty
4806:Christian republic
4787:Christian pacifism
4753:Christian humanism
4739:Christian feminism
4545:Secular liberalism
4496:Religious pacifism
4481:Religious humanism
4456:Political religion
4195:Islam and Politics
4021:. 5 January 2016.
3965:. 5 January 2004.
3708:Islamic Government
3568:Islamic Government
3552:Islamic Government
3474:2013-08-19 at the
3313:Christian republic
3144:Battles of Kashgar
2757:region of western
2695:the justice of God
2638:Islamic Revolution
2590:Islamic Government
2580:Islamic revolution
2483:
2433:Iranian Revolution
2278:Primus inter pares
2094:Nepalese Civil War
2084:Iranian Revolution
2054:14 July Revolution
2009:Russian Revolution
2004:Chinese Revolution
1954:Republic of Venice
1803:Discourses on Livy
818:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
794:Criticism of Islam
656:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
474:Sub-Saharan Africa
434:Muslim Brotherhood
419:Iranian Revolution
329:Islamic Golden Age
182:Islamic governance
5590:Islamic republics
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5527:
5489:
5488:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5423:Buddhist feminism
5398:
5397:
5370:Indigenous Aryans
5365:Integral humanism
5344:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5315:Hindu nationalism
5268:
5267:
5237:
5224:Jewish secularism
5188:
5181:
5165:Jewish Autonomism
5159:
5119:
5118:
5111:Two-nation theory
5105:
5071:
5048:Islamic socialism
5032:
5025:
5018:
4995:Islamic democracy
4980:Islamic anarchism
4943:
4942:
4934:
4900:
4865:Maronite politics
4845:Dominion Theology
4835:Christian Zionism
4824:
4795:
4771:
4747:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4704:Christian fascism
4698:
4659:
4614:
4613:
4580:
4573:
4504:
4446:Identity politics
4430:
4428:Womanist theology
4423:
4415:Feminist theology
4389:
4365:
4301:
4300:
4050:www.aljazeera.com
3229:National Assembly
3178:then entered the
3164:Republic of China
3073:
3072:
2916:Islamic republic
2866:Islamic republic
2683:divine revelation
2658:According to the
2595:Ruhollah Khomeini
2584:Ruhollah Khomeini
2582:led by Ayatollah
2561:
2560:
2533:28 November 1958
2346:
2345:
2289:Republican empire
2262:List of republics
2111:National variants
2039:Spanish Civil War
1979:French Revolution
1959:Republic of Genoa
1843:The Spirit of Law
1776:Theoretical works
1120:Neo-republicanism
954:
953:
828:Abdelwahab Meddeb
756:Haji Shariatullah
721:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
706:Abul A'la Maududi
696:Ruhollah Khomeini
676:Rached Ghannouchi
608:Alija IzetbegoviÄ
593:Ruhollah Khomeini
500:RashÄ«d RÄ«Äha 1922
400:by country/region
289:Two-nation theory
241:Islamic terrorism
202:Islamic socialism
192:Islamic democracy
168:Apostasy in Islam
139:by country/region
16:(Redirected from
5612:
5560:Personality cult
5523:
5495:
5481:Secular Buddhism
5471:Engaged Buddhism
5456:
5449:
5442:
5404:
5355:Hindu revivalism
5350:Hindu revolution
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5274:
5233:
5229:Jewish socialism
5184:
5177:
5170:Jewish democracy
5155:
5146:Jewish anarchism
5125:
5101:
5067:
5043:Islamic republic
5038:Islamic pacifism
5028:
5021:
5014:
5005:Islamic feminism
4949:
4930:
4896:
4820:
4791:
4769:Evangelical left
4767:
4743:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4694:
4655:
4636:Blaine Amendment
4620:
4576:
4571:Secular religion
4569:
4540:Secular humanism
4510:Religious police
4500:
4426:
4419:
4387:Clerical fascism
4385:
4361:
4357:Anti-clericalism
4347:General concepts
4343:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4305:
4288:Islamic monarchy
4283:Islamic republic
4238:
4231:
4224:
4215:
4183:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4141:
4120:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3905:on 10 March 2016
3901:. Archived from
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3738:
3732:
3719:
3713:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3618:. Archived from
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3582:
3573:
3563:
3557:
3547:
3541:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3511:. Archived from
3501:
3495:
3485:
3479:
3478:| iranonline.com
3466:
3460:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3378:. Archived from
3368:
3225:Islamic monarchy
3055:
3054:
3030:
3029:
3005:
3004:
2980:
2979:
2966:Unitary Islamic
2952:
2951:
2927:
2926:
2902:
2901:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2852:
2851:
2827:
2826:
2816:Government type
2804:
2627:wilayat al-faqih
2570:Politics of Iran
2548:
2546:
2545:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2494:Government type
2485:
2350:Islamic republic
2338:
2331:
2324:
2310:
2309:
2294:Republican Party
2272:Peasant republic
2232:Communitarianism
1949:Classical Athens
1944:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1022:Mixed government
956:
946:
939:
932:
918:
917:
909:Islam portal
907:
906:
905:
811:in North America
761:Hassan Al-Turabi
711:Abul Hasan Nadwi
319:Anti-imperialism
217:Islamic republic
212:Islamic monarchy
197:Islamic feminism
56:
50:
49:
39:
21:
18:Islamic Republic
5620:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5569:
5500:
5485:
5409:
5394:
5310:Hindu modernism
5281:
5264:
5209:Jewish pacifism
5194:Jewish feminism
5174:Jewish fascism
5132:
5115:
5058:Islamic Zionism
5000:Islamic fascism
4956:
4939:
4830:Christian state
4811:Christian right
4745:Mormon feminism
4627:
4610:
4395:Confessionalism
4348:
4337:
4332:
4302:
4297:
4293:Islamic emirate
4247:
4242:
4191:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4166:
4159:
4144:
4138:
4123:
4117:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3970:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3908:
3906:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3820:. p. 437.
3815:
3814:
3810:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3720:
3716:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3655:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3622:on 14 June 2016
3610:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3564:
3560:
3548:
3544:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3486:
3482:
3476:Wayback Machine
3467:
3463:
3453:Wayback Machine
3444:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3304:
3283:
3241:House of Elders
3196:
3168:Abdullah Bughra
3131:. However, the
3106:
3090:
3078:
3049:
3024:
2999:
2974:
2946:
2921:
2896:
2873:
2871:
2846:
2821:
2802:
2775:
2747:
2578:in 1979 by the
2576:Pahlavi dynasty
2572:
2566:
2543:
2541:
2522:
2520:
2501:
2499:
2475:
2437:Pahlavi dynasty
2358:sovereign state
2342:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2112:
2104:
2103:
1989:Trienio Liberal
1930:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1796:
1786:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1504:Flynn (Stephen)
1389:
1381:
1380:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1072:Social equality
1067:Social contract
1057:Self-governance
1012:Democratization
987:Anti-corruption
982:Anti-monarchism
977:
961:Politics series
950:
912:
903:
901:
895:
894:
868:
858:
857:
784:
776:
775:
671:Hassan al-Banna
641:
633:
632:
583:Muammar Gaddafi
568:
560:
559:
546:
489:
481:
480:
424:Jamaat-e-Islami
347:
339:
338:
334:Islamic revival
309:
301:
300:
258:Political Islam
163:
155:
154:
148:
129:Salafi movement
107:
99:
98:
64:
52:
51:
43:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5618:
5616:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5582:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5516:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5380:Saffronisation
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5295:Hindu feminism
5292:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5182:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5148:
5143:
5141:Halachic state
5137:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5103:Talibanization
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4926:Ultramontanism
4923:
4918:
4916:Temporal power
4913:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4763:Christian left
4760:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4596:State religion
4593:
4588:
4586:Spiritual left
4583:
4582:
4581:
4574:
4565:Secularization
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4424:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4378:
4376:Civil religion
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4245:Islamic states
4243:
4241:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4190:
4189:External links
4187:
4185:
4184:
4175:
4157:
4142:
4136:
4121:
4115:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4067:
4036:
4006:
3980:
3950:
3936:
3916:
3886:
3856:
3826:
3808:
3790:
3781:978-1438126760
3780:
3763:
3733:
3714:
3698:
3672:
3653:
3633:
3603:
3574:
3558:
3542:
3526:
3515:on 8 July 2012
3496:
3480:
3461:
3438:
3423:
3393:
3382:on 6 June 2020
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:Halachic state
3320:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3282:
3279:
3275:United Nations
3222:constitutional
3195:
3192:
3133:Chinese Muslim
3105:
3104:East Turkestan
3102:
3089:
3086:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3046:
3045:
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3009:
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2943:
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2868:
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2864:
2861:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2774:
2771:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2613:"guardian" or
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:23 March 1956
2552:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2474:
2471:
2380:state religion
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2242:Egalitarianism
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:Related topics
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2187:United Kingdom
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Dutch Republic
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1937:
1935:Roman Republic
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1859:
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1471:
1466:
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1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1386:
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1379:
1378:
1376:Wollstonecraft
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
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1328:
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1019:
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989:
984:
978:
975:
974:
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970:
964:
963:
952:
951:
949:
948:
941:
934:
926:
923:
922:
897:
896:
893:
892:
887:
882:
881:
880:
869:
866:Related topics
864:
863:
860:
859:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:Maryam Namazie
830:
825:
820:
815:
814:
813:
808:
798:
797:
796:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
736:Ata Abu Rashta
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
686:Muhammad Iqbal
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
646:Muhammad Abduh
642:
640:Key ideologues
639:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
625:
623:House of Thani
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
578:Omar al-Bashir
575:
569:
567:Heads of state
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
540:
533:("Milestones")
527:
515:
503:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
477:
476:
471:
469:Southeast Asia
466:
461:
447:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
414:Hizb ut-Tahrir
405:
404:
403:
402:
397:
387:
385:Sahwa movement
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
360:Dawat-e-Islami
357:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:Anti-communism
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
291:
286:
279:
272:
267:
266:
265:
255:
250:
249:
248:
243:
231:
221:
220:
219:
214:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
178:
177:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
150:
149:
143:
142:
141:
136:
126:
125:
124:
114:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5617:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5519:Imperial cult
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5496:
5492:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5448:
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5441:
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5412:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5335:Panun Kashmir
5332:
5329:
5328:Hindu Rashtra
5325:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:Akhand Bharat
5288:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5112:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5053:Islamic state
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5031:
5030:In South Asia
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4921:Theodemocracy
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:Pillarisation
4880:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4870:Phoenicianism
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:Christian law
4756:
4754:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:State atheism
4589:
4587:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:Secular state
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:Religious law
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
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4444:
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4437:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:Caesaropapism
4369:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4176:
4164:
4160:
4158:9781466893061
4154:
4150:
4149:
4143:
4139:
4137:9781483547541
4133:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4118:
4116:2-88155-004-5
4112:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4081:
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4071:
4068:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3939:
3937:92-3-103985-7
3933:
3929:
3928:
3920:
3917:
3904:
3900:
3896:
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3715:
3711:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3660:
3656:
3654:9781107012677
3650:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3634:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Islamic state
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3180:Id Kah Mosque
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3136:36th Division
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3085:
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3075:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
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2907:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2890:
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2880:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
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2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:British India
2783:
2779:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2734:
2731:
2728:
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2720:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
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2687:
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2678:
2674:
2670:
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2639:
2635:
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2607:
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2601:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:1 April 1979
2511:
2509:
2498:
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2490:
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2397:
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2327:
2325:
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2316:
2313:
2308:
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2295:
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2268:
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2258:
2255:
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2250:
2248:
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2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2204:United States
2202:
2198:
2195:
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2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
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2138:
2135:
2133:
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2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Metapolitefsi
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1913:On Revolution
1910:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1883:Rights of Man
1880:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1854:
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1845:
1844:
1840:
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1825:
1824:
1820:
1815:
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1810:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:De re publica
1790:
1785:
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1779:
1773:
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1765:
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1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Jones (Lynne)
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
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1427:
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1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Adams (Gerry)
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
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1312:
1309:
1307:
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1302:
1299:
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1279:
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1249:
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1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Revolutionary
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:Parliamentary
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
992:Civil society
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
973:
972:
969:
968:Republicanism
965:
962:
958:
957:
947:
942:
940:
935:
933:
928:
927:
925:
924:
921:
916:
911:
910:
899:
898:
891:
888:
886:
883:
879:
876:
875:
874:
871:
870:
867:
862:
861:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:Maajid Nawaaz
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
795:
792:
791:
790:
787:
786:
780:
779:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
746:Navvab Safavi
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:Tariq Ramadan
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
681:Safwat Hegazi
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
666:Muhammad Asad
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
637:
636:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:House of Saud
616:
614:
613:Mohammed Omar
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Mohamed Morsi
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
564:
563:
555:
554:Khomeini 1970
551:
550:
548:
541:
538:
534:
532:
528:
525:
521:
520:
516:
513:
509:
508:
504:
501:
497:
496:
492:
491:
485:
484:
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472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
454:
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452:
451:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
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422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
410:
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401:
398:
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391:
388:
386:
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381:
378:
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371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
351:
343:
342:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
305:
304:
297:
296:
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:
280:
278:
277:
273:
271:
270:Post-Islamism
268:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
254:
251:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
237:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:Islamic state
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
176:
175:
171:
170:
169:
166:
165:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:Shia Islamism
144:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
103:
102:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
60:
59:
55:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5565:State Shinto
5525:Ancient Rome
5444:969 Movement
5428:Buddhist law
5219:Jewish right
5077:Islamization
5042:
4911:Subsidiarity
4898:In Argentina
4850:Febronianism
4282:
4179:
4167:. Retrieved
4147:
4126:
4106:
4098:Bibliography
4084:. Retrieved
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4049:
4039:
4027:. Retrieved
4019:The Guardian
4018:
4009:
3997:. Retrieved
3983:
3971:. Retrieved
3962:
3953:
3941:. Retrieved
3926:
3919:
3907:. Retrieved
3903:the original
3898:
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3868:
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3838:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3785:
3771:
3766:
3754:. Retrieved
3745:
3736:
3725:
3717:
3707:
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3643:
3636:
3624:. Retrieved
3620:the original
3615:
3606:
3594:. Retrieved
3567:
3561:
3551:
3545:
3535:
3529:
3517:. Retrieved
3513:the original
3508:
3499:
3489:
3488:Abrahamian,
3483:
3464:
3456:
3441:
3432:
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3405:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3380:the original
3375:
3366:
3296:Adama Barrow
3287:Yahya Jammeh
3284:
3249:
3215:
3207:2001 to 2021
3203:1990 to 1996
3197:
3176:Ma Zhongying
3148:Yangi Hissar
3119:-controlled
3107:
3091:
3079:
2967:
2776:
2759:North Africa
2748:
2660:constitution
2657:
2651:cabinet and
2649:
2646:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2587:
2573:
2452:
2441:
2414:
2407:
2377:
2349:
2347:
2276:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1781:
1594:Jones (Elin)
1499:Flynn (Paul)
1459:Clarke (Tom)
1454:Clark (Katy)
1399:Adams (John)
1220:Philosophers
1177:
997:Civic virtue
959:Part of the
900:
890:Islamophobia
766:Ahmed Yassin
751:Ali Shariati
691:Ali Khamenei
573:Ali Khamenei
544:
542:
530:
517:
505:
493:
449:
448:
407:
406:
365:Ahl-i Hadith
349:
324:Anti-Zionism
293:
281:
274:
253:Pan-Islamism
233:
228:of knowledge
224:Islamization
216:
172:
63:Fundamentals
36:
5533:GottglÀubig
5451:Nichirenism
5204:Jewish left
5087:Petro-Islam
5023:In Pakistan
4877:Papal state
4855:Gallicanism
4840:Cisalpinism
4405:Divine rule
4381:Clericalism
4086:28 December
4029:28 December
3999:28 December
3665:12 November
3205:, and from
3199:Afghanistan
3194:Afghanistan
3160:Ma Zhancang
3037:Afghanistan
3012:Afghanistan
2987:Afghanistan
2959:Afghanistan
2934:Afghanistan
2717:continuous
2700:continuous
2653:legislature
2409:res publica
2370:nationalist
2227:Common good
2167:New Zealand
2162:Netherlands
1907:(1835â1840)
1877:(1787â1788)
1787:(c. 375 BC)
1709:Robespierre
1484:Etherington
1419:Benn (Tony)
1388:Politicians
1366:Tocqueville
1326:Montesquieu
1306:Machiavelli
1052:Rule of law
1047:Res publica
853:Bassam Tibi
848:Olivier Roy
741:Rashid Rida
726:Sayyid Qutb
512:Iqbal 1930s
459:MENA region
429:MillĂź GörĂŒĆ
5584:Categories
5375:Rama Rajya
5342:Bangabhumi
5243:Poale Zion
5199:Jewish law
5016:by country
5010:Sharia law
4560:Secularity
4555:Secularism
4060:7 February
3943:28 October
3899:Zhaina.com
3839:Britannica
3756:7 February
3706:Khomeini,
3566:Khomeini,
3550:Khomeini,
3519:7 February
3416:5 November
3386:14 January
3354:References
3291:The Gambia
3281:The Gambia
3271:insurgency
3066:2015â2017
3062:The Gambia
3041:2004â2021
3016:2002â2004
2991:2001â2004
2963:1992â1996
2938:1987â1992
2913:1933â1934
2888:1978â2001
2863:1996â2000
2834:Bangladesh
2807:Full Name
2745:Mauritania
2634:referendum
2568:See also:
2444:theocratic
2429:Mauritania
2348:The term
2267:Monarchism
2257:Liberalism
2252:Jacobinism
1942:Gaáčasaáč
gha
1797:(54â51 BC)
1281:Harrington
1158:Democratic
1148:Capitalist
1143:Autonomous
1125:Venizelism
1110:Khomeinism
843:Sam Harris
823:Farag Foda
603:Zia ul-Haq
464:South Asia
375:Madkhalism
350:Scholastic
308:Influences
122:Khomeinism
106:Ideologies
94:Secularism
5305:Hindu law
5253:Religious
5069:Criticism
4657:Papal ban
4601:Theocracy
4256:Caliphate
4197:from the
3556:: p.121-2
3494:: p.478-9
3359:Citations
3289:declared
3263:theocracy
3233:bicameral
3156:Ma Fuyuan
2362:caliphate
2122:Australia
1754:Venizelos
1744:Spadolini
1734:Slaughter
1679:McDonnell
1644:Mackenzie
1589:Jefferson
1544:Griffiths
1524:de Gaulle
1519:Garibaldi
1479:Drakeford
1371:Warburton
1291:Jefferson
1286:Honderich
1266:Condorcet
1153:Christian
1115:Nasserism
1090:Classical
1007:Democracy
878:Modernism
806:in Europe
537:Qutb 1965
524:Asad 1961
488:Key texts
408:Political
390:Wahhabism
346:Movements
187:Caliphate
84:Economics
5321:Hindutva
5300:Gandhism
5179:Kahanism
5082:Khilafat
5063:Islamism
4606:Theonomy
4441:Humanism
4421:Thealogy
4163:Archived
4080:Archived
4054:Archived
4023:Archived
3993:Archived
3967:Archived
3873:Archived
3843:Archived
3750:Archived
3722:Schirazi
3685:Archived
3659:Archived
3590:Archived
3572:: p.52-3
3536:Khomeini
3472:Archived
3449:Archived
3410:Archived
3333:Islamism
3302:See also
3256:Kandahar
3239:and the
3096:was the
2859:Chechnya
2810:Country
2778:Pakistan
2773:Pakistan
2767:apostasy
2725:and the
2465:and the
2425:Pakistan
2400:emirates
2392:Maldives
2373:republic
2192:Scotland
2132:Barbados
1783:Republic
1699:Prescott
1669:Naysmith
1659:McKechin
1619:La Malfa
1614:Khomeini
1574:Iorwerth
1539:Griffith
1514:Gambetta
1509:Galloway
1494:Ferguson
1474:Davidson
1469:Cromwell
1464:Connolly
1444:Campbell
1361:Sunstein
1346:Rousseau
1341:Polybius
1276:Franklin
1256:Chappell
1251:Cattaneo
1188:People's
1173:Imperial
1105:Kemalism
1042:Republic
976:Concepts
450:Militant
370:Deobandi
246:Jihadism
162:Concepts
112:Islamism
89:Politics
54:Islamism
46:a series
44:Part of
5385:Shuddhi
5248:Zionism
5235:Bundism
5157:Haredim
5097:Taliban
4975:Imamate
4822:In Utah
4271:Sevener
4266:Twelver
4169:24 July
3909:1 March
3879:23 July
3849:23 July
3691:17 June
3626:1 March
3596:1 March
3540:: p.218
3260:Islamic
3252:Taliban
3184:Kashgar
3152:Yarkand
3138:of the
3117:Kirghiz
3094:Comoros
3088:Comoros
2884:Comoros
2782:Muslims
2755:Maghreb
2673:One God
2623:velayat
2619:wilayat
2457:or the
2396:Taliban
2366:secular
2157:Morocco
2147:Jamaica
2142:Ireland
2127:Bahamas
1929:History
1749:Taverne
1724:Skinner
1704:Ritchie
1649:Madison
1629:Lincoln
1579:Jackson
1569:Huppert
1564:Hopkins
1489:Fabiani
1449:Chapman
1434:BolĂvar
1424:Bennett
1414:Bartley
1404:AtatĂŒrk
1316:Mazzini
1311:Madison
1241:Bentham
1231:Baggini
1198:Secular
1178:Islamic
1163:Federal
1100:Federal
1084:Schools
355:Barelvi
263:aspects
226: (
117:Qutbism
79:Culture
74:History
4155:
4134:
4113:
3973:20 May
3934:
3869:PPLAAF
3778:
3712:: p.56
3710:, 1981
3651:
3570:, 1981
3554:, 1981
3538:, 1999
3534:Moin,
3492:, 1982
3115:- and
3113:Uyghur
3110:Turkic
2813:Dates
2800:Former
2792:. The
2763:Heresy
2727:Sunnah
2662:, the
2600:sharia
2547:
2526:
2505:
2488:State
2427:, and
2417:states
2364:and a
2354:sharia
2182:Sweden
2172:Norway
2137:Canada
1917:(1963)
1897:(1794)
1887:(1791)
1867:(1762)
1857:(1755)
1847:(1748)
1837:(1698)
1827:(1656)
1817:(1649)
1807:(1531)
1759:Wilson
1729:Slater
1719:Skates
1674:Mannin
1664:Mullin
1639:Mackay
1604:JuĂĄrez
1559:HĂ©bert
1554:Hatton
1549:Harvie
1439:Burgon
1356:Sidney
1351:Sandel
1336:Pettit
1261:Cicero
1226:Arendt
1208:Soviet
1203:Sister
1095:Modern
276:Sharia
174:Takfir
5499:Other
2838:1975
2723:Quran
2611:faqih
2606:faqih
2406:
2404:Latin
2388:Yemen
2197:Wales
2177:Spain
2152:Japan
1739:Smith
1714:Sayed
1694:Pound
1689:Nehru
1684:Nandy
1654:Magid
1634:Lucas
1624:Lewis
1534:Grévy
1529:Greer
1429:Black
1409:Azaña
1331:Paine
1301:Locke
1271:Crick
1246:Bodin
1236:Bello
1137:Types
380:Nurcu
295:Ummah
283:Shura
235:Jihad
69:Islam
4171:2022
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3851:2022
3776:ISBN
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3726:The
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3598:2016
3521:2023
3418:2022
3388:2021
3170:and
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3080:The
2749:The
2671:the
2564:Iran
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1321:Mill
1296:Kant
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